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Wikipedia

Forced marriage

April 24, 2023

Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without their consent or against their will. A marriage can also become a forced marriage even if both parties enter with full consent if one or both are later forced to stay in the marriage against their will.[1]

Criticism about the Azeri forced marriage tradition from early 20th-century satirical periodical Molla Nasraddin. Forced marriage is the theme for the cartoon with the caption – Free love. The image should be read from right to left. The first picture in the right: Should you not want to go voluntarily, I will take you by force. In the next picture: The akhund – cleric says: "Lady, since you don't say anything, it seems that you agree. By the order of God I marry you to this gentleman".
Unequal marriage, a 19th-century painting by Russian artist Pukirev. It depicts an arranged marriage where a young girl is forced to marry against her will.
Forced Marriage Unit campaign

A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage, in which both parties presumably consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party such as a matchmaker in finding and choosing a spouse. There is often a continuum of coercion used to compel a marriage, ranging from outright physical violence to subtle psychological pressure.[2]

Though now widely condemned by international opinion, forced marriages still take place in various cultures across the world, particularly in parts of South Asia and Africa. Some scholars object to use of the term "forced marriage" because it invokes the consensual legitimating language of marriage (such as husband/wife) for an experience that is precisely the opposite.[3] A variety of alternative terms have been proposed, including "forced conjugal association" and "conjugal slavery".[4][5]

The United Nations views forced marriage as a form of human rights abuse, since it violates the principle of the freedom and autonomy of individuals. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that a person's right to choose a spouse and enter freely into marriage is central to their life and dignity, and their equality as a human being.[6] The Roman Catholic Church deems forced marriage grounds for granting an annulment—for a marriage to be valid both parties must give their consent freely. The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery also prohibits marriage without right to refusal by both parties[7] and requires a minimum age for marriage to prevent this.[8]

In 2009, the Special Court for Sierra Leone's (SCSL) Appeals Chamber found the abduction and confinement of women for "forced marriage" in war to be a new crime against humanity (AFRC decision).[9][10] The SCSL Trial Chamber in the Charles Taylor decision found that the term 'forced marriage' should be avoided and rather described the practice in war as 'conjugal slavery' (2012).[11]

In 2013, the first United Nations Human Rights Council resolution against child, early, and forced marriages was adopted; the resolution recognizes child, early, and forced marriage as involving violations of human rights which "prevents individuals from living their lives free from all forms of violence and that has adverse consequences on the enjoyment of human rights, such as the right to education, [and] the right to the highest attainable standard of health including sexual and reproductive health", and also states that "the elimination of child, early and forced marriage should be considered in the discussion of the post-2015 development agenda."[12][13][14] The elimination of this harmful practice is one of the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5.[15]

Historical context

Further information: Arranged marriage, Love marriage, Coverture, Marital power, and Raptio

Arranged marriages were very common throughout the world until the 18th century.[16] Typically, marriages were arranged by parents, grandparents or other relatives. The actual practices varied by culture, but usually involved the legal transfer of dependency of the woman from her father to the groom. The movement towards emancipation of women in the 19th and 20th centuries led to major changes to marriage laws, especially in regard to property and economic status. By the mid-20th century, many Western countries had enacted legislation establishing legal equality between spouses in family law.[17] The period of 1975–1979 saw a major overhaul of family laws in countries such as Italy,[18][19] Spain,[20] Austria,[21] West Germany,[22][23] and Portugal.[24] In 1978, the Council of Europe passed the Resolution (78) 37 on equality of spouses in civil law.[25] Among the last European countries to establish full gender equality in marriage were Switzerland,[26][27] Greece,[28] Spain,[29] the Netherlands,[30] and France[31][32] and the paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970,[33] it was only in 1985 that a legal reform abolished the stipulation that the husband had the sole power to administer the children's property.[34]

An arranged marriage is not the same as a forced marriage: in the former, the spouse has the possibility to reject the offer; in the latter, they do not. The line between arranged and forced marriage is however often difficult to draw, due to the implied familial and social pressure to accept the marriage and obey one's parents in all respects.[35][36] The rejection of an offer to marry was sometimes seen as a humiliation of the prospective groom and his family.

In Europe, during the late 18th century and early 19th century, the literary and intellectual movement of romanticism presented new and progressive ideas about love marriage, which started to gain acceptance in society. In the 19th century, marriage practices varied across Europe, but in general, arranged marriages were more common among the upper class. Arranged marriages were the norm in Russia before early 20th century, most of which were endogamous.[37] Child marriages were common historically, but began to be questioned in the 19th and 20th century. Child marriages are often considered to be forced marriages, because children (especially young ones) are not able to make a fully informed choice whether or not to marry, and are often influenced by their families.[38]

In Western countries, during the past decades, the nature of marriage—especially with regard to the importance of marital procreation and the ease of divorce—has changed dramatically, which has led to less social and familial pressure to get married, providing more freedom of choice in regard to choosing a spouse.[39]

Historically, forced marriage was also used to require a captive (slave or prisoner of war) to integrate with the host community, and accept his or her fate. One example is the English blacksmith John R. Jewitt, who spent three years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest Coast in 1802–1805. He was ordered to marry, because the council of chiefs thought that a wife and family would reconcile him to staying with his captors for life. Jewitt was given a choice between forced marriage for himself and capital punishment for both him and his "father" (a fellow captive). "Reduced to this sad extremity, with death on the one side, and matrimony on the other, I thought proper to choose what appeared to me the least of the two evils" (p154).[40]

Forced marriage was also practiced by authoritarian governments as a way to meet population targets. The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia systematically forced people into marriages, in order to increase the population and continue the revolution.[41]

These marriage ceremonies consisted of no fewer than three couples and could be as large as 160 couples. Generally, the village chief or a senior leader of the community would approach both parties and inform them that they were to be married and the time and place the marriage would occur. Often, the marriage ceremony would be the first time the future spouses would meet. Parents and other family members were not allowed to participate in selecting the spouse or to attend the marriage ceremony. The Khmer Rouge maintained that parental authority was unnecessary because it "w[as] to be everyone's 'mother and father.'"[41]

Raptio is a Latin term referring to the large scale abduction of women, (kidnapping) either for marriage or enslavement (particularly sexual slavery). The practice is surmised to have been common since anthropological antiquity.[42]

In the 21st century, forced marriages have come to attention in European countries, within the context of immigration from cultures in which they are common. The Istanbul Convention prohibits forced marriages (see Article 37).[43]

Timeline of laws against forced marriages

  • 1724: Peter the Great signed decree banning forced marriages in Russia.[44]
  • 1734: Sweden banned forced marriages.[45]
  • 1889: New law in Japan required consent of both spouses for marriage, although the consent of women was still likely to be forced until the early 20th century, as women gradually gained access to education and financial independence.[46]
  • 1926: Criminal code of Uzbekistan criminalized forced marriages.[47]
  • 1928: Criminal code of Kazakhstan criminalized forced marriages.[47]
  • 1950: China banned forced marriages via New Marriage Law[48]
  • 1956: Tunisia banned forced marriages.[49]
  • 1959: Iraq banned forced marriages.[50]
  • 1960: Vietnam banned forced marriage.[51]
  • 1978: New communist government banned forced marriages in Afghanistan.[52]
  • 1991: Laos banned forced marriages.[53]
  • 1998: Sweden made forced marriages a criminal offense.[54]
  • 1999: Ghana banned forced marriages.[55]
  • 2003: Norway made forced marriage a criminal offense.[54]
  • 2004:
    • Benin banned forced marriages.[56]
    • Morocco banned forced marriages.[57]
  • 2005:
    • Saudi Arabia banned forced marriages.[58]
    • Germany made it a criminal offense to force someone to marry.[59]
  • 2007:
    • Pakistan introduced a law to ban forced marriages with up to three years in jail.[60]
    • Sierra Leone banned forced marriages.[56]
    • Belgium made forced marriage a criminal offense.[54]
  • 2009: Afghanistan made forced marriage a criminal offense.[61]
  • 2011: Scotland made forced marriage a criminal offense.[54]
  • 2013:
    • Australian government made it a criminal offense to force someone to marry.[62]
    • Switzerland criminalized forced marriages increasing penalty to up to five years in prison.[63]
  • 2014: UK government made it criminal offense to force someone to marry in England, Wales and Scotland.[64]
  • 2015: Canada made forced marriage a criminal offense punishable up to five years in prison.[65]
  • 2016: Gambia banned forced marriages.[66]
  • 2018: Morocco made forced marriages a criminal offense.[67]

Conventions

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

The 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery defines "institutions and practices similar to slavery" to include:[68]

c) Any institution or practice whereby:

  • (i) A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or
  • (ii) The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or
  • (iii) A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person;

Istanbul Convention

The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, also known as the Istanbul Convention, states:[43]

Article 32 – Civil consequences of forced marriages

Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that marriages concluded under force may be voidable, annulled or dissolved without undue financial or administrative burden placed on the victim.

Article 37 – Forced marriage

  1. Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that the intentional conduct of forcing an adult or a child to enter into a marriage is criminalised.
  2. Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that the intentional conduct of luring an adult or a child to the territory of a Party or State other than the one she or he resides in with the purpose of forcing this adult or child to enter into a marriage is criminalised.

Types

There are numerous factors which can lead to a culture which accepts and encourages forced marriages. Reasons for performing forced marriages include: strengthening extended family links; controlling unwanted behavior and sexuality; preventing 'unsuitable' relationships; protecting and abiding by cultural values; keeping the wealth in the extended family; dealing with the consequences of pregnancy out of wedlock; considering the contracting of a marriage as the duty of the parents; obtaining a guarantee against poverty; aiding immigration.[69][70]

Relation to dowry and bride price

Further information: Dowry and Bride price

The traditional customs of dowry and bride price contribute to the practice of forced marriage.[71][72][73] A dowry is the property or money that a wife (or wife's family) brings to her husband upon marriage.[74] A bride price is an amount of money or property or wealth paid by the groom (or his family) to the parents of the bride upon marriage.

Marriage by abduction

Main articles: Bride kidnapping and Groom kidnapping

Marriage by abduction, also known as bride kidnapping, is a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry. Marriage by abduction has been practiced throughout history around the world and continues to occur in some countries today, particularly in Central Asia, the Caucasus and parts of Africa. A girl or a woman is kidnapped by the groom-to-be, who is often helped by his friends. The victim is often raped by the groom-to-be, for her to lose her virginity, so that the man is able to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage.[75][76][77] The future bride then has no choice in most circumstances, but to accept: if the bride goes back to her family, she (and her family) will often be ostracized by the community because the community thinks she has lost her virginity, and she is now 'impure'.[78] A different form of marital kidnapping, groom kidnapping, occurs in some areas where payment of a dowry is generally expected.

As debt negotiation

Main article: Money marriage

Money marriage refers to a marriage where a girl, usually, is married off to a man to settle debts owed by her parents.[79]

As dispute resolution

Further information: Vani (custom)

A forced marriage is also often the result of a dispute between families, where the dispute is 'resolved' by giving a female from one family to the other. Vani is a cultural custom found in parts of Pakistan wherein a young girl is forcibly married as part of the punishment for a crime committed by her male relatives.[80] Vani is a form of forced child marriage,[81] and the result of punishment decided by a council of tribal elders named jirga.[82][83]

Widow inheritance

Main articles: Widow inheritance and Levirate marriage

Widow inheritance, also known as bride inheritance, is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a kinsman of her late husband, often his brother. It is prevalent in certain parts of Africa. The practice of wife inheritance has also been blamed for the spread of HIV/AIDS.[84]

As war spoils

"In conflict areas, women and girls are sometimes forced to marry men on either side of the conflict. This practice has taken place recently in countries such as Syria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Historically, this was common throughout the world, with women from the communities of the war enemy being considered "spoils of war", who could be kidnapped, raped and forced into marriage or sexual slavery".[85] Because women were regarded as property, it seemed reasonable to see them as the chattel of the war enemy, which could now be appropriated and used by the winner.[86]

Shotgun wedding

A shotgun wedding is a form of forced marriage occasioned by an unplanned pregnancy. Some religions and cultures consider it a moral imperative to marry in such a situation, based on reasoning that premarital sex or out-of-wedlock births are sinful, not sanctioned by law, or otherwise stigmatized.[87] Giving birth outside marriage can, in some cultures, trigger extreme reactions from the family or community, including honor killings.[88][89][90]

The term "shotgun wedding" is an American colloquialism, though it is also used in other parts of the world. It is based on a hyperbolic scenario in which the pregnant (or sometimes only "deflowered") woman's father resorts to coercion (such as threatening with a shotgun) to ensure that the male partner who caused the pregnancy goes through with it, sometimes even following the man to the altar to prevent his escape. The use of violent coercion to marry was never legal in the United States, although many anecdotal stories and folk songs record instances of such intimidation in the 18th and 19th centuries. Purposes of the wedding include recourse from the man for the act of impregnation and to ensure that the child is raised by both parents as well as to ensure that the woman has material means of support. In some cases, a major objective was the restoring of social honor to the mother.

Shotgun weddings have become less common as the stigma associated with out-of-wedlock births has gradually faded and the number of such births has increased; the increasing availability of birth control and abortion, as well as material support to unwed mothers, such as Elterngeld, child benefits, parental leave, and free kindergartens have reduced the perceived need for such measures.

Consequences

For victims and society

Early and forced marriages can contribute to girls being placed in a cycle of poverty and powerlessness. Most are likely to experience mistreatment such as violence, abuse and forced sexual relations. This means that women who marry younger in age are more likely to be dominated by their husbands. They also experience poor sexual and reproductive health. Young married girls are more likely to contract HIV and their health could be in jeopardy. Most people who are forced into a marriage lack education and are often illiterate. Young ones tend to drop out of school shortly before they get married.[91]

Escaping a forced marriage

Ending a forced marriage may be extremely difficult in many parts of the world. For instance, in parts of Africa, one of the main obstacles for leaving the marriage is the bride price. Once the bride price has been paid, the girl is seen as belonging to the husband and his family. If she wants to leave, the husband may demand back the bride price that he had paid to the girl's family. The girl's family often cannot or does not want to pay it back. Some countries also have Male Guardianship requirements, prohibiting women from paying themselves out, but in other countries it has happened multiple times.[92][93][94]

British citizens escaping forced marriage abroad are forced to pay their repatriation costs or get into debt. This makes escaping a forced marriage harder.[95]

In the United States, Unchained At Last is the only nonprofit organization operating to help people in the U.S. escape forced or arranged marriages by providing free legal and social services.[96]

Honor killing

Further information: Honor killing

Forced marriages are often related to violence, both in regard to violence perpetrated inside the marriage (domestic violence), and in regard to violence inflicted in order to force an unwilling participant to accept the marriage, or to punish a refusal (in extreme cases women and girls who do not accept the marriage are subjected to honor killings).[97][98][99]

Legislative consequences

 
Prime Minister David Cameron accompanied by Foreign Office Minister Alistair Burt and Home Office Minister Lynne Featherstone visited the Forced Marriage Unit, 8 June 2012 to meet with campaigners Aneeta Prem, Jasvinder Sanghera and Diana Nammi to discuss the new legislation and the range of measures that will be introduced to increase support and protection for victims.

Depending by jurisdiction, a forced marriage may or may not be void or voidable. Victims may be able to seek redress through annulment or divorce. In England and Wales, the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 stipulates that a forced marriage is voidable.[100] In some jurisdictions, people who had coerced the victim into marriage may face criminal charges.[101][102][103]

Sharia law

Main articles: Sharia and Islamic marital jurisprudence
See also: Women in Islam and Islam and domestic violence

In Islamic law, consent is needed for a valid marriage.[104] Islamic Marriage is concluded (but not excluding the bride) between the guardian (wali) of the bride and bridegroom, not between bridegroom and bride but her permission is still necessary. The guardian (wali) of the bride can only be a free Muslim.[105] The wali has the power to initiate a marriage contract on behalf of a child before puberty, but once the child attains puberty he or she can accept or reject the marriage. The marriage contract can be annulled on grounds of coercion.[104]

However, in the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, a guardian is not needed to make the marriage valid.[citation needed]

By country

Africa

Madagascar

Forced marriage is prevalent in Madagascar. Girls are married off by their families, and often led to believe that if they refuse the marriage they will be "cursed".[106][107] In some cases, the husband is much older than his bride, and when she becomes a widow, she is discriminated and excluded by society.[108]

Malawi

According to Human Rights Watch, Malawi has "widespread child and forced marriage" and half of the girls marry before 18.[109] The practice of bride price, known also as lobolo, is common in Malawi, and plays a major role in forced marriage. Wife inheritance is also practiced in Malawi. After marriage, wives have very limited rights and freedoms; and general preparation of young girls for marriage consists in describing their role as that of being subordinated to the husband.[110]

Mauritania

Forced marriage in Mauritania takes three principal forms: forced marriage to a cousin (known as maslaha); forced marriage to a rich man for the purpose of financial gain; and forced polygamous marriage to an influential man.[111]

Morocco

In 2018, a law went into effect known as the Hakkaoui law because Bassima Hakkaoui drafted it; among other things, it includes a ban on forced marriage.

Niger

Forced marriage is common in Niger. Niger has the highest prevalence of child marriage in the world;[112][113] and also the highest total fertility rate.[114] Girls who attempt to leave forced marriages are most often rejected by their families and are often forced to enter prostitution in order to survive.[115] Due to the food crisis, girls are being sold into marriage.[116]Balkissa Chaibou is known as one of the most famous activists against forced marriage in Niger. Chaibou was 12 when she was informed by her own mother that she was to be married to her cousin, and when she was 16, she took to the courts. With little success, Chaibou was forced to a women's shelter before she was finally able to go home where she learned of her parents changed views on forced marriage, that they were now against it.[117]

Somalia

The "Sexual Intercourse Related Crimes Bill" proposed in August 2020 would allow both child marriage and forced marriage. The new bill “risks legitimizing child marriage, among other alarming practices,” U.N. human rights chief Michelle Bachelet said. Thousands of people in Somalia circulated a petition against the bill, including representatives of the Mogadishu-based Elman Peace and Human Rights Center. More than 45% of young women in Somalia marry or are “in union” before age 18.[118]

Main article: Ukuthwala

South Africa

In South Africa, ukuthwala is the practice of abducting young girls and forcing them into marriage, often with the consent of their parents.[119] The practice occurs mainly in rural parts of South Africa, in particular the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.[120] The girls who are involved in this practice are frequently under-aged, including some as young as eight.[121] The practice received negative publicity, with media reporting in 2009 that more than 20 Eastern Cape girls are forced to drop out of school every month because of ukuthwala.[122]

Tanzania

In Tanzania, the practices of forced marriage and child marriage impacts the human rights and childhood of girls.[123] Families sell their girls to older men for financial benefits, causing pain among young girls. Oftentimes, girls are married off as soon as they hit puberty, which can be as young as seven years old.[123] To the older men, these young brides act as symbols of masculinity and accomplishment. Child brides endure forced sex, causing health risks and growth impediments.[124] Primary education is usually not completed for young girls in forced marriages. Married and pregnant students are often discriminated against, and expelled and excluded from school.[123] The Law of Marriage Act currently does not address issues with guardianship and child marriage. The issue of child marriage establishes a minimum age of 18 for the boys of Tanzania, but no such minimum age is established for girls.[125]

The Gambia

In 2016, during a feast ending the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, the Gambian President Yahya Jammeh announced that child and forced marriages were banned.[126][127]

Asia

Compensation marriage

Compensation marriage, known variously as vani, swara and sang chatti, is the traditional practice of forced marriage of women and young girls to resolve tribal feuds in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The practice is illegal in Pakistan, though it continues to be widely practiced in Pakistan's Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province. In Afghanistan, the practice is known as baad.

Afghanistan

Forced marriage is very common in Afghanistan, and sometimes women resort to suicide to escape these marriages.[128] A report by Human Rights Watch found that about 95% of girls and 50% of adult women imprisoned in Afghanistan were in jail on charges of the "moral crimes" of "running away" from home or zina. Obtaining a divorce without the consent of the husband is nearly impossible in Afghanistan, and women attempting a de facto separation risk being imprisoned for "running away". While it is not socially acceptable for women and girls to leave home without permission, "running away" is not defined as a criminal offense in the Afghan Penal Code. However, in 2010 and 2011, the Afghan Supreme Court issued instructions to courts to charge women with "running away" as a crime. This makes it nearly impossible for women to escape forced marriages. The Human Rights Watch report stated that

According to the UN, as of 2008, 70 to 80 percent of marriages in Afghanistan were forced, taking place without full and free consent or under duress. Another study found that 59 percent of women had experienced forced marriage.[129]

Pakistan

Forced marriage, 8 min, Urdu, Geo TV, 2003

DIG Sindh Police Aftab Pathan had said on the occasion of a consultative workshop organized by FIA Sindh that in 2014, 1,261 cases of abduction of women for forced marriage were registered. Five accused were jailed while the case of 369 accused was pending. There were also 45 cases of abduction of children under the age of ten. There are reports of forced conversion of girls belonging to minorities in Pakistan and then forced marriages to a Muslim man.[130]

However, Federal Shariat court had taken strict actions against forced marriages and pressurized provincial governments, after which Balochistan government drafted a bill "The Balochistan Child Marriages Prohibition Act, 2021".[131]

China

Forced marriages have been documented between Chinese men and women from neighboring countries. These women, usually through false promises of work, are lured to China and forced to marry.[132][133]

Indonesia

Some Indonesian tribes have traditions or local customs that may be considered a forced marriage. For instance, Sasak people who still adhere to old customs believe that if their daughter were going out with a man until late at night, then marriage must be carried out soon after. People in Sumba also practices bride kidnapping.[134]

However, on April 2022, Indonesian legislature passed Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes. The law considers forced marriage a form of sexual violence and outlaw it, with offenders can be sentenced to a maximum imprisonment of 9 years and/or face a maximum fine of Rp200 million. Included as forms of forced marriage are child marriage, forcing rape victims to marry the rapists, and forcing people to marry in the name of local customs.[135][136]

Iran

Forced marriage remains common for Kurdish girls in Iran and is also one of the major reasons for self-immolation in Iran.[137] In 1998, UNICEF reported high rates of forced marriage in Iranian Kurdistan, including at an early age, but also reported that the practice was declining.[137] Kurdish cultural norms which facilitate the practice of forced and child marriage perpetuate the fear of violence amongst Kurdish girls in Iran.[137]

Nepal

Girls in Nepal are often seen as an economic burden to the family, due to dowry. Parents often compel young girls to marry, because older and more educated men can demand a higher dowry.[138] In 2009, the Nepalese government decided to offer a cash incentive (50,000 Nepali rupees – $641) to men for marrying widowed women. Because widows often lose social status in Nepalese society, this policy was meant to 'solve' their problems. However, many widows and human rights groups protested these regulations, denouncing them as humiliating and as encouraging coerced marriages.[139]

Sri Lanka

During the Sri Lankan Civil War, a 2004 report in the journal Reproductive Health Matters found that forced marriage in Sri Lanka was taking place in the context of the armed conflict, where parents forced teenage girls into marriage in order to ensure that they do not lose their chastity (considered an increased risk due to the conflict) before marriage, which would compromise their chances of finding a husband.[140]

Europe

Germany

In 2011, the family ministry of Germany found that 3000 people were in forced marriages, nearly all from migrant families and most (83.4%) from Muslim families, by querying help bureaus.[141] These figures exceeded the estimates of help organisation Terre des Femmes, which up until then had estimated that about 1000 migrant women sought help annually.[141] More than half of the women had experienced physical abuse, and 27% were threatened with weapons or received death threats.[141] Of the victims, 30% were 17 years old or younger. 31.8% were from Germany, 26.4% from Asia, 22.2% from Turkey, and 5.6% from Africa.[142] In 2016, the German ministry of the interior found that 1475 children were in forced marriages. Of those 1474,[inconsistent] 1100 were girls, 664 were from Syria, 157 were Afghans, and 100 were Iraqis.[143]

United Kingdom

 
Forced Marriage Unit, UK

Forced marriages can be made because of family pride, the wishes of the parents, or social obligation. For example, according to Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood, many forced marriages in Britain within the British Pakistani community are aimed at providing British citizenship to a member of the family currently in Pakistan to whom the instigator of the forced marriage feels a sense of duty.[144] In response to the problem of forced marriages among immigrants in the UK, the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007 (applicable in England and Wales, and in Northern Ireland) was passed, which enables the victims of forced marriage to apply for court orders for their protection. Similar legislation was passed in Scotland: the Forced Marriage, etc. (Protection and Jurisdiction) (Scotland), Act 2011[101] gives courts the power to issue protection orders.

In 2008, it was estimated that about 3000 forced marriages took place each year.[145]

In June 2012, the British Government, under Prime Minister David Cameron, declared that forced marriage would become a criminal offence in the United Kingdom.[146] In November 2013, it was reported that a case was brought before the High Court in Birmingham by local authority officials, involving a then 14-year-old girl who was taken to Pakistan, forced to marry a man ten years her senior, and, two weeks later, forced to consummate the marriage with threats, resulting in pregnancy; the court case ended with Mr. Justice Holman saying he was powerless to make a "declaration of non-recognition" of the forced marriage, since he was prevented by law from granting a declaration that her marriage was "at its inception, void". Mr. Justice Holman said that the girl, now 17, would have to initiate proceedings herself to have the marriage nullified.[147][148] British courts can also issue civil orders to prevent forced marriage, and since 2014, refusing to obey such an order is grounds for a prison sentence of up to five years.[149]

The Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime, and Policing Act 2014 makes forcing someone to marry (including abroad) a criminal offence.[150] The law came into effect in June 2014 in England and Wales, and in October 2014 in Scotland.[102][151] In Northern Ireland, the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Criminal Justice and Support for Victims) Act (Northern Ireland) 2015[152] criminalises forced marriage (section 16 – Offence of forced marriage).[153]

In July 2014, the United Kingdom hosted its first global Girl Summit; the goal of the Summit was to increase efforts to end child marriage, early, and forced marriage, and female genital mutilation within a generation.[154]

The first conviction for forced marriage in the United Kingdom occurred in June 2015, with the convicted being a man from Cardiff, who was subsequently sentenced to 16 years in prison.[155]

Of the cases recorded by the government's Force Marriage Unit, run jointly between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Home Office,[156] the majority involved South Asia communities, with 37% linked to Pakistan, 11% linked to Bangladesh, and 7% linked to India. About 30% involved victims below the age of 18.[157]

Sweden

See also: Family honor § Sweden

In July 2014, forced marriages were criminalised to protect individuals who were forced to marry against their will (Swedish: äktenskapstvång). The maximum sentence is four years.[158] No court has given the maximum sentence as of January 2019.[citation needed]

Schools in Skåne in the southern part of Sweden report that they discover that about 25 youth are forced to marry annually due to them being part of a shame society. An investigation by government organisation Ungdomsstyrelsen reported that 70,000 youth perceived they were unfree in their choice of spouse.[159]

In July 2016, an Afghani man in Sweden was sentenced to 4 years in prison for forcing his daughter to marry someone in Afghanistan in the first Swedish conviction. He was also convicted for sexually molesting her Swedish boyfriend, assault, threats, robbery, blackmailing, and false imprisonment.[160]

In January 2019, the maternal uncle and aunt of a 16-year-old girl of an Iraqi family were sentenced to 21 months in jail and to pay 12500 euro in damages for forced marriage. In December 2016, her family discovered that the girl was dating a boy, and the family decided to marry her off to a cousin without her knowledge. Under the false pretense that her grandmother was mortally ill, the girl, her mother, aunt, and uncle travelled to Iraq where all but the girl had return tickets. In Iraq, the grandmother proved to be in good health, and the girl was to marry her cousin. Despite having no contacts in Iraq, and the mobile phone had been taken from her, she managed to return to Sweden eight months later.[161]

Other

Although forced marriage in Europe is most often associated with the immigrant population, it is also present among some local populations, especially among the Roma communities in Eastern Europe.[162]

The British Forced marriage consultation, published in 2011, found forcing someone to marry to be a distinct criminal offence in Austria, Belgium, Turkey, Denmark, Norway, and Germany.[163] In 2014, it became a distinct criminal offence in England and Wales.[149]

The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence defines and criminalizes forced marriage, as well as other forms of violence against women.[164] The Convention came into force on 1 August 2014.[165]

In November 2014, UCL held an event, Forced Marriage: The Real Disgrace, where the award-winning documentary Honor Diaries was shown, and a panel, including Jasvinder Sanghera CBE (Founder of Karma Nirvana), Seema Malhotra MP (Labour Shadow Minister for Women), and Dr Reefat Drabu (former Assistant General Secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain), discussed the concept of izzat (honour), recent changes in British law, barriers to tackling forced marriage, and reasons to be hopeful of positive change.[166]

The Americas

Canada

Forced marriage may be practised among some immigrant communities in Canada.[167] Until recently, forced marriage has not received very much attention in Canada. That lack of attention has protected the practice from legal intervention.[70] In 2015, Parliament enacted two new criminal offences to address the issue.[168] Forcing a person to marry against their will is now a criminal offence under the Criminal Code,[169] as is assisting or aiding a child marriage, where one of the participants is under age 16.[170] There has also been the long-standing offence of solemnizing an illegal marriage, which was also modified by the 2015 legislation.[171]

In addition to these criminal offences, the Civil Marriage Act stipulates: Marriage requires the free and enlightened consent of two persons to be the spouse of each other, as well as setting 16 as the minimum age for marriage.[172]

United States

See also: Sex trafficking in the United States § Forced marriages

According to Nancie L Katz, thousands of Pakistani girls have been flown out of the New York City area to Pakistan to undergo forced marriages; those who resist are threatened and coerced.[173] The AHA Foundation commissioned a study by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice to research the incidence of forced marriage in New York City.[174] The results of the study were equivocal[clarification needed].[175] However, AHA Foundation for the past 11 years has operated a helpline that successfully referred numerous individuals seeking help in fleeing or avoiding a forced marriage to qualified service providers and law enforcement.[176] According to the National Center for Victims of Crime Conference, there are "limited laws/policies directly addressing forced marriage", although more general non-specific laws may be used.[177][page needed] The organization Unchained at Last, an organization in the United States, assists women escaping forced or arranged marriages with free legal services and other resources.[178] It was founded by Fraidy Reiss.[178]

The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS) has been suspected of trafficking underage girls across state lines, as well as across the US–Canada[179] and US–Mexico borders,[180] for the purpose of sometimes involuntary plural marriage and sexual abuse.[181] The FLDS is suspected by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of having trafficked more than 30 under-age girls from Canada to the United States between the late 1990s and 2006 to be entered into polygamous marriages.[179] RCMP spokesman Dan Moskaluk said of the FLDS's activities: "In essence, it's human trafficking in connection with illicit sexual activity."[182] According to the Vancouver Sun, it's unclear whether or not Canada's anti-human trafficking statute can be effectively applied against the FLDS's pre-2005 activities, because the statute may not be able to be applied retroactively.[183] An earlier three-year-long investigation by local authorities in British Columbia into allegations of sexual abuse, human trafficking, and forced marriages by the FLDS resulted in no charges, but did result in legislative change.[184]

Oceania

New Zealand

Main article: Forced marriage in New Zealand

As of 2022 there is no current record of forced married people in New Zealand.[citation needed]

Statistics

Child marriage (2008–2014):[185]

Country Married by 15 Married by 18 Source
Afghanistan – 33% Living Conditions Survey 2013-2013
Albania 0% 10% DHS 2008–2009
Algeria 0% 3% MICS 2012–2013
Armenia 0% 7% DHS 2010
Azerbaijan 2% 11% DHS 2011
Bangladesh 18% 52% MICS 2012–2013
Barbados 1% 11% MICS 2012
Belarus 0% 3% MICS 2012
Belize 3% 26% MICS 2011
Benin 11% 32% DHS 2011–2012
Bhutan 6% 26% MICS 2010
Bolivia 3% 22% DHS 2008
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0% 4% MICS 2011–2012
Brazil 11% 36% PNDS 2006
Burkina Faso 10% 52% DHS 2010
Burundi 3% 20% DHS 2010
Cabo Verde 3% 18% DHS 2005
Cambodia 2% 19% DHS 2014
Cameroon 13% 38% DHS 2011
Central African Republic 29% 68% MICS 2010
Chad 29% 68% MICS 2010
Colombia 6% 23% DHS 2010
Comoros 10% 32% DHS 2012
Congo 6% 33% DHS 2011–2012
Costa Rica 7% 21% MICS 2011
Côte d'Ivoire 10% 33% DHS 2011–2012
Cuba 5% 26% MICS 2014
Democratic Republic of the Congo 10% 37% DHS 2013–2014
Djibouti 2% 5% MICS 2006
Dominican Republic 10% 37% DHS 2013
Ecuador 4% 22% ENDEMAIN 2004
Egypt 2% 17% DHS 2014
El Salvador 5% 25% FESAL 2008
Equatorial Guinea 9% 30% DHS 2011
Eritrea 13% 41% Population and Health Survey 2010
Ethiopia 16% 41% DHS 2011
Gabon 6% 22% DHS 2012
Gambia 9% 30% DHS 2013
Georgia 1% 14% RHS 2010
Ghana 5% 21% DHS 2014
Guatemala 7% 30% ENSMI 2008/2009
Guinea 21% 52% DHS 2012
Guinea-Bissau 7% 22% MICS 2010
Guyana 6% 23% DHS 2009
Haiti 3% 18% DHS 2012
Honduras 8% 34% DHS 2011–2012
India 18% 47% NFHS 2005–2006
Indonesia – 14% National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) 2013
Iran 3% 17% MIDHS 2010
Iraq 5% 24% MICS 2011
Jamaica 1% 8% MICS 2011
Jordan 0% 8% DHS 2012
Kazakhstan 0% 6% MICS 2010–2011
Kenya 4% 23% DHS 2014
Kiribati 3% 20% DHS 2009
Kyrgyzstan 1% 12% MICS 2014
Lao People's Democratic Republic 9% 35% MICS 2011–2012
Lebanon 1% 6% MICS 2009
Lesotho 2% 19% DHS 2009
Liberia 9% 36% DHS 2013
Macedonia 1% 7% MICS 2011
Madagascar 12% 41% ENSOMD 2012–2013
Malawi 9% 46% MICS 2013–2014
Maldives 0% 4% DHS 2009
Mali 15% 55% MICS 2010
Marshall Islands 6% 26% DHS 2007
Mauritania 14% 34% MICS 2011
Mexico 5% 23% ENADID 2009
Mongolia 0% 5% MICS 2010
Montenegro 1% 5% MICS 2013
Morocco 3% 16% DHS 2003–2004
Mozambique 14% 48% DHS 2011
Namibia 2% 7% DHS 2013
Nauru 2% 27% DHS 2007
Nepal 10% 37% MICS 2014
Nicaragua 10% 41% ENDESA 2006
Niger 28% 76% DHS 2012
Nigeria 17% 43% DHS 2013
Pakistan 3% 21% DHS 2012–2013
Panama 7% 26% MICS 2013 KFR
Papua New Guinea 2% 21% DHS 2006
Paraguay – 18% RHS 2004
Peru 3% 19% Continuous DHS 2014
Philippines 2% 15% DHS 2013
Qatar 0% 4% MICS 2012
Republic of Moldova 0% 12% MICS 2012
Rwanda 1% 8% DHS 2010
Saint Lucia 1% 8% MICS 2012
Samoa 1% 11% DHS 2014
São Tomé and Príncipe 5% 34% DHS 2008–2009
Senegal 9% 32% Continuous DHS 2014
Serbia 0% 3% MICS 2014
Sierra Leone 13% 39% DHS 2013
Solomon Islands 3% 22% DHS 2007
Somalia 8% 45% MICS 2006
South Africa 1% 6% DHS 2003
South Sudan 9% 52% SHHS 2010
Sri Lanka 2% 12% DHS 2006–2007
State of Palestine 1% 15% MICS 2014
Sudan 7% 33% SHHS 2010
Suriname 5% 19% MICS 2010
Swaziland 1% 7% MICS 2010
Syrian Arab Republic 3% 13% MICS 2006
Tajikistan 0% 12% DHS 2012
Thailand 4% 22% MICS 2012
Timor-Leste 3% 19% DHS 2009
Togo 6% 22% DHS 2013–2014
Tonga 0% 6% DHS 2012
Trinidad and Tobago 2% 8% MICS 2006
Tunisia 0% 2% MICS 2011–2012
Turkmenistan 1% 7% MICS 2006
Tuvalu 0% 10% DHS 2007
Uganda 10% 40% DHS 2011
Ukraine 0% 9% MICS 2012
United Republic of Tanzania 7% 37% DHS 2010
Uruguay 1% 25% MICS 2013
Uzbekistan 0% 7% MICS 2006
Vanuatu 3% 21% DHS 2013
Viet Nam 1% 11% MICS 2014
Yemen 9% 32% DHS 2013
Zambia 6% 31% DHS 2013–2014
Zimbabwe 4% 34% MICS 2014

Summary:

Region Married by 15 Married by 18 Note
Sub-Saharan Africa 12% 39%
Eastern and Southern Africa 10% 36%
West and Central Africa 14% 42%
Middle East and North Africa 3% 18%
East Asia and Pacific – 15% Excluding China
Latin America and Caribbean 5% 23%
CEE/CIS 1% 11%
Least developed countries 13% 41%

See also

Activists and women famous for refusing forced marriage

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Further reading

Books
  • Haenan, Iris (2014). Force & Marriage: The criminalisation of forced marriage in Dutch, English and international criminal law. Intersentia. doi:10.1017/9781780685298. ISBN 9781780685298. - Published online in November 2017.
  • Gill, Aisha K.; Anitha, Sundari (2011). Forced Marriage: Introducing a Social Justice and Human Rights Perspective. New York: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84813-464-5.
  • Melanie, Milburne (2008). The Fiorenza Forced Marriage. Toronto: Harlequin.
Journal articles
  • Esthappan S; Bastomski S1; Zweig J; Dank M; Love H (19 October 2018). "Understanding Forced Marriage in the United States: Developing Measures, Examining its Nature, and Assessing Gender Disparities". J Interpers Violence. 36 (11–12): 5730–5760. doi:10.1177/0886260518801935. PMID 30340441. S2CID 53011008.
  • Chantler K (July 2012). "Recognition of and intervention in forced marriage as a form of violence and abuse". Trauma Violence Abuse. 13 (3): 176–183. doi:10.1177/1524838012448121. PMID 22643068. S2CID 24031180. Epub May 29, 2012.
  • Gangoli, Geetanjali; Amina Razak; Melanie McCarry (June 2006). (PDF). School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol and Northern Rock Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
Articles
  • European Immigrants Continue to be Forced Into Marriage World Politics Watch 31 January 2007
  • Forced Marriage, Another Perspective
  • Interview with Serap Cileli World Politics Watch 1 February 2007
  • Forced Marriage Among Europe's Immigrants: Hülya Kalkan's Story World Politics Watch 8 February 2007
  • BBC News story: Forced marriage 'could be banned'
  • Akhtar Amin (13 November 2006). . Daily Times. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
  • Declan Walsh (5 June 2008). "15 child brides used to settle Pakistan feud". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
  • Ashfaq Yusufzai (1 April 2006). . Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
  • . Ethnomedia. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
  • . United Nations Population Fund. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2008. (Microsoft Word document)
  • Captured Hearts: An epidemic of bride kidnappings may at last be waning in Kyrgyzstan- National Geographic, Paul Salopek

External links

  • U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services: Forced Marriage

April 24, 2023
forced, marriage, marriage, which, more, parties, married, without, their, consent, against, their, will, marriage, also, become, forced, marriage, even, both, parties, enter, with, full, consent, both, later, forced, stay, marriage, against, their, will, crit. Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without their consent or against their will A marriage can also become a forced marriage even if both parties enter with full consent if one or both are later forced to stay in the marriage against their will 1 Criticism about the Azeri forced marriage tradition from early 20th century satirical periodical Molla Nasraddin Forced marriage is the theme for the cartoon with the caption Free love The image should be read from right to left The first picture in the right Should you not want to go voluntarily I will take you by force In the next picture The akhund cleric says Lady since you don t say anything it seems that you agree By the order of God I marry you to this gentleman Unequal marriage a 19th century painting by Russian artist Pukirev It depicts an arranged marriage where a young girl is forced to marry against her will Forced Marriage Unit campaign A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage in which both parties presumably consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party such as a matchmaker in finding and choosing a spouse There is often a continuum of coercion used to compel a marriage ranging from outright physical violence to subtle psychological pressure 2 Though now widely condemned by international opinion forced marriages still take place in various cultures across the world particularly in parts of South Asia and Africa Some scholars object to use of the term forced marriage because it invokes the consensual legitimating language of marriage such as husband wife for an experience that is precisely the opposite 3 A variety of alternative terms have been proposed including forced conjugal association and conjugal slavery 4 5 The United Nations views forced marriage as a form of human rights abuse since it violates the principle of the freedom and autonomy of individuals The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that a person s right to choose a spouse and enter freely into marriage is central to their life and dignity and their equality as a human being 6 The Roman Catholic Church deems forced marriage grounds for granting an annulment for a marriage to be valid both parties must give their consent freely The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery also prohibits marriage without right to refusal by both parties 7 and requires a minimum age for marriage to prevent this 8 In 2009 the Special Court for Sierra Leone s SCSL Appeals Chamber found the abduction and confinement of women for forced marriage in war to be a new crime against humanity AFRC decision 9 10 The SCSL Trial Chamber in the Charles Taylor decision found that the term forced marriage should be avoided and rather described the practice in war as conjugal slavery 2012 11 In 2013 the first United Nations Human Rights Council resolution against child early and forced marriages was adopted the resolution recognizes child early and forced marriage as involving violations of human rights which prevents individuals from living their lives free from all forms of violence and that has adverse consequences on the enjoyment of human rights such as the right to education and the right to the highest attainable standard of health including sexual and reproductive health and also states that the elimination of child early and forced marriage should be considered in the discussion of the post 2015 development agenda 12 13 14 The elimination of this harmful practice is one of the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 15 Contents 1 Historical context 1 1 Timeline of laws against forced marriages 2 Conventions 2 1 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery 2 2 Istanbul Convention 3 Types 3 1 Relation to dowry and bride price 3 2 Marriage by abduction 3 3 As debt negotiation 3 4 As dispute resolution 3 5 Widow inheritance 3 6 As war spoils 3 7 Shotgun wedding 4 Consequences 4 1 For victims and society 4 2 Escaping a forced marriage 4 3 Honor killing 4 4 Legislative consequences 5 Sharia law 6 By country 6 1 Africa 6 1 1 Madagascar 6 1 2 Malawi 6 1 3 Mauritania 6 1 4 Morocco 6 1 5 Niger 6 1 6 Somalia 6 1 7 South Africa 6 1 8 Tanzania 6 1 9 The Gambia 6 2 Asia 6 2 1 Compensation marriage 6 2 2 Afghanistan 6 2 3 Pakistan 6 2 4 China 6 2 5 Indonesia 6 2 6 Iran 6 2 7 Nepal 6 2 8 Sri Lanka 6 3 Europe 6 3 1 Germany 6 3 2 United Kingdom 6 3 3 Sweden 6 3 4 Other 6 4 The Americas 6 4 1 Canada 6 4 2 United States 6 5 Oceania 6 5 1 New Zealand 7 Statistics 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistorical context EditFurther information Arranged marriage Love marriage Coverture Marital power and Raptio Arranged marriages were very common throughout the world until the 18th century 16 Typically marriages were arranged by parents grandparents or other relatives The actual practices varied by culture but usually involved the legal transfer of dependency of the woman from her father to the groom The movement towards emancipation of women in the 19th and 20th centuries led to major changes to marriage laws especially in regard to property and economic status By the mid 20th century many Western countries had enacted legislation establishing legal equality between spouses in family law 17 The period of 1975 1979 saw a major overhaul of family laws in countries such as Italy 18 19 Spain 20 Austria 21 West Germany 22 23 and Portugal 24 In 1978 the Council of Europe passed the Resolution 78 37 on equality of spouses in civil law 25 Among the last European countries to establish full gender equality in marriage were Switzerland 26 27 Greece 28 Spain 29 the Netherlands 30 and France 31 32 and the paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 33 it was only in 1985 that a legal reform abolished the stipulation that the husband had the sole power to administer the children s property 34 An arranged marriage is not the same as a forced marriage in the former the spouse has the possibility to reject the offer in the latter they do not The line between arranged and forced marriage is however often difficult to draw due to the implied familial and social pressure to accept the marriage and obey one s parents in all respects 35 36 The rejection of an offer to marry was sometimes seen as a humiliation of the prospective groom and his family In Europe during the late 18th century and early 19th century the literary and intellectual movement of romanticism presented new and progressive ideas about love marriage which started to gain acceptance in society In the 19th century marriage practices varied across Europe but in general arranged marriages were more common among the upper class Arranged marriages were the norm in Russia before early 20th century most of which were endogamous 37 Child marriages were common historically but began to be questioned in the 19th and 20th century Child marriages are often considered to be forced marriages because children especially young ones are not able to make a fully informed choice whether or not to marry and are often influenced by their families 38 In Western countries during the past decades the nature of marriage especially with regard to the importance of marital procreation and the ease of divorce has changed dramatically which has led to less social and familial pressure to get married providing more freedom of choice in regard to choosing a spouse 39 Historically forced marriage was also used to require a captive slave or prisoner of war to integrate with the host community and accept his or her fate One example is the English blacksmith John R Jewitt who spent three years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest Coast in 1802 1805 He was ordered to marry because the council of chiefs thought that a wife and family would reconcile him to staying with his captors for life Jewitt was given a choice between forced marriage for himself and capital punishment for both him and his father a fellow captive Reduced to this sad extremity with death on the one side and matrimony on the other I thought proper to choose what appeared to me the least of the two evils p154 40 Forced marriage was also practiced by authoritarian governments as a way to meet population targets The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia systematically forced people into marriages in order to increase the population and continue the revolution 41 These marriage ceremonies consisted of no fewer than three couples and could be as large as 160 couples Generally the village chief or a senior leader of the community would approach both parties and inform them that they were to be married and the time and place the marriage would occur Often the marriage ceremony would be the first time the future spouses would meet Parents and other family members were not allowed to participate in selecting the spouse or to attend the marriage ceremony The Khmer Rouge maintained that parental authority was unnecessary because it w as to be everyone s mother and father 41 Raptio is a Latin term referring to the large scale abduction of women kidnapping either for marriage or enslavement particularly sexual slavery The practice is surmised to have been common since anthropological antiquity 42 In the 21st century forced marriages have come to attention in European countries within the context of immigration from cultures in which they are common The Istanbul Convention prohibits forced marriages see Article 37 43 Timeline of laws against forced marriages Edit 1724 Peter the Great signed decree banning forced marriages in Russia 44 1734 Sweden banned forced marriages 45 1889 New law in Japan required consent of both spouses for marriage although the consent of women was still likely to be forced until the early 20th century as women gradually gained access to education and financial independence 46 1926 Criminal code of Uzbekistan criminalized forced marriages 47 1928 Criminal code of Kazakhstan criminalized forced marriages 47 1950 China banned forced marriages via New Marriage Law 48 1956 Tunisia banned forced marriages 49 1959 Iraq banned forced marriages 50 1960 Vietnam banned forced marriage 51 1978 New communist government banned forced marriages in Afghanistan 52 1991 Laos banned forced marriages 53 1998 Sweden made forced marriages a criminal offense 54 1999 Ghana banned forced marriages 55 2003 Norway made forced marriage a criminal offense 54 2004 Benin banned forced marriages 56 Morocco banned forced marriages 57 2005 Saudi Arabia banned forced marriages 58 Germany made it a criminal offense to force someone to marry 59 2007 Pakistan introduced a law to ban forced marriages with up to three years in jail 60 Sierra Leone banned forced marriages 56 Belgium made forced marriage a criminal offense 54 2009 Afghanistan made forced marriage a criminal offense 61 2011 Scotland made forced marriage a criminal offense 54 2013 Australian government made it a criminal offense to force someone to marry 62 Switzerland criminalized forced marriages increasing penalty to up to five years in prison 63 2014 UK government made it criminal offense to force someone to marry in England Wales and Scotland 64 2015 Canada made forced marriage a criminal offense punishable up to five years in prison 65 2016 Gambia banned forced marriages 66 2018 Morocco made forced marriages a criminal offense 67 Conventions EditSupplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery Edit The 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery defines institutions and practices similar to slavery to include 68 c Any institution or practice whereby i A woman without the right to refuse is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents guardian family or any other person or group or ii The husband of a woman his family or his clan has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise or iii A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person Istanbul Convention Edit The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence also known as the Istanbul Convention states 43 Article 32 Civil consequences of forced marriagesParties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that marriages concluded under force may be voidable annulled or dissolved without undue financial or administrative burden placed on the victim Article 37 Forced marriage Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that the intentional conduct of forcing an adult or a child to enter into a marriage is criminalised Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that the intentional conduct of luring an adult or a child to the territory of a Party or State other than the one she or he resides in with the purpose of forcing this adult or child to enter into a marriage is criminalised Types EditThere are numerous factors which can lead to a culture which accepts and encourages forced marriages Reasons for performing forced marriages include strengthening extended family links controlling unwanted behavior and sexuality preventing unsuitable relationships protecting and abiding by cultural values keeping the wealth in the extended family dealing with the consequences of pregnancy out of wedlock considering the contracting of a marriage as the duty of the parents obtaining a guarantee against poverty aiding immigration 69 70 Relation to dowry and bride price Edit Further information Dowry and Bride price The traditional customs of dowry and bride price contribute to the practice of forced marriage 71 72 73 A dowry is the property or money that a wife or wife s family brings to her husband upon marriage 74 A bride price is an amount of money or property or wealth paid by the groom or his family to the parents of the bride upon marriage Marriage by abduction Edit Main articles Bride kidnapping and Groom kidnapping Marriage by abduction also known as bride kidnapping is a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry Marriage by abduction has been practiced throughout history around the world and continues to occur in some countries today particularly in Central Asia the Caucasus and parts of Africa A girl or a woman is kidnapped by the groom to be who is often helped by his friends The victim is often raped by the groom to be for her to lose her virginity so that the man is able to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage 75 76 77 The future bride then has no choice in most circumstances but to accept if the bride goes back to her family she and her family will often be ostracized by the community because the community thinks she has lost her virginity and she is now impure 78 A different form of marital kidnapping groom kidnapping occurs in some areas where payment of a dowry is generally expected As debt negotiation Edit Main article Money marriage Money marriage refers to a marriage where a girl usually is married off to a man to settle debts owed by her parents 79 As dispute resolution Edit Further information Vani custom A forced marriage is also often the result of a dispute between families where the dispute is resolved by giving a female from one family to the other Vani is a cultural custom found in parts of Pakistan wherein a young girl is forcibly married as part of the punishment for a crime committed by her male relatives 80 Vani is a form of forced child marriage 81 and the result of punishment decided by a council of tribal elders named jirga 82 83 Widow inheritance Edit Main articles Widow inheritance and Levirate marriage Widow inheritance also known as bride inheritance is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a kinsman of her late husband often his brother It is prevalent in certain parts of Africa The practice of wife inheritance has also been blamed for the spread of HIV AIDS 84 As war spoils Edit In conflict areas women and girls are sometimes forced to marry men on either side of the conflict This practice has taken place recently in countries such as Syria Sierra Leone Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Historically this was common throughout the world with women from the communities of the war enemy being considered spoils of war who could be kidnapped raped and forced into marriage or sexual slavery 85 Because women were regarded as property it seemed reasonable to see them as the chattel of the war enemy which could now be appropriated and used by the winner 86 Shotgun wedding Edit A shotgun wedding is a form of forced marriage occasioned by an unplanned pregnancy Some religions and cultures consider it a moral imperative to marry in such a situation based on reasoning that premarital sex or out of wedlock births are sinful not sanctioned by law or otherwise stigmatized 87 Giving birth outside marriage can in some cultures trigger extreme reactions from the family or community including honor killings 88 89 90 The term shotgun wedding is an American colloquialism though it is also used in other parts of the world It is based on a hyperbolic scenario in which the pregnant or sometimes only deflowered woman s father resorts to coercion such as threatening with a shotgun to ensure that the male partner who caused the pregnancy goes through with it sometimes even following the man to the altar to prevent his escape The use of violent coercion to marry was never legal in the United States although many anecdotal stories and folk songs record instances of such intimidation in the 18th and 19th centuries Purposes of the wedding include recourse from the man for the act of impregnation and to ensure that the child is raised by both parents as well as to ensure that the woman has material means of support In some cases a major objective was the restoring of social honor to the mother Shotgun weddings have become less common as the stigma associated with out of wedlock births has gradually faded and the number of such births has increased the increasing availability of birth control and abortion as well as material support to unwed mothers such as Elterngeld child benefits parental leave and free kindergartens have reduced the perceived need for such measures Consequences EditFor victims and society Edit Early and forced marriages can contribute to girls being placed in a cycle of poverty and powerlessness Most are likely to experience mistreatment such as violence abuse and forced sexual relations This means that women who marry younger in age are more likely to be dominated by their husbands They also experience poor sexual and reproductive health Young married girls are more likely to contract HIV and their health could be in jeopardy Most people who are forced into a marriage lack education and are often illiterate Young ones tend to drop out of school shortly before they get married 91 Escaping a forced marriage Edit Ending a forced marriage may be extremely difficult in many parts of the world For instance in parts of Africa one of the main obstacles for leaving the marriage is the bride price Once the bride price has been paid the girl is seen as belonging to the husband and his family If she wants to leave the husband may demand back the bride price that he had paid to the girl s family The girl s family often cannot or does not want to pay it back Some countries also have Male Guardianship requirements prohibiting women from paying themselves out but in other countries it has happened multiple times 92 93 94 British citizens escaping forced marriage abroad are forced to pay their repatriation costs or get into debt This makes escaping a forced marriage harder 95 In the United States Unchained At Last is the only nonprofit organization operating to help people in the U S escape forced or arranged marriages by providing free legal and social services 96 Honor killing Edit Further information Honor killing Forced marriages are often related to violence both in regard to violence perpetrated inside the marriage domestic violence and in regard to violence inflicted in order to force an unwilling participant to accept the marriage or to punish a refusal in extreme cases women and girls who do not accept the marriage are subjected to honor killings 97 98 99 Legislative consequences Edit Prime Minister David Cameron accompanied by Foreign Office Minister Alistair Burt and Home Office Minister Lynne Featherstone visited the Forced Marriage Unit 8 June 2012 to meet with campaigners Aneeta Prem Jasvinder Sanghera and Diana Nammi to discuss the new legislation and the range of measures that will be introduced to increase support and protection for victims Depending by jurisdiction a forced marriage may or may not be void or voidable Victims may be able to seek redress through annulment or divorce In England and Wales the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 stipulates that a forced marriage is voidable 100 In some jurisdictions people who had coerced the victim into marriage may face criminal charges 101 102 103 Sharia law EditThis section uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources with multiple points of view September 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main articles Sharia and Islamic marital jurisprudence See also Women in Islam and Islam and domestic violence In Islamic law consent is needed for a valid marriage 104 Islamic Marriage is concluded but not excluding the bride between the guardian wali of the bride and bridegroom not between bridegroom and bride but her permission is still necessary The guardian wali of the bride can only be a free Muslim 105 The wali has the power to initiate a marriage contract on behalf of a child before puberty but once the child attains puberty he or she can accept or reject the marriage The marriage contract can be annulled on grounds of coercion 104 However in the Hanafi school of jurisprudence a guardian is not needed to make the marriage valid citation needed By country EditAfrica Edit Madagascar Edit Forced marriage is prevalent in Madagascar Girls are married off by their families and often led to believe that if they refuse the marriage they will be cursed 106 107 In some cases the husband is much older than his bride and when she becomes a widow she is discriminated and excluded by society 108 Malawi Edit According to Human Rights Watch Malawi has widespread child and forced marriage and half of the girls marry before 18 109 The practice of bride price known also as lobolo is common in Malawi and plays a major role in forced marriage Wife inheritance is also practiced in Malawi After marriage wives have very limited rights and freedoms and general preparation of young girls for marriage consists in describing their role as that of being subordinated to the husband 110 Mauritania Edit Forced marriage in Mauritania takes three principal forms forced marriage to a cousin known as maslaha forced marriage to a rich man for the purpose of financial gain and forced polygamous marriage to an influential man 111 Morocco Edit In 2018 a law went into effect known as the Hakkaoui law because Bassima Hakkaoui drafted it among other things it includes a ban on forced marriage Niger Edit Forced marriage is common in Niger Niger has the highest prevalence of child marriage in the world 112 113 and also the highest total fertility rate 114 Girls who attempt to leave forced marriages are most often rejected by their families and are often forced to enter prostitution in order to survive 115 Due to the food crisis girls are being sold into marriage 116 Balkissa Chaibou is known as one of the most famous activists against forced marriage in Niger Chaibou was 12 when she was informed by her own mother that she was to be married to her cousin and when she was 16 she took to the courts With little success Chaibou was forced to a women s shelter before she was finally able to go home where she learned of her parents changed views on forced marriage that they were now against it 117 Somalia EditThe Sexual Intercourse Related Crimes Bill proposed in August 2020 would allow both child marriage and forced marriage The new bill risks legitimizing child marriage among other alarming practices U N human rights chief Michelle Bachelet said Thousands of people in Somalia circulated a petition against the bill including representatives of the Mogadishu based Elman Peace and Human Rights Center More than 45 of young women in Somalia marry or are in union before age 18 118 Main article Ukuthwala South Africa Edit In South Africa ukuthwala is the practice of abducting young girls and forcing them into marriage often with the consent of their parents 119 The practice occurs mainly in rural parts of South Africa in particular the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu Natal 120 The girls who are involved in this practice are frequently under aged including some as young as eight 121 The practice received negative publicity with media reporting in 2009 that more than 20 Eastern Cape girls are forced to drop out of school every month because of ukuthwala 122 Tanzania Edit In Tanzania the practices of forced marriage and child marriage impacts the human rights and childhood of girls 123 Families sell their girls to older men for financial benefits causing pain among young girls Oftentimes girls are married off as soon as they hit puberty which can be as young as seven years old 123 To the older men these young brides act as symbols of masculinity and accomplishment Child brides endure forced sex causing health risks and growth impediments 124 Primary education is usually not completed for young girls in forced marriages Married and pregnant students are often discriminated against and expelled and excluded from school 123 The Law of Marriage Act currently does not address issues with guardianship and child marriage The issue of child marriage establishes a minimum age of 18 for the boys of Tanzania but no such minimum age is established for girls 125 The Gambia Edit In 2016 during a feast ending the Muslim holy month of Ramadan the Gambian President Yahya Jammeh announced that child and forced marriages were banned 126 127 Asia Edit Compensation marriage Edit Compensation marriage known variously as vani swara and sang chatti is the traditional practice of forced marriage of women and young girls to resolve tribal feuds in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan The practice is illegal in Pakistan though it continues to be widely practiced in Pakistan s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province In Afghanistan the practice is known as baad Afghanistan Edit Forced marriage is very common in Afghanistan and sometimes women resort to suicide to escape these marriages 128 A report by Human Rights Watch found that about 95 of girls and 50 of adult women imprisoned in Afghanistan were in jail on charges of the moral crimes of running away from home or zina Obtaining a divorce without the consent of the husband is nearly impossible in Afghanistan and women attempting a de facto separation risk being imprisoned for running away While it is not socially acceptable for women and girls to leave home without permission running away is not defined as a criminal offense in the Afghan Penal Code However in 2010 and 2011 the Afghan Supreme Court issued instructions to courts to charge women with running away as a crime This makes it nearly impossible for women to escape forced marriages The Human Rights Watch report stated that According to the UN as of 2008 70 to 80 percent of marriages in Afghanistan were forced taking place without full and free consent or under duress Another study found that 59 percent of women had experienced forced marriage 129 Pakistan Edit source source source source source source source source source source Forced marriage 8 min Urdu Geo TV 2003 DIG Sindh Police Aftab Pathan had said on the occasion of a consultative workshop organized by FIA Sindh that in 2014 1 261 cases of abduction of women for forced marriage were registered Five accused were jailed while the case of 369 accused was pending There were also 45 cases of abduction of children under the age of ten There are reports of forced conversion of girls belonging to minorities in Pakistan and then forced marriages to a Muslim man 130 However Federal Shariat court had taken strict actions against forced marriages and pressurized provincial governments after which Balochistan government drafted a bill The Balochistan Child Marriages Prohibition Act 2021 131 China Edit Forced marriages have been documented between Chinese men and women from neighboring countries These women usually through false promises of work are lured to China and forced to marry 132 133 Indonesia Edit Some Indonesian tribes have traditions or local customs that may be considered a forced marriage For instance Sasak people who still adhere to old customs believe that if their daughter were going out with a man until late at night then marriage must be carried out soon after People in Sumba also practices bride kidnapping 134 However on April 2022 Indonesian legislature passed Law No 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes The law considers forced marriage a form of sexual violence and outlaw it with offenders can be sentenced to a maximum imprisonment of 9 years and or face a maximum fine of Rp200 million Included as forms of forced marriage are child marriage forcing rape victims to marry the rapists and forcing people to marry in the name of local customs 135 136 Iran Edit Forced marriage remains common for Kurdish girls in Iran and is also one of the major reasons for self immolation in Iran 137 In 1998 UNICEF reported high rates of forced marriage in Iranian Kurdistan including at an early age but also reported that the practice was declining 137 Kurdish cultural norms which facilitate the practice of forced and child marriage perpetuate the fear of violence amongst Kurdish girls in Iran 137 Nepal Edit Girls in Nepal are often seen as an economic burden to the family due to dowry Parents often compel young girls to marry because older and more educated men can demand a higher dowry 138 In 2009 the Nepalese government decided to offer a cash incentive 50 000 Nepali rupees 641 to men for marrying widowed women Because widows often lose social status in Nepalese society this policy was meant to solve their problems However many widows and human rights groups protested these regulations denouncing them as humiliating and as encouraging coerced marriages 139 Sri Lanka Edit During the Sri Lankan Civil War a 2004 report in the journal Reproductive Health Matters found that forced marriage in Sri Lanka was taking place in the context of the armed conflict where parents forced teenage girls into marriage in order to ensure that they do not lose their chastity considered an increased risk due to the conflict before marriage which would compromise their chances of finding a husband 140 Europe Edit Germany Edit In 2011 the family ministry of Germany found that 3000 people were in forced marriages nearly all from migrant families and most 83 4 from Muslim families by querying help bureaus 141 These figures exceeded the estimates of help organisation Terre des Femmes which up until then had estimated that about 1000 migrant women sought help annually 141 More than half of the women had experienced physical abuse and 27 were threatened with weapons or received death threats 141 Of the victims 30 were 17 years old or younger 31 8 were from Germany 26 4 from Asia 22 2 from Turkey and 5 6 from Africa 142 In 2016 the German ministry of the interior found that 1475 children were in forced marriages Of those 1474 inconsistent 1100 were girls 664 were from Syria 157 were Afghans and 100 were Iraqis 143 United Kingdom Edit Forced Marriage Unit UK Forced marriages can be made because of family pride the wishes of the parents or social obligation For example according to Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood many forced marriages in Britain within the British Pakistani community are aimed at providing British citizenship to a member of the family currently in Pakistan to whom the instigator of the forced marriage feels a sense of duty 144 In response to the problem of forced marriages among immigrants in the UK the Forced Marriage Civil Protection Act 2007 applicable in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland was passed which enables the victims of forced marriage to apply for court orders for their protection Similar legislation was passed in Scotland the Forced Marriage etc Protection and Jurisdiction Scotland Act 2011 101 gives courts the power to issue protection orders In 2008 it was estimated that about 3000 forced marriages took place each year 145 In June 2012 the British Government under Prime Minister David Cameron declared that forced marriage would become a criminal offence in the United Kingdom 146 In November 2013 it was reported that a case was brought before the High Court in Birmingham by local authority officials involving a then 14 year old girl who was taken to Pakistan forced to marry a man ten years her senior and two weeks later forced to consummate the marriage with threats resulting in pregnancy the court case ended with Mr Justice Holman saying he was powerless to make a declaration of non recognition of the forced marriage since he was prevented by law from granting a declaration that her marriage was at its inception void Mr Justice Holman said that the girl now 17 would have to initiate proceedings herself to have the marriage nullified 147 148 British courts can also issue civil orders to prevent forced marriage and since 2014 refusing to obey such an order is grounds for a prison sentence of up to five years 149 The Anti Social Behaviour Crime and Policing Act 2014 makes forcing someone to marry including abroad a criminal offence 150 The law came into effect in June 2014 in England and Wales and in October 2014 in Scotland 102 151 In Northern Ireland the Human Trafficking and Exploitation Criminal Justice and Support for Victims Act Northern Ireland 2015 152 criminalises forced marriage section 16 Offence of forced marriage 153 In July 2014 the United Kingdom hosted its first global Girl Summit the goal of the Summit was to increase efforts to end child marriage early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation within a generation 154 The first conviction for forced marriage in the United Kingdom occurred in June 2015 with the convicted being a man from Cardiff who was subsequently sentenced to 16 years in prison 155 Of the cases recorded by the government s Force Marriage Unit run jointly between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Home Office 156 the majority involved South Asia communities with 37 linked to Pakistan 11 linked to Bangladesh and 7 linked to India About 30 involved victims below the age of 18 157 Sweden Edit See also Family honor Sweden In July 2014 forced marriages were criminalised to protect individuals who were forced to marry against their will Swedish aktenskapstvang The maximum sentence is four years 158 No court has given the maximum sentence as of January 2019 citation needed Schools in Skane in the southern part of Sweden report that they discover that about 25 youth are forced to marry annually due to them being part of a shame society An investigation by government organisation Ungdomsstyrelsen reported that 70 000 youth perceived they were unfree in their choice of spouse 159 In July 2016 an Afghani man in Sweden was sentenced to 4 years in prison for forcing his daughter to marry someone in Afghanistan in the first Swedish conviction He was also convicted for sexually molesting her Swedish boyfriend assault threats robbery blackmailing and false imprisonment 160 In January 2019 the maternal uncle and aunt of a 16 year old girl of an Iraqi family were sentenced to 21 months in jail and to pay 12500 euro in damages for forced marriage In December 2016 her family discovered that the girl was dating a boy and the family decided to marry her off to a cousin without her knowledge Under the false pretense that her grandmother was mortally ill the girl her mother aunt and uncle travelled to Iraq where all but the girl had return tickets In Iraq the grandmother proved to be in good health and the girl was to marry her cousin Despite having no contacts in Iraq and the mobile phone had been taken from her she managed to return to Sweden eight months later 161 Other Edit Although forced marriage in Europe is most often associated with the immigrant population it is also present among some local populations especially among the Roma communities in Eastern Europe 162 The British Forced marriage consultation published in 2011 found forcing someone to marry to be a distinct criminal offence in Austria Belgium Turkey Denmark Norway and Germany 163 In 2014 it became a distinct criminal offence in England and Wales 149 The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence defines and criminalizes forced marriage as well as other forms of violence against women 164 The Convention came into force on 1 August 2014 165 In November 2014 UCL held an event Forced Marriage The Real Disgrace where the award winning documentary Honor Diaries was shown and a panel including Jasvinder Sanghera CBE Founder of Karma Nirvana Seema Malhotra MP Labour Shadow Minister for Women and Dr Reefat Drabu former Assistant General Secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain discussed the concept of izzat honour recent changes in British law barriers to tackling forced marriage and reasons to be hopeful of positive change 166 The Americas Edit Canada Edit Forced marriage may be practised among some immigrant communities in Canada 167 Until recently forced marriage has not received very much attention in Canada That lack of attention has protected the practice from legal intervention 70 In 2015 Parliament enacted two new criminal offences to address the issue 168 Forcing a person to marry against their will is now a criminal offence under the Criminal Code 169 as is assisting or aiding a child marriage where one of the participants is under age 16 170 There has also been the long standing offence of solemnizing an illegal marriage which was also modified by the 2015 legislation 171 In addition to these criminal offences the Civil Marriage Act stipulates Marriage requires the free and enlightened consent of two persons to be the spouse of each other as well as setting 16 as the minimum age for marriage 172 United States Edit See also Sex trafficking in the United States Forced marriages According to Nancie L Katz thousands of Pakistani girls have been flown out of the New York City area to Pakistan to undergo forced marriages those who resist are threatened and coerced 173 The AHA Foundation commissioned a study by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice to research the incidence of forced marriage in New York City 174 The results of the study were equivocal clarification needed 175 However AHA Foundation for the past 11 years has operated a helpline that successfully referred numerous individuals seeking help in fleeing or avoiding a forced marriage to qualified service providers and law enforcement 176 According to the National Center for Victims of Crime Conference there are limited laws policies directly addressing forced marriage although more general non specific laws may be used 177 page needed The organization Unchained at Last an organization in the United States assists women escaping forced or arranged marriages with free legal services and other resources 178 It was founded by Fraidy Reiss 178 The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints FLDS has been suspected of trafficking underage girls across state lines as well as across the US Canada 179 and US Mexico borders 180 for the purpose of sometimes involuntary plural marriage and sexual abuse 181 The FLDS is suspected by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of having trafficked more than 30 under age girls from Canada to the United States between the late 1990s and 2006 to be entered into polygamous marriages 179 RCMP spokesman Dan Moskaluk said of the FLDS s activities In essence it s human trafficking in connection with illicit sexual activity 182 According to the Vancouver Sun it s unclear whether or not Canada s anti human trafficking statute can be effectively applied against the FLDS s pre 2005 activities because the statute may not be able to be applied retroactively 183 An earlier three year long investigation by local authorities in British Columbia into allegations of sexual abuse human trafficking and forced marriages by the FLDS resulted in no charges but did result in legislative change 184 Oceania Edit New Zealand Edit Main article Forced marriage in New Zealand This section is empty You can help by adding to it February 2022 As of 2022 there is no current record of forced married people in New Zealand citation needed Statistics EditChild marriage 2008 2014 185 Country Married by 15 Married by 18 SourceAfghanistan 33 Living Conditions Survey 2013 2013Albania 0 10 DHS 2008 2009Algeria 0 3 MICS 2012 2013Armenia 0 7 DHS 2010Azerbaijan 2 11 DHS 2011Bangladesh 18 52 MICS 2012 2013Barbados 1 11 MICS 2012Belarus 0 3 MICS 2012Belize 3 26 MICS 2011Benin 11 32 DHS 2011 2012Bhutan 6 26 MICS 2010Bolivia 3 22 DHS 2008Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 4 MICS 2011 2012Brazil 11 36 PNDS 2006Burkina Faso 10 52 DHS 2010Burundi 3 20 DHS 2010Cabo Verde 3 18 DHS 2005Cambodia 2 19 DHS 2014Cameroon 13 38 DHS 2011Central African Republic 29 68 MICS 2010Chad 29 68 MICS 2010Colombia 6 23 DHS 2010Comoros 10 32 DHS 2012Congo 6 33 DHS 2011 2012Costa Rica 7 21 MICS 2011Cote d Ivoire 10 33 DHS 2011 2012Cuba 5 26 MICS 2014Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 37 DHS 2013 2014Djibouti 2 5 MICS 2006Dominican Republic 10 37 DHS 2013Ecuador 4 22 ENDEMAIN 2004Egypt 2 17 DHS 2014El Salvador 5 25 FESAL 2008Equatorial Guinea 9 30 DHS 2011Eritrea 13 41 Population and Health Survey 2010Ethiopia 16 41 DHS 2011Gabon 6 22 DHS 2012Gambia 9 30 DHS 2013Georgia 1 14 RHS 2010Ghana 5 21 DHS 2014Guatemala 7 30 ENSMI 2008 2009Guinea 21 52 DHS 2012Guinea Bissau 7 22 MICS 2010Guyana 6 23 DHS 2009Haiti 3 18 DHS 2012Honduras 8 34 DHS 2011 2012India 18 47 NFHS 2005 2006Indonesia 14 National Socio Economic Survey SUSENAS 2013Iran 3 17 MIDHS 2010Iraq 5 24 MICS 2011Jamaica 1 8 MICS 2011Jordan 0 8 DHS 2012Kazakhstan 0 6 MICS 2010 2011Kenya 4 23 DHS 2014Kiribati 3 20 DHS 2009Kyrgyzstan 1 12 MICS 2014Lao People s Democratic Republic 9 35 MICS 2011 2012Lebanon 1 6 MICS 2009Lesotho 2 19 DHS 2009Liberia 9 36 DHS 2013Macedonia 1 7 MICS 2011Madagascar 12 41 ENSOMD 2012 2013Malawi 9 46 MICS 2013 2014Maldives 0 4 DHS 2009Mali 15 55 MICS 2010Marshall Islands 6 26 DHS 2007Mauritania 14 34 MICS 2011Mexico 5 23 ENADID 2009Mongolia 0 5 MICS 2010Montenegro 1 5 MICS 2013Morocco 3 16 DHS 2003 2004Mozambique 14 48 DHS 2011Namibia 2 7 DHS 2013Nauru 2 27 DHS 2007Nepal 10 37 MICS 2014Nicaragua 10 41 ENDESA 2006Niger 28 76 DHS 2012Nigeria 17 43 DHS 2013Pakistan 3 21 DHS 2012 2013Panama 7 26 MICS 2013 KFRPapua New Guinea 2 21 DHS 2006Paraguay 18 RHS 2004Peru 3 19 Continuous DHS 2014Philippines 2 15 DHS 2013Qatar 0 4 MICS 2012Republic of Moldova 0 12 MICS 2012Rwanda 1 8 DHS 2010Saint Lucia 1 8 MICS 2012Samoa 1 11 DHS 2014Sao Tome and Principe 5 34 DHS 2008 2009Senegal 9 32 Continuous DHS 2014Serbia 0 3 MICS 2014Sierra Leone 13 39 DHS 2013Solomon Islands 3 22 DHS 2007Somalia 8 45 MICS 2006South Africa 1 6 DHS 2003South Sudan 9 52 SHHS 2010Sri Lanka 2 12 DHS 2006 2007State of Palestine 1 15 MICS 2014Sudan 7 33 SHHS 2010Suriname 5 19 MICS 2010Swaziland 1 7 MICS 2010Syrian Arab Republic 3 13 MICS 2006Tajikistan 0 12 DHS 2012Thailand 4 22 MICS 2012Timor Leste 3 19 DHS 2009Togo 6 22 DHS 2013 2014Tonga 0 6 DHS 2012Trinidad and Tobago 2 8 MICS 2006Tunisia 0 2 MICS 2011 2012Turkmenistan 1 7 MICS 2006Tuvalu 0 10 DHS 2007Uganda 10 40 DHS 2011Ukraine 0 9 MICS 2012United Republic of Tanzania 7 37 DHS 2010Uruguay 1 25 MICS 2013Uzbekistan 0 7 MICS 2006Vanuatu 3 21 DHS 2013Viet Nam 1 11 MICS 2014Yemen 9 32 DHS 2013Zambia 6 31 DHS 2013 2014Zimbabwe 4 34 MICS 2014Summary Region Married by 15 Married by 18 NoteSub Saharan Africa 12 39 Eastern and Southern Africa 10 36 West and Central Africa 14 42 Middle East and North Africa 3 18 East Asia and Pacific 15 Excluding ChinaLatin America and Caribbean 5 23 CEE CIS 1 11 Least developed countries 13 41 See also EditArranged marriage Knobstick wedding Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan Birth control sabotage Child marriage Forced pregnancy Marry your rapist law Shotgun wedding Bride kidnapping and Groom kidnapping Exchange of women Forced Marriage Civil Protection Act 2007 UK legislation Human trafficking Servile marriage Marriage of convenience United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery Elopement Activists and women famous for refusing forced marriage Nojoud Ali Franca ViolaReferences Edit Arranged Forced Marriage Unchained At Last Retrieved 6 October 2022 Sharp Nicola Forced Marriage in the UK A scoping study on the experience of women from Middle Eastern and North East African Communities PDF Refuge London 6 10 Archived PDF from the original on 10 August 2017 Bunting Annie Forced Marriage in Conflict Situations Researching and Prosecuting Old Harms and New Crimes Canadian Journal of Human Rights 179 the term marriage should be avoided because the crime in Sierra Leone was one of sexual slavery 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doi 10 1177 0886260518801935 PMID 30340441 S2CID 53011008 Chantler K July 2012 Recognition of and intervention in forced marriage as a form of violence and abuse Trauma Violence Abuse 13 3 176 183 doi 10 1177 1524838012448121 PMID 22643068 S2CID 24031180 Epub May 29 2012 Gangoli Geetanjali Amina Razak Melanie McCarry June 2006 Forced Marriage and Domestic Violence among South Asian Communities in North East England PDF School for Policy Studies University of Bristol and Northern Rock Foundation Archived from the original PDF on 10 August 2017 Retrieved 3 December 2019 ArticlesEuropean Immigrants Continue to be Forced Into Marriage World Politics Watch 31 January 2007 Forced Marriage Another Perspective Interview with Serap Cileli World Politics Watch 1 February 2007 Forced Marriage Among Europe s Immigrants Hulya Kalkan s Story World Politics Watch 8 February 2007 Freedom Charity UK charity raising awareness of forced marriage and dis honour based violence BBC News story Forced marriage could be banned Akhtar Amin 13 November 2006 Swara practised with impunity in tribal areas Daily Times Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 Retrieved 5 June 2008 Declan Walsh 5 June 2008 15 child brides used to settle Pakistan feud The Guardian London Retrieved 5 June 2008 Ashfaq Yusufzai 1 April 2006 Blood Feuds Trap Girls in Compensation Marriages Inter Press Service Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 Retrieved 5 June 2008 Swara A Bridge over troubled waters Ethnomedia Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 Retrieved 5 June 2008 Virtual Slavery The Practice of Compensation Marriages United Nations Population Fund Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 Retrieved 5 June 2008 Microsoft Word document Captured Hearts An epidemic of bride kidnappings may at last be waning in Kyrgyzstan National Geographic Paul SalopekExternal links EditU S Citizenship and Immigration Services Forced Marriage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Forced marriage amp oldid 1150998643, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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