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Crown

May 01, 2023

For other uses, see Crown (disambiguation).

A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself, as distinct from the individual who inhabits it (that is, The Crown). A specific type of crown (or coronet for lower ranks of peerage) is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium, where no coronation ever took place; the royal installation is done by a solemn oath in parliament, wearing a military uniform: the King is not acknowledged as by divine right, but assumes the only hereditary public office in the service of the law; so he in turn will swear in all members of "his" federal government.

Imperial State Crown of the United Kingdom
The Papal tiara, worn by the popes to symbolize their authority within the Catholic Church, was last used in 1963
Vajracarya's Ritual Crown, Ancient Nepal
The Seobongchong Golden Crown of Ancient Silla, which is 339th National Treasure of South Korea. It is basically following the standard type of Silla's Crown. It was excavated by Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf VI Adolf in 1926.

Variations

  • Costume headgear imitating a monarch's crown is also called a crown hat. Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, people at costume parties, or ritual "monarchs" such as the king of a Carnival krewe, or the person who found the trinket in a king cake.
  • The nuptial crown, sometimes called a coronal, worn by a bride, and sometimes the bridegroom, at her wedding is found in many European cultures since ancient times. In the present day, it is most common in Eastern Orthodox cultures. The Eastern Orthodox marriage service has a section called the crowning, wherein the bride and groom are crowned as "king" and "queen" of their future household. In Greek weddings, the crowns are diadems usually made of white flowers, synthetic or real, often adorned with silver or mother of pearl. They are placed on the heads of the newlyweds and are held together by a ribbon of white silk. They are then kept by the couple as a reminder of their special day. In Slavic weddings, the crowns are usually made of ornate metal, designed to resemble an imperial crown, and are held above the newlyweds' heads by their best men. A parish usually owns one set to use for all the couples that are married there since these are much more expensive than Greek-style crowns. This was common in Catholic countries in the past.
  • Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives (e.g., the Black Crown of the Karmapa Lama) sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees.
  • According to the New Testament, a crown of thorns was placed on the head of Jesus before his crucifixion; it has become a common symbol of martyrdom.
  • According to Roman Catholic tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary was crowned as Queen of Heaven after her assumption into heaven. She is often depicted wearing a crown, and statues of her in churches and shrines are ceremonially crowned during May.
  • The Crown of Immortality is also common in historical symbolism.
  • The heraldic symbol of Three Crowns, referring to the three evangelical Magi (wise men), traditionally called kings, is believed thus to have become the symbol of the Swedish kingdom, but it also fits the historical (personal, dynastic) Kalmar Union (1397–1520) between the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
  • In India, crowns are known as makuta (Sanskrit for "crest"), and have been used in India since ancient times and are described adorning Hindu gods or kings. The makuta style was then copied by the Indianized kingdoms that was influenced by Hindu-Buddhist concept of kingship in Southeast Asia, such as in Java and Bali in Indonesia, Cambodia, Burma and Thailand.
  • Dancers of certain traditional Thai dances often wear crowns (mongkut) on their head. These are inspired in the crowns worn by deities and by kings.
  • In pre-Colonial Philippines crown-like diadems, or putong, were worn by elite individuals and deities, among an array of golden ornaments.[1][2]
  • The shamsa was a massive, jewel-inlaid ceremonial crown hung by a chain that was part of the regalia of the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates.[3]

Terminology

Three distinct categories of crowns exist in those monarchies that use crowns or state regalia.

Coronation
Worn by monarchs when being crowned.
State
Worn by monarchs on other state occasions.
Consort crowns
Worn by a consort, signifying rank granted as a constitutional courtesy protocol.

Crowns or similar headgear, as worn by nobility and other high-ranking people below the ruler, is in English often called a coronet; however, in many languages, this distinction is not made and the same word is used for both types of headgear (e.g., French couronne, German Krone, Dutch kroon). In some of these languages the term "rank crown" (rangkroon, etc.) refers to the way these crowns may be ranked according to hierarchical status. In classical antiquity, the crown (corona) that was sometimes awarded to people other than rulers, such as triumphal military generals or athletes, was actually a wreath or chaplet, or ribbon-like diadem.

History

 
Crown of King of Persis Ardakhshir II, 1st century BC.

Crowns have been discovered in pre-historic times from Haryana, India.[4] The precursor to the crown was the browband called the diadem, which had been worn by the Achaemenid Persian emperors. It was adopted by Constantine I and was worn by all subsequent rulers of the later Roman Empire. Almost all Sassanid kings wore crowns. One of the most famous kings who left numerous statues, reliefs and coins of crowns is the king Shapur I.

Numerous crowns of various forms were used in antiquity, such as the Hedjet, Deshret, Pschent (double crown) and Khepresh of Pharaonic Egypt. The Pharaohs of Egypt also wore the diadem, which was associated with solar cults, an association which was not completely lost, as it was later revived under the Roman Emperor Augustus.[5] By the time of the Pharaoh Amenophis III (r.1390–1352c) wearing a diadem clearly became a symbol of royalty. The wreaths and crowns of classical antiquity were sometimes made from natural materials such as laurel, myrtle, olive, or wild celery.[6]

The corona radiata, the "radiant crown" known best on the Statue of Liberty, and perhaps worn by the Helios that was the Colossus of Rhodes, was worn by Roman emperors as part of the cult of Sol Invictus prior to the Roman Empire's conversion to Christianity. It was referred to as "the chaplet studded with sunbeams” by Lucian, about 180 AD.[7]

 
The Iron Crown of Lombardy, probably the most ancient royal insignia of Europe.

Perhaps the oldest extant Christian crown in Europe is the Iron Crown of Lombardy, of Roman and Longobard antiquity, used by the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. Later again used to crown modern Kings of Napoleonic and Austrian Italy, and to represent united Italy after 1860. Today, the crown is kept in the Cathedral of Monza. In the Christian tradition of European cultures, where ecclesiastical sanction authenticates monarchic power when a new monarch ascends the throne, the crown is placed on the new monarch's head by a religious official in a coronation ceremony. Some, though not all, early Holy Roman Emperors travelled to Rome at some point in their careers to be crowned by the pope. Napoleon, according to legend, surprised Pius VII when he reached out and crowned himself, although in reality this order of ceremony had been pre-arranged.

Today, only the British Monarchy and Tongan Monarchy, with their anointed and crowned monarchs, continue this tradition, although many monarchies retain a crown as a national symbol. The French Crown Jewels were sold in 1885 on the orders of the Third French Republic, with only a token number, their precious stones replaced by glass, retained for historic reasons and displayed in the Louvre. The Spanish Crown Jewels were destroyed in a major fire in the 18th century while the so-called "Irish Crown Jewels" (actually merely the British Sovereign's insignia of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick) were stolen from Dublin Castle in 1907, just before the investiture of Bernard Edward Barnaby FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown.

The Crown of King George XII of Georgia made of gold and decorated with 145 diamonds, 58 rubies, 24 emeralds, and 16 amethysts. It took the form of a circlet surmounted by ornaments and eight arches. A globe surmounted by a cross rested on the top of the crown.

Special headgear to designate rulers dates back to pre-history, and is found in many separate civilizations around the globe. Commonly, rare and precious materials are incorporated into the crown, but that is only essential for the notion of crown jewels. Gold and precious jewels are common in western and oriental crowns. In the Native American civilizations of the Pre-Columbian New World, rare feathers, such as that of the quetzal, often decorated crowns; so too in Polynesia (e.g., Hawaii).

Coronation ceremonies are often combined with other rituals, such as enthronement (the throne is as much a symbol of monarchy as the crown) and anointing (again, a religious sanction, the only defining act in the Biblical tradition of Israel).

In other cultures, no crown is used in the equivalent of coronation, but the head may still be otherwise symbolically adorned; for example, with a royal tikka in the Hindu tradition of India.

Image gallery

Numismatics

Because one or more crowns, alone or as part of a more elaborate design, often appear on coins, several monetary denominations came to be known as 'a crown' or the equivalent word in the local language, such as krone. This persists in the case of the national currencies of the Scandinavian countries and the Czech Republic. The generic term "crown sized" is frequently used for any coin roughly the size of an American silver dollar.

See also

References

  1. ^ Itsios, Alex. . www.ayalamuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
  2. ^ "12 Surprising Facts You Didn't Know About Ancient Philippines". 4 July 2018.
  3. ^ Halm, H. (1997). "SHAMSA". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 298–9. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  4. ^ "Stone Pages Archaeo News: 4,000-year-old copper crown unearthed in India".
  5. ^ Al-Azmeh, Aziz (2001). Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim, Christian and Pagan Politics. London: I.B. Tauris Publications. p. 12. ISBN 1-86064-609-3.
  6. ^ "Winners of Panhellenic Games Received Victory Wreaths". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  7. ^ in Alexander the false prophet)
  8. ^ . 2018-05-29. Archived from the original on 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2022-10-04.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crowns.
  • Fallow, Thomas Macall (1911). "Crown and Coronet" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–518.

May 01, 2023
crown, other, uses, disambiguation, crown, traditional, form, head, adornment, worn, monarchs, symbol, their, power, dignity, crown, often, extension, symbol, monarch, government, items, endorsed, word, itself, used, particularly, commonwealth, countries, abst. For other uses see Crown disambiguation A crown is a traditional form of head adornment or hat worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity A crown is often by extension a symbol of the monarch s government or items endorsed by it The word itself is used particularly in Commonwealth countries as an abstract name for the monarchy itself as distinct from the individual who inhabits it that is The Crown A specific type of crown or coronet for lower ranks of peerage is employed in heraldry under strict rules Indeed some monarchies never had a physical crown just a heraldic representation as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium where no coronation ever took place the royal installation is done by a solemn oath in parliament wearing a military uniform the King is not acknowledged as by divine right but assumes the only hereditary public office in the service of the law so he in turn will swear in all members of his federal government Imperial State Crown of the United Kingdom Imperial Crown of Austria The Papal tiara worn by the popes to symbolize their authority within the Catholic Church was last used in 1963 Imperial Crown of Russia 2012 replica Vajracarya s Ritual Crown Ancient Nepal The Seobongchong Golden Crown of Ancient Silla which is 339th National Treasure of South Korea It is basically following the standard type of Silla s Crown It was excavated by Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf VI Adolf in 1926 Contents 1 Variations 2 Terminology 3 History 4 Image gallery 5 Numismatics 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksVariations EditCostume headgear imitating a monarch s crown is also called a crown hat Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch people at costume parties or ritual monarchs such as the king of a Carnival krewe or the person who found the trinket in a king cake The nuptial crown sometimes called a coronal worn by a bride and sometimes the bridegroom at her wedding is found in many European cultures since ancient times In the present day it is most common in Eastern Orthodox cultures The Eastern Orthodox marriage service has a section called the crowning wherein the bride and groom are crowned as king and queen of their future household In Greek weddings the crowns are diadems usually made of white flowers synthetic or real often adorned with silver or mother of pearl They are placed on the heads of the newlyweds and are held together by a ribbon of white silk They are then kept by the couple as a reminder of their special day In Slavic weddings the crowns are usually made of ornate metal designed to resemble an imperial crown and are held above the newlyweds heads by their best men A parish usually owns one set to use for all the couples that are married there since these are much more expensive than Greek style crowns This was common in Catholic countries in the past Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration by divinities or their representation such as a statue or by their representatives e g the Black Crown of the Karmapa Lama sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees According to the New Testament a crown of thorns was placed on the head of Jesus before his crucifixion it has become a common symbol of martyrdom According to Roman Catholic tradition the Blessed Virgin Mary was crowned as Queen of Heaven after her assumption into heaven She is often depicted wearing a crown and statues of her in churches and shrines are ceremonially crowned during May The Crown of Immortality is also common in historical symbolism The heraldic symbol of Three Crowns referring to the three evangelical Magi wise men traditionally called kings is believed thus to have become the symbol of the Swedish kingdom but it also fits the historical personal dynastic Kalmar Union 1397 1520 between the three kingdoms of Denmark Sweden and Norway In India crowns are known as makuta Sanskrit for crest and have been used in India since ancient times and are described adorning Hindu gods or kings The makuta style was then copied by the Indianized kingdoms that was influenced by Hindu Buddhist concept of kingship in Southeast Asia such as in Java and Bali in Indonesia Cambodia Burma and Thailand Dancers of certain traditional Thai dances often wear crowns mongkut on their head These are inspired in the crowns worn by deities and by kings In pre Colonial Philippines crown like diadems or putong were worn by elite individuals and deities among an array of golden ornaments 1 2 The shamsa was a massive jewel inlaid ceremonial crown hung by a chain that was part of the regalia of the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates 3 Terminology EditThree distinct categories of crowns exist in those monarchies that use crowns or state regalia Coronation Worn by monarchs when being crowned State Worn by monarchs on other state occasions Consort crowns Worn by a consort signifying rank granted as a constitutional courtesy protocol Crowns or similar headgear as worn by nobility and other high ranking people below the ruler is in English often called a coronet however in many languages this distinction is not made and the same word is used for both types of headgear e g French couronne German Krone Dutch kroon In some of these languages the term rank crown rangkroon etc refers to the way these crowns may be ranked according to hierarchical status In classical antiquity the crown corona that was sometimes awarded to people other than rulers such as triumphal military generals or athletes was actually a wreath or chaplet or ribbon like diadem History Edit Crown of King of Persis Ardakhshir II 1st century BC Crowns have been discovered in pre historic times from Haryana India 4 The precursor to the crown was the browband called the diadem which had been worn by the Achaemenid Persian emperors It was adopted by Constantine I and was worn by all subsequent rulers of the later Roman Empire Almost all Sassanid kings wore crowns One of the most famous kings who left numerous statues reliefs and coins of crowns is the king Shapur I Numerous crowns of various forms were used in antiquity such as the Hedjet Deshret Pschent double crown and Khepresh of Pharaonic Egypt The Pharaohs of Egypt also wore the diadem which was associated with solar cults an association which was not completely lost as it was later revived under the Roman Emperor Augustus 5 By the time of the Pharaoh Amenophis III r 1390 1352c wearing a diadem clearly became a symbol of royalty The wreaths and crowns of classical antiquity were sometimes made from natural materials such as laurel myrtle olive or wild celery 6 The corona radiata the radiant crown known best on the Statue of Liberty and perhaps worn by the Helios that was the Colossus of Rhodes was worn by Roman emperors as part of the cult of Sol Invictus prior to the Roman Empire s conversion to Christianity It was referred to as the chaplet studded with sunbeams by Lucian about 180 AD 7 The Iron Crown of Lombardy probably the most ancient royal insignia of Europe Perhaps the oldest extant Christian crown in Europe is the Iron Crown of Lombardy of Roman and Longobard antiquity used by the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy Later again used to crown modern Kings of Napoleonic and Austrian Italy and to represent united Italy after 1860 Today the crown is kept in the Cathedral of Monza In the Christian tradition of European cultures where ecclesiastical sanction authenticates monarchic power when a new monarch ascends the throne the crown is placed on the new monarch s head by a religious official in a coronation ceremony Some though not all early Holy Roman Emperors travelled to Rome at some point in their careers to be crowned by the pope Napoleon according to legend surprised Pius VII when he reached out and crowned himself although in reality this order of ceremony had been pre arranged Today only the British Monarchy and Tongan Monarchy with their anointed and crowned monarchs continue this tradition although many monarchies retain a crown as a national symbol The French Crown Jewels were sold in 1885 on the orders of the Third French Republic with only a token number their precious stones replaced by glass retained for historic reasons and displayed in the Louvre The Spanish Crown Jewels were destroyed in a major fire in the 18th century while the so called Irish Crown Jewels actually merely the British Sovereign s insignia of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick were stolen from Dublin Castle in 1907 just before the investiture of Bernard Edward Barnaby FitzPatrick 2nd Baron Castletown The Crown of King George XII of Georgia made of gold and decorated with 145 diamonds 58 rubies 24 emeralds and 16 amethysts It took the form of a circlet surmounted by ornaments and eight arches A globe surmounted by a cross rested on the top of the crown Special headgear to designate rulers dates back to pre history and is found in many separate civilizations around the globe Commonly rare and precious materials are incorporated into the crown but that is only essential for the notion of crown jewels Gold and precious jewels are common in western and oriental crowns In the Native American civilizations of the Pre Columbian New World rare feathers such as that of the quetzal often decorated crowns so too in Polynesia e g Hawaii Coronation ceremonies are often combined with other rituals such as enthronement the throne is as much a symbol of monarchy as the crown and anointing again a religious sanction the only defining act in the Biblical tradition of Israel In other cultures no crown is used in the equivalent of coronation but the head may still be otherwise symbolically adorned for example with a royal tikka in the Hindu tradition of India Image gallery Edit Crown of Darius the Great circa 500 BC Replica of the crown designed for the Finnish monarch who was never chosen A contemporary crown was never crafted but the replica was made from original drawings in the 1980s 8 The ancient Greek Kritonios Crown funerary or marriage material 370 360 BCE From a grave in Armento Basilicata State Collections of Antiquities Munich Tillya Tepe Crown Afghanistan 1st century AD The Essen Crown the world s oldest lily crown 10th or 11th century cathedral treasury Essen Minster Essen Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire c 962 Imperial Treasury Vienna St Edward s Crown 1661 Archducal hat of Austria c 1616 Klosterneuburg Monastery Crown of Saint Wenceslas 1346 Lands of the Bohemian Crown St Vitus Cathedral Prague Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings Corona de la Virgen de los Reyes Coronada 1904 Seville Cathedral Crown of the Netherlands Crown of the Kingdom of Bavaria Paris 1806 Munich Residenz The Holy Crown of Hungary also called the Crown of Saint Stephen of the Kingdom of Hungary Byzantine work Constantinople Istanbul 11th century Hungarian Parliament Building Budapest Grand Ducal Crown of Baden 1811 Karlsruhe Palace made of a wire frame reinforced with paperboard crimson coloured velvet gold plated sheet silver yellow silk taffeta embroidered with gold threads set with gold plated sequins diamonds and rubies Crown of Wurttemberg Wurttemberg State Museum Stuttgart 1806 Crown of Stephen Bocskai Turkish goldwork c 1605 Imperial Treasury Vienna Crown of Wilhelm II of the Kingdom of Prussia Hohenzollern Castle The Palatine Crown also called the Bohemian Crown of Princess Blanche of England c 1370 80 Munich Residenz Emperor s Crown on the Bust of Charlemagne Mosan goldwork c 1350 Aachen Cathedral Crown of Empress Cunigunde c 1060 1070 Munich Residenz Gothic lily crown of Empress Cunigunde 14th century Munich Residenz Reliquary Crown of Henry II Munich Residenz c 1270 1300 Crown of Augustus II the Strong 1697 armoury Dresden made for Augustus coronation in Wawel Castle in Krakow Crown on the bust of John the Baptist c 1370 St Johann Aachen Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria c 1830 Munich Residenz Crown of Margaret of York c 1461 Aachen Cathedral Kiani Crown Iran Qajar dynasty Pahlavi Crown Iran Pahlavi dynasty Empress Crown Iran Pahlavi dynasty Crown of Boleslaw I the Brave from Poland Replica made between 2001 and 2003 after the original 1000 year old crown was destroyed in the late 18th century clarification needed Medieval Crown of Bulgaria kept in the National history museum of Bulgaria Russian tsar s crown 14th century Royal Crown of Sweden 1561 Reproduction of Imperial Crown of Napoleon III of France The Imperial crown of Chinese emperor Ming Dynasty 1368 1644 Crown of Scotland 1540 at the Parliament of Scotland Kept at Edinburgh Castle Karađorđevic Crown Serbia Makuta Binokasih the crown of Sunda Kingdom 14th century West Java Indonesia The crown of Banten Sultanate 16th century Banten Indonesia The crown of King Christian IV of Denmark 16th century currently located in Rosenborg Castle Copenhagen Imperial Crown of Mexico during the Second Mexican Empire Crown of Louis XV Crown of King George XII of Georgia The crown of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate 19th century East Kalimantan Indonesia The Great Crown of Victory Thailand Imperial Crowns of Head of the States of Kingdom of Nepal 19th century Preserved Kingdom of Iran Pahlavi Golden Crown Crown of the King of Norway Heraldic crown of the Russian Empire Heraldic version of the crown of Tonga The Palatine tiara of Pope Pius IX 19th Century The Imperial crown of Japanese emperor Kōmei 1831 1867 Imperial Crown of Pedro II of Brazil 1841 Crown of Flowers by William Adolphe Bouguereau 1884 Strohl s Heraldischer Atlas 1899 The Imperial Crown of India worn by Emperor George V at his Delhi Durbar 1911 Tiara of Pope Benedict XVI 21st Century Numismatics EditBecause one or more crowns alone or as part of a more elaborate design often appear on coins several monetary denominations came to be known as a crown or the equivalent word in the local language such as krone This persists in the case of the national currencies of the Scandinavian countries and the Czech Republic The generic term crown sized is frequently used for any coin roughly the size of an American silver dollar See also EditBenkan Circlet Coronet Crown jewels Diadem Fengguan Helmet Holy Crown of Hungary Crown of St Stephen Hoop crown Heraldic crowns Imperial Crown Korymbos headgear Laurel wreath Makuṭa Mitre Nemes Oba s crown Papal tiara Polos Presidential sash Pschent Tiara Chada and mongkut List of Royal Crowns Ukpe okhue War bonnet Hat TefillinReferences Edit Itsios Alex Gold of Ancestors Ayala Museum www ayalamuseum org Archived from the original on 2017 06 25 Retrieved 2017 07 01 12 Surprising Facts You Didn t Know About Ancient Philippines 4 July 2018 Halm H 1997 SHAMSA In Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P Lecomte G eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol IX SAN SZE PDF Leiden Brill pp 298 9 ISBN 90 04 10422 4 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 03 25 Retrieved 13 June 2022 Stone Pages Archaeo News 4 000 year old copper crown unearthed in India Al Azmeh Aziz 2001 Muslim Kingship Power and the Sacred in Muslim Christian and Pagan Politics London I B Tauris Publications p 12 ISBN 1 86064 609 3 Winners of Panhellenic Games Received Victory Wreaths ThoughtCo Retrieved 2023 03 10 in Alexander the false prophet Gemstone Gallery 2018 05 29 Archived from the original on 2018 05 29 Retrieved 2022 10 04 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crowns Fallow Thomas Macall 1911 Crown and Coronet In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 7 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 515 518 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crown amp oldid 1149769846, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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