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American Chemical Society

January 17, 2023

"ACS Publications" redirects here. For Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians Publications, see The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians.

The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 155,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, and related fields. It is one of the world's largest scientific societies by membership.[3] The ACS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus, Ohio.

American Chemical Society
FormationApril 6, 1876; 146 years ago (1876-04-06)
TypeScientific society
Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organization
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Location
  • United States
Membership
more than 155,000
Angela K. Wilson
Key people
Thomas M. Connelly (Executive Director & CEO)[1]
Budget (2016[2])
US$528 million
Websitewww.acs.org

The ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals, national conferences, and the Chemical Abstracts Service. Its publications division produces over 60 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society, as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News. The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions. The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service, a provider of chemical databases worldwide.

The ACS has student chapters in virtually every major university in the United States and outside the United States as well.[4] These student chapters mainly focus on volunteering opportunities, career development, and the discussion of student and faculty research.[5] The organization also publishes textbooks, administers several national chemistry awards, provides grants for scientific research, and supports various educational and outreach activities.

The ACS has been critcized for predatory pricing of its products (Sci-Finder, journals and other publications), as well as for initiating numerous copyright enforcement litigations, often with meaningless outcomes, despite its non-profit status and its chartered commitment to dissemination of chemical information.[6], [7]

History

 
American Chemical Society headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Creation

In 1874, a group of American chemists gathered at the Joseph Priestley House to mark the 100th anniversary of Priestley's discovery of oxygen. Although there was an American scientific society at that time (the American Association for the Advancement of Science, founded in 1848), the growth of chemistry in the U.S. prompted those assembled to consider founding a new society that would focus more directly on theoretical and applied chemistry. Two years later, on April 6, 1876, during a meeting of chemists at the University of the City of New York (now New York University) the American Chemical Society was founded.[8] The society received its charter of incorporation from the State of New York in 1877.[9]

Charles F. Chandler, a professor of chemistry at Columbia University who was instrumental in organizing the society said that such a body would "prove a powerful and healthy stimulus to original research, … would awaken and develop much talent now wasting in isolation, … [bring] members of the association into closer union, and ensure a better appreciation of our science and its students on the part of the general public."[8]

Although Chandler was a likely choice to become the society's first president because of his role in organizing the society, New York University chemistry professor John William Draper was elected as the first president of the society because of his national reputation. Draper was a photochemist and pioneering photographer who had produced one of the first photographic portraits in 1840.[8] Chandler would later serve as president in 1881 and 1889.[10]

In the ACS logo, originally designed in the early 20th century by Tiffany's Jewelers and used since 1909,[11] a stylized symbol of a kaliapparat is used.[12]

Growth

The Journal of the American Chemical Society was founded in 1879 to publish original chemical research. It was the first journal published by ACS and is still the society's flagship peer-reviewed publication. In 1907, Chemical Abstracts was established as a separate journal (it previously appeared within JACS), which later became the Chemical Abstracts Service, a division of ACS that provides chemical information to researchers and others worldwide. Chemical & Engineering News is a weekly trade magazine that has been published by ACS since 1923.[9]

The society adopted a new constitution aimed at nationalizing the organization in 1890.[9] In 1905, the American Chemical Society moved from New York City to Washington, D.C. ACS was reincorporated under a congressional charter in 1937. It was granted by the U.S. Congress and signed by president Franklin D. Roosevelt.[9][13] ACS's headquarters moved to its current location in downtown Washington in 1941.[9]

Organization

Divisions

ACS first established technical divisions in 1908 to foster the exchange of information among scientists who work in particular fields of chemistry or professional interests. Divisional activities include organizing technical sessions at ACS meetings, publishing books and resources, administering awards and lectureships, and conducting other events. The original five divisions were 1) organic chemistry, 2) industrial chemists and chemical engineers, 3) agricultural and food chemistry, 4) fertilizer chemistry, and 5) physical and inorganic chemistry.[9]

As of 2016, there are 32 technical divisions of ACS.[14]

Division of Organic Chemistry

This is the largest division of the Society. It marked its 100th Anniversary in 2008.[47][48] The first Chair of the Division was Edward Curtis Franklin.[49] The Organic Division played a part in establishing Organic Syntheses, Inc. and Organic Reactions, Inc. and it maintains close ties to both organizations.

The Division's best known activities include organizing symposia (talks and poster sessions) at the biannual ACS National Meetings, for the purpose of recognizing promising Assistant Professors, talented young researchers, outstanding technical contributions from junior-level chemists,[50] in the field of organic chemistry. The symposia also honor national award winners, including the Arthur C. Cope Award, Cope Scholar Award, James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown Award for Creative Research in Synthetic Methods.

The Division helps to organize symposia at the international meeting called Pacifichem[51][52] and it organizes the biennial National Organic Chemistry Symposium (NOS) which highlights recent advances in organic chemistry[53] and hosts the Roger Adams Award address. The Division also organizes corporate sponsorships to provide fellowships for PhD students[54][55] and undergraduates.[56] It also organizes the Graduate Research Symposium[57] and manages award and travel grant programs for undergraduates.

Local sections

Local sections were authorized in 1890 and are autonomous units of the American Chemical Society. They elect their own officers and select representatives to the national ACS organization. Local sections also provide professional development opportunities for members, organize community outreach events, offer awards, and conduct other business.[9] The Rhode Island Section was the first local section of ACS, organized in 1891.[58] There are currently 186 local sections of the American Chemical Society in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.[59]

International Chemical Sciences Chapters

International Chemical Sciences Chapters allow ACS members outside of the U.S. to organize locally for professional and scientific exchange.[60] There are currently 24 International Chemical Sciences Chapters.[61]

Educational activities and programs

Chemical education and outreach

ACS states that it offers teacher training to support the professional development of science teachers so they can better present chemistry in the classroom, foster the scientific curiosity of our nation's youth and encourage future generations to pursue scientific careers. As of 2009, Clifford and Kathryn Hach donated $33 million to ACS, to continue the work of the Hach Scientific Foundation in supporting high school chemistry teaching.[74]

The Society sponsors the United States National Chemistry Olympiad (USNCO), a contest used to select the four-member team that represents the United States at the International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO).[75][76]

The ACS Division of Chemical Education provides standardized tests for various subfields of chemistry.[77][78] The two most commonly used tests are the undergraduate-level tests for general and organic chemistry. Each of these tests consists of 70 multiple-choice questions, and gives students 110 minutes to complete the exam.

The ACS also approves certified undergraduate programs in chemistry. A student who completes the required laboratory and course work—sometimes in excess of what a particular college may require for its Bachelor's degree—is considered by the Society to be well trained for professional work.[79]

The ACS coordinates two annual public awareness campaigns, National Chemistry Week and Chemists Celebrate Earth Week, as part of its educational outreach. Since 1978 and 2003 respectively, the campaigns have been celebrated with a yearly theme, such as "Chemistry Colors Our World" (2015) and "Energy: Now and Forever!" (2013).[80]

Green Chemistry Institute

The Green Chemistry Institute (GCI) supports the "implementation of green chemistry and engineering throughout the global chemistry enterprise."[81] The GCI organizes an annual conference, the Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference, provides research grants, administers awards, and provides information and support for green chemistry practices to educators, researchers, and industry.[82]

The GCI was founded in 1997 as an independent non-profit organization, by chemists Joe Breen and Dennis Hjeresen in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency.[83] In 2001, the GCI became a part of the American Chemical Society.[1]

Petroleum Research Fund

The Petroleum Research Fund (PRF) is an endowment fund administered by the ACS that supports advanced education and fundamental research in the petroleum and fossil fuel fields at non-profit institutions.[84] Several categories of grants are offered for various career levels and institutions.[85] The fund awarded more than $25 million in grants in 2007.[86]

The PRF traces its origins to the acquisition of the Universal Oil Products laboratory by a consortium of oil companies in 1931.[87] The companies established a trust fund, The Petroleum Research Fund, in 1944 to prevent antitrust litigation tied to their UOP assets. The ACS was named the beneficiary of the trust. The first grants from the PRF were awarded in 1954. In 2000, the trust was transferred to the ACS. The ACS established The American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund and the previous trust was dissolved.[86] The PRF trust was valued at $144.7 million in December 2014.[88]

Other programs

The ACS International Activities is the birthplace of the ACS International Center, an online resource for scientists and engineers looking to study abroad or explore an international career or internship. The site houses information on hundreds of scholarships and grants related to all levels of experience to promote scientific mobility of researchers and practitioners in STEM fields.

The Society grants membership to undergraduates as student members provided they can pay the $25 yearly dues. Any university may start its own ACS Student Chapter and receive benefits of undergraduate participation in regional conferences and discounts on ACS publications.

Awards

National awards

Main article: List of American Chemical Society national awards

The American Chemical Society administers 64 national awards, medals and prizes based on scientific contributions at various career levels that promote achievement across the chemical sciences.[89] The ACS national awards program began in 1922 with the establishment of the Priestley Medal, the highest award offered by the ACS, which is given for distinguished services to chemistry.[90] The 2019 recipient of the Priestley Medal is K. Barry Sharpless.[91]

Other awards

Additional awards are offered by divisions, local sections and other bodies of ACS. The William H. Nichols Medal Award was the first ACS award to honor outstanding researchers in the field of chemistry. It was established in 1903 by the ACS New York Section and is named for William H. Nichols, an American chemist and businessman and one of the original founders of ACS.[92] Of the over 100 Nichols Medalists, 16 have subsequently been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The Willard Gibbs Award, granted by the ACS Chicago Section, was established in 1910 in honor of Josiah Willard Gibbs, the Yale University professor who formulated the phase rule.[93]

The Georgia Local Section of ACS has awarded the Herty Medal since 1933 recognizing outstanding chemists who have significantly contributed to their chosen fields.[94] All chemists in academic, government, or industrial laboratories who have been residing in the southeastern United States for at least 10 years are eligible.

The New York Section of ACS also gives Leadership Awards.[95] The Leadership Awards are the highest honors given by the Chemical Marketing and Economic Group of ACS NY since December 6, 2012. They are presented to leaders of industry, investments, and other sectors, for their contributions to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) initiatives. Honorees include Andrew N. Liveris (Dow Chemical),[96] P. Roy Vagelos (Regeneron, Merck),[97] Thomas M. Connelly (DuPont)[96] and Juan Pablo del Valle (Mexichem).[98]

The ACS also administers regional awards presented annually at regional meetings. This includes the E. Ann Nalley Regional Award for Volunteer Service to the American Chemical Society, Regional Awards for Excellence in High School Teaching, and the Stanley C. Israel Regional Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences.

Journals and magazines

Main category: American Chemical Society academic journals

ACS Publications is the publishing division of the ACS. It is a nonprofit academic publisher of scientific journals covering various fields of chemistry and related sciences. As of 2021, ACS Publications published the following peer-reviewed journals:[99]

In addition to academic journals, ACS Publications also publishes Chemical & Engineering News, a weekly trade magazine covering news in the chemical profession,[100] inChemistry, a magazine for undergraduate students,[101] and ChemMatters, a magazine for high school students and teachers.[102]

ACS also created ChemRxiv, which is an open access preprint repository for the chemical sciences, co-owned, and collaboratively managed by the American Chemical Society (ACS), German Chemical Society (GDCh), Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), the chemistry community, other societies, funders, and non-profits; open for submissions and available for all readers at ChemRxiv.

Controversies

Open access

In debates about free access to scientific information, the ACS has been described as "in an interesting dilemma, with some of its representatives pushing for open access and others hating the very thought."[103] The ACS has generally opposed legislation that would mandate free access to scientific journal articles and chemical information. However it has recently launched new open access journals and provided authors with open access publishing options.

Journals

The mid-2000s saw a debate between some research funders (including the federal government), which argued that research they funded should be presented freely to the public,[104] and some publishers (including the ACS), which argued that the costs of peer-review and publishing justified their subscription prices.[105] In 2006, Congress debated legislation that would have instructed the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to require all investigators it funded to submit copies of final, peer-reviewed journal articles to PubMed Central, a free-access digital repository it operates, within 12 months of publication.[106][107] At the time the American Association of Publishers (of which ACS is a member) hired a public relations firm to counter the open access movement.[108] In spite of publishers' opposition, the PubMed Central legislation was passed in December 2007 and became effective in 2008.[107][109]

As the open access issue has continued to evolve, so too has the ACS's position. In response to a 2013 White House Office of Science and Technology Policy directive that instructed federal agencies to provide greater access to federally funded research, the ACS joined other scholarly publishers in establishing the Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States (Chorus) to allow free access to published articles.[110] The ACS has also introduced several open access publishing options for its journals, including providing authors the option to pay an upfront fee to enable free online access to their articles.[111] In 2015, the ACS launched the first fully open access journal in the society's history, ACS Central Science.[111] The ACS states that the journal offers the same peer-review standards as its subscription journals, but without publishing charges to either authors or readers.[112] A second open access title, ACS Omega, an interdisciplinary mega journal, launched in 2016.[113][114] In December 2020, the ACS launched a series of 9 open access journals under the name ACS Au (chemical symbol for gold) which include ACS Bio & Med Chem Au, ACS Engineering Au, ACS Environmental Au, ACS Materials Au, ACS Measurement Science Au, ACS Nanoscience Au, ACS Organic & Inorganic Au, ACS Physical Chem Au and ACS Polymers Au. [115]

Databases

In 2005, the ACS was criticized for opposing the creation of PubChem, which is an open access chemical database developed by the NIH's National Center for Biotechnology Information. The ACS raised concerns that the publicly supported PubChem database would duplicate and unfairly compete with their existing fee-based Chemical Abstracts Service and argued that the database should only present data created by the Molecular Libraries Screening Center initiative of the NIH.[116][117]

The ACS lobbied members of the United States Congress to rein in PubChem[118][119] and hired outside lobbying firms to try to persuade congressional members, the NIH, and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) against establishing a publicly funded database.[120] The ACS was unsuccessful, and as of 2012 PubChem is the world's largest free chemical database.[121]

Litigation

As a major provider of chemistry related information, ACS has been involved with several legal cases over the past few decades that involve access to its databases, trademark rights, and intellectual property. These include Dialog v. American Chemical Society, a suit claiming antitrust violations in access to ACS databases, settled out of court in 1993;[122][123] American Chemical Society v. Google, a suit claiming trademark violation, settled out of court in 2006;[124][125] and American Chemical Society v. Leadscope, a suit alleging stolen trade secrets, concluded in 2012 with ACS losing its trade secrets claim and Leadscope losing its counterclaim of defamation.[126][127]

Executive compensation

In 2004, a group of ACS members criticized the compensation of former executive director and chief executive officer John Crum, whose total salary, expenses, and bonuses for 2002 was reported to be $767,834.[128] The ACS defended the figure, saying that it was in line with that of comparable organizations, including for-profit publishers.[129]

As of 2016, two employees were reported to have a total compensation exceeding $900,000, while 694 had a compensation exceeding $100,000.[130]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Formerly the Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry.
  2. ^ Co-published with the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
  3. ^ Co-published with the American Society of Pharmacognosy.

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Further reading

  • Chemistry... Key to Better Living. Diamond Jubilee Volume: A Record of Chemical Progress During the First 75 Years of the American Chemical Society. American Chemical Society. 1951.
  • Skolnik, Herman; Reese, Kenneth M., eds. (1976). A Century of chemistry: the role of chemists and the American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0841203075.
  • J. J. Bohning 2001. American Chemical Society Founded 1876. ACS, Washington, D.C.
  • Reese, Kenneth M., ed. (2002). The American Chemical Society at 125: A recent history 1976–2001. American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0-8412-3851-0.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Chemical Society.
  • ACS website
  • ACS Publications website
  • Chemical & Engineering News
  • ACS Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
  • A Cauldron Bubbles: PubChem and the American Chemical Society (Information Today, June 2005)
  • ACS Organic Division
    • Leete Award
    • Gassman Award

Archives

  • American Chemical Society Puget Sound Section Records. 1909–1989. 11.9 cubic feet plus 10 vertical files and 7 items. At the University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections.

January 17, 2023
american, chemical, society, publications, redirects, here, association, cricket, statisticians, historians, publications, association, cricket, statisticians, historians, scientific, society, based, united, states, that, supports, scientific, inquiry, field, . ACS Publications redirects here For Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians Publications see The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians The American Chemical Society ACS is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry Founded in 1876 at New York University the ACS currently has more than 155 000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry chemical engineering and related fields It is one of the world s largest scientific societies by membership 3 The ACS is a 501 c 3 non profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code Its headquarters are located in Washington D C and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus Ohio American Chemical SocietyFormationApril 6 1876 146 years ago 1876 04 06 TypeScientific societyLegal status501 c 3 nonprofit organizationHeadquartersWashington D C LocationUnited StatesMembershipmore than 155 000PresidentAngela K WilsonKey peopleThomas M Connelly Executive Director amp CEO 1 Budget 2016 2 US 528 millionWebsitewww wbr acs wbr orgThe ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer reviewed scientific journals national conferences and the Chemical Abstracts Service Its publications division produces over 60 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical amp Engineering News The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service a provider of chemical databases worldwide The ACS has student chapters in virtually every major university in the United States and outside the United States as well 4 These student chapters mainly focus on volunteering opportunities career development and the discussion of student and faculty research 5 The organization also publishes textbooks administers several national chemistry awards provides grants for scientific research and supports various educational and outreach activities The ACS has been critcized for predatory pricing of its products Sci Finder journals and other publications as well as for initiating numerous copyright enforcement litigations often with meaningless outcomes despite its non profit status and its chartered commitment to dissemination of chemical information 6 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Creation 1 2 Growth 2 Organization 2 1 Divisions 2 1 1 Division of Organic Chemistry 2 2 Local sections 2 3 International Chemical Sciences Chapters 3 Educational activities and programs 3 1 Chemical education and outreach 3 2 Green Chemistry Institute 3 3 Petroleum Research Fund 3 4 Other programs 4 Awards 4 1 National awards 4 2 Other awards 5 Journals and magazines 6 Controversies 6 1 Open access 6 1 1 Journals 6 1 2 Databases 6 2 Litigation 6 3 Executive compensation 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11 1 ArchivesHistory Edit American Chemical Society headquarters in Washington D C Creation Edit In 1874 a group of American chemists gathered at the Joseph Priestley House to mark the 100th anniversary of Priestley s discovery of oxygen Although there was an American scientific society at that time the American Association for the Advancement of Science founded in 1848 the growth of chemistry in the U S prompted those assembled to consider founding a new society that would focus more directly on theoretical and applied chemistry Two years later on April 6 1876 during a meeting of chemists at the University of the City of New York now New York University the American Chemical Society was founded 8 The society received its charter of incorporation from the State of New York in 1877 9 Charles F Chandler a professor of chemistry at Columbia University who was instrumental in organizing the society said that such a body would prove a powerful and healthy stimulus to original research would awaken and develop much talent now wasting in isolation bring members of the association into closer union and ensure a better appreciation of our science and its students on the part of the general public 8 Although Chandler was a likely choice to become the society s first president because of his role in organizing the society New York University chemistry professor John William Draper was elected as the first president of the society because of his national reputation Draper was a photochemist and pioneering photographer who had produced one of the first photographic portraits in 1840 8 Chandler would later serve as president in 1881 and 1889 10 In the ACS logo originally designed in the early 20th century by Tiffany s Jewelers and used since 1909 11 a stylized symbol of a kaliapparat is used 12 Growth Edit The Journal of the American Chemical Society was founded in 1879 to publish original chemical research It was the first journal published by ACS and is still the society s flagship peer reviewed publication In 1907 Chemical Abstracts was established as a separate journal it previously appeared within JACS which later became the Chemical Abstracts Service a division of ACS that provides chemical information to researchers and others worldwide Chemical amp Engineering News is a weekly trade magazine that has been published by ACS since 1923 9 The society adopted a new constitution aimed at nationalizing the organization in 1890 9 In 1905 the American Chemical Society moved from New York City to Washington D C ACS was reincorporated under a congressional charter in 1937 It was granted by the U S Congress and signed by president Franklin D Roosevelt 9 13 ACS s headquarters moved to its current location in downtown Washington in 1941 9 Organization EditDivisions Edit ACS first established technical divisions in 1908 to foster the exchange of information among scientists who work in particular fields of chemistry or professional interests Divisional activities include organizing technical sessions at ACS meetings publishing books and resources administering awards and lectureships and conducting other events The original five divisions were 1 organic chemistry 2 industrial chemists and chemical engineers 3 agricultural and food chemistry 4 fertilizer chemistry and 5 physical and inorganic chemistry 9 As of 2016 there are 32 technical divisions of ACS 14 Agricultural and Food Chemistry 15 Agrochemicals 16 Analytical Chemistry 17 Biochemical Technology 18 Biological Chemistry 19 Business Development amp Management 20 Carbohydrate chemistry 21 Catalysis Science amp Technology 22 Cellulose and Renewable Materials 23 Chemical Education 24 Chemical Health amp Safety 25 Chemical Information 26 Chemical Toxicology 27 Chemistry amp the Law 28 Colloid amp Surface Chemistry 29 Computers in Chemistry 30 Energy amp Fuels 31 Environmental chemistry 32 Fluorine Chemistry 33 Geochemistry 34 History of Chemistry 35 Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry 36 Inorganic Chemistry 37 Medicinal Chemistry 38 Nuclear Chemistry and Technology 39 Organic Chemistry 40 Physical Chemistry 41 Polymer Chemistry 42 Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering 43 Professional Relations 44 Rubber 45 Small Chemical Businesses 46 Division of Organic Chemistry Edit This is the largest division of the Society It marked its 100th Anniversary in 2008 47 48 The first Chair of the Division was Edward Curtis Franklin 49 The Organic Division played a part in establishing Organic Syntheses Inc and Organic Reactions Inc and it maintains close ties to both organizations The Division s best known activities include organizing symposia talks and poster sessions at the biannual ACS National Meetings for the purpose of recognizing promising Assistant Professors talented young researchers outstanding technical contributions from junior level chemists 50 in the field of organic chemistry The symposia also honor national award winners including the Arthur C Cope Award Cope Scholar Award James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry Herbert C Brown Award for Creative Research in Synthetic Methods The Division helps to organize symposia at the international meeting called Pacifichem 51 52 and it organizes the biennial National Organic Chemistry Symposium NOS which highlights recent advances in organic chemistry 53 and hosts the Roger Adams Award address The Division also organizes corporate sponsorships to provide fellowships for PhD students 54 55 and undergraduates 56 It also organizes the Graduate Research Symposium 57 and manages award and travel grant programs for undergraduates Local sections Edit Local sections were authorized in 1890 and are autonomous units of the American Chemical Society They elect their own officers and select representatives to the national ACS organization Local sections also provide professional development opportunities for members organize community outreach events offer awards and conduct other business 9 The Rhode Island Section was the first local section of ACS organized in 1891 58 There are currently 186 local sections of the American Chemical Society in all 50 states the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico 59 International Chemical Sciences Chapters Edit International Chemical Sciences Chapters allow ACS members outside of the U S to organize locally for professional and scientific exchange 60 There are currently 24 International Chemical Sciences Chapters 61 Australia 62 Brazil 62 China Colombia Georgia Hong Kong 63 Hungary 64 India 65 Iraq Jordan Malaysia 66 Nigeria 62 Pakistan Peru 62 Qatar Republic of China Taiwan 67 Romania 68 Saudi Arabia 69 Shanghai 70 South Africa 71 South Korea 72 Southwestern China Thailand 73 United Arab Emirates 62 Educational activities and programs EditChemical education and outreach Edit ACS states that it offers teacher training to support the professional development of science teachers so they can better present chemistry in the classroom foster the scientific curiosity of our nation s youth and encourage future generations to pursue scientific careers As of 2009 Clifford and Kathryn Hach donated 33 million to ACS to continue the work of the Hach Scientific Foundation in supporting high school chemistry teaching 74 The Society sponsors the United States National Chemistry Olympiad USNCO a contest used to select the four member team that represents the United States at the International Chemistry Olympiad IChO 75 76 The ACS Division of Chemical Education provides standardized tests for various subfields of chemistry 77 78 The two most commonly used tests are the undergraduate level tests for general and organic chemistry Each of these tests consists of 70 multiple choice questions and gives students 110 minutes to complete the exam The ACS also approves certified undergraduate programs in chemistry A student who completes the required laboratory and course work sometimes in excess of what a particular college may require for its Bachelor s degree is considered by the Society to be well trained for professional work 79 The ACS coordinates two annual public awareness campaigns National Chemistry Week and Chemists Celebrate Earth Week as part of its educational outreach Since 1978 and 2003 respectively the campaigns have been celebrated with a yearly theme such as Chemistry Colors Our World 2015 and Energy Now and Forever 2013 80 Green Chemistry Institute Edit The Green Chemistry Institute GCI supports the implementation of green chemistry and engineering throughout the global chemistry enterprise 81 The GCI organizes an annual conference the Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference provides research grants administers awards and provides information and support for green chemistry practices to educators researchers and industry 82 The GCI was founded in 1997 as an independent non profit organization by chemists Joe Breen and Dennis Hjeresen in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency 83 In 2001 the GCI became a part of the American Chemical Society 1 Petroleum Research Fund Edit The Petroleum Research Fund PRF is an endowment fund administered by the ACS that supports advanced education and fundamental research in the petroleum and fossil fuel fields at non profit institutions 84 Several categories of grants are offered for various career levels and institutions 85 The fund awarded more than 25 million in grants in 2007 86 The PRF traces its origins to the acquisition of the Universal Oil Products laboratory by a consortium of oil companies in 1931 87 The companies established a trust fund The Petroleum Research Fund in 1944 to prevent antitrust litigation tied to their UOP assets The ACS was named the beneficiary of the trust The first grants from the PRF were awarded in 1954 In 2000 the trust was transferred to the ACS The ACS established The American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund and the previous trust was dissolved 86 The PRF trust was valued at 144 7 million in December 2014 88 Other programs Edit The ACS International Activities is the birthplace of the ACS International Center an online resource for scientists and engineers looking to study abroad or explore an international career or internship The site houses information on hundreds of scholarships and grants related to all levels of experience to promote scientific mobility of researchers and practitioners in STEM fields The Society grants membership to undergraduates as student members provided they can pay the 25 yearly dues Any university may start its own ACS Student Chapter and receive benefits of undergraduate participation in regional conferences and discounts on ACS publications Awards EditNational awards Edit Main article List of American Chemical Society national awards The American Chemical Society administers 64 national awards medals and prizes based on scientific contributions at various career levels that promote achievement across the chemical sciences 89 The ACS national awards program began in 1922 with the establishment of the Priestley Medal the highest award offered by the ACS which is given for distinguished services to chemistry 90 The 2019 recipient of the Priestley Medal is K Barry Sharpless 91 Other awards Edit Additional awards are offered by divisions local sections and other bodies of ACS The William H Nichols Medal Award was the first ACS award to honor outstanding researchers in the field of chemistry It was established in 1903 by the ACS New York Section and is named for William H Nichols an American chemist and businessman and one of the original founders of ACS 92 Of the over 100 Nichols Medalists 16 have subsequently been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Willard Gibbs Award granted by the ACS Chicago Section was established in 1910 in honor of Josiah Willard Gibbs the Yale University professor who formulated the phase rule 93 The Georgia Local Section of ACS has awarded the Herty Medal since 1933 recognizing outstanding chemists who have significantly contributed to their chosen fields 94 All chemists in academic government or industrial laboratories who have been residing in the southeastern United States for at least 10 years are eligible The New York Section of ACS also gives Leadership Awards 95 The Leadership Awards are the highest honors given by the Chemical Marketing and Economic Group of ACS NY since December 6 2012 They are presented to leaders of industry investments and other sectors for their contributions to science technology engineering and mathematics STEM initiatives Honorees include Andrew N Liveris Dow Chemical 96 P Roy Vagelos Regeneron Merck 97 Thomas M Connelly DuPont 96 and Juan Pablo del Valle Mexichem 98 The ACS also administers regional awards presented annually at regional meetings This includes the E Ann Nalley Regional Award for Volunteer Service to the American Chemical Society Regional Awards for Excellence in High School Teaching and the Stanley C Israel Regional Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences Journals and magazines EditMain category American Chemical Society academic journalsACS Publications is the publishing division of the ACS It is a nonprofit academic publisher of scientific journals covering various fields of chemistry and related sciences As of 2021 ACS Publications published the following peer reviewed journals 99 Accounts of Chemical Research Accounts of Materials Research ACS Agricultural Science amp Technology ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Applied Electronic Materials ACS Applied Energy Materials ACS Applied Materials amp Interfaces ACS Applied Nano Materials ACS Applied Polymer Materials ACS Bio amp Med Chem Au ACS Biomaterials Science amp Engineering ACS Catalysis ACS Central Science ACS Chemical Biology ACS Chemical Health amp Safety ACS Chemical Neuroscience ACS Combinatorial Science a ACS Earth and Space Chemistry ACS Energy Letters ACS Engineering Au ACS Environmental Au ACS ES amp T Engineering ACS ES amp T Water ACS Food Science amp Technology ACS Infectious Diseases ACS Macro Letters ACS Materials Au ACS Materials Letters ACS Measurement Science Au ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters ACS Nano ACS Nanoscience Au ACS Omega ACS Organic amp Inorganic Au ACS Pharmacology amp Translational Science ACS Photonics ACS Physical Chem Au ACS Polymers Au ACS Sensors ACS Sustainable Chemistry amp Engineering ACS Synthetic Biology Analytical Chemistry Biochemistry Bioconjugate Chemistry Biomacromolecules Bulletin for the History of Chemistry Biotechnology Progress b Chemical Research in Toxicology Chemical Reviews Chemistry of Materials Crystal Growth amp Design Energy amp Fuels Environmental Science amp Technology Environmental Science amp Technology Letters Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research Inorganic Chemistry JACS Au Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Journal of Chemical amp Engineering Data Journal of Chemical Education Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Journal of Natural Products c Journal of Organic Chemistry Journal of Proteome Research Journal of the American Chemical Society Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry Langmuir Macromolecules Molecular Pharmaceutics Nano Letters Organic Letters Organic Process Research amp Development Organometallics The Journal of Organic Chemistry The Journal of Physical Chemistry A The Journal of Physical Chemistry B The Journal of Physical Chemistry C The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters In addition to academic journals ACS Publications also publishes Chemical amp Engineering News a weekly trade magazine covering news in the chemical profession 100 inChemistry a magazine for undergraduate students 101 and ChemMatters a magazine for high school students and teachers 102 ACS also created ChemRxiv which is an open access preprint repository for the chemical sciences co owned and collaboratively managed by the American Chemical Society ACS German Chemical Society GDCh Royal Society of Chemistry RSC the chemistry community other societies funders and non profits open for submissions and available for all readers at ChemRxiv Controversies EditOpen access Edit In debates about free access to scientific information the ACS has been described as in an interesting dilemma with some of its representatives pushing for open access and others hating the very thought 103 The ACS has generally opposed legislation that would mandate free access to scientific journal articles and chemical information However it has recently launched new open access journals and provided authors with open access publishing options Journals Edit The mid 2000s saw a debate between some research funders including the federal government which argued that research they funded should be presented freely to the public 104 and some publishers including the ACS which argued that the costs of peer review and publishing justified their subscription prices 105 In 2006 Congress debated legislation that would have instructed the National Institutes of Health NIH to require all investigators it funded to submit copies of final peer reviewed journal articles to PubMed Central a free access digital repository it operates within 12 months of publication 106 107 At the time the American Association of Publishers of which ACS is a member hired a public relations firm to counter the open access movement 108 In spite of publishers opposition the PubMed Central legislation was passed in December 2007 and became effective in 2008 107 109 As the open access issue has continued to evolve so too has the ACS s position In response to a 2013 White House Office of Science and Technology Policy directive that instructed federal agencies to provide greater access to federally funded research the ACS joined other scholarly publishers in establishing the Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States Chorus to allow free access to published articles 110 The ACS has also introduced several open access publishing options for its journals including providing authors the option to pay an upfront fee to enable free online access to their articles 111 In 2015 the ACS launched the first fully open access journal in the society s history ACS Central Science 111 The ACS states that the journal offers the same peer review standards as its subscription journals but without publishing charges to either authors or readers 112 A second open access title ACS Omega an interdisciplinary mega journal launched in 2016 113 114 In December 2020 the ACS launched a series of 9 open access journals under the name ACS Au chemical symbol for gold which include ACS Bio amp Med Chem Au ACS Engineering Au ACS Environmental Au ACS Materials Au ACS Measurement Science Au ACS Nanoscience Au ACS Organic amp Inorganic Au ACS Physical Chem Au and ACS Polymers Au 115 Databases Edit In 2005 the ACS was criticized for opposing the creation of PubChem which is an open access chemical database developed by the NIH s National Center for Biotechnology Information The ACS raised concerns that the publicly supported PubChem database would duplicate and unfairly compete with their existing fee based Chemical Abstracts Service and argued that the database should only present data created by the Molecular Libraries Screening Center initiative of the NIH 116 117 The ACS lobbied members of the United States Congress to rein in PubChem 118 119 and hired outside lobbying firms to try to persuade congressional members the NIH and the Office of Management and Budget OMB against establishing a publicly funded database 120 The ACS was unsuccessful and as of 2012 PubChem is the world s largest free chemical database 121 Litigation Edit As a major provider of chemistry related information ACS has been involved with several legal cases over the past few decades that involve access to its databases trademark rights and intellectual property These include Dialog v American Chemical Society a suit claiming antitrust violations in access to ACS databases settled out of court in 1993 122 123 American Chemical Society v Google a suit claiming trademark violation settled out of court in 2006 124 125 and American Chemical Society v Leadscope a suit alleging stolen trade secrets concluded in 2012 with ACS losing its trade secrets claim and Leadscope losing its counterclaim of defamation 126 127 Executive compensation Edit In 2004 a group of ACS members criticized the compensation of former executive director and chief executive officer John Crum whose total salary expenses and bonuses for 2002 was reported to be 767 834 128 The ACS defended the figure saying that it was in line with that of comparable organizations including for profit publishers 129 As of 2016 update two employees were reported to have a total compensation exceeding 900 000 while 694 had a compensation exceeding 100 000 130 See also EditReagent Chemicals Reagent ACS standards of chemical purity ACS style the ACS s citation standard Association for Learned and Professional Society Publishers Chemical Abstracts Service List of learned societies List of international professional associations National Chemistry Week National Historic Chemical LandmarksFootnotes Edit Formerly the Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry Co published with the American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE Co published with the American Society of Pharmacognosy References Edit Susan J Ainsworth December 3 2014 Thomas M Connelly Jr Named New Executive Director And CEO Of The American Chemical Society Retrieved January 16 2015 2016 audited financial statements PDF Fast Facts about ACS American Chemical Society Retrieved January 28 2016 Find an ACS Student Chapter American Chemical Society Retrieved November 13 2020 ACS Student Chapters American Chemical Society Retrieved November 13 2020 Template Cite weburl https cen acs org policy publishing American Chemical Society Elsevier file Template Manley S On the limitations of recent lawsuits against Sci Hub OMICS ResearchGate and Georgia State University Learn Publ 2019 32 4 doi 10 1002 leap 1254 a b c Bohning James J 2001 John W Draper and the Founding of the American Chemical Society American Chemical Society Retrieved January 15 2016 a b c d e f g Reese Kenneth M ed 2002 The American Chemical Society at 125 A recent history 1976 2001 American Chemical Society ISBN 978 0 8412 3851 0 ACS Presidents A Chronological List American Chemical Society Retrieved January 15 2016 ACS United States Patent and Trademark Office Retrieved July 22 2017 Everts Sarah September 7 2015 A Most Important Artifact Chemical amp Engineering News Vol 93 no 35 pp 46 47 ACS Governing Documents Bulletin 5 PDF American Chemical Society Retrieved January 28 2016 Technical Division Websites American Chemical Society Archived from the original on November 24 2015 Retrieved December 24 2015 Home Agricultural and Food Chemistry Division Retrieved January 14 2016 AGRO Division Chemistry for and from Agriculture agrodiv org Retrieved January 14 2016 Analytical Sciences ANYL analyticalsciences org Archived from the original on October 11 2016 Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS BIOT Home acsbiot org Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS Division of Biological Chemistry Website divbiolchem org Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Division of Business Development amp Management Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Catalysis Science amp Technology Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Cellulose and Renewable Materials Division Retrieved January 14 2016 Division of Chemical Education divched org Retrieved January 14 2016 American Chemical Society Division of Chemical Health amp Safety dchas org Retrieved January 14 2016 Our Mission ACS Division of Chemical Information CINF www acscinf org Retrieved January 14 2016 American Chemical Society Division of Chemical Toxicology acschemtox org Archived from the original on January 6 2016 Retrieved January 14 2016 Chemistry and the Law chemistryandthelaw org Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry colloidssurfaces org Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS COMP Division acscomp org Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS Energy amp Fuels Division web anl gov Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS Envr ACS Envr Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Division of Fluorine Chemistry Retrieved January 14 2016 Home geochemistrydivision sites acs org Retrieved January 14 2016 Division of History American Chemical Society scs illinois edu Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Division Retrieved December 21 2020 Division of Inorganic Chemistry Division of Inorganic Chemistry Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS Division of Medicinal Chemistry acsmedchem org Retrieved January 14 2016 NUCL ACS nucl acs org Retrieved January 14 2016 American Chemical Society Division of Organic Chemistry organicdivision org Retrieved January 14 2016 The Physical Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society phys acs org Retrieved January 14 2016 Division of Polymer Chemistry American Chemical Society polyacs org Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering Division Retrieved January 14 2016 Home Division of Professional Relations Retrieved January 14 2016 Rubber Division rubber org Retrieved January 14 2016 SCHB SCHB Retrieved January 14 2016 Wang Linda September 29 2008 A Centennial Stimulus Chem Eng News 86 39 47 48 doi 10 1021 cen v086n039 p047 Seeman J I January 2 2009 Happy 101st Birthday to the Division of Organic Chemistry of the American Chemical Society ORGN J Org Chem 74 1 1 doi 10 1021 jo8022846 Fisher H L February 1951 Organic Chemistry Ind Eng Chem 43 2 289 94 doi 10 1021 ie50494a017 Raber Linda Wang Linda October 26 2009 ORGN Honors Technical Achievement Calls for Nominations Chemical amp Engineering News 87 43 34 Retrieved October 6 2014 Reese K M February 9 2012 Pacifichem returning to Honolulu in 2015 Pacific Business News Retrieved September 18 2014 Pacifichem 2015 The International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies Retrieved September 17 2014 Fenlon Edward Myers Brian May 30 2013 Profiles in Chemistry A Historical Perspective on the National Organic Symposium Journal of Organic Chemistry 78 12 5817 31 doi 10 1021 jo302475j PMID 23721508 Pharma Supports 15 Organic Chemistry Students Chem Eng News 85 48 54 56 November 26 2007 doi 10 1021 cen v085n048 p054 2001 Division of Organic Chemistry Fellowship Awards Organic Letters 3 25 13 17 December 6 2001 doi 10 1021 ol0102491 Wang Linda May 11 2009 Undergraduate Organic Fellowships Announced Chemical amp Engineering News 87 19 35 doi 10 1021 cen v087n048 p035 Retrieved October 5 2014 Yarnell Amanda August 2 2010 Organic Division Launches Graduate Research Symposium Chem Eng News 88 31 59 doi 10 1021 cen v088n031 p058 The Presidency American Chemical Society Retrieved January 15 2016 Local Sections American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 International Chemical Sciences Chapters American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 American Chemical Society Expanded Its Global Reach C amp EN 2015 Chemistry Year in Review C amp EN 2015 Chemistry Year in Review December 21 2015 Retrieved January 14 2016 a b c d e American Chemical Society Expanded Its Global Reach C amp EN 2015 Chemistry Year in Review C amp EN 2015 Chemistry Year in Review December 21 2015 Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in Hong Kong American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS Hungary acshc hu Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in India American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in Malaysia American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in Taiwan American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in Romania American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 SAICSC ACS saicsc acs com Archived from the original on January 13 2016 Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in Shanghai American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in South Africa American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 ACS S Korea Chapter acskorea org Retrieved January 14 2016 Chapter in Thailand American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 Raber Linda January 26 2009 ACS Receives Hach Funds Multi million dollar gift is largest in society s history Chemical amp Engineering News 87 4 7 doi 10 1021 cen v087n004 p007 Retrieved January 29 2016 U S National Chemistry Olympiad American Chemical Society Retrieved January 29 2016 ICHO 2015 ICHO History Retrieved January 29 2016 Khine Myint Swe 2012 Perspectives on scientific argumentation theory practice and research Dordrecht Springer Science Business Media B V p 50 ISBN 978 94 007 2470 9 Retrieved January 29 2016 Haney Walter M Madaus George F Lyons Robert 2012 The Fractured Marketplace for Standardized Testing Springer Verlag ISBN 978 9401049733 Retrieved January 29 2016 Undergraduate Professional Education in Chemistry PDF New York American Chemical Society Spring 2008 Archived from the original PDF on March 27 2009 Retrieved June 12 2010 National Chemistry Week Themes American Chemical Society Retrieved January 29 2016 About the ACS Green Chemistry Institute American Chemical Society Retrieved January 16 2016 ACS Green Chemistry Institute American Chemical Society Retrieved January 16 2016 A Historical Perspective Warner Babcock Institute Retrieved January 16 2016 ACS Petroleum Research Fund American Chemical Society Retrieved January 16 2016 Grant Programs American Chemical Society Retrieved January 16 2016 a b History of the ACS Petroleum Research Fund American Chemical Society Retrieved January 16 2016 Universal Oil Products UOP Riverside Laboratory National Historic Chemical Landmarks American Chemical Society Retrieved January 16 2016 Financial Highlights 2014 Annual Report acswebcontent acs org ACS Retrieved January 16 2016 National Awards Administered by the ACS American Chemical Society Retrieved January 15 2016 Priestley Medal American Chemical Society Retrieved January 14 2016 K Barry Sharpless named 2019 Priestley Medalist Chemical amp Engineering News June 20 2018 Retrieved January 8 2019 NY ACS Nichols Award Nominations newyorkacs org Retrieved January 15 2016 Willard Gibbs Award chicagoacs org Retrieved January 15 2016 Charles H Herty Award Retrieved February 10 2017 CME ACS NY Leadership Awards TM CME ACS Retrieved January 29 2016 a b 2014 Leadership Awards CME ACS NY Diamond Jubilee CME ACS December 4 2014 2015 Leadership Awards 61 Years of Service CME ACS December 8 2015 2012 Leadership Awards CME ACS December 6 2014 ACS Publications Home Page pubs acs org Retrieved February 21 2019 Chemical amp Engineering News Serving the chemical life sciences and laboratory worlds cen acs org Retrieved January 15 2016 inChemistry Magazine American Chemical Society Retrieved January 15 2016 ChemMatters Magazine American Chemical Society Retrieved January 15 2016 Rovner Sophie L May 16 2005 OPENING ACCESS Publishers weigh the risks and benefits of free online journal access Chemical amp Engineering News 83 20 40 44 doi 10 1021 cen v083n020 p040 Retrieved January 29 2016 Ledford Heidi October 26 2006 Funding agencies toughen stance on open access Nature 443 7114 894 95 Bibcode 2006Natur 443 894L doi 10 1038 443894b ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 17065998 Howard Jennifer July 29 2010 Lawmakers Hear Arguments for and Against Open Access to Research The Chronicle of Higher Education ISSN 0009 5982 Retrieved June 30 2016 Russo Gene June 22 2006 Congress pushes plan to make papers free Nature 441 7096 915 15 Bibcode 2006Natur 441 915R doi 10 1038 441915a ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 16791162 a b Suber Peter April 17 2008 An open access mandate for the National Institutes of Health Open Medicine 2 2 e39 e41 PMC 3090178 PMID 21602938 Giles Jim January 25 2007 PR s pit bull takes on open access Nature 445 347 347 Bibcode 2007Natur 445 347G doi 10 1038 445347a ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 17251943 New Open Access Requirement Starts Today at NIH The Chronicle of Higher Education April 7 2008 ISSN 0009 5982 Retrieved June 30 2016 Howard Jennifer June 4 2013 Publishers Propose Public Private Partnership to Support Access to Research The Chronicle of Higher Education Blogs Wired Campus Retrieved July 6 2016 a b RSC ACS offer new open access options for authors MIT Libraries News libraries mit edu Retrieved June 28 2016 American Chemical Society extends new open access program designed to assist authors American Chemical Society Retrieved June 28 2016 Basken Paul January 13 2016 As an Open Access Megajournal Cedes Some Ground a Movement Gathers Steam The Chronicle of Higher Education ISSN 0009 5982 Retrieved June 30 2016 Bohne Cornelia Liz Marzan Luis M Ganesh Krishna N Zhang Deqing July 31 2016 Chemistry From Alpha to Omega Open to All ACS Omega 1 1 1 doi 10 1021 acsomega 6b00103 ISSN 2470 1343 PMC 6640727 PMID 31457111 Announcing ACS Au a Suite of Global Open Access Journals December 7 2020 Kaiser Jocelyn May 6 2005 Chemists Want NIH to Curtail Database Science 308 5723 774 doi 10 1126 science 308 5723 774a ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 15879180 S2CID 166918466 Retrieved June 12 2010 American Chemical Society ACS and PubChem PDF American Chemical Society May 23 2005 Archived from the original PDF on October 11 2016 Retrieved June 30 2016 David Kestenbaum Chemical Society NIH Database Hurts Business Archived November 25 2018 at the Wayback Machine All Things Considered June 12 2005 Marris Emma June 9 2005 Chemistry Society goes head to head with NIH in fight over public database Nature 435 7043 718 19 Bibcode 2005Natur 435 718M doi 10 1038 435718a PMID 15944657 Retrieved January 29 2016 Biello David January 26 2007 Open Access to Science Under Attack Scientific American Retrieved June 30 2016 Noorden Richard Van March 27 2012 Chemistry s web of data expands Nature 483 7391 524 Bibcode 2012Natur 483 524V doi 10 1038 483524a PMID 22460877 DIALOG and the American Chemical Society Play a High Stakes Game by O Leary Mick Online Vol 15 Issue 1 January 1991 Archived from the original on February 4 2016 Lawsuits Threaten ACS Nonprofit Status Financial Health The Scientist Magazine The Scientist Retrieved June 30 2016 ACS sues Google over Scholar The Scientist Magazine The Scientist Retrieved June 30 2016 McCullagh Declan July 19 2006 Google Scholar trademark case ends CNET News Retrieved June 12 2010 DeMartini Alayna March 28 2008 Chemical Society loses lawsuit Scientists awarded 27 million in trade dispute The Columbus Dispatch Retrieved January 29 2016 Reich Eugenie Samuel September 26 2012 Chemical society tried to block business competitor Nature 489 7417 482 483 Bibcode 2012Natur 489 482S doi 10 1038 489482a PMID 23018941 S2CID 205074110 Jacobson Jennifer September 3 2004 Chemical Society Draws Fire for Leader s High Pay The Chronicle of Higher Education ISSN 0009 5982 Retrieved June 28 2016 Brumfiel Geoff August 26 2004 Director s salary makes chemists see red Nature 430 7003 957 57 Bibcode 2004Natur 430 957B doi 10 1038 430957a ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 15329687 ACS November 13 2017 2016 IRS Form 990 PDF p 8 Further reading EditChemistry Key to Better Living Diamond Jubilee Volume A Record of Chemical Progress During the First 75 Years of the American Chemical Society American Chemical Society 1951 Skolnik Herman Reese Kenneth M eds 1976 A Century of chemistry the role of chemists and the American Chemical Society Washington D C American Chemical Society ISBN 978 0841203075 J J Bohning 2001 American Chemical Society Founded 1876 ACS Washington D C Reese Kenneth M ed 2002 The American Chemical Society at 125 A recent history 1976 2001 American Chemical Society ISBN 978 0 8412 3851 0 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Chemical Society ACS website ACS Publications website Chemical amp Engineering News ACS Chemical Abstracts Service CAS International Year of Chemistry A Cauldron Bubbles PubChem and the American Chemical Society Information Today June 2005 ACS Chemical Biology WIKI ACS Chemical Biology Community ACS Green Chemistry Institute ACS Organic Division Leete Award Gassman AwardArchives Edit American Chemical Society Puget Sound Section Records 1909 1989 11 9 cubic feet plus 10 vertical files and 7 items At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title American Chemical Society amp oldid 1133856913, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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