The Under2 Coalition is a coalition of subnational governments that aims to achieve greenhouse gases emissions mitigation. It started as a memorandum of understanding, which was signed by twelve founding jurisdictions on May 19, 2015 in Sacramento, California.[2] Although it was originally called the Under2 MOU, it became known as the Under2 Coalition in 2017. As of October 2022, the list of signatories had grown to 270 governments which represented over 1.75 billion people and 50% of the world economy.[1] The Under2 MOU was conceived through a partnership between the governments of California and Baden-Wurttemberg,[3] with The Climate Group acting as secretariat.[4]
The intent of the memorandum signatories is for each to achieve Greenhouse gas "emission reductions consistent with a trajectory of 80 to 95 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 and/or achieving a per capita annual emission goal of less than 2 metric tons by 2050.[5] The signatories believe these actions are consistent with findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of what is necessary to avoid a 2 degree Celsius rise in average global temperatures.[6][7][5] Organizers are concerned that a rise in global temperature above 2 degrees Celsius would cause widespread environmental harm.[2]
Signatories to the memorandum are asked to submit a plan to meet the target reduction of green house gas emissions by 2 metric tons per capita by 2050.[6] Each of the governments also pledges to assist each other with scientific research, sharing of the available technologies and best practices in energy efficiency.[8]
Subnational governments like cities, states and provinces have traditionally relied on national governments to take the lead on transnational climate governance aimed at addressing climate change mitigation through inter-governmental agreements.[9] Some subnational governments have expressed frustration at the inaction of national leaders and took it upon themselves to create the subnational Under2 MOU agreement.[1][10] The major difference between an international treaty and the Under2 MOU agreement between subnational governments is that the Under2 MOU is non-binding.[2]
There have been efforts in the past to organize subnational governments to address climate change most notably through the Cities for Climate Protection Program - an effort associated with the International Union of Local Authorities and the United Nations Environment Programme. At its peak in 2010 the program had 700 municipal members who were required to provide among other things inventories and targets for greenhouse emissions. the International Union of Local Authorities provided technical assistance to the municipalities engaged in this planning.[12]
Before the Under2 MOU was conceived many subnational governments had taken the initiative to create a climate action plan. The purpose of a climate action plan is to identify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced by the jurisdiction and, in many cases, provide strategies to lower or stop greenhouse gas emissions altogether.[13] Some governments have found that the data produced by the climate action plan increases transparency and helps with longterm planning to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[14] Since signatories to the Under2 MOU submit their action plans as an appendix to the document this is the first time some cities and states around the world are coming up with plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their jurisdiction.
^ abcd"Jerry Brown signs non-binding climate pact with other leaders". sacbee. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
^"California Champions Cross-Border Climate Innovations". The American Prospect. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
^"Under2 Coalition". The Climate Group. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
^ ab Under2 MOU, "Global Climate Leadership Memorandum Of Understanding", section II.A.
^ abc"California driving global low-carbon effort". UPI. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
^Gillis, Justin (19 August 2013). "Climate Panel Cites Near Certainty on Warming". The New York Times.
^Wright, David (2016). "Cross-Border Constraints on Climate Change Agreements: Legal Risks in the California-Quebec Cap-and-Trade Linkage". Environmental Law Reporter. 46: 10478–10495 – via Fusion.
^Castro, Paula (October 2016). "Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Beyond the Nation State: How Is Differential Treatment Addressed in Transnational Climate Governance Initiatives?". Transnational Environmental Law. 5 (2): 379–400. doi:10.1017/S2047102516000224. S2CID 158004032. ProQuest 1831198314.
^Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Hadly, Elizabeth A. (2016-03-15). "Avoiding collapse: Grand challenges for science and society to solve by 2050". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 4 (1): 000094. doi:10.12952/journal.elementa.000094. ISSN 2325-1026.
^"Baden-Württemberg and California welcome 43 new signatories to the Under 2 MOU". The Climate Group. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
^"How US cities dropped climate protection commitments in response to mainstream political opposition and programmatic stagnation". USAPP. 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
^Bassett, Ellen; Shandas, Vivek (2010-09-29). "Innovation and Climate Action Planning". Journal of the American Planning Association. 76 (4): 435–450. doi:10.1080/01944363.2010.509703. ISSN 0194-4363. S2CID 152544975.
^"El gobernador de Jalisco da conferencia durante COP22". www.animalpolitico.com. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
January 01, 1970
under2, coalition, coalition, subnational, governments, that, aims, achieve, greenhouse, gases, emissions, mitigation, started, memorandum, understanding, which, signed, twelve, founding, jurisdictions, 2015, sacramento, california, although, originally, calle. The Under2 Coalition is a coalition of subnational governments that aims to achieve greenhouse gases emissions mitigation It started as a memorandum of understanding which was signed by twelve founding jurisdictions on May 19 2015 in Sacramento California 2 Although it was originally called the Under2 MOU it became known as the Under2 Coalition in 2017 As of October 2022 the list of signatories had grown to 270 governments which represented over 1 75 billion people and 50 of the world economy 1 The Under2 MOU was conceived through a partnership between the governments of California and Baden Wurttemberg 3 with The Climate Group acting as secretariat 4 Under2 CoalitionTypeSubnational Coalition operates via MOUs Membership260 subnational jurisdictions worldwide 1 Establishment Signed by founding jurisdictions in Sacramento CaliforniaMay 19 2015 2015 05 19 2 Population 2021 estimate1 75 billion 1 GDP nominal 2017 estimate Total 34 trillion 1 Websiteunder2coalition wbr org Contents 1 Purpose and intent 2 History 3 Participants 4 National Endorsements 5 See also 6 ReferencesPurpose and intent editThe intent of the memorandum signatories is for each to achieve Greenhouse gas emission reductions consistent with a trajectory of 80 to 95 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 and or achieving a per capita annual emission goal of less than 2 metric tons by 2050 5 The signatories believe these actions are consistent with findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC of what is necessary to avoid a 2 degree Celsius rise in average global temperatures 6 7 5 Organizers are concerned that a rise in global temperature above 2 degrees Celsius would cause widespread environmental harm 2 Signatories to the memorandum are asked to submit a plan to meet the target reduction of green house gas emissions by 2 metric tons per capita by 2050 6 Each of the governments also pledges to assist each other with scientific research sharing of the available technologies and best practices in energy efficiency 8 The memorandum was developed just before the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference also known as COP 21 or Paris Agreement 6 The Under2 MOU allows subnational governments such as cities counties and states to highlight their work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 2 History editSubnational governments like cities states and provinces have traditionally relied on national governments to take the lead on transnational climate governance aimed at addressing climate change mitigation through inter governmental agreements 9 Some subnational governments have expressed frustration at the inaction of national leaders and took it upon themselves to create the subnational Under2 MOU agreement 1 10 The major difference between an international treaty and the Under2 MOU agreement between subnational governments is that the Under2 MOU is non binding 2 In December 2015 California and Baden Wurttemberg who spearheaded the Under 2 MOU announced that The Climate Group would take on the role of secretariat for the pact 11 There have been efforts in the past to organize subnational governments to address climate change most notably through the Cities for Climate Protection Program an effort associated with the International Union of Local Authorities and the United Nations Environment Programme At its peak in 2010 the program had 700 municipal members who were required to provide among other things inventories and targets for greenhouse emissions the International Union of Local Authorities provided technical assistance to the municipalities engaged in this planning 12 Before the Under2 MOU was conceived many subnational governments had taken the initiative to create a climate action plan The purpose of a climate action plan is to identify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced by the jurisdiction and in many cases provide strategies to lower or stop greenhouse gas emissions altogether 13 Some governments have found that the data produced by the climate action plan increases transparency and helps with longterm planning to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 14 Since signatories to the Under2 MOU submit their action plans as an appendix to the document this is the first time some cities and states around the world are coming up with plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their jurisdiction Participants editContinent Region State Province Signatories 1 NORTHERN AMERICA CANADA British Columbia founding signatory Northwest Territories Ontario founding signatory Quebec Vancouver city UNITED STATES Atlanta city Austin city Boulder city Broward County California founding signatory Connecticut Hawaii Los Angeles city Massachusetts Minnesota Montgomery County Maryland New Hampshire New York City New York State Oakland city Oregon founding signatory Orlando city Pittsburgh city Portland city Rhode Island Sacramento city San Francisco city Seattle city Vermont founding signatory Virginia Washington state founding signatory LATIN AMERICA ARGENTINA Santa Fe Co Chair for Latin America and the Caribbean 2018 2020 Tucuman BRASIL Acre founding signatory Amapa Amazonas Mato Grosso Pernambuco Rondonia Sao Paulo city Sao Paulo state Tocantins CHILE Santiago city COLOMBIA Caqueta Guainia Guaviare Narino ECUADOR Azuay Pastaza MEXICO Aguascalientes Baja California founding signatory Baja California Sur Campeche Chiapas Colima Guanajuato Hidalgo Jalisco founding signatory Mexico City Nuevo Leon Oaxaca Mexico State Michoacan Queretaro Quintana Roo Sonora Tobasco Yucatan PERU Amazonas Huanuco Loreto Madre de Dios Piura San Martin Ucayali EUROPE AUSTRIA Lower Austria Upper Austria BELGIUM Wallonia FRANCE Alsace Auvergne Rhone Alpes Bas Rhin Brittany Midi Pyrenees Nouvelle Aquitaine Pays de la Loire La Reunion GERMANY Baden Wurttemberg founding signatory Bavaria Hesse Lower Saxony North Rhine Westphalia Rhineland Palatinate Schleswig Holstein Thuringia GREECE Attica HUNGARY Budapest city ITALY Abruzzo Basilicata Emilia Romagna Lombardy Piedmont Sardinia Veneto THE NETHERLANDS Drenthe North Brabant North Holland South Holland NORWAY Akershus County Municipality PORTUGAL Azores Madeira SPAIN Andalusia Basque Country Catalonia founding signatory Comunidad de Madrid Navarra SWEDEN Jamtland Harjedalen SWITZERLAND Basel Landschaft Basel Stadt UNITED KINGDOM Bristol city Manchester city Scotland Wales founding signatory AFRICA KENYA Laikipia County IVORY COAST Assemblee des Regions de Cote d Ivoire NIGERIA Cross River State MOZAMBIQUE Nampula city Quelimane city SENEGAL Guediawaye city SOUTH AFRICA KwaZulu Natal Western Cape ASIA ARMENIA Ararat Kotayk Shirak CHINA Alliance of Peaking Pioneer Cities Jiangsu Sichuan INDIA Chhattisgarh Jammu and Kashmir union territory Maharashtra Telangana West Bengal Punjab INDONESIA East Kalimantan North Kalimantan Papua South Sumatra West Kalimantan JAPAN Gifu Prefecture NEPAL Kathmandu Valley SOUTH KOREA Chungnam OCEANIA AUSTRALIA Australian Capital Territory Queensland South Australia VictoriaNational Endorsements editArmenia Canada Chile Costa Rica Czech Republic Denmark Fiji France Germany Italy Japan Luxembourg Marshall Islands Mexico The Netherlands Norway Panama Peru Portugal Spain Sweden United KingdomSee also editUnited States Climate Alliance Mayors National Climate Action Agenda The Climate Group Powering Past Coal Alliance C40 Cities Climate Leadership GroupReferences edit a b c d e Under2 Coalition Under2 Coalition Retrieved 2022 10 09 a b c d Jerry Brown signs non binding climate pact with other leaders sacbee Retrieved 2016 12 10 California Champions Cross Border Climate Innovations The American Prospect Retrieved 2016 12 10 Under2 Coalition The Climate Group Retrieved 2017 07 07 a b Under2 MOU Global Climate Leadership Memorandum Of Understanding section II A a b c California driving global low carbon effort UPI Retrieved 2016 12 10 Gillis Justin 19 August 2013 Climate Panel Cites Near Certainty on Warming The New York Times Wright David 2016 Cross Border Constraints on Climate Change Agreements Legal Risks in the California Quebec Cap and Trade Linkage Environmental Law Reporter 46 10478 10495 via Fusion Castro Paula October 2016 Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Beyond the Nation State How Is Differential Treatment Addressed in Transnational Climate Governance Initiatives Transnational Environmental Law 5 2 379 400 doi 10 1017 S2047102516000224 S2CID 158004032 ProQuest 1831198314 Barnosky Anthony D Ehrlich Paul R Hadly Elizabeth A 2016 03 15 Avoiding collapse Grand challenges for science and society to solve by 2050 Elementa Science of the Anthropocene 4 1 000094 doi 10 12952 journal elementa 000094 ISSN 2325 1026 Baden Wurttemberg and California welcome 43 new signatories to the Under 2 MOU The Climate Group Retrieved 2017 07 07 How US cities dropped climate protection commitments in response to mainstream political opposition and programmatic stagnation USAPP 2015 08 13 Retrieved 2016 12 22 Bassett Ellen Shandas Vivek 2010 09 29 Innovation and Climate Action Planning Journal of the American Planning Association 76 4 435 450 doi 10 1080 01944363 2010 509703 ISSN 0194 4363 S2CID 152544975 El gobernador de Jalisco da conferencia durante COP22 www animalpolitico com 15 November 2016 Retrieved 2016 12 22 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Under2 Coalition amp oldid 1171963919, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
