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True frog

True frogs is the common name for the frog family Ranidae. They have the widest distribution of any frog family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. The true frogs are present in North America, northern South America, Europe, Africa (including Madagascar), and Asia. The Asian range extends across the East Indies to New Guinea and a single species (the Australian wood frog (Hylarana daemelii)) has spread into the far north of Australia.

True frogs
Cyprus water frog (Pelophylax cypriensis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Suborder: Neobatrachia
Clade: Ranoidea
Family: Ranidae
Rafinesque, 1814
Synonyms

See text

Typically, true frogs are smooth and moist-skinned, with large, powerful legs and extensively webbed feet. The true frogs vary greatly in size, ranging from small—such as the wood frog (Lithobates sylvatica)—to large.

Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water. Most species lay their eggs in the water and go through a tadpole stage. However, as in most families of frogs, there is large variation of habitat within the family. There are also arboreal species of true frogs, and the family includes some of the very few amphibians that can live in brackish water.[1]

Evolution

The Ranidae are related to several other frog families that have Eurasian and Indian origins, including Rhacophoridae, Dicroglossidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Micrixalidae, and Ranixalidae. They are thought to be most closely related to the Indian-endemic Nyctibatrachidae, from which they diverged in the early Eocene. However, other studies recover a closer relationship with the Dicroglossidae.[2][3]

It was previously thought that the Ranidae and their closest relatives were of Gondwanan origins, having evolved on Insular India during the Cretaceous. They were then entirely restricted to the Indian subcontinent until the late Eocene, when India collided with Asia, allowing the Ranidae to colonize Eurasia and eventually the rest of the world.[3] However, more recent studies instead propose that the Ranidae originated in Eurasia, and their close relationship with India-endemic frog lineages is due to those lineages colonizing India from Eurasia during the Paleogene.[2][4]

Systematics

The subdivisions of the Ranidae are still a matter of dispute, although most are coming to an agreement. Several former subfamilies are now recognised as separate families (Petropedetidae, Cacosterninae, Mantellidae, and Dicroglossidae). The genus Rana has now been split up and is much reduced in size.

While too little of the vast diversity of true frogs has been subject to recent studies to say something definite, as of mid-2008, studies are going on, and several lineages are recognizable.[5][6][7]

The following phylogeny of some genera was recovered by Che et al., 2007 using mitochondrial genes.[9]

Genera

 
Ishikawa's frog (Odorrana ishikawae)
 
Bicolored frog (Clinotarsus curtipes), related to Meristogenys and Huia

Most of the subfamilies formerly included under Ranidae are now treated as separate families, leaving only Raninae remaining. The following genera are recognised in the family Ranidae:

Incertae sedis

A number of taxa are placed in Ranidae incertae sedis, that is, their taxonomic status is too uncertain to allow more specific placement.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gordon, Malcolm S.; Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut; Kelly, Hamilton M. (1961): Osmotic Regulation in the Crab-Eating Frog (Rana cancrivora). J. Exp. Biol. 38 (3): 659–678. PDF fulltext
  2. ^ a b Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864–E5870. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
  3. ^ a b Bossuyt, Franky; Brown, Rafe M.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C.; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2006-08-01). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of a Cosmopolitan Frog Radiation: Late Cretaceous Diversification Resulted in Continent-Scale Endemism in the Family Ranidae". Systematic Biology. 55 (4): 579–594. doi:10.1080/10635150600812551. ISSN 1076-836X. PMID 16857652.
  4. ^ Karanth, K. Praveen (2021). "Dispersal vs. vicariance: the origin of India's extant tetrapod fauna". Frontiers of Biogeography. 13 (1). doi:10.21425/F5FBG48678. S2CID 231519470.
  5. ^ Cai, Hong-xia; Che, Jing; Pang, Jun-feng; Zhao, Er-mi; Zhang, Ya-ping (2007): Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus. Zootaxa 1531: 49–55.
  6. ^ Kotaki, Manabu; Kurabayashi, Atsushi; Matsui, Masafumi; Khonsue, Wichase; Djong, Tjong Hon; Tandon, Manuj; Sumida, Masayuki (2008): Genetic Divergences and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Fejervarya limnocharis Complex in Thailand and Neighboring Countries Revealed by Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. Zool. Sci. 25 (4): 381–390. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.381 (HTML abstract)
  7. ^ Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46 (1): 49-60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016 PDF fulltext
  8. ^ Amphibian Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference. "Hylarana Tschudi, 1838". American Museum of Natural History.
  9. ^ Che, Jing; Pang, Junfeng; Zhao, Hui; Wu, Guan-fu; Zhao, Er-mi; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007-04-01). "Phylogeny of Raninae (Anura: Ranidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.032. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 17300963.
  • Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G.; Kirschner, D. (2004): Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians (2nd ed.). Fog City Press. ISBN 1-877019-69-0
  • Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 - . American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05.
  • Frost, Darrel R. et al. (2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York.
  • Hillis, D.M. (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001 PDF fulltext 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  • Hillis, D.M.; Wilcox, T.P. (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34 (2): 299–314. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 PDF fulltext 2008-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
  • Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115-128.
  • Rafinesque, C.S. (2007): "Fine del prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana ". Specchio delle Scienze, o, Giornale Enciclopedico di Sicilia 2: 102-104. (Ranidae, new family). (in Italian).

true, frog, common, name, frog, family, ranidae, they, have, widest, distribution, frog, family, they, abundant, throughout, most, world, occurring, continents, except, antarctica, true, frogs, present, north, america, northern, south, america, europe, africa,. True frogs is the common name for the frog family Ranidae They have the widest distribution of any frog family They are abundant throughout most of the world occurring on all continents except Antarctica The true frogs are present in North America northern South America Europe Africa including Madagascar and Asia The Asian range extends across the East Indies to New Guinea and a single species the Australian wood frog Hylarana daemelii has spread into the far north of Australia True frogsCyprus water frog Pelophylax cypriensis Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder AnuraSuborder NeobatrachiaClade RanoideaFamily RanidaeRafinesque 1814SynonymsSee textTypically true frogs are smooth and moist skinned with large powerful legs and extensively webbed feet The true frogs vary greatly in size ranging from small such as the wood frog Lithobates sylvatica to large Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water Most species lay their eggs in the water and go through a tadpole stage However as in most families of frogs there is large variation of habitat within the family There are also arboreal species of true frogs and the family includes some of the very few amphibians that can live in brackish water 1 Contents 1 Evolution 2 Systematics 2 1 Genera 2 2 Incertae sedis 3 See also 4 ReferencesEvolution EditThe Ranidae are related to several other frog families that have Eurasian and Indian origins including Rhacophoridae Dicroglossidae Nyctibatrachidae Micrixalidae and Ranixalidae They are thought to be most closely related to the Indian endemic Nyctibatrachidae from which they diverged in the early Eocene However other studies recover a closer relationship with the Dicroglossidae 2 3 It was previously thought that the Ranidae and their closest relatives were of Gondwanan origins having evolved on Insular India during the Cretaceous They were then entirely restricted to the Indian subcontinent until the late Eocene when India collided with Asia allowing the Ranidae to colonize Eurasia and eventually the rest of the world 3 However more recent studies instead propose that the Ranidae originated in Eurasia and their close relationship with India endemic frog lineages is due to those lineages colonizing India from Eurasia during the Paleogene 2 4 Systematics EditThe subdivisions of the Ranidae are still a matter of dispute although most are coming to an agreement Several former subfamilies are now recognised as separate families Petropedetidae Cacosterninae Mantellidae and Dicroglossidae The genus Rana has now been split up and is much reduced in size While too little of the vast diversity of true frogs has been subject to recent studies to say something definite as of mid 2008 studies are going on and several lineages are recognizable 5 6 7 The genus Staurois is probably a very ancient offshoot of the main Raninae lineage Amolops has been generally delimited as a monophyletic group Odorrana and Rana plus some proposed minor genera which probably ought to be included in the latter form another group A group including Clinotarsus Huia in the strict sense and Meristogenys An ill defined assemblage of Babina Glandirana Hylarana Pulchrana Sanguirana and Sylvirana as well as Hydrophylax and Pelophylax which are probably not monophyletic Some authorities have treated them as junior synonyms of the genus Hylarana 8 The following phylogeny of some genera was recovered by Che et al 2007 using mitochondrial genes 9 StauroisAmolopsPelophylaxClinotarsusMeristogenysPulchranaHylaranaSylvirana 1 PapuranaSylvirana 2 HydrophylaxIndosylviranaSylvirana 3 Sylvirana 4 ChalcoranaGlandiranaPseudoranaOdorranaNidiranaRanaLithobatesGenera Edit Ishikawa s frog Odorrana ishikawae Bicolored frog Clinotarsus curtipes related to Meristogenys and Huia Most of the subfamilies formerly included under Ranidae are now treated as separate families leaving only Raninae remaining The following genera are recognised in the family Ranidae Abavorana Oliver Prendini Kraus and Raxworthy 2015 Amnirana Dubois 1992 Amolops Cope 1865 Babina Thompson 1912 Chalcorana Dubois 1992 Clinotarsus Mivart 1869 Glandirana Fei Ye and Huang 1990 Huia Yang 1991 Humerana Dubois 1992 Hydrophylax Fitzinger 1843 Hylarana Tschudi 1838 Indosylvirana Oliver Prendini Kraus and Raxworthy 2015 Lithobates Fitzinger 1843 Meristogenys Yang 1991 Nidirana Dubois 1992 Odorrana Fei Ye and Huang 1990 Papurana Dubois 1992 Pelophylax Fitzinger 1843 Pseudorana Fei Ye and Huang 1990 Pterorana Kiyasetuo and Khare 1986 Pulchrana Dubois 1992 Rana Linnaeus 1758 Sanguirana Dubois 1992 Staurois Cope 1865 Sumaterana Arifin Smart Hertwig Smith Iskandar and Haas 2018 Sylvirana Dubois 1992 Wijayarana Arifin Chan Smart Hertwig Smith Iskandar and Haas 2021 Incertae sedis Edit A number of taxa are placed in Ranidae incertae sedis that is their taxonomic status is too uncertain to allow more specific placement Hylarana chitwanensis Das 1998 Hylarana garoensis Boulenger 1920 Hylarana latouchii Boulenger 1899 Hylarana margariana Anderson 1879 Hylarana montivaga Smith 1921 Hylarana persimilis Van Kampen 1923 See also EditHalipegus eccentricus a monoecious digenea parasitic trematode commonly found in true frogs in North AmericaReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranidae Gordon Malcolm S Schmidt Nielsen Knut Kelly Hamilton M 1961 Osmotic Regulation in the Crab Eating Frog Rana cancrivora J Exp Biol 38 3 659 678 PDF fulltext a b Feng Yan Jie Blackburn David C Liang Dan Hillis David M Wake David B Cannatella David C Zhang Peng 2017 07 18 Phylogenomics reveals rapid simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous Paleogene boundary Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 29 E5864 E5870 doi 10 1073 pnas 1704632114 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 5530686 PMID 28673970 a b Bossuyt Franky Brown Rafe M Hillis David M Cannatella David C Milinkovitch Michel C 2006 08 01 Phylogeny and Biogeography of a Cosmopolitan Frog Radiation Late Cretaceous Diversification Resulted in Continent Scale Endemism in the Family Ranidae Systematic Biology 55 4 579 594 doi 10 1080 10635150600812551 ISSN 1076 836X PMID 16857652 Karanth K Praveen 2021 Dispersal vs vicariance the origin of India s extant tetrapod fauna Frontiers of Biogeography 13 1 doi 10 21425 F5FBG48678 S2CID 231519470 Cai Hong xia Che Jing Pang Jun feng Zhao Er mi Zhang Ya ping 2007 Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops Anura Ranidae and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog Amolops tormotus Zootaxa 1531 49 55 PDF fulltext Kotaki Manabu Kurabayashi Atsushi Matsui Masafumi Khonsue Wichase Djong Tjong Hon Tandon Manuj Sumida Masayuki 2008 Genetic Divergences and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Fejervarya limnocharis Complex in Thailand and Neighboring Countries Revealed by Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes Zool Sci 25 4 381 390 doi 10 2108 zsj 25 381 HTML abstract Stuart Bryan L 2008 The phylogenetic problem of Huia Amphibia Ranidae Mol Phylogenet Evol 46 1 49 60 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 09 016 PDF fulltext Amphibian Species of the World 5 5 an Online Reference Hylarana Tschudi 1838 American Museum of Natural History Che Jing Pang Junfeng Zhao Hui Wu Guan fu Zhao Er mi Zhang Ya Ping 2007 04 01 Phylogeny of Raninae Anura Ranidae inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 1 1 13 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 11 032 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 17300963 Cogger H G Zweifel R G Kirschner D 2004 Encyclopedia of Reptiles amp Amphibians 2nd ed Fog City Press ISBN 1 877019 69 0 Frost Darrel R 2006 Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 Petropedetidae Noble 1931 American Museum of Natural History New York USA Retrieved 2006 AUG 05 Frost Darrel R et al 2006 The amphibian tree of life Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Number 297 New York Hillis D M 2007 Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life Mol Phylogenet Evol 42 2 331 338 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 08 001 PDF fulltext Archived 2011 09 27 at the Wayback Machine Hillis D M Wilcox T P 2005 Phylogeny of the New World true frogs Rana Mol Phylogenet Evol 34 2 299 314 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 10 007 PDF fulltext Archived 2008 05 28 at the Wayback Machine Pauly Greg B Hillis David M Cannatella David C 2009 Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names Herpetologica 65 115 128 Rafinesque C S 2007 Fine del prodromo d erpetologia siciliana Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale Enciclopedico di Sicilia 2 102 104 Ranidae new family in Italian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title True frog amp oldid 1117303243, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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