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Trickster

October 02, 2023

For other uses, see Trickster (disambiguation).

In mythology and the study of folklore and religion, a trickster is a character in a story (god, goddess, spirit, human or anthropomorphisation) who exhibits a great degree of intellect or secret knowledge and uses it to play tricks or otherwise disobey normal rules and defy conventional behavior.

The trickster figure Reynard the Fox as depicted in an 1869 children's book by Michel Rodange

Mythology Edit

Tricksters, as archetypal characters, appear in the myths of many different cultures. Lewis Hyde describes the trickster as a "boundary-crosser".[1] The trickster crosses and often breaks both physical and societal rules: Tricksters "violate principles of social and natural order, playfully disrupting normal life and then re-establishing it on a new basis."[2]

Often, this bending or breaking of rules takes the form of tricks or thievery. Tricksters can be cunning or foolish or both. The trickster openly questions, disrupts or mocks authority.[citation needed]

Many cultures have tales of the trickster, a crafty being who uses tricks to get food, steal precious possessions, or simply cause mischief. In some Greek myths Hermes plays the trickster. He is the patron of thieves and the inventor of lying, a gift he passed on to Autolycus, who in turn passed it on to Odysseus.[1] In Slavic folktales, the trickster and the culture hero are often combined.[citation needed]

 
Loki cuts the hair of the goddess Sif.

Frequently the trickster figure exhibits gender and form variability. In Norse mythology the mischief-maker is Loki, who is also a shapeshifter. Loki also exhibits sex variability, in one case even becoming pregnant. He becomes a mare who later gives birth to Odin's eight-legged horse Sleipnir.[citation needed]

In a wide variety of African-Americans communities, the rabbit, or hare, is the trickster (see Brer Rabbit).[citation needed] In West Africa (and thence into the Caribbean via the slave trade), the spider (see Anansi) is often the trickster.[3] In southern African a ǀKaggen is often the trickster, usually taking the form of a praying mantis.[4][5]

Trickster or clown Edit

The trickster is a term used for a non-performing "trick maker"; they may have many motives behind their intention but those motives are not largely in public view. They are internal to the character or person.

The clown on the other hand is a persona of a performer who intentionally displays their actions in public for an audience.

In Native American tradition Edit

While the trickster crosses various cultural traditions, there are significant differences between tricksters in the traditions of different parts of the world:

Many native traditions held clowns and tricksters as essential to any contact with the sacred. People could not pray until they had laughed, because laughter opens and frees from rigid preconception. Humans had to have tricksters within the most sacred ceremonies for fear that they forget the sacred comes through upset, reversal, surprise. The trickster in most native traditions is essential to creation, to birth.[6]

Native American tricksters should not be confused with the European fictional picaro. One of the most important distinctions is that "we can see in the Native American trickster an openness to life's multiplicity and paradoxes largely missing in the modern Euro-American moral tradition".[7] In some stories the Native American trickster is foolish and other times wise. He can be a hero in one tale and a villain in the next.

In many Native American and First Nations mythologies, the Coyote spirit (Southwestern United States) or Raven spirit (Pacific Northwest) stole fire from the gods (stars, moon, and/or sun). Both are usually seen as jokesters and pranksters. In Native American creation stories, when Coyote teaches humans how to catch salmon, he makes the first fish weir out of logs and branches.[1]

Wakdjunga in Winnebago mythology is an example of the trickster archetype.

Wisakedjak (Wìsakedjàk in Algonquin, Wīsahkēcāhk(w) in Cree and Wiisagejaak in Oji-Cree) is a trickster figure in Algonquin and Chipewyan Storytelling.

Coyote Edit

Main article: Coyote (mythology)
 
Coyote often has the role of trickster as well as a clown in traditional stories.

The Coyote mythos is one of the most popular among western Native American cultures, especially among indigenous peoples of California and the Great Basin.

According to Crow (and other Plains) tradition, Old Man Coyote impersonates the Creator: "Old Man Coyote took up a handful of mud and out of it made people".[8] He also bestowed names on buffalo, deer, elk, antelopes, and bear. According to A. Hultkranz, the impersonation of Coyote as Creator is a result of a taboo, a mythic substitute to the religious notion of the Great Spirit whose name was too dangerous and/or sacred to use apart from at special ceremonies.[citation needed]

In Chelan myths, Coyote belongs to the animal people but he is at the same time "a power just like the Creator, the head of all the creatures." while still being a subject of the Creator who can punish him or remove his powers.[9] In the Pacific Northwest tradition, Coyote is mostly mentioned as a messenger, or minor power.

As the culture hero, Coyote appears in various mythic traditions, but generally with the same magical powers of transformation, resurrection, and "medicine". He is engaged in changing the ways of rivers, creating new landscapes and getting sacred things for people. Of mention is the tradition of Coyote fighting against monsters. According to Wasco tradition, Coyote was the hero to fight and kill Thunderbird, the killer of people, but he could do that not because of his personal power, but due to the help of the Spirit Chief. In some stories, Multnomah Falls came to be by Coyote's efforts; in others, it is done by Raven.

More often than not Coyote is a trickster, but always different. In some stories, he is a noble trickster: "Coyote takes water from the Frog people... because it is not right that one people have all the water." In others, he is malicious: "Coyote determined to bring harm to Duck. He took Duck's wife and children, whom he treated badly."[citation needed]

In oral stories Edit

 
Trickster subplot in The Relapse: Tom Fashion, pretending to be Lord Foppington, parleys with Sir Tunbelly Clumsey in a 19th-century illustration by William Powell Frith.

In literature and popular culture Edit

In modern literature, the trickster survives as a character archetype, not necessarily supernatural or divine, sometimes no more than a stock character.

Often, the trickster is distinct in a story by their acting as a sort of catalyst; their antics are the cause of other characters' discomfiture, but they are left untouched. Shakespeare's Puck is an example of this. Another once-famous example was the character Froggy the Gremlin on the early USA children's television show "Andy's Gang". A cigar-puffing puppet, Froggy induced the adult humans around him to engage in ridiculous and self-destructive hi-jinks.[11]

For example, many European fairy tales have a king who wants to find the best groom for his daughter by ordering several trials. No brave and valiant prince or knight manages to win them, until a poor and simple peasant comes. With the help of his wits and cleverness, instead of fighting, they evade or fool monsters, villains and dangers in unorthodox ways. Against expectations, the most unlikely candidate passes the trials and receives the reward.

More modern and obvious examples of the same type include Bugs Bunny in the USA and from Sweden the female hero in the Pippi Longstocking stories.

In Internet and multimedia studies Edit

In online environments, there has been a link between the trickster and Internet trolling. Some have said that a trickster is a type of online community character.[12][13]

Anthropologist James Cuffe has called the Chinese internet character Grass Mud Horse (草泥马) a trickster candidate because of its duplicity in meaning.[14] Cuffe argues the Grass Mud Horse serves to highlight the creative potential of the trickster archetype in communicating experiential understanding through symbolic narrative. The Grass Mud Horse relies on the interpretative capacity of storytelling in order to skirt internet censorship while simultaneously commenting on the experience of censorship in China. In this sense Cuffe proposes the Grass Mud Horse trickster as 'a heuristic cultural function to aid the perceiver to re-evaluate their own experiential understanding against that of their communities. By framing itself against and in spite of limits the trickster offers new coordinates by which one can reassess and judges one's own experiences.'[14]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c Hyde, Lewis. Trickster Makes This World: Mischief, Myth, and Art. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.
  2. ^ Mattick, Paul (February 15, 1998). "Hotfoots of the Gods". New York Times.
  3. ^ Haase, Donald (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31. ISBN 978-0-313-33441-2.
  4. ^ Bleek (1875) A brief account of Bushman folklore and other texts
  5. ^ Lewis‐Williams, David (1997). "The mantis, the eland and the meerkats". African Studies. 56 (2): 195-216. doi:10.1080/00020189708707875.
  6. ^ Byrd Gibbens, Professor of English at University of Arkansas at Little Rock; quoted epigraph in Napalm and Silly Putty by George Carlin, 2001
  7. ^ Ballinger (1991), p. 21.
  8. ^ "Gold Fever California on the Eve- California Indians", Oakland Museum of California
  9. ^ Edmonds, Margot; Ella E. Clark (2003). Voices of the Winds: Native American Legends. Castle Books. p. 5. ISBN 0785817166.
  10. ^ Carradice, Phil (16 June 2011). "Twm Sion Cati - the Welsh Robin Hood". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  11. ^ Smith, R. L. "Remembering Andy Devine".
  12. ^ Campbell, J., G. Fletcher & A. Greenhill (2002). "Tribalism, Conflict and Shape-shifting Identities in Online Communities." In the Proceedings of the 13th Australasia Conference on Information Systems, Melbourne Australia, 7–9 December 2002.
  13. ^ Campbell, J., G. Fletcher and A. Greenhill (2009). "Conflict and Identity Shape Shifting in an Online Financial Community", Information Systems Journal (19:5), pp. 461–478. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2008.00301.x.
  14. ^ a b Cuffe, James B. (2019-11-28). China at a Threshold: Exploring Social Change in Techno-Social Systems (1 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Contemporary liminality: Routledge. pp. 83 [71–86]. doi:10.4324/9781315183220. ISBN 978-1-315-18322-0. S2CID 213224963.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

Sources Edit

  • Gates, Henry (2004), Julie Rivkin; Michael Ryan (eds.), "The Blackness of Blackness: A Critique on the Sign and the Signifying Monkey", Literary Theory: An Anthology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
  • Earl, Riggins R. Jr. (1993). Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community In The Slave Mind. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
  • Bassil-Morozow, Helena (2011). The Trickster in Contemporary Film. Routledge.
  • Ballinger, Franchot; Vizenor, Gerald (1985). "Sacred Reversals: Trickster in Gerald Vizenor's 'Earthdivers: Tribal Narratives on Mixed Descent'". American Indian Quarterly. 9 (1, The Literary Achievements of Gerald Vizenor): 55–59. doi:10.2307/1184653. JSTOR 1184653.
  • Ballinger, Franchot (1991). "Ambigere: The Euro-American Picaro and the Native American Trickster". MELUS. 17 (1, Native American Fiction: Myth and Criticism): 21–38. doi:10.2307/467321. JSTOR 467321.
  • Boyer, L. Bryce; Boyer, Ruth M. (1983). "The Sacred Clown of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches: Additional Data". Western Folklore. 42 (1): 46–54. doi:10.2307/1499465. JSTOR 1499465.
  • Datlow, Ellen and Terri Windling. 2009. The Coyote Road: Trickster Tales. Firebird.
  • California on the Eve - California Indians Miwok creation story
  • Joseph Durwin Coulrophobia & The Trickster
  • Koepping, Klaus-Peter (1985). "Absurdity and Hidden Truth: Cunning Intelligence and Grotesque Body Images as Manifestations of the Trickster". History of Religions. 24 (3): 191–214. doi:10.1086/462997. JSTOR 1062254. S2CID 162313598.
  • Lori Landay Madcaps, Screwballs, and Con Women: The Female Trickster in American Culture 1998 University of Pennsylvania Press
  • Paul Radin The trickster: a study in American Indian mythology (1956)
  • Allan J. Ryan The Trickster Shift: Humour and irony in contemporary native art 1999 Univ of Washington ISBN 0-7748-0704-0
  • Trickster's Way Volume 3, Issue 1 2004 Article 3 "Trickster and the Treks of History".
  • Tannen, R. S., The Female Trickster: PostModern and Post-Jungian Perspectives on Women in Contemporary Culture, Routledge, 2007

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tricksters.
  • Joel Chandler Harris and the Uncle Remus Collection

October 02, 2023
trickster, other, uses, disambiguation, mythology, study, folklore, religion, trickster, character, story, goddess, spirit, human, anthropomorphisation, exhibits, great, degree, intellect, secret, knowledge, uses, play, tricks, otherwise, disobey, normal, rule. For other uses see Trickster disambiguation In mythology and the study of folklore and religion a trickster is a character in a story god goddess spirit human or anthropomorphisation who exhibits a great degree of intellect or secret knowledge and uses it to play tricks or otherwise disobey normal rules and defy conventional behavior The trickster figure Reynard the Fox as depicted in an 1869 children s book by Michel Rodange Contents 1 Mythology 2 Trickster or clown 3 In Native American tradition 3 1 Coyote 4 In oral stories 5 In literature and popular culture 6 In Internet and multimedia studies 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External linksMythology EditTricksters as archetypal characters appear in the myths of many different cultures Lewis Hyde describes the trickster as a boundary crosser 1 The trickster crosses and often breaks both physical and societal rules Tricksters violate principles of social and natural order playfully disrupting normal life and then re establishing it on a new basis 2 Often this bending or breaking of rules takes the form of tricks or thievery Tricksters can be cunning or foolish or both The trickster openly questions disrupts or mocks authority citation needed Many cultures have tales of the trickster a crafty being who uses tricks to get food steal precious possessions or simply cause mischief In some Greek myths Hermes plays the trickster He is the patron of thieves and the inventor of lying a gift he passed on to Autolycus who in turn passed it on to Odysseus 1 In Slavic folktales the trickster and the culture hero are often combined citation needed nbsp Loki cuts the hair of the goddess Sif Frequently the trickster figure exhibits gender and form variability In Norse mythology the mischief maker is Loki who is also a shapeshifter Loki also exhibits sex variability in one case even becoming pregnant He becomes a mare who later gives birth to Odin s eight legged horse Sleipnir citation needed In a wide variety of African Americans communities the rabbit or hare is the trickster see Brer Rabbit citation needed In West Africa and thence into the Caribbean via the slave trade the spider see Anansi is often the trickster 3 In southern African a ǀKaggen is often the trickster usually taking the form of a praying mantis 4 5 Trickster or clown EditThe trickster is a term used for a non performing trick maker they may have many motives behind their intention but those motives are not largely in public view They are internal to the character or person The clown on the other hand is a persona of a performer who intentionally displays their actions in public for an audience In Native American tradition EditWhile the trickster crosses various cultural traditions there are significant differences between tricksters in the traditions of different parts of the world Many native traditions held clowns and tricksters as essential to any contact with the sacred People could not pray until they had laughed because laughter opens and frees from rigid preconception Humans had to have tricksters within the most sacred ceremonies for fear that they forget the sacred comes through upset reversal surprise The trickster in most native traditions is essential to creation to birth 6 Native American tricksters should not be confused with the European fictional picaro One of the most important distinctions is that we can see in the Native American trickster an openness to life s multiplicity and paradoxes largely missing in the modern Euro American moral tradition 7 In some stories the Native American trickster is foolish and other times wise He can be a hero in one tale and a villain in the next In many Native American and First Nations mythologies the Coyote spirit Southwestern United States or Raven spirit Pacific Northwest stole fire from the gods stars moon and or sun Both are usually seen as jokesters and pranksters In Native American creation stories when Coyote teaches humans how to catch salmon he makes the first fish weir out of logs and branches 1 Wakdjunga in Winnebago mythology is an example of the trickster archetype Wisakedjak Wisakedjak in Algonquin Wisahkecahk w in Cree and Wiisagejaak in Oji Cree is a trickster figure in Algonquin and Chipewyan Storytelling Coyote Edit Main article Coyote mythology nbsp Coyote often has the role of trickster as well as a clown in traditional stories The Coyote mythos is one of the most popular among western Native American cultures especially among indigenous peoples of California and the Great Basin According to Crow and other Plains tradition Old Man Coyote impersonates the Creator Old Man Coyote took up a handful of mud and out of it made people 8 He also bestowed names on buffalo deer elk antelopes and bear According to A Hultkranz the impersonation of Coyote as Creator is a result of a taboo a mythic substitute to the religious notion of the Great Spirit whose name was too dangerous and or sacred to use apart from at special ceremonies citation needed In Chelan myths Coyote belongs to the animal people but he is at the same time a power just like the Creator the head of all the creatures while still being a subject of the Creator who can punish him or remove his powers 9 In the Pacific Northwest tradition Coyote is mostly mentioned as a messenger or minor power As the culture hero Coyote appears in various mythic traditions but generally with the same magical powers of transformation resurrection and medicine He is engaged in changing the ways of rivers creating new landscapes and getting sacred things for people Of mention is the tradition of Coyote fighting against monsters According to Wasco tradition Coyote was the hero to fight and kill Thunderbird the killer of people but he could do that not because of his personal power but due to the help of the Spirit Chief In some stories Multnomah Falls came to be by Coyote s efforts in others it is done by Raven More often than not Coyote is a trickster but always different In some stories he is a noble trickster Coyote takes water from the Frog people because it is not right that one people have all the water In others he is malicious Coyote determined to bring harm to Duck He took Duck s wife and children whom he treated badly citation needed In oral stories Edit nbsp Trickster subplot in The Relapse Tom Fashion pretending to be Lord Foppington parleys with Sir Tunbelly Clumsey in a 19th century illustration by William Powell Frith Abenaki mythology Azeban Igbo folklore Ekwensu Afro Cuban mythology Eleggua Eshu Akan mythology Kwaku Ananse American folklore of African origin Brer Rabbit compare Compere Lapin in the French speaking Caribbean from a separate African origin Aunt Nancy a corruption of Anansi also spelt Anansee among other spellings Arabian mythology Juha Sinbad Ashanti folklore Anansi Australian Aboriginal mythology Bamapana Crow Aztec mythology Huehuecoyotl Babylonian mythology Lilith Bantu mythology Hare Tsuro or Kalulu Basque mythology San Martin Txiki Belgian mythology Lange Wapper Brazilian folklore Saci Curupira Bulgarian Macedonian folklore Hitar Petar Itar Pejo Caribbean folklore Anansi Celtic mythology Fairy Puck puca Chinese mythology Huli jing Fox spirit Nezha Red Boy Sun Wukong Monkey King Chukchi mythology Kutkh Cree mythology Wisakedjak Crow mythology Awakkule Mannegishi Dutch folklore Reynaert de Vos Tijl Uilenspiegel Egyptian mythology Set Isis English folklore Robin Hood Puck Brownies Fijian mythology Daucina French folklore Renart the Fox German folklore Reineke Fuchs the Pied Piper Till Eulenspiegel Greek mythology Eris Prometheus Hermes Odysseus Sisyphus Dolos Haitian folklore Anansi Ti Malice Hawaiian mythology Kaulu Kupua Hindu mythology Baby Krishna stealing butter Narada Mohini Hanuman shapeshifting and teasing sages Hopi and Zuni mythology Kokopelli Igbo mythology Mbeku Indonesian folklore Kantjil or kancil in modern orthography Inuit mythology Amaguq Irish folklore Leprechauns Briccriu Islamic mythology Iblis Khidr Nasreddin Italian folklore Giufa Sicily Pulcinella Naples Japanese mythology Kitsune Susanoo Kappa Bake danuki Hare of Inaba Jewish folklore Hershele Ostropoler Ashkenazi Joha Sephardic Kazakh folklore Aldar kose Kiowa folklore Saynday Korean folklore Kumiho Dokkaebi Seokga Lakota mythology Iktomi Heyoka Latin American and Spanish folklore Pedro Urdemales Pedro Malasartes in Portuguese Levantine mythology Yaw Maori mythology Maui Mayan mythology Maya Hero Twins Kisin Micronesian mythology Olifat Miwok mythology Coyote Nigerian mythology Agadzagadza Norse mythology Loki Norwegian mythology Espen Askeladd Northwest Caucasian mythology Sosruko Ohlone mythology Coyote Ojibwe mythology Nanabozho Philippine mythology Nuno sa Punso Tikbalang Pilandok Polynesian mythology Maui Pomo mythology Coyote Pueblos dancing Koshares Romanian mythology Păcală Russian folklore Ivan the Fool San Folklore ǀKaggen Slavic mythology Veles Spanish mythology Don Juan The Trickster of Seville Sumerian religion Enki Tibetan folklore Akhu Tonpa Thai folklore Sri Thanonchai Tumbuka mythology Kalulu Ute mythology Cin an ev Vietnamese folklore Trạng Quỳnh Bang Bạnh Xa Xệ Ly Toet Thằng Bờm Cuội Bac Ba Phi Vodou Papa Legba Ti Malice Baron Samedi Welsh mythology Gwydion Taliesin Morgan Le Fay Twm Sion Cati 10 West African mythology Anansi Yoruba religion EshuIn literature and popular culture EditIn modern literature the trickster survives as a character archetype not necessarily supernatural or divine sometimes no more than a stock character Often the trickster is distinct in a story by their acting as a sort of catalyst their antics are the cause of other characters discomfiture but they are left untouched Shakespeare s Puck is an example of this Another once famous example was the character Froggy the Gremlin on the early USA children s television show Andy s Gang A cigar puffing puppet Froggy induced the adult humans around him to engage in ridiculous and self destructive hi jinks 11 For example many European fairy tales have a king who wants to find the best groom for his daughter by ordering several trials No brave and valiant prince or knight manages to win them until a poor and simple peasant comes With the help of his wits and cleverness instead of fighting they evade or fool monsters villains and dangers in unorthodox ways Against expectations the most unlikely candidate passes the trials and receives the reward More modern and obvious examples of the same type include Bugs Bunny in the USA and from Sweden the female hero in the Pippi Longstocking stories In Internet and multimedia studies EditIn online environments there has been a link between the trickster and Internet trolling Some have said that a trickster is a type of online community character 12 13 Anthropologist James Cuffe has called the Chinese internet character Grass Mud Horse 草泥马 a trickster candidate because of its duplicity in meaning 14 Cuffe argues the Grass Mud Horse serves to highlight the creative potential of the trickster archetype in communicating experiential understanding through symbolic narrative The Grass Mud Horse relies on the interpretative capacity of storytelling in order to skirt internet censorship while simultaneously commenting on the experience of censorship in China In this sense Cuffe proposes the Grass Mud Horse trickster as a heuristic cultural function to aid the perceiver to re evaluate their own experiential understanding against that of their communities By framing itself against and in spite of limits the trickster offers new coordinates by which one can reassess and judges one s own experiences 14 See also EditGrotesque body Juan Bobo of Puerto Rico Malandro Miwok Coyote and Silver Fox Native Americans in the United States Structuralist approach to mythReferences Edit a b c Hyde Lewis Trickster Makes This World Mischief Myth and Art New York Farrar Straus and Giroux 1998 Mattick Paul February 15 1998 Hotfoots of the Gods New York Times Haase Donald 2008 The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales Greenwood Publishing Group pp 31 ISBN 978 0 313 33441 2 Bleek 1875 A brief account of Bushman folklore and other texts Lewis Williams David 1997 The mantis the eland and the meerkats African Studies 56 2 195 216 doi 10 1080 00020189708707875 Byrd Gibbens Professor of English at University of Arkansas at Little Rock quoted epigraph in Napalm and Silly Putty by George Carlin 2001 Ballinger 1991 p 21 Gold Fever California on the Eve California Indians Oakland Museum of California Edmonds Margot Ella E Clark 2003 Voices of the Winds Native American Legends Castle Books p 5 ISBN 0785817166 Carradice Phil 16 June 2011 Twm Sion Cati the Welsh Robin Hood bbc co uk Retrieved 18 March 2021 Smith R L Remembering Andy Devine Campbell J G Fletcher amp A Greenhill 2002 Tribalism Conflict and Shape shifting Identities in Online Communities In the Proceedings of the 13th Australasia Conference on Information Systems Melbourne Australia 7 9 December 2002 Campbell J G Fletcher and A Greenhill 2009 Conflict and Identity Shape Shifting in an Online Financial Community Information Systems Journal 19 5 pp 461 478 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2575 2008 00301 x a b Cuffe James B 2019 11 28 China at a Threshold Exploring Social Change in Techno Social Systems 1 ed Abingdon Oxon New York NY Routledge 2020 Series Contemporary liminality Routledge pp 83 71 86 doi 10 4324 9781315183220 ISBN 978 1 315 18322 0 S2CID 213224963 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Sources EditGates Henry 2004 Julie Rivkin Michael Ryan eds The Blackness of Blackness A Critique on the Sign and the Signifying Monkey Literary Theory An Anthology Oxford Blackwell Publishing Earl Riggins R Jr 1993 Dark Symbols Obscure Signs God Self And Community In The Slave Mind Maryknoll New York Orbis Books Bassil Morozow Helena 2011 The Trickster in Contemporary Film Routledge Ballinger Franchot Vizenor Gerald 1985 Sacred Reversals Trickster in Gerald Vizenor s Earthdivers Tribal Narratives on Mixed Descent American Indian Quarterly 9 1 The Literary Achievements of Gerald Vizenor 55 59 doi 10 2307 1184653 JSTOR 1184653 Ballinger Franchot 1991 Ambigere The Euro American Picaro and the Native American Trickster MELUS 17 1 Native American Fiction Myth and Criticism 21 38 doi 10 2307 467321 JSTOR 467321 Boyer L Bryce Boyer Ruth M 1983 The Sacred Clown of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches Additional Data Western Folklore 42 1 46 54 doi 10 2307 1499465 JSTOR 1499465 Datlow Ellen and Terri Windling 2009 The Coyote Road Trickster Tales Firebird California on the Eve California Indians Miwok creation story Joseph Durwin Coulrophobia amp The Trickster Koepping Klaus Peter 1985 Absurdity and Hidden Truth Cunning Intelligence and Grotesque Body Images as Manifestations of the Trickster History of Religions 24 3 191 214 doi 10 1086 462997 JSTOR 1062254 S2CID 162313598 Lori Landay Madcaps Screwballs and Con Women The Female Trickster in American Culture 1998 University of Pennsylvania Press Paul Radin The trickster a study in American Indian mythology 1956 Allan J Ryan The Trickster Shift Humour and irony in contemporary native art 1999 Univ of Washington ISBN 0 7748 0704 0 Trickster s Way Volume 3 Issue 1 2004 Article 3 Trickster and the Treks of History Tannen R S The Female Trickster PostModern and Post Jungian Perspectives on Women in Contemporary Culture Routledge 2007External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tricksters Joel Chandler Harris and the Uncle Remus Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trickster amp oldid 1176550606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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