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The mythology of the ancient Basques largely did not survive the arrival of Christianity in the Basque Country between the 4th and 12th century AD. Most of what is known about elements of this original belief system is based on the analysis of legends, the study of place names and scant historical references to pagan rituals practised by the Basques.[1]
A reproduction of a Hilarri, a Basque gravestone, from 1736 with commonly found symbols. Translated from Latin, it reads, "Maria Arros Sagaray died on the 19th day of April, 1736".
One main figure of this belief system was the female deity Mari. According to legends collected in the area of Ataun, the other main figure was her consort Sugaar. However, due to the scarcity of the material, it is difficult to say if this would have been the "central pair" of the Basque pantheon. Based on the attributes ascribed to these mythological creatures, this would be considered a chthonic religion as all its characters dwell on earth or below it, with the sky seen mostly as an empty corridor through which the divinities pass.[citation needed]
various medieval sources making references to pagan rituals, including the records of the Inquisition
19th and 20th century collections of myths and folk-tales, such as those collected by José Miguel Barandiaran, which comprise by far the largest body of material relating to non-Christian beliefs and practices
the modern study of place-names in the Basque Country
Urtzi may have been a Basque mythological figure—a sky god—but may have been merely a word for the sky. There is evidence that can be read as either supporting or contradicting the existence of such a deity. To date, neither theory has been entirely accepted.[3]
^"The Basque Mythology at the present time" (PDF). KOBIE (Serie Antropología Cultural) (XII). Bilbao: Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia-Diputación Foral de Bizkaia: 135 & 148. 2006–2007. ISSN 0214-7971. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^Kasper, M. (1997). Baskische Geschichte [Basque history] (in German). Primus. ISBN3-89678-039-5.
^Anuntxi Arana: Mari, mairu eta beste - 1996 - Bulletin du musée basque n°146.
^Encarnação, José d’ (2015). Divindades indígenas sob o domínio romano em Portugal [Indigenous deities under Roman rule in Portugal] (in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.[page needed]
Bibliographyedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basque mythology.
Arriaga, J. (1984). "Euskal mitologia" [Basque mythology]. Gero (in Basque).
Barandiaran, Jose Migel (1996). Mitología Vasca [Basque mythology] (in Spanish). Txertoa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Baroja, Caro (1995). "Lamiak, sorginak eta jainkosak" [Lamias, witches and goddesses]. Gaiak (in Basque) (Euskal mitologia).
Everson, M. (1989). "Tenacity in religion, myth, and folklore: the Neolithic Goddess of Old Europe preserved in a non-Indo-European setting". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 17 (277).
Hartsuaga, J.I. (1987). Euskal Mitologia Konparatua [Comparative Basque Mythology] (in Basque). Kriseilu.
La Paglia, Antonio. Beyond Greece and Rome: Faith and Worship in Ancient Europe, Black Mountain Press, 2004.
Satrústegi, J. (1996). "Haitzuloetako euskal mitologia" [Basque cave mythology]. Euskal Mitologia (in Basque). 68: 165–174.
Folktale collections
Videgain, Xarles [eu]. "Quelques contes basques tirés du manuscrit Webster". In: Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, Año nº 6, Nº 18, 1974. pp. 453–464. ISSN 0046-435X.
Vinson, Julien. Le Folk-lore du Pays Basque. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1883.
Zaïka, Natalia M. Approche textologique et comparative du conte traditionnel basque dans les versions bilingues de 1873 à 1942 (W. Webster, J.-F. Cerquand, J. Barbier, R. M. de Azkue). Iker-31. Euskaltzindia, 2014.
Catálogo tipológico de los cuentos populares maravillosos vascos. Herri kulturaren narrazioak, 2007.
May 01, 2024
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Basque mythology news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2009 Learn how and when to remove this message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Basque June 2022 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Basque article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Basque Wikipedia article at eu Euskal mitologia see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated eu Euskal mitologia to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this message The mythology of the ancient Basques largely did not survive the arrival of Christianity in the Basque Country between the 4th and 12th century AD Most of what is known about elements of this original belief system is based on the analysis of legends the study of place names and scant historical references to pagan rituals practised by the Basques 1 A reproduction of a Hilarri a Basque gravestone from 1736 with commonly found symbols Translated from Latin it reads Maria Arros Sagaray died on the 19th day of April 1736 One main figure of this belief system was the female deity Mari According to legends collected in the area of Ataun the other main figure was her consort Sugaar However due to the scarcity of the material it is difficult to say if this would have been the central pair of the Basque pantheon Based on the attributes ascribed to these mythological creatures this would be considered a chthonic religion as all its characters dwell on earth or below it with the sky seen mostly as an empty corridor through which the divinities pass citation needed Contents 1 Historical sources 2 Mythological creatures and characters 3 The Urtzi controversy 4 Influence on Iberian pantheons 5 Myths of the historical period 6 See also 7 References 8 BibliographyHistorical sources editThe main sources for information about non Christian Basque beliefs are 2 Strabo who mentions the sacrifice of male goats and humans Arab writers from the time of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania 8th century the 12th century diary of the pilgrim Aymeric Picaud various medieval sources making references to pagan rituals including the records of the Inquisition 19th and 20th century collections of myths and folk tales such as those collected by Jose Miguel Barandiaran which comprise by far the largest body of material relating to non Christian beliefs and practices the modern study of place names in the Basque CountryMythological creatures and characters editMain article List of Basque mythological figuresThe Urtzi controversy editMain article Urtzi Urtzi may have been a Basque mythological figure a sky god but may have been merely a word for the sky There is evidence that can be read as either supporting or contradicting the existence of such a deity To date neither theory has been entirely accepted 3 Influence on Iberian pantheons editThe Iberian Peninsula s Indo European speaking cultures like the Lusitanians and Celtiberians seem to have a significant Basque substrate in their mythologies This includes the concept of the Enchanted Mouras which may be based on the Mairu 4 and the god Endovelicus whose name may come from proto Basque words 5 Myths of the historical period editAfter Christianization the Basques kept producing and importing myths Jaun Zuria is the mythical first Lord of Biscay said to be born of a Scottish princess who had an encounter with the god Sugaar in the village of Mundaka The battle of Roncesvalles was mythologized in the cycle of the Matter of France In the Aralar Range Saint Michael was said to appear to assist a local noble turned hermit The coat of arms of Navarre was said to come from a feat in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa The battle of Amaiur was the battle where Navarre lost its independence to the Crown of Castile See also editBasajaun Legend of la EncantadaReferences edit The Basque Mythology at the present time PDF KOBIE Serie Antropologia Cultural XII Bilbao Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia Diputacion Foral de Bizkaia 135 amp 148 2006 2007 ISSN 0214 7971 Retrieved 7 March 2020 Kasper M 1997 Baskische Geschichte Basque history in German Primus ISBN 3 89678 039 5 Trask Larry 1997 The History of Basque Routledge Anuntxi Arana Mari mairu eta beste 1996 Bulletin du musee basque n 146 Encarnacao Jose d 2015 Divindades indigenas sob o dominio romano em Portugal Indigenous deities under Roman rule in Portugal in Portuguese Second ed Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra page needed Bibliography edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basque mythology Arriaga J 1984 Euskal mitologia Basque mythology Gero in Basque Barandiaran Jose Migel 1996 Mitologia Vasca Basque mythology in Spanish Txertoa a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Baroja Caro 1995 Lamiak sorginak eta jainkosak Lamias witches and goddesses Gaiak in Basque Euskal mitologia Everson M 1989 Tenacity in religion myth and folklore the Neolithic Goddess of Old Europe preserved in a non Indo European setting Journal of Indo European Studies 17 277 Hartsuaga J I 1987 Euskal Mitologia Konparatua Comparative Basque Mythology in Basque Kriseilu La Paglia Antonio Beyond Greece and Rome Faith and Worship in Ancient Europe Black Mountain Press 2004 Lezea Toti Martinez de Leyendas de Euskal Herria Erein 2004 Ortiz Oses A El matriarcalismo vasco Universidad de Deusto 1980 ISBN 84 7485 011 8 El inconsciente colectivo vasco Txertoa 1982 ISBN 84 7148 107 3 Antropologia simbolica vasca Anthropos 1985 ISBN 84 85887 84 0 Satrustegi J 1996 Haitzuloetako euskal mitologia Basque cave mythology Euskal Mitologia in Basque 68 165 174 Folktale collections Videgain Xarles eu Quelques contes basques tires du manuscrit Webster In Fontes linguae vasconum Studia et documenta Ano nº 6 Nº 18 1974 pp 453 464 ISSN 0046 435X Vinson Julien Le Folk lore du Pays Basque Paris Maisonneuve 1883 Webster Wentworth Basque legends London Griffith and Farran 1879 Zaika Natalia M Approche textologique et comparative du conte traditionnel basque dans les versions bilingues de 1873 a 1942 W Webster J F Cerquand J Barbier R M de Azkue Iker 31 Euskaltzindia 2014 Catalogo tipologico de los cuentos populares maravillosos vascos Herri kulturaren narrazioak 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Basque mythology amp oldid 1211857579, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
