Tengwar
The Tengwar script is an artificial script, one of several scripts created by J. R. R. Tolkien, the author of The Lord of the Rings.
| Tengwar | |
|---|---|
The word "Tengwar" written using the Tengwar script in the Quenya mode | |
| Script type | Alternative abugida or alphabet according to the "mode" |
| Creator | J. R. R. Tolkien |
Time period | 1930s–present |
| Direction | left-to-right |
| Languages | a number of Tolkien's constructed languages, Quenya and Sindarin, English |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Sarati
|
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Teng (290), Tengwar |
| This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
Within the fictional context of Middle-earth, the Tengwar were invented by the Elf Fëanor, and used first to write the Elven tongues Quenya and Telerin. Later a great number of Tolkien's constructed languages were written using the Tengwar, including Sindarin. Tolkien used Tengwar to write English: most of Tolkien's Tengwar samples are actually in English.
Internal history and terminology
According to J.R.R. Tolkien's The War of the Jewels, edited by his son Christopher Tolkien, at the time Fëanor created his script, he introduced a change in terminology. He called a letter, a written representation of a spoken phoneme (tengwë), a tengwa. Previously, any letter or symbol had been called a sarat (from *sar "incise"). The alphabet of Rúmil of Tirion, on which Fëanor supposedly based his own work, was known as Sarati. It later became known as "Tengwar of Rúmil".[1]
The plural of tengwa is tengwar, and this is the name by which Fëanor's writing system became known. Since, however, in commonly used modes, an individual tengwa was equivalent to a consonant, the term tengwar in the fiction became equivalent to "consonant sign", and the vowel signs were known as ómatehtar. By loan-translation, the tengwar became known as tîw (singular têw) in Sindarin, when they were introduced to Beleriand. The letters of the earlier alphabet native to Sindarin were called cirth (singular certh, probably from *kirte "cutting", and thus semantically analogous to Quenya sarat). This term was loaned into exilic Quenya as certa, plural certar.
External history
Precursors
The sarati, a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s and described in Parma Eldalamberon 13, anticipates many features of the tengwar: vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many tengwar varieties); different tengwar shapes; and a few correspondences between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).
Even closer to the tengwar is the Valmaric script, described in Parma Eldalamberon 14, which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel [a] found in some tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to one of the primary tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".
Jim Allan in his An Introduction to Elvish compared the tengwar with the Universal Alphabet by the London merchant Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes.[2]
Tengwar
The tengwar script was probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription, the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937.[3] The full explanation of the tengwar was published in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings in 1955.[4]
The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina (DTS) lists most of the known samples of tengwar by Tolkien.
There are only a few known samples predating publication of The Lord of the Rings (many of them published posthumously):
- The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription, published 1937[5]
- Middle Page from the Book of Mazarbul[6]
- Last Page from the Book of Mazarbul, Last Line, this and the above one originally prepared for inclusion in The Lord of the Rings[7]
- Steinborg Drawing Title[8]
- Ilbereth's Greeting from The Father Christmas Letters, dating to 1937[9]
- The Treebeard Page[10]
- Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript from The Notion Club Papers has Old English language text written in tengwar (with a few Adûnaic and Quenya words), dating to 1945/6.[11]
- The Brogan Tengwa-greetings, appearing in The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, No. 118, tentatively dated to 1948[12]
The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but were not explicitly dated:
Description
Letters
The most notable characteristic of the tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the distinctive features of the sounds they represent. The Quenya consonant system has five places of articulation: labial, dental, palatal, velar, and glottal. The velars distinguish between plain and labialized (that is, articulated with rounded lips, or followed by a [w] sound). Each point of articulation, and the corresponding tengwa series, has a name in the classical Quenya mode. Dental sounds are called Tincotéma and are represented with the tengwar in column I. Labial sounds are called Parmatéma, and represented by the column II tengwar; velar sounds are called Calmatéma, represented by column III; and labialized velar sounds are called Quessetéma, represented by the tengwar of column IV. Palatal sounds are called Tyelpetéma and have no tengwa series of their own, but are represented by column III letters with an added diacritic for following [j].
Similarly shaped letters reflect not only similar places of articulation, but also similar manners of articulation. In the classical Quenya mode, row 1 represents voiceless stops, row 2 voiced prenasalized stops, row 3 voiceless fricatives, row 4 voiceless prenasalized stops, row 5 nasal stops, and row 6 approximants.[16]
Regularly formed
Most letters are constructed by a combination of two basic shapes: a vertical stem (either long or short) and either one or two rounded bows (which may or may not be underscored, and may be on the left or right of the stem).
These principal letters are divided into four series ("témar") that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six grades ("tyeller") that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.
Each series is headed by the basic signs composed of a vertical stem descending below the line, and a single bow. These basic signs represent the voiceless stop consonants for that series. For the classical Quenya mode, they are /t/, /p/, /k/ and /kʷ/, and the series are named tincotéma, parmatéma, calmatéma, and quessetéma, respectively; téma means "series" in Quenya.
In rows of the general use, there are the following correspondences between letter shapes and manners of articulation:
- Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.
- Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative.
- Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) creates the corresponding nasal. In most modes, the signs with shortened stem and single bow do not correspond to the voiceless nasals, but to the approximants.
In addition to these variations of the tengwar shapes, there is yet another variation, the use of stems that are extended both above and below the line. This shape may correspond to other consonant variations required. Except for some English abbreviations, it is not used in any of the better known tengwar modes, but it occurs in a Quenya mode where the tengwa Parma with extended stem is used for /pt/ and the tengwa Calma with extended stem is used for /kt/.[17] The tengwar with raised stems sometimes occur in glyph variants that look like extended stems, as seen in the inscription of the One Ring.
An example from the parmatéma (the signs with a closed bow on the right side) in the "general use" of the tengwar is:
- The basic sign, named parma, (with descending stem) represents /p/ (it happens to look much like the Latin letter P).
- With the bow doubled, umbar, it represents /b/.
- With a raised stem, formen, it represents /f/.
- With a raised stem and a doubled bow, ampa, it represents generally /v/ but possibly /mp/ (depending upon the language).
- With a short stem and double bow, malta, it represents /m/.
- With short stem and single bow, vala, it represents /w/, or /v/ if that has the phonological behaviour of a sonorant (e.g. in Quenya).
In languages such as Quenya, which do not contain any voiced fricatives other than "v", the raised stem + doubled bow row is used for the common nasal+stop sequences (nt, mp, nk, nqu). In such cases, the "w" sign in the previous paragraph is used for "v". In the mode of Beleriand, found on the door to Moria, the bottom tyellë is used for nasals (e.g., vala is used for /m/) and the fifth tyellë for doubled nasals (malta for /mm/).
Irregularly formed
There are additional letters that do not have regular shapes. They may represent, e.g., /r/, /l/, /s/ and /h/. Their use varies considerably from mode to mode. Some aficionados have added more letters not found in Tolkien's writings for use in their modes.
Tehtar
A tehta (Quenya "marking") is a diacritic placed above or below the tengwa. They can represent vowels, consonant doubling, or nasal sound.
As Tolkien explained in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings, the tehtar for vowels resemble Latin diacritics: circumflex (î) /a/, acute (í) /e/, dot (i) /i/, left curl (ı̔) /o/, and right curl (ı̓) /u/. Long vowels, excepting /a/, may be indicated by doubling the signs. Some languages from which /o/ is absent or in which compared to /u/ it appears sparsely, such as the Black Speech, use left curl for /u/; other languages swap the signs for /e/ and /i/.
A vowel occurring alone is drawn on the vowel carrier, which resembles dotless i (ı) for a short vowel or dotless j (ȷ) for a long vowel.
Modes
Yellow: Classical mode
Pink: Mode of Beleriand
Grey: General mode
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These tengwar orthographies are usually called modes. Some modes follow pronunciation, while others follow traditional orthography.
Some modes map the basic consonants to /t/, /p/, /k/ and /kʷ/ (classical mode in chart at right), while others use them to represent /t/, /p/, /tʃ/ and /k/ (general mode at right). The other main difference is in the fourth tyellë below, where those letters with raised stems and doubled bows can be either voiced fricatives, as in Sindarin (general mode at right), or nasalized stops, as in Quenya (classical mode).
Ómatehtar
In some modes, called ómatehtar (or vowel tehtar) modes, the vowels are represented with diacritics called tehtar (Quenya for 'signs'; corresponding singular: tehta, 'sign'). These ómatehtar modes can be loosely considered abjads rather than true alphabets. In some ómatehtar modes, the consonant signs feature an inherent vowel. These ómatehtar modes can be considered alphasyllabaries.
Ómatehtar modes can vary in that the vowel stroke can be placed either on top of the consonant preceding it, as in Quenya, or on the consonant following, as in Sindarin, English, and the notorious Black Speech inscription on the One Ring.
Full writing
In the full writing modes, the consonants and the vowels are represented by Tengwar. Only one such mode is well known. It is called the "mode of Beleriand" and one can read it on the Doors of Durin.
Modes for other languages
Since the publication of the first official description of the Tengwar at the end of The Lord of the Rings, others have created modes for other languages such as English, Spanish, German, Swedish, French, Finnish, Italian, Hungarian and Welsh. Modes have also been devised for other constructed languages; Esperanto and Lojban.
Tolkien had used multiple modes for English, including full writing and ómatehtar alphabetic modes, phonetic full modes and phonetic ómatehtar modes known from documents published after his death.
Encoding schemes
Legacy encoding
The contemporary de facto standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the ISO 8859-1 character encoding following the example of the tengwar typefaces by Dan Smith. This implies a major flaw: If no corresponding tengwar font is installed, a string of nonsense characters appears.
Since there are not enough places in ISO 8859-1's 191 codepoints for all the signs used in tengwar orthography, certain signs are included in a "tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.
For each tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.
Other tengwar typefaces with this encoding include Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar, Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaitë, or (note that most of these differ in details).
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English, according to the traditional English orthography. It should look similar to the picture at the top of the page, but if no tengwar font is installed, it will appear as a jumble of characters because the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters will appear instead.
j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7`V`V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+- 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8I`B5$I( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1yY6E2_ 5^( 5#4^(7 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(692^H --
Note: Some browsers may not display these characters properly.
Unicode
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the tengwar in the Unicode standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+16080 to U+160FF in the SMP is tentatively allocated for tengwar according to the current Unicode roadmap.
ConScript Unicode Registry
| Tengwar | |
|---|---|
| Range | U+E000..U+E07F (128 code points) |
| Plane | BMP |
| Scripts | Artificial Scripts |
| Major alphabets | Tengwar |
| Assigned | 93 code points |
| Unused | 35 reserved code points |
| Source standards | CSUR |
| Note: Part of the Private-Use Area, font conflicts possible[18] | |
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR), which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F; see External links. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript tengwar proposal.
⸬ ⸬
Some typefaces that support this proposal are Everson Mono, Tengwar Telcontar, Constructium, Tengwar Formal Unicode, and FreeMonoTengwar (James Kass's Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal). The eight “Aux” variant fonts of Kurinto (Kurinto Text Aux, Book Aux, Sans Aux, etc.) also support Tengwar.
| Tengwar[1][2] ConScript Unicode Registry | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+E00x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E01x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E02x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E03x | | | | | ||||||||||||
| U+E04x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E05x | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
| U+E06x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
| U+E07x | ||||||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Tengwar[1][2] ConScript Unicode Registry, 2001 draft proposal | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+E00x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E01x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E02x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E03x | | | | | | | | | | |||||||
| U+E04x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U+E05x | | | | | | | | | ||||||||
| U+E06x | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||
| U+E07x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Name | Image | CSUR | Designation annotation |
|---|---|---|---|
| tinco | U+E000 | TENGWAR LETTER TINCO | |
| parma | U+E001 | TENGWAR LETTER PARMA | |
| calma | U+E002 | TENGWAR LETTER CALMA | |
| quessë | U+E003 | TENGWAR LETTER QUESSE | |
| ando | U+E004 | TENGWAR LETTER ANDO | |
| umbar | U+E005 | TENGWAR LETTER UMBAR | |
| anga | U+E006 | TENGWAR LETTER ANGA | |
| ungwë | U+E007 | TENGWAR LETTER UNGWE | |
| súlë / thúlë | U+E008 | TENGWAR LETTER THUULE (suule) | |
| formen | U+E009 | TENGWAR LETTER FORMEN | |
| harma / aha | U+E00A | TENGWAR LETTER HARMA (aha) | |
| hwesta | U+E00B | TENGWAR LETTER HWESTA | |
| anto | U+E00C | TENGWAR LETTER ANTO | |
| ampa | U+E00D | TENGWAR LETTER AMPA | |
| anca | U+E00E | TENGWAR LETTER ANCA | |
| unquë | U+E00F | TENGWAR LETTER UNQUE | |
| númen | U+E010 | TENGWAR LETTER NUUMEN | |
| malta | U+E011 | TENGWAR LETTER MALTA | |
| noldo / ñoldo | U+E012 | TENGWAR LETTER NOLDO (ngoldo) | |
| nwalmë / ñwalmë | U+E013 | TENGWAR LETTER NWALME (ngwalme) | |
| órë | U+E014 | TENGWAR LETTER OORE | |
| vala | U+E015 | TENGWAR LETTER VALA | |
| anna | U+E016 | TENGWAR LETTER ANNA | |
| vilya / wilya | U+E017 | TENGWAR LETTER VILYA (wilya) | |
| rómen | U+E018 | TENGWAR LETTER ROOMEN | |
| arda | U+E019 | TENGWAR LETTER ARDA | |
| lambë | U+E01A | TENGWAR LETTER LAMBE | |
| alda | U+E01B | TENGWAR LETTER ALDA | |
| silmë | U+E01C | TENGWAR LETTER SILME | |
| silmë nuquerna | U+E01D | TENGWAR LETTER SILME NUQUERNA | |
| essë / áre/áze | U+E01E | TENGWAR LETTER AARE (aaze, esse) | |
| essë nuquerna / áre/áze nuquerna | U+E01F | TENGWAR LETTER AARE NUQUERNA (aaze n., esse n.) | |
| hyarmen | U+E020 | TENGWAR LETTER HYARMEN | |
| hwesta sindarinwa | U+E021 | TENGWAR LETTER HWESTA SINDARINWA | |
| yanta | U+E022 | TENGWAR LETTER YANTA | |
| úrë | U+E023 | TENGWAR LETTER UURE | |
| halla | U+E024 | TENGWAR LETTER HALLA | |
| telco | U+E025 | TENGWAR LETTER SHORT CARRIER | |
| ára | U+E026 | TENGWAR LETTER LONG CARRIER |
| Name | Image | CSUR | Designation annotation |
|---|---|---|---|
| U+E027 | TENGWAR LETTER ANNA SINDARINWA | ||
| U+E028 | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED THUULE | ||
| U+E029 | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED FORMEN | ||
| U+E02A | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED HARMA | ||
| U+E02B | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED HWESTA | ||
| U+E02C | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED ANTO | ||
| U+E02D | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED AMPA | ||
| U+E02E | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED ANCA | ||
| U+E02F | TENGWAR LETTER EXTENDED UNQUE | ||
| U+E030 | TENGWAR LETTER STEMLESS OORE (digit zero) | ||
| U+E031 | TENGWAR LETTER STEMLESS VALA | ||
| U+E032 | TENGWAR LETTER STEMLESS ANNA | ||
| U+E033 | TENGWAR LETTER STEMLESS VILYA (digit one) |
| Name | Image | CSUR | Designation annotation |
|---|---|---|---|
| amatixe 3 | U+E040 | TENGWAR SIGN THREE DOTS ABOVE | |
| unutixe 3 | U+E041 | TENGWAR SIGN THREE DOTS BELOW | |
| amatixe 2 | U+E042 | TENGWAR SIGN TWO DOTS ABOVE | |
| unutixe 2 | U+E043 | TENGWAR SIGN TWO DOTS BELOW | |
| amatixe 1 | U+E044 | TENGWAR SIGN AMATICSE (dot above) | |
| unutixe 1 | U+E045 | TENGWAR SIGN NUNTICSE (dot below) | |
| tecco | U+E046 | TENGWAR SIGN ACUTE (andaith, long mark) | |
| U+E047 | TENGWAR SIGN DOUBLE ACUTE | ||
| rempe | U+E048 | TENGWAR SIGN RIGHT CURL | |
| U+E049 | TENGWAR SIGN DOUBLE RIGHT CURL | ||
| rempenuquerna | U+E04A | TENGWAR SIGN LEFT CURL | |
| U+E04B | TENGWAR SIGN DOUBLE LEFT CURL | ||
| amatwe | U+E04C | TENGWAR SIGN NASALIZER | |
| unuatwe | U+E04D | TENGWAR SIGN DOUBLER | |
| U+E04E | TENGWAR SIGN TILDE | ||
| U+E04F | TENGWAR SIGN BREVE | ||
| U+E050 | TENGWAR PUSTA (putta, stop) | ||
| U+E051 | TENGWAR DOUBLE PUSTA (putta) | ||
| U+E052 | TENGWAR EXCLAMATION MARK | ||
| U+E053 | TENGWAR QUESTION MARK | ||
| U+E054 | TENGWAR SECTION MARK | ||
| U+E055 | TENGWAR LONG SECTION MARK | ||
| thinnas | U+E056 | TENGWAR SIGN LONG CARRIER BELOW | |
| U+E057 | TENGWAR SIGN DOUBLE ACUTE BELOW | ||
| U+E058 | TENGWAR SIGN RIGHT CURL BELOW | ||
| U+E05A | TENGWAR SIGN LEFT CURL BELOW | ||
| sarince | U+E05C | TENGWAR SIGN LEFT FOLLOWING SILME | |
| U+E05D | TENGWAR SIGN RIGHT FOLLOWING SILME |
| Name | Image | CSUR | Designation annotation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | U+E030 | TENGWAR LETTER STEMLESS OORE (digit zero) | |
| 1 | U+E033 | TENGWAR LETTER STEMLESS VILYA (digit one) | |
| 2 | U+E062 | TENGWAR DIGIT TWO | |
| 3 | U+E063 | TENGWAR DIGIT THREE | |
| 4 | U+E064 | TENGWAR DIGIT FOUR | |
| 5 | U+E065 | TENGWAR DIGIT FIVE | |
| 6 | U+E066 | TENGWAR DIGIT SIX | |
| 7 | U+E067 | TENGWAR DIGIT SEVEN | |
| 8 | U+E068 | TENGWAR DIGIT EIGHT | |
| 9 | U+E069 | TENGWAR DIGIT NINE | |
| 10 | U+E06A | TENGWAR DUODECIMAL DIGIT TEN | |
| 11 | U+E06B | TENGWAR DUODECIMAL DIGIT ELEVEN | |
| U+E06C | TENGWAR DECIMAL BASE MARK | ||
| U+E06D | TENGWAR DUODECIMAL BASE MARK | ||
| U+E06E | TENGWAR DUODECIMAL LEAST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT MARK |
In popular culture
Tengwar has been used in Tolkien fandom since the publication of The Lord of the Rings in the 1950s.
Tengwar script appears in a bound volume in the Within Temptation music video for "Stand My Ground" (2004), though it appears to be a random selection of letters, with a Tehta vowel appearing about every five words or so. Many tengwar are also repeated for no apparent reason. Another instance of this stylistic use of tengwar is the computer game Atlantis: The Lost Tales (1997); again the tengwar are used meaninglessly. Tengwar is also used in Alone in the Dark, a comic book, as a typeface describing an arcane language.
With the exception of John Rhys-Davies, the actors playing the Fellowship of the Ring in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy have tattoos of the English word nine written in Quenya-mode tengwar.[19]
Footballers such as Sergio Agüero[20] and Fernando Torres[21] have tattoos with their first name in Tengwar on their forearms.
See also
References
- ^ The War of the Jewels, Appendix D to Quendi and Eldar
- ^ Jim Allan, An Introduction to Elvish, ISBN 0-905220-10-2
- ^ The Hobbit, most editions with colour plates.
- ^ The Lord of the Rings, Appendix E, "Writing: The Fëanorian Letters "
- ^ DTS 1
- ^ DTS 13
- ^ DTS 14
- ^ DTS 15
- ^ DTS 22
- ^ DTS 24
- ^ DTS 50/51
- ^ DTS 10
- ^ DTS 16, DTS 17, DTS 18
- ^ DTS 23
- ^ Facsimiled in The Lays of Beleriand:299.
- ^ The Complete Tolkien Companion, Third Edition. Tyler, J.E.A. New York: St. Martins, 2004.
- ^ See Parma Eldalamberon 19 (2010), pp. 41–43.
- ^ Michael Everson. "Tengwar: U+E000 - U+E07F". ConScript Unicode Registry. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
- ^ . SciFi.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.[1]
- ^ Kaviraj, Tina. "10 things you need to know about Sergio Aguero". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
- ^ "Torres and Aguero's Elvish Obssession [sic]". The Center Circle - A SoccerPro Soccer Fan Blog. 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
Sources
For a list of linguistic material by Tolkien published in the journals Parma Eldalamberon and Vinyar Tengwar, see bibliography in Elvish languages (Middle-earth).
- Derzhanski, Ivan A. "The Fëanorian Tengwar and the Typology of Phonetic Writing Systems." Vinyar Tengwar 41 (2000): 20–23.
- Hostetter, Carl F. ""Si man i-yulmar n(g)win enquatuva": A Newly-Discovered Tengwar Inscription." Vinyar Tengwar 21 (1992): 6–10.
- Smith, Arden R., Irmengard Rauch and Gerald F. Carr. "The Semiotics of the Writing Systems of Tolkien's Middle-earth." In Semiotics around the World: Synthesis in Diversity, I-II, ed. Irmengard Rauch, 1239–42. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, 1997.
External links
- Amanye Tenceli – The Tengwar A general presentation by Måns Björkman of the tengwar script, with some extrapolations.
- The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina — a continuously expanding list of published Tengwar samples
- Official proposal to encode tengwar in Unicode
- Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry
- A comprehensive list of tengwar fonts
- Free Tengwar Font Project, a project promoting free and open tengwar fonts mapped into Unicode private use code points