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Crane fly

March 15, 2023

For other arthropods called "daddy longlegs", see Daddy longlegs § Life forms.

Crane fly is a common name referring to any member of the insect family Tipulidae. Cylindrotominae, Limoniinae, and Pediciinae have been ranked as subfamilies of Tipulidae by most authors,[1] though occasionally elevated to family rank. In the most recent classifications, only Pediciidae is now ranked as a separate family, due to considerations of paraphyly.[2] In colloquial speech, crane flies are sometimes known as "mosquito hawks",[3][4] "skeeter-eater", or "daddy longlegs", (a term also used to describe opiliones (harvestmen) and members of the spider family Pholcidae, both of which are arachnids). The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.[3]

Crane fly
Temporal range: Barremian–Present
Nephrotoma appendiculata (spotted crane fly)
unidentified larva
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Superfamily: Tipuloidea
Family: Tipulidae
Latreille, 1802
Genera

See text

Crown group crane flies have existed since at least the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous[5] and are found worldwide, though individual species usually have limited ranges. They are most diverse in the tropics but are also common in northern latitudes and high elevations.[6]

Tipulidae is one of the largest groups of flies, including over 15,000 species and subspecies in 525 genera and subgenera.[7] Most crane flies were described by the entomologist Charles Paul Alexander, a fly specialist, in over 1000 research publications.[8]

Description

 
The head of a Tipula sp.

Summary

An adult crane fly, resembling an oversized male mosquito, typically has a slender body and stilt-like legs that are deciduous, easily coming off the body. The wingspan is generally about 1.0 to 6.5 cm (1⁄2 to 2+1⁄2 in), though some species of Holorusia can reach 11 cm (4+1⁄4 in).[9] The antennae have up to 19 segments.[3] It is also characterized by a V-shaped suture or groove on the back of the thorax (mesonotum) and by its wing venation.[6] The rostrum is long and in some species as long as the head and thorax together.[7]

Formal

For terms, see Morphology of Diptera.

Tipulidae are medium to large-sized flies (7–35 mm, 1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) with elongated legs, wings, and abdomen. Their colour is yellow, brown or grey. Ocelli are absent. The rostrum (a snout) is short to very short with a beak-like point called the nasus (rarely absent). The apical segment of the maxillary palpi is flagelliform and much longer than the subapical segment. The antennae have 13 segments (exceptionally 14–19). These are whorled, serrate, or ctenidial. There is a distinct V-shaped suture between the mesonotal prescutum and scutum (near the level of the wing bases). The wings are monochromatic, longitudinally striped or marbled. In females the wings are sometimes rudimentary. The sub-costal vein (Sc) joins through Sc2 with the radial vein, Sc1 is at most a short stump. There are four, rarely (when R2 is reduced) three branches of the radial vein merging into the alar margin. The discoidal wing cell is usually present. The wing has two anal veins. Sternite 9 of the male genitalia has, with few exceptions, two pairs of appendages. Sometimes appendages are also present on sternite 8. The female ovipositor has sclerotized valves and the cerci have a smooth or dentate lower margin. The valves are sometimes modified into thick bristles or short teeth.

 
Tipulinae
 
Dolichopezinae

The larva is elongated, usually cylindrical. The posterior two-thirds of the head capsule is enclosed or retracted within the prothoracic segment. The larva is metapneustic (with only one pair of spiracles, these on the anal segment of the abdomen), but often with vestigial lateral spiracles (rarely apneustic). The head capsule is sclerotized anteriorly and deeply incised ventrally and often dorsolaterally. The mandibles are opposed and move in the horizontal or oblique plane. The abdominal segments have transverse creeping welts. The terminal segments of the abdomen are glabrous, often partially sclerotized and bearing posterior spiracles. The spiracular disc is usually surrounded by lobe-like projections and anal papillae or lobes.

Biology

 
A pair of crane flies (Tipulidae) mating
 
Crane fly exiting pupa

The adult female usually contains mature eggs as she emerges from her pupa, and often mates immediately if a male is available. Males also search for females by walking or flying. Copulation takes a few minutes to hours and may be accomplished in flight. Adults have a lifespan of 10 to 15 days.[10] The female immediately oviposits, usually in wet soil or mats of algae. Some lay eggs on the surface of a water body or in dry soils, and some reportedly simply drop them in flight. Most crane fly eggs are black in color. They often have a filament, which may help anchor the egg in wet or aquatic environments.[8]

Crane fly larvae (leatherjackets) have been observed in many habitat types on dry land and in water,[8] including marine, brackish, and fresh water.[7] They are cylindrical in shape, but taper toward the front end, and the head capsule is often retracted into the thorax. The abdomen may be smooth, lined with hairs, or studded with projections or welt-like spots. Projections may occur around the spiracles.[7] Larvae may eat algae, microflora, and living or decomposing plant matter, including wood. Some are predatory.[6][8]

Ecology

 
The thorax of a crane fly

Larval habitats include all kinds of freshwater, semiaquatic environments. Some Tipulinae, including Dolichopeza, are found in moist to wet cushions of mosses or liverworts. Ctenophora species are found in decaying wood or sodden logs. Nephrotoma and Tipula larvae are found in dry soils of pasturelands, lawns, and steppe. Tipulidae larvae are also found in rich organic earth and mud, in wet spots in woods where the humus is saturated, in leaf litter or mud, decaying plant materials, or fruits in various stages of putrefaction.

Larvae can be important in the soil ecosystem, because they process organic material and increase microbial activity.[8] Larvae and adults are also valuable prey items for many animals, including insects, spiders, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals.[7]

Adult crane flies may be used for transport by aquatic species of the mite family Ascidae. This is known as phoresis.[11]

Pest status

The European crane fly, Tipula paludosa and the marsh crane fly T. oleracea are agricultural pests in Europe. Crane fly larvae of economic importance live in the top layers of soil where they feed on the roots, root hairs, crown, and sometimes the leaves of crops, stunting their growth or killing the plants. They are pests on a variety of commodities. Since the late 1900s, T. paludosa and T. oleracea have become invasive in the United States.[12][13][14] The larvae have been observed on many crops, including vegetables, fruits, cereals, pasture, lawn grasses, and ornamental plants.

In 1935, Lord's Cricket Ground in London was among venues affected by leatherjackets. Several thousand were collected by ground staff and burned, because they caused bald patches on the pitch and the pitch took unaccustomed spin for much of the season.[15]

Phylogenetics

The phylogenetic position of the Tipulidae remains uncertain. The classical viewpoint that they are an early branch of Diptera[16][17]—perhaps (with the Trichoceridae) the sister group of all other Diptera—is giving way to modern views that they are more highly derived.[18] This is thanks to evidence from molecular studies, which is consistent with the more derived larval characters similar to those of 'higher' Diptera.[19] The Pediciidae and Tipulidae are sister groups (the "limoniids" are a paraphyletic clade).[2] Specifically, Limoniinae has recently been treated by numerous authors at the rank of family, but subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that the remaining groups of tipulids render the group paraphyletic.[2] The Cylindrotominae appear to be a relict group that was much better represented in the Tertiary.[20] Tipulidae probably evolved from ancestors in the Upper Jurassic, the Architipulidae, and representatives of the Limoniinae are known from the Upper Triassic.

Genera

 
Global diversity of Tipulidae. The figures show the number of tipulid species in each zone.

Common names

Numerous other common names have been applied to the crane fly. Many of the names are more or less regional in the U.S., including mosquito hawk, mosquito eater, gallinipper, and gollywhopper.[21] They are also known as "daddy longlegs" in English-speaking countries outside of the U.S.,[3] not to be confused with the U.S. usages of "daddy long legs" that refer to either arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae. The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.[3]

They are also known as Jenny long legs in Scotland.[22] In Ireland they are also known as Skinny Philip, and as Pilib an Gheataire in Gaelic (Gaeilge).[22]

Misconceptions

There is an enduring urban legend that crane flies are the most venomous insects in the world, but have no ability to administer the venom; this is not true.[23] The myth likely arose due to their being confused with the cellar spider as they are also informally called "daddy longlegs", and although the arachnid does possess venom, it is not especially potent.[24]

Despite widely held beliefs that adult crane flies (or "mosquito hawks") prey on mosquito populations, the adult crane fly is anatomically incapable of killing or consuming other insects.[25] Although the adults of some species may feed on nectar, the adults of many species have such short lifespans that they do not eat at all.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Alexander C.P., Byers G.W. (1981) Tipulidae. in: McAlpine J.F. et al. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 153–1902 ISBN 0-660-10731-7 pdf 2013-12-01 at the Wayback Machine download manual
  2. ^ a b c Petersen, Matthew J.; Bertone, Matthew A.; Wiegmann, Brian M.; Courtney, Gregory W. (2010). "Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher-level classification of Tipuloidea (Diptera)". Systematic Entomology. 35 (3): 526–545. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00524.x. S2CID 86724439.
  3. ^ a b c d e Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. 2003 onwards. Tipulidae. British Insects: The Families of Diptera. Version: 1 January 2012.
  4. ^ "Do Mosquito Hawks Eat Mosquitoes?". endmosquitoes.com. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  5. ^ Ribeiro, Guilherme C.; Lukashevich, Elena D. (2014-01-08). "New Leptotarsus from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil and Spain: the oldest members of the family Tipulidae (Diptera)". Zootaxa. 3753 (4): 347–363. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3753.4.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 24872305.
  6. ^ a b c Pritchard, G (1983). (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology. 28 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.000245. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-12. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  7. ^ a b c d e de Jong, Herman; Oosterbroek, Pjotr; Gelhaus, Jon; Reusch, Herbert; Young, Chen (2008). (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 595 (1): 457–467. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9131-0. S2CID 34927837. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  8. ^ a b c d e Oosterbroek, P. Superfamily Tipuloidea, Family Tipulidae. Chapter 2 In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.) Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions, Issue 86 of Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication. Apollo Press. 1989.
  9. ^ Louise Moon (25 April 2018). "'World's biggest' mosquito with 11 cm wing span found in southwest China". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
  11. ^ Smith, Ian M.; Smith, Bruce P.; Cook, David R. (2001), "Water Mites (Hydrachnida) and Other Arachnids", Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Elsevier, pp. 551–659, doi:10.1016/b978-012690647-9/50017-x, ISBN 978-0-12-690647-9, retrieved 2022-10-06
  12. ^ Rao, Sujaya; Listona, Aaron; Cramptonb, Lora; Takeyasu, Joyce (2006). "Identification of Larvae of Exotic Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae) and T. oleracea in North America Using Mitochondrial cytB Sequences". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)099[0033:IOLOET]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85635147.
  13. ^ Blackshaw, R.P.; Coll, C. (1999). (PDF). Integrated Pest Management Reviews. 4 (2): 145–162. doi:10.1023/A:1009625724013. S2CID 80918734. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  14. ^ Jackson D. M, Campbell R. L. Biology of the European crane fly, Meigen, in western Washington (Tipulidae: Diptera). Washington State University Technical Bull. No. 81. 1975.
  15. ^ A. Ward (1999). Cricket's Strangest Matches (1998 ed.). Robson Books, London. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-86105-293-3.
  16. ^ Rohdendorf, B. 1974. The Historical Development of Diptera. Edmonton: Univ. Alberta.
  17. ^ Savchenko, E. N. 1966. Phylogeny and systematics of the Tipulidae. Fauna Ukraini 14:63–88. In Russian.
  18. ^ "Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) Home". anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  19. ^ Gullan, P. J., Cranston, P. S. 2014. The insects: an outline of entomology. 5th edition. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
  20. ^ Hennig, W. 1950. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren, Arb. 2. Berlin: Akad. Verlag.
  21. ^ Cassidy, Frederic Gomes (1985). Dictionary of American Regional English. ISBN 978-0-674-20511-6.
  22. ^ a b "Is the UK really seeing a record daddy long legs invasion?". the Guardian. 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  23. ^ "Could record 200 billion daddy-long-legs hit UK? - CBBC Newsround". Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  24. ^ Ryan, Nicky (2013-10-20). "Debunked: Are Daddy Longlegs the most poisonous spiders in the world?". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  25. ^ Mertz, Leslie (August 17, 2015). "Mosquito Hawk? Skeeter Eater? Giant Mosquito? No, No, and No". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America.
  26. ^ Blake Newton. "Crane Flies of Kentucky – University of Kentucky Entomology".

Further reading

Identification
  • Pierre C.,1924, Diptères: Tipulidae Faune de France n° 8 Out of date but online at no cost. In French.
  • R. L. Coe, Paul Freeman & P. F. Mattingly Nematocera: families Tipulidae to Chironomidae (Tipulidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 9 Part 2 i. download manual Out of date but online at no cost
  • J.F. McAlpine, B.V. Petersen, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, D.M. Wood. Eds. 1987 Manual of Nearctic Diptera Volume 1 Research Branch Agriculture Canada, 1987 key to Nearctic genera
  • E. N. Savchenko Family Tipulidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.

External links

 
Look up crane fly in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tipulidae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Tipulidae.
  • , Ohio State University Fact Sheet
  • Family Tipulidae at EOL
  • IZ.carnegiemnh.org, Crane Flies of Pennsylvania, Extensive Specimen Collection, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
  • NLBIF.eti.uva.nl, Catalog of Craneflies of the World
  • Diptera.info, Image Gallery
  • BugGuide.net, photo gallery, many species
  • , Tipulidae of Taiwan (in Chinese), with images under Latin binomials
  • Crane Fly, Field Guide to Common Texas Insects
  • "CRANE FLY LARVAE". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

Species lists

  • Australasian/Oceanian
  • Nearctic

March 15, 2023
crane, other, arthropods, called, daddy, longlegs, daddy, longlegs, life, forms, common, name, referring, member, insect, family, tipulidae, cylindrotominae, limoniinae, pediciinae, have, been, ranked, subfamilies, tipulidae, most, authors, though, occasionall. For other arthropods called daddy longlegs see Daddy longlegs Life forms Crane fly is a common name referring to any member of the insect family Tipulidae Cylindrotominae Limoniinae and Pediciinae have been ranked as subfamilies of Tipulidae by most authors 1 though occasionally elevated to family rank In the most recent classifications only Pediciidae is now ranked as a separate family due to considerations of paraphyly 2 In colloquial speech crane flies are sometimes known as mosquito hawks 3 4 skeeter eater or daddy longlegs a term also used to describe opiliones harvestmen and members of the spider family Pholcidae both of which are arachnids The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets 3 Crane flyTemporal range Barremian Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NNephrotoma appendiculata spotted crane fly unidentified larvaScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder DipteraSuperfamily TipuloideaFamily TipulidaeLatreille 1802GeneraSee textCrown group crane flies have existed since at least the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous 5 and are found worldwide though individual species usually have limited ranges They are most diverse in the tropics but are also common in northern latitudes and high elevations 6 Tipulidae is one of the largest groups of flies including over 15 000 species and subspecies in 525 genera and subgenera 7 Most crane flies were described by the entomologist Charles Paul Alexander a fly specialist in over 1000 research publications 8 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Summary 1 2 Formal 2 Biology 3 Ecology 4 Pest status 5 Phylogenetics 6 Genera 7 Common names 8 Misconceptions 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12 1 Species listsDescription Edit The head of a Tipula sp Summary Edit An adult crane fly resembling an oversized male mosquito typically has a slender body and stilt like legs that are deciduous easily coming off the body The wingspan is generally about 1 0 to 6 5 cm 1 2 to 2 1 2 in though some species of Holorusia can reach 11 cm 4 1 4 in 9 The antennae have up to 19 segments 3 It is also characterized by a V shaped suture or groove on the back of the thorax mesonotum and by its wing venation 6 The rostrum is long and in some species as long as the head and thorax together 7 Formal Edit For terms see Morphology of Diptera Tipulidae are medium to large sized flies 7 35 mm 1 4 1 1 2 in with elongated legs wings and abdomen Their colour is yellow brown or grey Ocelli are absent The rostrum a snout is short to very short with a beak like point called the nasus rarely absent The apical segment of the maxillary palpi is flagelliform and much longer than the subapical segment The antennae have 13 segments exceptionally 14 19 These are whorled serrate or ctenidial There is a distinct V shaped suture between the mesonotal prescutum and scutum near the level of the wing bases The wings are monochromatic longitudinally striped or marbled In females the wings are sometimes rudimentary The sub costal vein Sc joins through Sc2 with the radial vein Sc1 is at most a short stump There are four rarely when R2 is reduced three branches of the radial vein merging into the alar margin The discoidal wing cell is usually present The wing has two anal veins Sternite 9 of the male genitalia has with few exceptions two pairs of appendages Sometimes appendages are also present on sternite 8 The female ovipositor has sclerotized valves and the cerci have a smooth or dentate lower margin The valves are sometimes modified into thick bristles or short teeth Tipulinae Dolichopezinae The larva is elongated usually cylindrical The posterior two thirds of the head capsule is enclosed or retracted within the prothoracic segment The larva is metapneustic with only one pair of spiracles these on the anal segment of the abdomen but often with vestigial lateral spiracles rarely apneustic The head capsule is sclerotized anteriorly and deeply incised ventrally and often dorsolaterally The mandibles are opposed and move in the horizontal or oblique plane The abdominal segments have transverse creeping welts The terminal segments of the abdomen are glabrous often partially sclerotized and bearing posterior spiracles The spiracular disc is usually surrounded by lobe like projections and anal papillae or lobes Biology Edit A pair of crane flies Tipulidae mating Crane fly exiting pupa The adult female usually contains mature eggs as she emerges from her pupa and often mates immediately if a male is available Males also search for females by walking or flying Copulation takes a few minutes to hours and may be accomplished in flight Adults have a lifespan of 10 to 15 days 10 The female immediately oviposits usually in wet soil or mats of algae Some lay eggs on the surface of a water body or in dry soils and some reportedly simply drop them in flight Most crane fly eggs are black in color They often have a filament which may help anchor the egg in wet or aquatic environments 8 Crane fly larvae leatherjackets have been observed in many habitat types on dry land and in water 8 including marine brackish and fresh water 7 They are cylindrical in shape but taper toward the front end and the head capsule is often retracted into the thorax The abdomen may be smooth lined with hairs or studded with projections or welt like spots Projections may occur around the spiracles 7 Larvae may eat algae microflora and living or decomposing plant matter including wood Some are predatory 6 8 Ecology Edit The thorax of a crane fly Larval habitats include all kinds of freshwater semiaquatic environments Some Tipulinae including Dolichopeza are found in moist to wet cushions of mosses or liverworts Ctenophora species are found in decaying wood or sodden logs Nephrotoma and Tipula larvae are found in dry soils of pasturelands lawns and steppe Tipulidae larvae are also found in rich organic earth and mud in wet spots in woods where the humus is saturated in leaf litter or mud decaying plant materials or fruits in various stages of putrefaction Larvae can be important in the soil ecosystem because they process organic material and increase microbial activity 8 Larvae and adults are also valuable prey items for many animals including insects spiders fish amphibians birds and mammals 7 Adult crane flies may be used for transport by aquatic species of the mite family Ascidae This is known as phoresis 11 Pest status EditThe European crane fly Tipula paludosa and the marsh crane fly T oleracea are agricultural pests in Europe Crane fly larvae of economic importance live in the top layers of soil where they feed on the roots root hairs crown and sometimes the leaves of crops stunting their growth or killing the plants They are pests on a variety of commodities Since the late 1900s T paludosa and T oleracea have become invasive in the United States 12 13 14 The larvae have been observed on many crops including vegetables fruits cereals pasture lawn grasses and ornamental plants In 1935 Lord s Cricket Ground in London was among venues affected by leatherjackets Several thousand were collected by ground staff and burned because they caused bald patches on the pitch and the pitch took unaccustomed spin for much of the season 15 Phylogenetics EditThe phylogenetic position of the Tipulidae remains uncertain The classical viewpoint that they are an early branch of Diptera 16 17 perhaps with the Trichoceridae the sister group of all other Diptera is giving way to modern views that they are more highly derived 18 This is thanks to evidence from molecular studies which is consistent with the more derived larval characters similar to those of higher Diptera 19 The Pediciidae and Tipulidae are sister groups the limoniids are a paraphyletic clade 2 Specifically Limoniinae has recently been treated by numerous authors at the rank of family but subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that the remaining groups of tipulids render the group paraphyletic 2 The Cylindrotominae appear to be a relict group that was much better represented in the Tertiary 20 Tipulidae probably evolved from ancestors in the Upper Jurassic the Architipulidae and representatives of the Limoniinae are known from the Upper Triassic Genera Edit Global diversity of Tipulidae The figures show the number of tipulid species in each zone Subfamily Ctenophorinae Ctenophora Meigen 1803 Dictenidia Brulle 1833 Phoroctenia Coquillett 1910 Pselliophora Osten Sacken 1887 Tanyptera Latreille 1804 Subfamily Cylindrotominae Cylindrotoma Macquart 1834 Diogma Edwards 1938 Liogma Osten Sacken 1869 Phalacrocera Schiner 1863 Stibadocera Enderlein 1912 Stibadocerella Brunetti 1918 Stibadocerina Alexander 1929 Stibadocerodes Alexander 1928 Triogma Schiner 1863 Subfamily Dolichopezinae Dolichopeza Curtis 1825 Subfamily Limoniinae see List of Limoniine genera Subfamily Tipulinae Acracantha Skuse 1890 Angarotipula Savchenko 1961 Austrotipula Alexander 1920 Brachypremna Osten Sacken 1887 Brithura Edwards 1916 Clytocosmus Skuse 1890 Elnoretta Alexander 1929 Euvaldiviana Alexander 1981 Goniotipula Alexander 1921 Holorusia Loew 1863 Hovapeza Alexander 1951 Hovatipula Alexander 1955 Idiotipula Alexander 1921 Indotipula Edwards 1931 Ischnotoma Skuse 1890 Keiseromyia Alexander 1963 Leptotarsus Guerin Meneville 1831 Macgregoromyia Alexander 1929 Megistocera Wiedemann 1828 Nephrotoma Meigen 1803 Nigrotipula Hudson amp Vane Wright 1969 Ozodicera Macquart 1834 Platyphasia Skuse 1890 Prionocera Loew 1844 Prionota van der Wulp 1885 Ptilogyna Westwood 1835 Scamboneura Osten Sacken 1882 Sphaerionotus de Meijere 1919 Tipula Linnaeus 1758 Tipulodina Enderlein 1912 Valdiviana Alexander 1929 Zelandotipula Alexander 1922Common names EditNumerous other common names have been applied to the crane fly Many of the names are more or less regional in the U S including mosquito hawk mosquito eater gallinipper and gollywhopper 21 They are also known as daddy longlegs in English speaking countries outside of the U S 3 not to be confused with the U S usages of daddy long legs that refer to either arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets 3 They are also known as Jenny long legs in Scotland 22 In Ireland they are also known as Skinny Philip and as Pilib an Gheataire in Gaelic Gaeilge 22 Misconceptions EditThere is an enduring urban legend that crane flies are the most venomous insects in the world but have no ability to administer the venom this is not true 23 The myth likely arose due to their being confused with the cellar spider as they are also informally called daddy longlegs and although the arachnid does possess venom it is not especially potent 24 Despite widely held beliefs that adult crane flies or mosquito hawks prey on mosquito populations the adult crane fly is anatomically incapable of killing or consuming other insects 25 Although the adults of some species may feed on nectar the adults of many species have such short lifespans that they do not eat at all 26 See also EditTipularia discolor the crane fly orchidReferences Edit Alexander C P Byers G W 1981 Tipulidae in McAlpine J F et al Ed Manual of Nearctic Diptera Agriculture Canada Ottawa pp 153 1902 ISBN 0 660 10731 7 pdf Archived 2013 12 01 at the Wayback Machine download manual a b c Petersen Matthew J Bertone Matthew A Wiegmann Brian M Courtney Gregory W 2010 Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher level classification of Tipuloidea Diptera Systematic Entomology 35 3 526 545 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3113 2010 00524 x S2CID 86724439 a b c d e Watson L and M J Dallwitz 2003 onwards Tipulidae British Insects The Families of Diptera Version 1 January 2012 Do Mosquito Hawks Eat Mosquitoes endmosquitoes com Retrieved 29 August 2019 Ribeiro Guilherme C Lukashevich Elena D 2014 01 08 New Leptotarsus from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil and Spain the oldest members of the family Tipulidae Diptera Zootaxa 3753 4 347 363 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3753 4 4 ISSN 1175 5334 PMID 24872305 a b c Pritchard G 1983 Biology of Tipulidae PDF Annual Review of Entomology 28 1 1 22 doi 10 1146 annurev en 28 010183 000245 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 01 12 Retrieved 2013 10 08 a b c d e de Jong Herman Oosterbroek Pjotr Gelhaus Jon Reusch Herbert Young Chen 2008 Global diversity of crane flies Insecta Diptera Tipulidea or Tipulidae sensu lato in freshwater PDF Hydrobiologia 595 1 457 467 doi 10 1007 s10750 007 9131 0 S2CID 34927837 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 10 11 Retrieved 2013 10 08 a b c d e Oosterbroek P Superfamily Tipuloidea Family Tipulidae Chapter 2 In Evenhuis N L Ed Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions Issue 86 of Bernice P Bishop Museum Special Publication Apollo Press 1989 Louise Moon 25 April 2018 World s biggest mosquito with 11 cm wing span found in southwest China South China Morning Post Retrieved 29 August 2019 Crane Flies Introduction Archived from the original on 2017 07 09 Retrieved 2013 09 23 Smith Ian M Smith Bruce P Cook David R 2001 Water Mites Hydrachnida and Other Arachnids Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates Elsevier pp 551 659 doi 10 1016 b978 012690647 9 50017 x ISBN 978 0 12 690647 9 retrieved 2022 10 06 Rao Sujaya Listona Aaron Cramptonb Lora Takeyasu Joyce 2006 Identification of Larvae of Exotic Tipula paludosa Diptera Tipulidae and T oleracea in North America Using Mitochondrial cytB Sequences Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99 1 33 40 doi 10 1603 0013 8746 2006 099 0033 IOLOET 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 85635147 Blackshaw R P Coll C 1999 Economically important leatherjackets of grassland and cereals biology impact and control PDF Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4 2 145 162 doi 10 1023 A 1009625724013 S2CID 80918734 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 01 15 Retrieved 2019 08 29 Jackson D M Campbell R L Biology of the European crane fly Meigen in western Washington Tipulidae Diptera Washington State University Technical Bull No 81 1975 A Ward 1999 Cricket s Strangest Matches 1998 ed Robson Books London p 111 ISBN 978 1 86105 293 3 Rohdendorf B 1974 The Historical Development of Diptera Edmonton Univ Alberta Savchenko E N 1966 Phylogeny and systematics of the Tipulidae Fauna Ukraini 14 63 88 In Russian Australian National Insect Collection ANIC Home anic csiro au Retrieved 2023 01 04 Gullan P J Cranston P S 2014 The insects an outline of entomology 5th edition West Sussex Wiley Blackwell Hennig W 1950 Die Larvenformen der Dipteren Arb 2 Berlin Akad Verlag Cassidy Frederic Gomes 1985 Dictionary of American Regional English ISBN 978 0 674 20511 6 a b Is the UK really seeing a record daddy long legs invasion the Guardian 2021 09 22 Retrieved 2023 01 04 Could record 200 billion daddy long legs hit UK CBBC Newsround Retrieved 2023 01 04 Ryan Nicky 2013 10 20 Debunked Are Daddy Longlegs the most poisonous spiders in the world TheJournal ie Retrieved 2023 01 04 Mertz Leslie August 17 2015 Mosquito Hawk Skeeter Eater Giant Mosquito No No and No Entomology Today Entomological Society of America Blake Newton Crane Flies of Kentucky University of Kentucky Entomology Further reading EditIdentificationPierre C 1924 Dipteres Tipulidae Faune de France n 8 Bibliotheque Virtuelle Numerique Out of date but online at no cost In French R L Coe Paul Freeman amp P F Mattingly Nematocera families Tipulidae to Chironomidae Tipulidae Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 9 Part 2 i pdf download manual Out of date but online at no cost J F McAlpine B V Petersen G E Shewell H J Teskey J R Vockeroth D M Wood Eds 1987 Manual of Nearctic Diptera Volume 1 Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1987 pdf key to Nearctic genera E N Savchenko Family Tipulidae in Bei Bienko G Ya 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 Diptera Part 2 English edition Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision External links Edit Look up crane fly in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tipulidae Wikispecies has information related to Tipulidae Ohioline osu edu Ohio State University Fact Sheet Family Tipulidae at EOL IZ carnegiemnh org Crane Flies of Pennsylvania Extensive Specimen Collection Carnegie Museum of Natural History NLBIF eti uva nl Catalog of Craneflies of the World Diptera info Image Gallery BugGuide net photo gallery many species Gaga jes mlc edu tw Tipulidae of Taiwan in Chinese with images under Latin binomials Crane Fly Field Guide to Common Texas Insects CRANE FLY LARVAE Missouri Department of Conservation Retrieved 27 September 2020 Species lists Edit West Palaearctic including Russia Australasian Oceanian Nearctic Japan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crane fly amp oldid 1144174121, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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