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HAL Tejas

October 24, 2023

The HAL Tejas (lit. 'Radiance') is an Indian single engine, delta wing, light multirole fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC) of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.[11] It was developed from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters but later became part of a general fleet modernisation programme.[12][13] In 2003, the LCA was officially named "Tejas".[14] It is the smallest and lightest in its class of contemporary supersonic combat aircraft.[15]

Tejas
A Hal Tejas of No. 18 Squadron IAF
Role Multirole light fighter
National origin India
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Design group Aeronautical Development Agency
Aircraft Research and Design Centre (HAL)
Defence Research and Development Organisation
National Aerospace Laboratories
First flight 4 January 2001[1]
Introduction 17 January 2015[2]
Status In production[3]
Primary user Indian Air Force
Produced 2001–present
Number built 50 (as of 23 August 2023)[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Developed into HAL Tejas Mk2
HAL TEDBF

The Tejas is the second fighter developed by HAL with the intention of attaining supersonic performance, after the HAL HF-24 Marut.[16] The Tejas achieved initial operational clearance in 2011 and final operational clearance in 2019. The first Tejas squadron became operational in 2016, as No. 45 Squadron IAF Flying Daggers was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced with the Tejas.[10]

Currently there are three production models of the Tejas - the Mark 1, Mark 1A and a trainer version. The IAF has ordered 32 Mark 1s, 73 Mark 1As and 18 Mark 1 trainer aircraft. Eventually the IAF plans to procure a total of 324 aircraft in all variants, including the Tejas Mark 2 which is currently under development.[17] The Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be ready for series production by 2026.[18]

As of 2022, indigenous content in the Tejas Mark 1 is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by number of line replaceable units.[19] The indigenous content of the Tejas Mk 1A is expected to be 50% and rise to 60% by the end of the programme.[20]

Development Edit

LCA programme Edit

See also: Timeline of HAL Tejas
 
LCA Tejas production partners

The LCA programme originated in the early 1980s. In 1983, the Government of India established the LCA project with the initial goal to develop a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing IAF fighters, especially the MiG-21 variants,[21] which had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963.[22] At one point the IAF had operated as many as 874 MiG-21s.[22] The "Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981" noted that most of these IAF fighters were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.[23]

In 1984, the Government of India established Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the aegis of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.[21] The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while HAL was chosen as the principal contractor.[24] The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA included the three most sophisticated and challenging systems: the Fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system, multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, and afterburning turbofan engine.[25]

The project definition phase was commenced in October 1986[21] with France's Dassault-Breguet Aviation as consultant. Dassault-Breguet's expertise was mainly utilised in the design and system integration of the Tejas.[26] In 1988, Dassault offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the LCA, consisting of three digital channels and one analogue channel, with a redundant analogue channel as a back up in case the digital channels fails. But the ADA was in favour of a quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.[27]

The design of the Tejas was finalised in 1990, as a small tailless compound delta wing design with relaxed static stability. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability it would be a control configured vehicle incorporating a digital FBW flight control system.[27] Kota Harinarayana was the Programme Director and Chief Designer of Tejas.[27][28] In 1992, a dedicated National Control Law (CLAW) team was set up by the National Aerospace Laboratories to develop India's own state of the art FBW flight control system for the Tejas. According to FlightGlobal, Lockheed Martin's consultancy was sought earlier, but following a US embargo in response to India's second nuclear tests in 1998, India was forced to complete the software independently.[29][30] This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.[27][31]

 
Tejas technology demonstrator in inverted flight

The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of an Iron Bird test rig. The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on Iron Bird Test Rig. On 4 January 2001, on its maiden flight, the TD-1 successfully flew with an indigenous quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.[27]

Another critical technology needed for LCA was the multi-mode radar (MMR). Initially, the Ericsson/Ferranti PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar, also used on Saab's JAS 39 Gripen, was intended to be used.[32] However, DRDO decided to develop an indigenous multi-mode radar for the Tejas. HAL's Hyderabad division and the DRDO's Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) laboratory were selected to jointly lead the MMR programme, and work commenced in 1997.[33] The Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) was responsible for the MMR's test programme. An HAL-748 airborne surveillance aircraft was converted for this purpose.[34] The development of multi-mode was not smooth, as it suffered some setbacks. By 2005, only two radar modes – the air-to-air look-up and look-down were confirmed to have been successfully tested. The performance of several other modes that had been tested were suboptimal.[34] The problem with the radar was mainly attributed to the lack of compatibility between the LRDE/HAL multi mode radar and the LRDE's advanced signal processor module.[33] Using an "off-the-shelf" foreign radar as an interim option was considered.[35]

ADA met with success in the development of three of the five key technologies identified at the beginning of the LCA programme. The successful endeavours were mastery in the FBW flight control system,[36][27] the development and manufacturing of carbon-fibre composite structures and skins, and a modern glass cockpit. The Autolay computer-aided design software developed as part of the LCA programme has been licensed to Airbus for its A380 wide-body aircraft project.[37][25] The development of a multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, once delayed[35] was completed as the Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and is currently undergoing flight trials.[38] India's self-reliance goal oriented development for the LCA programme has considerably increased the indigenous components in Tejas and contributed to an aviation industry expansion in the country.[39][40]

On 20 December 2021, Ministry of Defence (MoD) in a written reply during winter session of Rajya Sabha clarified that the HAL Tejas is no longer considered as a replacement for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, instead it is now part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.[41] On 10 April 2023, HAL started a third production line at its Nashik Division that will increase production from 16 to 24 aircraft per year.[42]

Prototypes and testing Edit

Tejas FOC on wet contact trial from Ilyushin Il-78 tanker

Prototype testing began in 2003, a year after the first flight of the second Technology Demonstrator (TD-2).[43] The first prototype aircraft, PV-1, made its maiden flight in 2003. The first trainer prototype PV-5 was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on 26 November 2009.[43] A total of two trainer prototypes were built and designated PV-5 and PV-06. The first naval prototype, designated NP-1, made its first flight on 27 April 2012. It was a twin-seater aircraft, while the second naval prototype, designated as NP-2, was a single seater. Both naval prototypes were used extensively for various aircraft carrier-related trials at the Shore Based Test Facility in Goa. NP-2 was used in the actual carrier trials, where it made an arrested recovery and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft-carrier INS Vikramaditya in January 2020.[44]

 
Tejas Limited Series Production aircraft LSP-3 on landing run

The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.[43] A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of the R-73[45] and Python-5 close combat missiles, the I-Derby ER beyond visual range air-to-air missile[46] and guided–unguided munition releases.[47][48] The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli Elta EL/M-2032 multi-mode radar,[49] Indian Uttam AESA Radar[38] and Rafael Litening targeting pod.[34] The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.[38] The high altitude trials[50] and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC[51] and FOC configurations.[50] These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius[50] to more than +45 degrees Celsius.[51]

Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes, at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high angles of attack (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the flight envelope.[52] LSP-4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010. It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.[53]

In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.[54] In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight engine relight test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.[55] On 15 April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB) bearings and power take-off shaft. The Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.[56]

Operational clearance Edit

 
HAL Tejas from No. 45 Squadron IAF stationed at Sulur Air Force Station.

In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.[57] The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in January 2011.[58] To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-limit, angle of attack and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have an operational radius of 400–500 km.[59][60] The first squadron, consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in 2016.[61] The No. 45 Squadron IAF based at Sulur Air Force Station, Coimbatore was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.[10]

The FOC campaign began in December 2014.[62] Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC and inflight refueling capability.[60] In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" - refuelling with engine running,[1] which shortens the turnaround time[63] by 30% and doubles the sortie rate.[64] In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC.[1] In January 2019, HAL received permission from CEMILAC to start production of the FOC standard Tejas.[65]

On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.[66] The second Tejas squadron – No.18 Flying Bullets was formed at Sulur Air Force Station on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.[61][67]

A full mission simulator (FMS) phase-1 was commissioned at Sulur Air Force Station on 23 October 2021. The Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying. Phase 2 will further augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas.[68]

Upgrades and further development Edit

 
Tejas IOC aircraft, each carrying two drop tanks on inner pylons

In May 2015, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the survivability and operational deployability of the aircraft in actual combat.[69] A few of these shortcomings, including lack of combat endurance, were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft.[1] Tejas Mark 1 FOC resolved the issue of onboard fuel monitoring with an integrated Environmental Control and Fuel Management (ECFM) system. It can now perform aerial refueling from Ilyushin Il-78 and buddy refueling with Sukhoi Su-30MKI. Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at HAL, Nashik facility with Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23.[70]

The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection jammer,[71] updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.[72] The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.[71]

Tejas Mark 1A Edit

The Tejas Mark 1A, which has more than 40 improvements over the Mark 1 variant,[73] is expected to begin production in 2023–24.[74] Upgraded Mark 1A aircraft will retain basic Mark 1 airframe while featuring a new avionic suite centered on EL/M-2052 AESA Radar and Uttam AESA Radar, DARE Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability, instrument flight rules (IFR) capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of Astra BVRAAM and ASRAAM.[71][10] HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded IFF+ from older identification friend or foe system.[75] To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.[70] The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.[74]

Tejas LSP7 firing Astra Mk1 missile

According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022 and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in second half of 2022. Delivery of the aircraft for the IAF will begin from March 2024.[76][77] BEL will supply 20 types of locally developed critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from ADA, Air Data Computer from DRDO, Weapon Computers from ADE, Radar Warning Receiver from Combat Aircraft Systems Development and Integration Centre (CASDIC) and Head-up display from Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIO) from 2023 to 2028 for ₹2,400 crore.[78]

On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.[79][80] HAL intends to obtain a certificate from Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) within 30 months before this version enters mass production. Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.[81][75]

HAL is on track to deliver first Tejas Mark 1A by February 2024.The order of 83 aircraft for IAF will be completed by 2029 at the rate of 16 units per year.[82][76] The original two Tejas production lines were located in HAL's Bengaluru facility and have a combined production capacity of 16 aircraft per year. In order to speed up delivery, a third production line in HAL's Nashik factory with a capacity of 8 Tejas aircraft per year was inaugurated on 5th April 2023 by Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane, taking the production capacity of Tejas LCA to a total of 24 aircraft per year.[83]

Tejas Mark 2 Edit

Main article: HAL Tejas Mk2

The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerful General Electric F414 INS6 engine, canards and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is expected to be rolled out in 2022, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an integrated infrared search and track (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.[84][64] The Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) is developing aircraft health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.[85] The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in 2023.[86]

Naval variant Edit

 
LCA Navy prototype NP-1

The Naval LCA programme was commenced in 2003.[87] According to ADA, the Naval LCA (N-LCA) Programme was envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval prototypes were developed - the two-seat NP-1 and the single-seat NP-2, based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2, two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and integration of the General Electric F414 INS6 engine.[88] The first naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,[89] and made its first flight on 27 April 2012.[90] The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery.[87][91]

In December 2014, the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski-jump assisted take off from a SBTF at INS Hansa. The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off.[91]

In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat operations,[92] and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.[93]

Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms currently being developed by the ADA, test flying was continued.[94]

In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the SBTF in Goa in day time[95] and night time.[96] As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights,[95] of these 50 were ski jump take-offs.[97]

Tejas NP-1 landing on INS Vikramaditya

In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out its first arrested landing and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft-carrier INS Vikramaditya.[44][95]

In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's multi-role carrier borne fighter requirement floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.[98] In Aero India 2021 a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF).[99][100] The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.[97]

In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.[101]

LCA Tejas maiden landing onboard INS Vikrant

Program costs Edit

Development costs Edit

  • LCA Programme - ₹9,063.96 crore (equivalent to ₹110 billion or US$1.3 billion in 2023) (up to March 2020)[102]
  • Kaveri engine programme - ₹2,032 crore (equivalent to ₹24 billion or US$300 million in 2023)[102]
  • ₹1,202 crore (equivalent to ₹13 billion or US$170 million in 2023) additional design and development (Jan 2021)[103]

Flyaway costs Edit

  • ₹146.2 crore (equivalent to ₹234 crore or US$29 million in 2023) for IOC Mark 1 (2014)[104][105]
  • ₹156 crore (equivalent to ₹350 crore or US$44 million in 2023) for FOC Mark 1 (2010)[105]
  • ₹303 crore (equivalent to ₹340 crore or US$43 million in 2023) for Mark 1A and ₹309 crore (equivalent to ₹347 crore or US$43 million in 2023) for export variant (2021)[106][107][108]

Design Edit

Overview Edit

The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, compound delta wing design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out Interception, air-to-surface and anti-shipping roles in a single mission.[109] The wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave drag, as well low wing-loading.[27]

 
Tejas airshow demo

Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side air-intake, one under the fuselage (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as FLIR, IRST or laser rangefinder/designator. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.[110] The Mark 1A has an aerial refuelling probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage.[111] The Tejas weapon suite consists of I-Derby ER and Astra beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles.[64] The Tejas has an internal 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barreled autocannon under the starboard side air-intake.[112] The BrahMos-NG supersonic cruise missile is being developed for the Tejas.[113]

The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades, the application of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings[34] and so on, reduces the overall radar cross-section of the aircraft.[109]

Airframe Edit

Apart from aluminium-lithium alloys and titanium alloys,[114] carbon-fibre composite materials are used in the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90% by surface area,[115] the highest among contemporary aircraft.[116] The upper and lower wing surfaces, wing spars and wing ribs are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,[117] while the fin tip is made out of glass-fibre.[118] The extensive use of composite materials in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number of joints or rivets, increases the aircraft's structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to fatigue cracks.[109] The tailfin is a monolithic honeycomb structure, reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.[119] Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with a radome made out of Kevlar which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft.[64]

The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons, the naval LCA have wing leading–edge vortex controllers (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).[34] The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage, stronger landing gear,[91] and an arrestor hook system for carrier landings.[120] The two-seat LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.[121]

Avionics Edit

 
Elbit DASH IV Helmet-mounted display.

The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.[64] Its digital flight control computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL.[122][123] It has an electronic warfare (EW) suite domestically developed by Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), which consists of a radar warning receiver (RWR), integrated self-protection jammer,[124] chaff and flare dispenser system.[125][126] The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A, will have an AESA radar, new digital flight control computer, new EW suite and updated avionics.[71] Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta EL/M-2052 AESA radar,[10] while rest are expected to fly with the domestically developed Uttam AESA radar.[38] The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE and known as the Unified Electronic Warfare suite (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and electronic counter-countermeasure capabilities, digital radio frequency memory based[127] jamming and deception capabilities.[74] The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer[64] – the Elta ELL-8222WB.[128] The Mark 1A will have software-defined radio-based secure communications and network-centric warfare capabilities.[129]

The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as forward looking infrared (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting/reconnaissance pod,[130] while an advanced version named Litening 4I will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition.[131] The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.[111]

The Tejas has a night vision goggles compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developed head-up display (HUD), three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays by Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIO). The Tejas has hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) arrangement to reduce pilot's workload.[111][34] The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with an air data computer developed by Bharat Electronics Limited to assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped with Martin-Baker 16LG zero-zero ejection seat[118] and canopy severance system developed by the DRDO for safe ejection.[111][132] For life support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.[133] The ADA has developed virtual reality assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,[134] and N-LCA.[91] Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IV helmet-mounted display system.[34][135]

Flight control system Edit

 
N-LCA has additional flight control laws (source codes) for LEVCON and hands-free take off

The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-section slats on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate vortex lift over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing trailing edge fits two-segment elevons to provide pitch and roll control. The only empennage-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece rudder and two airbrakes, located in the upper rear part of the fuselage, one each on either side of the fin.[110] Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system[27] and an open architecture[136] digital flight control computer developed by BEL.[122] Its flight control surfaces are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.[137] The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called auto low-speed recovery. This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is disorientation recovery function, once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the IIT Bombay research university.[138]

Propulsion Edit

Further information: GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the Kaveri, was launched as early as in 1986.[139] However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the General Electric F404-GE-F2J3 afterburning turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.[139] Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are powering Tejas variants.[140]

The Tejas Mark 1 is currently powered by the F404 IN20 engine. The Mark 1A variant will be powered by the same powerplant,[141] while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a General Electric F414 INS6 engine.[141] On 17 August 2021, HAL placed an order of ₹5,375 crore (equivalent to ₹60 billion or US$760 million in 2023) for 99 F404-GE-IN20 engines.[141][142]

Operational history Edit

 
IAF Su-30 MKI, French Rafale, IAF Tejas during Exercise Garuda VII.

The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July 2011. The first Tejas squadron—No. 45 Squadron IAF (Flying Daggers) became operational in July 2016,[61] based at Sulur Air Force Station in Coimbatore.[143] The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron, Squadron 18, was formed at Sulur on 27 May 2020.[144] The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016, at the fourth Bahrain International Airshow.[145]

In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.[17] In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "swing role" capability.[146]

According to the commanding officer of No. 45 Squadron – Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight close combat missiles,[147] such as – Python-5 and R-73.[148]

On 18 August 2020, IAF deployed the No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" on the western front along the Pakistani border (line of control). It was the first operational deployment of Tejas.[149]

On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired Python-5 high off-boresight (HOBS) close combat missile and further validated enhanced capability of I-Derby ER (extended range) BVR missile. Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.[46]

IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII, with five Tejas and two C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, held in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023. This is the first time Tejas participated in an international flying exercise outside India.[150]

Orders Edit

  • 2006 March 31 - Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Airforce placed an initial order for twenty LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2011. The order comprised 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat LCA.[151]
  • 2010 December 23 - Indian Government ordered twenty additional LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2016. The order stipulated four additional trainers, and 16 single seat LCA.[151]
  • 2021 January 27 - Indian Government signed an order for 83 HAL Tejas, comprising 10 additional twin seat trainers, and 73 single seat MK1A LCA.[152]
  • 2023 September 16 - Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari stated that the Indian Airforce has made the decision to order around 97 more Mark 1A fighter jets. [153]

Potential operators Edit

HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.[18] It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.[154]

Botswana Edit

The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing has approached HAL for potentially replacing Canadair CF-5s with the Tejas due to its age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.[155] The BDFAW has previously considered acquiring Gripens,[156] the F-16,[157] KAI T-50,[158] and the Leonardo M-346.[155]

Egypt Edit

During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas[159] to replace their 100 Chinese-made Hongdu JL-8 trainers.[citation needed] Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt.[160]

During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt is seeking around 20 Tejas for its requirements.[161] HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.[161]

Failed bids Edit

Argentina Edit

The Argentine Air Force (FAA) has periodically indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the HAL Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.[162] In October 2021, FAA chief-of-staff Brigadier Xavier Julian Isaac confirmed that HAL had offered the HAL Tejas to the FAA, amidst other offers of the JF-17 from China and the MiG-35 from Russia.[163][164] Multiple sources have also indicated that the HAL Tejas may likely be a good option for the FAA.[165]

However, any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by UK-imposed arms sanctions; the United Kingdom has barred any sale of military-equipment consisting of UK-manufactured parts to Argentina, ever since the British-Argentine Falklands War of 1982.[166] Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other fighter aircraft, including the Mirage F1M, the IAI Kfir, the JAS 39 Gripen and the KAI FA-50 were scuttled due to UK-diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts.[167][168]

Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the HAL Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny, since it utilizes the British-origin MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat manufactured by Martin-Baker, along with other British-origin components — including an aerial-refueling probe and a quartz radome, both supplied by Cobham Limited.[169][162] Nevertheless, HAL has reportedly offered a customised-variant of the HAL Tejas to the FAA, which includes a retrofit of about 50-specific components and the substitution of all major British-origin components — including the ejection seat and the aerial-refueling probe, with diplomatically suitable alternatives;[170] however, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.[171]

On September 21, 2022, there was an indication that the Argentine Air Force was willing to look at the JF-17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.[172] Furthermore, Tejas uses American engines, Israeli radar, and a mishmash of avionics from countries that will never authorize re-export.[173]

In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft.[174] With President Alberto Fernandez stating in an interview that “Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."[174][175]

On July 20, 2023, Argentinian officials requested HAL to retrofit the Tejas with non-British parts.[176] HAL reported that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to do so.[177] It's reported the Tejas is being considered against used F-16s.[178]

Australia Edit

In July 2020, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) had issued a tender, seeking a new jet trainer to replace its fleet of BAE Hawk 127 trainer aircraft.[179] According to HAL's "58th Annual Report" covering 2020–2021, HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT) configuration to Australia's Department of Defence (DoD) in July 2020.[180] Other aircraft also reported to be participating in the tender are the Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk, the Aermacchi M-346 Master and the KAI T-50.[181]

However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US $1 billion.[182] During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021, The Indian Express reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.[183]

In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.[184]

Malaysia Edit

Malaysia had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its MiG-29 fleet; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.[185]

In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially amongst the RMAF and then-Malaysian PM Mahathir bin Mohamad.[186]

However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished, owing to diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia — most particularly Malaysia's contentious remarks over India's abrogation of Article 370 and India's retaliatory move of boycotting Malaysian-produced palm oil.[187] The diplomatic skirmishes ceased in 2020, following Mahathir's resignation as PM and the restitution of the Indo-Malaysian palm oil trade.[188][189][190][191]

In 2021, an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility at Bangalore to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas, possibly in anticipation of a possible order — reaffirming Malaysia's interest in the aircraft.[192][193]

In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing BAE Hawk 108/208 light-combat aircraft and its MB-339CM trainers.[194][195] The RMAF later issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).[196]

In October 2021, the RMAF confirmed that the HAL — offering the HAL Tejas MK1A, had submitted its bid for the FLIT/LCA tender, along with five other international firms — Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) (offering the KAI FA-50), China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation (CATIC) (offering the HAIC L-15), Leonardo S.p.A. (offering the Aermacchi M-346), Turkish Aerospace Industries (offering the TAI Hürjet) and Rosoboronexport (offering the Mikoyan MiG-35).[196] Coincidentally, the JF-17 — which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, had not participated in the FLIT/LCA tender.[197][198]

Later that year, HAL signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with MMTC Ltd — a public sector firm, as a channelizing partner to facilitate the import of palm oil as a counter-trade to any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to the RMAF; this arrangement was initiated to fulfill a mandatory requirement of the RMAF — which stipulates that 50% of the total cost of the FLIT/LCA tender must be paid the winning contender through means of barter trade.[180][199][200] HAL also signed another MOU with Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation (BHIC) — a major Malaysia-based defense contractor, to fulfill another mandatory condition of the RMAF — stipulating that the winning contender must locally procure at least 30% of products or services from Malaysian companies in the deal; the HAL-BHIC joint venture would offer a provision of "Depot Level Maintenance" i.e. providing reliability, availability, maintainability and supportability (RAMS) to the RMAF, should HAL win the FLIT/LCA tender.[201][202][203] In July 2022, HAL announced that Malaysia has picked the Tejas to potentially replace its MiG-29s as negotiations are in the final stage.[204]

In February 2023, the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.[205] Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block 20 aircraft worth US$920 million.[206] The FA-50 was chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.[207]

Philippines Edit

In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU with the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation,[208] which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.[209] On July 7, 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. The F-16V Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ are the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.[210]

Sri Lanka Edit

In 2018, it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of IAI Kfir and Chengdu J-7 aircraft.[211] The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.[212] In 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.[213]

United Arab Emirates Edit

The Tejas had attracted interest from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE.[214] By May 2022, Tejas had failed to gain any interest[215] with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France. In February 2023, the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12 Hongdu L-15 trainer and light combat aircraft from China,[216] with options for another 36.[217] UAE officials stated the L-15 order aligned with the UAE's framework for diversifying the military's sources of equipment.[218]

United States Edit

In December 2020, in response to a Request for Information (RFI) from the United States Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), HAL offered the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas — classified as the "HAL Tejas LIFT", to the United States Navy (USN), as part the latter's initiative to replace its fleet of T-45 Goshawk trainer aircraft, dubbed the "Undergraduate Jet Training System".[219][220] Other aircraft participating in the UJTS, are the T-7 Red Hawk — offered by Boeing in partnership with Saab, and the KAI T-50A Golden Eagle — offered by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), in partnership with Lockheed Martin.[221]

Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to multiple sources.[220][222][223] Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums of Boeing-Saab and KAI-Lockheed Martin, offering the T-7 and the T-50A, respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.[224]

Variants Edit

 
Ski-jump takeoff of by Tejas NP-2 at INS Hansa

Prototypes Edit

Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model designations, tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown.

Technology Demonstrators (TD)
  • TD-1 (KH2001) – 4 January 2001.[43][225]
  • TD-2 (KH2002) – 6 June 2002.[43]
Prototype Vehicles (PV)
  • PV-1 (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.[226]
  • PV-2 (KH2004) – First flight on 1 December 2005.
  • PV-3 (KH2005) – First flight on 1 December 2006.
  • PV-5 (KH-T2009) – First flight on 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[43]
  • PV-6 (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[227]
Naval Prototypes (NP)
  • NP-1 (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.[89] NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.[228]
  • NP-2 (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing required in STOBAR carrier.[9]
  • NP-5 (NAVY3005) - Two-seat naval variant. First flight on 29 August 2023. Built to production standard incorporating improvements learned from NP-1 and NP-2.[229]
Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft
 
Tejas LSP-7 (KH2017) firing Python-5.
  • LSP-1 (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.[230][43]
  • LSP-2 (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA fitted with F404-IN20 engine.[230]
  • LSP-3 (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar[49] and will be close to the IOC standard.
  • LSP-4 (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered to the Indian Air Force.[231] The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR, a Countermeasure Dispensing System, and an identify friend or foe electronic system.[232]
  • LSP-5 (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.[233]
  • LSP-7 (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.[234]
  • LSP-8 (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based.[7]

Production variants Edit

 
HAL Tejas at the 2022 Singapore Airshow
  • Tejas Mark 1 − Single-seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constituting No. 45 Squadron IAF. Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and 18 Squadron (Flying Bullets) was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020.[61] Delivery of balance 15 aircraft to No. 18 Squadron is expected to be completed by September 2021.[235] FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are BVRAAM capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g,[236] updated avionics and flight control software suite, as well as capable of hot refueling and aerial refueling.[61]
  • Tejas Trainer - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft. The first series production trainer aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.[237] IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023.[238]
  • Tejas Mark 1A - an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with EL/M-2052 and Uttam AESA radar, self-protection jammer, radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an external ECM pod.[239][74] The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft of the Mark.1A variant rolled out in April 2022, and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed (FTB). A second LSP rolled out in late 2022, and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the Mark.1A variant lighter than the Mark.1, and to optimize weight distribution.

Future developments Edit

  • SPORT  - Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seater Lead-in Fighter Training (LiFT) aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as light fighter.[240]
  • Tejas Mark 2 - or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.[241] The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.[242] In January 2019, Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.[243]
  • CATS MAX - The main component of HAL Combat Air Teaming System (CATS), CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.[244][245]
  • Tejas Trainer - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors.

Cancelled variants Edit

  • Tejas Mark 1 Navy - Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine. Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighter HAL TEDBF.[246]
  • Tejas Mark 2 Navy - Proposed naval variant based on the Tejas Mark 2. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.[247]
  • Tejas Trainer IN - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. Cancelled in favour of HAL TEDBF.[247]

Operators Edit

  India

Indian Air Force –123 aircraft ordered, 32 delivered.[4]

Tejas Mark 1 : 40 aircraft ordered (20 IOC standard and 20 FOC standard),[248]

Tejas Mark 1A : 83 aircraft on order (73 Mk1A single-seater aircraft, 10 Mk1 FOC trainers), scheduled to be delivered in 2024-2028 timeframe.[249]

Specifications (Tejas Mark 1) Edit

 
HAL Tejas drawing

Data from tejas.gov.in,[251] DRDO Techfocus,[252] Jane's All the World's Aircraft,[118]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 or 2
  • Length: 13.2 m (43 ft 4 in)
  • Wingspan: 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 38.4 m2 (413 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 6,560 kg (14,462 lb)
  • Gross weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 13,500 kg (29,762 lb) [253]
  • Fuel capacity: 2,458 kg (5,419 lb)3,060 L (670 imp gal; 810 US gal) internal; 2 × 1,200 L (260 imp gal; 320 US gal), 800 L (180 imp gal; 210 US gal) drop tank inboard, 725 L (159 imp gal; 192 US gal) drop tank under fuselage
  • Payload: 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) external stores[253][254]
  • Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F404-GE-IN20 afterburning turbofan with FADEC, 55 kN (12,000 lbf) thrust dry, 85 kN (19,000 lbf) with afterburner[255]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,980 km/h (1,230 mph, 1,070 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.6[253]
  • Range: 1,850 km (1,150 mi, 1,000 nmi)
  • Combat range: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi) with internal fuel[256]
  • Ferry range: 3,200 km (1,986 mi, 1,726 nmi) with 2 external drop tanks[256]
  • Service ceiling: 16,000 m (53,500 ft) [253]
  • g limits: +9/−3.5[257]
  • Wing loading: 255.2 kg/m2 (52.3 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 1.07[258][259][260]

Armament

Avionics

See also Edit

Related development

Related lists

References Edit

Citations Edit

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Bibliography Edit

  • Jackson, Paul; Munson, Kenneth; Peacock, Lindsay, eds. (2005), "ADA Tejas", Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2005–06 (96th ed.), Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited, ISBN 978-0-7106-2684-4
  • Taylor, John W. R.; Munson, Kenneth; Taylor, Michael J. H., eds. (1989), "HAL Light Combat Aircraft", Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989–1990, Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited, ISBN 978-0-7106-0896-3
  • Frawley, Gerard (2002), The International Directory of Military Aircraft, Manly NSW, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, ISBN 1-875671-55-2
  • Hoh, Roger H.; Mitchell, David G. (September 1983), (PDF), Federal Aviation Administration, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2008, retrieved 16 June 2008
  • Aronstein, David C.; Piccirillo, Albert C. (1996), The Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition, Reston, Virginia: AIAA, ISBN 978-1-56347-193-3

External links Edit

  •   Media related to HAL Tejas at Wikimedia Commons
  • Official Government of India Tejas site 27 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine

Features and analysis:

  • — A feature by The Hindu on the Tejas test pilots.
  • , by Air Marshal MSD Wollen (Retd).
  • , by Ashok Parthasarathi and Raman Puri.

Technical:

  • TEJAS The Indian Light Combat Aircraft, official brochure 2015
October 24, 2023
tejas, radiance, indian, single, engine, delta, wing, light, multirole, fighter, designed, aeronautical, development, agency, collaboration, with, aircraft, research, design, centre, ardc, hindustan, aeronautics, limited, indian, force, indian, navy, developed. The HAL Tejas lit Radiance is an Indian single engine delta wing light multirole fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency ADA in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre ARDC of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAL for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy 11 It was developed from the Light Combat Aircraft LCA programme which began in the 1980s to replace India s ageing MiG 21 fighters but later became part of a general fleet modernisation programme 12 13 In 2003 the LCA was officially named Tejas 14 It is the smallest and lightest in its class of contemporary supersonic combat aircraft 15 TejasA Hal Tejas of No 18 Squadron IAFRole Multirole light fighterNational origin IndiaManufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics LimitedDesign group Aeronautical Development Agency Aircraft Research and Design Centre HAL Defence Research and Development Organisation National Aerospace LaboratoriesFirst flight 4 January 2001 1 Introduction 17 January 2015 2 Status In production 3 Primary user Indian Air ForceProduced 2001 presentNumber built 50 as of 23 August 2023 update 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Developed into HAL Tejas Mk2 HAL TEDBFThe Tejas is the second fighter developed by HAL with the intention of attaining supersonic performance after the HAL HF 24 Marut 16 The Tejas achieved initial operational clearance in 2011 and final operational clearance in 2019 The first Tejas squadron became operational in 2016 as No 45 Squadron IAF Flying Daggers was the first to have their MiG 21s replaced with the Tejas 10 Currently there are three production models of the Tejas the Mark 1 Mark 1A and a trainer version The IAF has ordered 32 Mark 1s 73 Mark 1As and 18 Mark 1 trainer aircraft Eventually the IAF plans to procure a total of 324 aircraft in all variants including the Tejas Mark 2 which is currently under development 17 The Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be ready for series production by 2026 18 As of 2022 update indigenous content in the Tejas Mark 1 is 59 7 by value and 75 5 by number of line replaceable units 19 The indigenous content of the Tejas Mk 1A is expected to be 50 and rise to 60 by the end of the programme 20 Contents 1 Development 1 1 LCA programme 1 2 Prototypes and testing 1 3 Operational clearance 1 4 Upgrades and further development 1 4 1 Tejas Mark 1A 1 4 2 Tejas Mark 2 1 5 Naval variant 1 6 Program costs 1 6 1 Development costs 1 6 2 Flyaway costs 2 Design 2 1 Overview 2 2 Airframe 2 3 Avionics 2 4 Flight control system 2 5 Propulsion 3 Operational history 3 1 Orders 3 2 Potential operators 3 2 1 Botswana 3 2 2 Egypt 3 3 Failed bids 3 3 1 Argentina 3 3 2 Australia 3 3 3 Malaysia 3 3 4 Philippines 3 3 5 Sri Lanka 3 3 6 United Arab Emirates 3 3 7 United States 4 Variants 4 1 Prototypes 4 2 Production variants 4 3 Future developments 4 4 Cancelled variants 5 Operators 6 Specifications Tejas Mark 1 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Bibliography 9 External linksDevelopment EditLCA programme Edit See also Timeline of HAL Tejas nbsp LCA Tejas production partnersThe LCA programme originated in the early 1980s In 1983 the Government of India established the LCA project with the initial goal to develop a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing IAF fighters especially the MiG 21 variants 21 which had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963 22 At one point the IAF had operated as many as 874 MiG 21s 22 The Long Term Re Equipment Plan 1981 noted that most of these IAF fighters were approaching the end of their service lives by the early 1990s and that by 1995 the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements 23 In 1984 the Government of India established Aeronautical Development Agency ADA under the aegis of Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO to manage the LCA programme 21 The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while HAL was chosen as the principal contractor 24 The government s self reliance goals for the LCA included the three most sophisticated and challenging systems the Fly by wire FBW flight control system multi mode pulse doppler radar and afterburning turbofan engine 25 The project definition phase was commenced in October 1986 21 with France s Dassault Breguet Aviation as consultant Dassault Breguet s expertise was mainly utilised in the design and system integration of the Tejas 26 In 1988 Dassault offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the LCA consisting of three digital channels and one analogue channel with a redundant analogue channel as a back up in case the digital channels fails But the ADA was in favour of a quadruplex digital FBW flight control system 27 The design of the Tejas was finalised in 1990 as a small tailless compound delta wing design with relaxed static stability To provide enhanced manoeuvrability it would be a control configured vehicle incorporating a digital FBW flight control system 27 Kota Harinarayana was the Programme Director and Chief Designer of Tejas 27 28 In 1992 a dedicated National Control Law CLAW team was set up by the National Aerospace Laboratories to develop India s own state of the art FBW flight control system for the Tejas According to FlightGlobal Lockheed Martin s consultancy was sought earlier but following a US embargo in response to India s second nuclear tests in 1998 India was forced to complete the software independently 29 30 This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months 27 31 nbsp Tejas technology demonstrator in inverted flightThe CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software with the aid of an Iron Bird test rig The quadruplex digital fly by wire flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on Iron Bird Test Rig On 4 January 2001 on its maiden flight the TD 1 successfully flew with an indigenous quadruplex digital FBW flight control system 27 Another critical technology needed for LCA was the multi mode radar MMR Initially the Ericsson Ferranti PS 05 A I J band multi function radar also used on Saab s JAS 39 Gripen was intended to be used 32 However DRDO decided to develop an indigenous multi mode radar for the Tejas HAL s Hyderabad division and the DRDO s Electronics and Radar Development Establishment LRDE laboratory were selected to jointly lead the MMR programme and work commenced in 1997 33 The Centre for Airborne Systems CABS was responsible for the MMR s test programme An HAL 748 airborne surveillance aircraft was converted for this purpose 34 The development of multi mode was not smooth as it suffered some setbacks By 2005 only two radar modes the air to air look up and look down were confirmed to have been successfully tested The performance of several other modes that had been tested were suboptimal 34 The problem with the radar was mainly attributed to the lack of compatibility between the LRDE HAL multi mode radar and the LRDE s advanced signal processor module 33 Using an off the shelf foreign radar as an interim option was considered 35 ADA met with success in the development of three of the five key technologies identified at the beginning of the LCA programme The successful endeavours were mastery in the FBW flight control system 36 27 the development and manufacturing of carbon fibre composite structures and skins and a modern glass cockpit The Autolay computer aided design software developed as part of the LCA programme has been licensed to Airbus for its A380 wide body aircraft project 37 25 The development of a multi mode pulse doppler radar once delayed 35 was completed as the Active electronically scanned array AESA radar and is currently undergoing flight trials 38 India s self reliance goal oriented development for the LCA programme has considerably increased the indigenous components in Tejas and contributed to an aviation industry expansion in the country 39 40 On 20 December 2021 Ministry of Defence MoD in a written reply during winter session of Rajya Sabha clarified that the HAL Tejas is no longer considered as a replacement for the Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 21 instead it is now part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme 41 On 10 April 2023 HAL started a third production line at its Nashik Division that will increase production from 16 to 24 aircraft per year 42 Prototypes and testing Edit source Tejas FOC on wet contact trial from Ilyushin Il 78 tankerPrototype testing began in 2003 a year after the first flight of the second Technology Demonstrator TD 2 43 The first prototype aircraft PV 1 made its maiden flight in 2003 The first trainer prototype PV 5 was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on 26 November 2009 43 A total of two trainer prototypes were built and designated PV 5 and PV 06 The first naval prototype designated NP 1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012 It was a twin seater aircraft while the second naval prototype designated as NP 2 was a single seater Both naval prototypes were used extensively for various aircraft carrier related trials at the Shore Based Test Facility in Goa NP 2 was used in the actual carrier trials where it made an arrested recovery and ski jump assisted take off from the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya in January 2020 44 nbsp Tejas Limited Series Production aircraft LSP 3 on landing runThe first Limited Series Production aircraft LSP 1 performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007 43 A total of seven limited series production LSP aircraft were built The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing involving test firing of the R 73 45 and Python 5 close combat missiles the I Derby ER beyond visual range air to air missile 46 and guided unguided munition releases 47 48 The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli Elta EL M 2032 multi mode radar 49 Indian Uttam AESA Radar 38 and Rafael Litening targeting pod 34 The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP 2 and LSP 3 and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone 38 The high altitude trials 50 and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV 3 prototype in IOC 51 and FOC configurations 50 These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board at temperatures ranging from below 10 degree Celsius 50 to more than 45 degrees Celsius 51 Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air to air and air to sea modes at various altitudes were carried out in 2010 Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high angles of attack AoA to assess the structural integrity across the flight envelope 52 LSP 4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System CMDS with R 73 missile on 2 December 2010 It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System 53 In the second half of 2012 the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012 54 In 2013 Tejas LSP 7 conducted an inflight engine relight test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout a critical parameter for operational clearance The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft 55 On 15 April 2023 HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box AMAGB bearings and power take off shaft The Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification CEMILAC also gave clearance for the pre production of landing gear seals developed by the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment CVRDE and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited 56 Operational clearance Edit nbsp HAL Tejas from No 45 Squadron IAF stationed at Sulur Air Force Station In December 2006 the IAF announced that it would form an LCA Induction Team to manage the aircraft s service introduction 57 The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance I IOC I in January 2011 58 To ease up the process of FOC an interim IOC II was issued to Tejas in December 2013 The IOC II expanded the g limit angle of attack and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles The IOC II Tejas have an operational radius of 400 500 km 59 60 The first squadron consisting of Tejas in IOC II configuration became operational in 2016 61 The No 45 Squadron IAF based at Sulur Air Force Station Coimbatore was the first to have their MiG 21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base 10 The FOC campaign began in December 2014 62 Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC II to 28 degree in FOC and inflight refueling capability 60 In February 2018 as part of the FOC campaign the Tejas carried out a hot refuelling refuelling with engine running 1 which shortens the turnaround time 63 by 30 and doubles the sortie rate 64 In September 2018 the Tejas successfully completed its mid air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC 1 In January 2019 HAL received permission from CEMILAC to start production of the FOC standard Tejas 65 On 20 February 2019 during the Aero India 2019 show FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas 66 The second Tejas squadron No 18 Flying Bullets was formed at Sulur Air Force Station on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft 61 67 A full mission simulator FMS phase 1 was commissioned at Sulur Air Force Station on 23 October 2021 The Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying Phase 2 will further augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas 68 Upgrades and further development Edit nbsp Tejas IOC aircraft each carrying two drop tanks on inner pylonsIn May 2015 the Comptroller and Auditor General of India CAG noted some shortcomings in the then delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft which according to the CAG would limit the survivability and operational deployability of the aircraft in actual combat 69 A few of these shortcomings including lack of combat endurance were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft 1 Tejas Mark 1 FOC resolved the issue of onboard fuel monitoring with an integrated Environmental Control and Fuel Management ECFM system It can now perform aerial refueling from Ilyushin Il 78 and buddy refueling with Sukhoi Su 30MKI Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air to air firing at HAL Nashik facility with Gryazev Shipunov GSh 23 70 The shortcomings such as the increased weight and reduced speed would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons The MK1A will also have AESA radar a self protection jammer 71 updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities among other improvements 72 The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2 71 Tejas Mark 1A Edit The Tejas Mark 1A which has more than 40 improvements over the Mark 1 variant 73 is expected to begin production in 2023 24 74 Upgraded Mark 1A aircraft will retain basic Mark 1 airframe while featuring a new avionic suite centered on EL M 2052 AESA Radar and Uttam AESA Radar DARE Unified Electronic Warfare Suite UEWS an externally mounted self protection jammer SPJ for enhanced survivability instrument flight rules IFR capability Onboard Oxygen Generation System OBOGS developed by Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory DEBEL for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of Astra BVRAAM and ASRAAM 71 10 HAL will install in house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder CIT with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R amp D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display an upgraded IFF from older identification friend or foe system 75 To better accommodate the pilots cockpit floor is also reshaped 70 The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time 74 source source source source source source Tejas LSP7 firing Astra Mk1 missileAccording to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021 The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022 and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in second half of 2022 Delivery of the aircraft for the IAF will begin from March 2024 76 77 BEL will supply 20 types of locally developed critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from ADA Air Data Computer from DRDO Weapon Computers from ADE Radar Warning Receiver from Combat Aircraft Systems Development and Integration Centre CASDIC and Head up display from Central Scientific Instruments Organisation CSIO from 2023 to 2028 for 2 400 crore 78 On 20 May 2022 the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight 79 80 HAL intends to obtain a certificate from Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification CEMILAC within 30 months before this version enters mass production Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A The production variant will come equipped with dual rack pylons with weapon systems integration 81 75 HAL is on track to deliver first Tejas Mark 1A by February 2024 The order of 83 aircraft for IAF will be completed by 2029 at the rate of 16 units per year 82 76 The original two Tejas production lines were located in HAL s Bengaluru facility and have a combined production capacity of 16 aircraft per year In order to speed up delivery a third production line in HAL s Nashik factory with a capacity of 8 Tejas aircraft per year was inaugurated on 5th April 2023 by Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane taking the production capacity of Tejas LCA to a total of 24 aircraft per year 83 Tejas Mark 2 Edit Main article HAL Tejas Mk2 The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2 incorporating a more powerful General Electric F414 INS6 engine canards and other design changes The Tejas Mark 2 which is expected to be rolled out in 2022 will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity more external hardpoints improved combat range a completely redesigned cockpit and an integrated infrared search and track IRST system in addition to the AESA radar 84 64 The Defence Institute of Advanced Technology DIAT is developing aircraft health and usage monitoring systems HUMS to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2 85 The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in 2023 86 Naval variant Edit nbsp LCA Navy prototype NP 1The Naval LCA programme was commenced in 2003 87 According to ADA the Naval LCA N LCA Programme was envisaged to be completed in two phases under Phase 1 two naval prototypes were developed the two seat NP 1 and the single seat NP 2 based on the Tejas Mark 1 design to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration Under Phase 2 two single seat prototypes were planned to be built based on the Tejas Mark 2 design with further design optimisation and integration of the General Electric F414 INS6 engine 88 The first naval prototype NP 1 was rolled out in July 2010 89 and made its first flight on 27 April 2012 90 The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery 87 91 In December 2014 the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski jump assisted take off from a SBTF at INS Hansa The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands free take off 91 In December 2016 the Indian Navy IN opted out of the programme owing to the long delay and technical reasons such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N LCA for carrier based combat operations 92 and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi role carrier borne fighters 93 Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms currently being developed by the ADA test flying was continued 94 In 2019 an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the SBTF in Goa in day time 95 and night time 96 As of December 2019 the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights 95 of these 50 were ski jump take offs 97 source source source source Tejas NP 1 landing on INS VikramadityaIn January 2020 the naval prototype NP 2 successfully carried out its first arrested landing and ski jump assisted take off from the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya 44 95 In July 2020 the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier borne fighter according to the Indian Navy s multi role carrier borne fighter requirement floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG 29K KUB carrier based fighters 98 In Aero India 2021 a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled the Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter TEDBF 99 100 The experience gained in the N LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF 97 In February 2023 the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take off from the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant 101 source source source source source source LCA Tejas maiden landing onboard INS VikrantProgram costs Edit Development costs Edit LCA Programme 9 063 96 crore equivalent to 110 billion or US 1 3 billion in 2023 up to March 2020 102 Kaveri engine programme 2 032 crore equivalent to 24 billion or US 300 million in 2023 102 1 202 crore equivalent to 13 billion or US 170 million in 2023 additional design and development Jan 2021 103 Flyaway costs Edit 146 2 crore equivalent to 234 crore or US 29 million in 2023 for IOC Mark 1 2014 104 105 156 crore equivalent to 350 crore or US 44 million in 2023 for FOC Mark 1 2010 105 303 crore equivalent to 340 crore or US 43 million in 2023 for Mark 1A and 309 crore equivalent to 347 crore or US 43 million in 2023 for export variant 2021 106 107 108 Design EditOverview Edit The Tejas is a single engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless compound delta wing design with relaxed static stability for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility The Tejas is a multi role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out Interception air to surface and anti shipping roles in a single mission 109 The wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave drag as well low wing loading 27 nbsp Tejas airshow demoTejas has eight hardpoints one beneath the port side air intake one under the fuselage centreline station and three hardpoints under each wing of these three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks The hardpoint beneath the port side air intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as FLIR IRST or laser rangefinder designator These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations 110 The Mark 1A has an aerial refuelling probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage 111 The Tejas weapon suite consists of I Derby ER and Astra beyond visual range air to air missiles and R 73 Python 5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles 64 The Tejas has an internal 23 mm Gryazev Shipunov GSh 23 twin barreled autocannon under the starboard side air intake 112 The BrahMos NG supersonic cruise missile is being developed for the Tejas 113 The relatively smaller size extensive use of airframe composites the Y duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades the application of radar absorbent material RAM coatings 34 and so on reduces the overall radar cross section of the aircraft 109 Airframe Edit Apart from aluminium lithium alloys and titanium alloys 114 carbon fibre composite materials are used in the construction of the Tejas The composite materials constitute 45 of the airframe by weight and 90 by surface area 115 the highest among contemporary aircraft 116 The upper and lower wing surfaces wing spars and wing ribs are also made out of carbon fibre composites 117 while the fin tip is made out of glass fibre 118 The extensive use of composite materials in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength This also reduces the number of joints or rivets increases the aircraft s structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to fatigue cracks 109 The tailfin is a monolithic honeycomb structure reducing the manufacturing cost by 80 compared to traditional methods 119 Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with a radome made out of Kevlar which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft 64 The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings In addition to the elevons the naval LCA have wing leading edge vortex controllers LEVCON control surfaces that extend from the wing root leading edge which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach The LEVCONs also provides better low speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack AoA 34 The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage stronger landing gear 91 and an arrestor hook system for carrier landings 120 The two seat LCA Navy variant NP 1 have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant 121 Avionics Edit nbsp Elbit DASH IV Helmet mounted display The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL M 2032 radar 64 Its digital flight control computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL 122 123 It has an electronic warfare EW suite domestically developed by Defence Avionics Research Establishment DARE which consists of a radar warning receiver RWR integrated self protection jammer 124 chaff and flare dispenser system 125 126 The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1 named the Tejas Mark 1A will have an AESA radar new digital flight control computer new EW suite and updated avionics 71 Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta EL M 2052 AESA radar 10 while rest are expected to fly with the domestically developed Uttam AESA radar 38 The new EW system for the Mark 1A developed by DARE and known as the Unified Electronic Warfare suite UEWS will have electronic countermeasures and electronic counter countermeasure capabilities digital radio frequency memory based 127 jamming and deception capabilities 74 The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod mounted self protection jammer 64 the Elta ELL 8222WB 128 The Mark 1A will have software defined radio based secure communications and network centric warfare capabilities 129 The Tejas can also carry pod based sensors such as forward looking infrared FLIR Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting reconnaissance pod 130 while an advanced version named Litening 4I will be integrated on the Tejas The Litening 4I pod developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance surveillance and intelligence gathering in addition to target acquisition 131 The Tejas has an integrated health monitoring system 111 The Tejas has a night vision goggles compatible glass cockpit equipped with a domestically developed head up display HUD three multi function displays two Smart Standby Displays by Central Scientific Instruments Organization CSIO The Tejas has hands on throttle and stick HOTAS arrangement to reduce pilot s workload 111 34 The displays provide key information on a need to know basis the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi functional keyboard and several selection panels The Tejas has a get you home panel coupled with an air data computer developed by Bharat Electronics Limited to assist the pilot in case of an emergency The cockpit is equipped with Martin Baker 16LG zero zero ejection seat 118 and canopy severance system developed by the DRDO for safe ejection 111 132 For life support Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system while an onboard oxygen generation system OBOGS has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A 133 The ADA has developed virtual reality assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas 134 and N LCA 91 Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IV helmet mounted display system 34 135 Flight control system Edit nbsp N LCA has additional flight control laws source codes for LEVCON and hands free take offThe aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta wing layout with shoulder mounted wings The control surfaces include three section slats on the wing s outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate vortex lift over the inner wing and high energy air flow along the tail fin to enhance high AoA stability The wing trailing edge fits two segment elevons to provide pitch and roll control The only empennage mounted control surfaces are the single piece rudder and two airbrakes located in the upper rear part of the fuselage one each on either side of the fin 110 Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design it is equipped with a NAL developed full authority quadruplex digital fly by wire flight control system 27 and an open architecture 136 digital flight control computer developed by BEL 122 Its flight control surfaces are controlled by hybrid electro hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer 137 The fly by wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called auto low speed recovery This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering Another feature is disorientation recovery function once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude airspeed and level flight Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the IIT Bombay research university 138 Propulsion Edit Further information GTRE GTX 35VS Kaveri Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme A programme led by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment GTRE to design and develop an indigenous powerplant the Kaveri was launched as early as in 1986 139 However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks hence the General Electric F404 GE F2J3 afterburning turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution 139 Since 2004 uprated General Electric F404 GE IN20 engines are powering Tejas variants 140 The Tejas Mark 1 is currently powered by the F404 IN20 engine The Mark 1A variant will be powered by the same powerplant 141 while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a General Electric F414 INS6 engine 141 On 17 August 2021 HAL placed an order of 5 375 crore equivalent to 60 billion or US 760 million in 2023 for 99 F404 GE IN20 engines 141 142 Operational history Edit nbsp IAF Su 30 MKI French Rafale IAF Tejas during Exercise Garuda VII The formation of the first Tejas equipped squadron started in July 2011 The first Tejas squadron No 45 Squadron IAF Flying Daggers became operational in July 2016 61 based at Sulur Air Force Station in Coimbatore 143 The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron Squadron 18 was formed at Sulur on 27 May 2020 144 The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016 at the fourth Bahrain International Airshow 145 In April 2018 the IAF s entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise It was the IAF s largest air exercise involving 1 100 aircraft and 15 000 military personnel During the exercise the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability 17 In 2019 six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise where it has demonstrated its swing role capability 146 According to the commanding officer of No 45 Squadron Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off boresight close combat missiles 147 such as Python 5 and R 73 148 On 18 August 2020 IAF deployed the No 45 Squadron Flying Dagger on the western front along the Pakistani border line of control It was the first operational deployment of Tejas 149 On 27 April 2021 Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired Python 5 high off boresight HOBS close combat missile and further validated enhanced capability of I Derby ER extended range BVR missile Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial 46 IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII with five Tejas and two C 17 Globemaster III aircraft held in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023 This is the first time Tejas participated in an international flying exercise outside India 150 Orders Edit 2006 March 31 Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Airforce placed an initial order for twenty LCA Tejas from HAL for delivery by December 2011 The order comprised 4 twin seat trainers and 16 single seat LCA 151 2010 December 23 Indian Government ordered twenty additional LCA Tejas from HAL for delivery by December 2016 The order stipulated four additional trainers and 16 single seat LCA 151 2021 January 27 Indian Government signed an order for 83 HAL Tejas comprising 10 additional twin seat trainers and 73 single seat MK1A LCA 152 2023 September 16 Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari stated that the Indian Airforce has made the decision to order around 97 more Mark 1A fighter jets 153 Potential operators Edit HAL proposed exporting the Tejas with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries 18 It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia Malaysia Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas 154 Botswana Edit The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing has approached HAL for potentially replacing Canadair CF 5s with the Tejas due to its age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance 155 The BDFAW has previously considered acquiring Gripens 156 the F 16 157 KAI T 50 158 and the Leonardo M 346 155 Egypt Edit During the Dubai Airshow 2021 Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas 159 to replace their 100 Chinese made Hongdu JL 8 trainers citation needed Following the Dubai Airshow 2021 HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on As of June 2022 India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt 160 During Aero India 2023 it was reported that Egypt is seeking around 20 Tejas for its requirements 161 HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk 1As were being offered in a contract 161 Failed bids Edit Argentina Edit The Argentine Air Force FAA has periodically indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the HAL Tejas as part of its modernization initiative 162 In October 2021 FAA chief of staff Brigadier Xavier Julian Isaac confirmed that HAL had offered the HAL Tejas to the FAA amidst other offers of the JF 17 from China and the MiG 35 from Russia 163 164 Multiple sources have also indicated that the HAL Tejas may likely be a good option for the FAA 165 However any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by UK imposed arms sanctions the United Kingdom has barred any sale of military equipment consisting of UK manufactured parts to Argentina ever since the British Argentine Falklands War of 1982 166 Argentina s earlier efforts to procure other fighter aircraft including the Mirage F1M the IAI Kfir the JAS 39 Gripen and the KAI FA 50 were scuttled due to UK diplomatic pressure since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK origin parts 167 168 Given the nature of the Argentine specific sanctions the HAL Tejas would essentially be subject to UK scrutiny since it utilizes the British origin MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat manufactured by Martin Baker along with other British origin components including an aerial refueling probe and a quartz radome both supplied by Cobham Limited 169 162 Nevertheless HAL has reportedly offered a customised variant of the HAL Tejas to the FAA which includes a retrofit of about 50 specific components and the substitution of all major British origin components including the ejection seat and the aerial refueling probe with diplomatically suitable alternatives 170 however any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft s design and additional flight certification 171 On September 21 2022 there was an indication that the Argentine Air Force was willing to look at the JF 17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend 172 Furthermore Tejas uses American engines Israeli radar and a mishmash of avionics from countries that will never authorize re export 173 In December 2022 the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft 174 With President Alberto Fernandez stating in an interview that Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft We are in a very unequal continent but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought 174 175 On July 20 2023 Argentinian officials requested HAL to retrofit the Tejas with non British parts 176 HAL reported that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to do so 177 It s reported the Tejas is being considered against used F 16s 178 Australia Edit In July 2020 the Royal Australian Air Force RAAF had issued a tender seeking a new jet trainer to replace its fleet of BAE Hawk 127 trainer aircraft 179 According to HAL s 58th Annual Report covering 2020 2021 HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its Lead in Fighter Trainer LIFT configuration to Australia s Department of Defence DoD in July 2020 180 Other aircraft also reported to be participating in the tender are the Boeing Saab T 7 Red Hawk the Aermacchi M 346 Master and the KAI T 50 181 However the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US 1 billion 182 During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021 The Indian Express reported Australia s lack of interest in the offer 183 In February 2022 the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics extending their lifespan until 2032 184 Malaysia Edit Malaysia had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the Royal Malaysian Air Force RMAF as part of its attempts to supplement its MiG 29 fleet reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019 185 In March 2019 the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition LIMA its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest especially amongst the RMAF and then Malaysian PM Mahathir bin Mohamad 186 However in mid 2019 HAL s prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished owing to diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia most particularly Malaysia s contentious remarks over India s abrogation of Article 370 and India s retaliatory move of boycotting Malaysian produced palm oil 187 The diplomatic skirmishes ceased in 2020 following Mahathir s resignation as PM and the restitution of the Indo Malaysian palm oil trade 188 189 190 191 In 2021 an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL s manufacturing facility at Bangalore to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas possibly in anticipation of a possible order reaffirming Malaysia s interest in the aircraft 192 193 In June 2021 the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat aircraft dubbed as the Fighter Lead In Trainer Light Combat Aircraft FLIT LCA in an effort to supplant its ageing BAE Hawk 108 208 light combat aircraft and its MB 339CM trainers 194 195 The RMAF later issued a Request for Proposal RFP to nine different aircraft manufacturing conglomerates in July with a submission deadline of September 2021 this would later be extended to October 2021 196 In October 2021 the RMAF confirmed that the HAL offering the HAL Tejas MK1A had submitted its bid for the FLIT LCA tender along with five other international firms Korea Aerospace Industries KAI offering the KAI FA 50 China National Aero Technology Import amp Export Corporation CATIC offering the HAIC L 15 Leonardo S p A offering the Aermacchi M 346 Turkish Aerospace Industries offering the TAI Hurjet and Rosoboronexport offering the Mikoyan MiG 35 196 Coincidentally the JF 17 which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF had not participated in the FLIT LCA tender 197 198 Later that year HAL signed a Memorandum of Understanding MoU with MMTC Ltd a public sector firm as a channelizing partner to facilitate the import of palm oil as a counter trade to any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to the RMAF this arrangement was initiated to fulfill a mandatory requirement of the RMAF which stipulates that 50 of the total cost of the FLIT LCA tender must be paid the winning contender through means of barter trade 180 199 200 HAL also signed another MOU with Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation BHIC a major Malaysia based defense contractor to fulfill another mandatory condition of the RMAF stipulating that the winning contender must locally procure at least 30 of products or services from Malaysian companies in the deal the HAL BHIC joint venture would offer a provision of Depot Level Maintenance i e providing reliability availability maintainability and supportability RAMS to the RMAF should HAL win the FLIT LCA tender 201 202 203 In July 2022 HAL announced that Malaysia has picked the Tejas to potentially replace its MiG 29s as negotiations are in the final stage 204 In February 2023 the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract 205 Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA 50 Block 20 aircraft worth US 920 million 206 The FA 50 was chosen because of it being a tried and tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator Logistics issues and the FA 50 better meeting the RMAF s FLIT LCA requirements were also other factors 207 Philippines Edit In May 2022 India and the Philippines signed an MOU with the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation 208 which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian made aircraft 209 On July 7 2022 the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi role fighter jet MRF project The F 16V Block 70 72 and the JAS 39 Gripen C D are the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force s MRF project 210 Sri Lanka Edit In 2018 it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of IAI Kfir and Chengdu J 7 aircraft 211 The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government government basic agreement 212 In 2021 the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft which would cost around 40 million per unit compared to 49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs 213 United Arab Emirates Edit The Tejas had attracted interest from the United Arab Emirates UAE with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy during a state visit in October 2018 as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE 214 By May 2022 Tejas had failed to gain any interest 215 with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France In February 2023 the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12 Hongdu L 15 trainer and light combat aircraft from China 216 with options for another 36 217 UAE officials stated the L 15 order aligned with the UAE s framework for diversifying the military s sources of equipment 218 United States Edit In December 2020 in response to a Request for Information RFI from the United States Naval Air Systems Command NAVAIR HAL offered the Lead In Fighter Trainer variant of the HAL Tejas classified as the HAL Tejas LIFT to the United States Navy USN as part the latter s initiative to replace its fleet of T 45 Goshawk trainer aircraft dubbed the Undergraduate Jet Training System 219 220 Other aircraft participating in the UJTS are the T 7 Red Hawk offered by Boeing in partnership with Saab and the KAI T 50A Golden Eagle offered by Korea Aerospace Industries KAI in partnership with Lockheed Martin 221 Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim according to multiple sources 220 222 223 Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT s bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US based company to offer the LIFT unlike the consortiums of Boeing Saab and KAI Lockheed Martin offering the T 7 and the T 50A respectively a lack of export orders for the type and its delta wing design which makes it less suitable for low speed landing 224 Variants Edit nbsp Ski jump takeoff of by Tejas NP 2 at INS HansaPrototypes Edit Aircraft already built and projected models to be built Model designations tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown Technology Demonstrators TD TD 1 KH2001 4 January 2001 43 225 TD 2 KH2002 6 June 2002 43 Prototype Vehicles PV PV 1 KH2003 First flight on 25 November 2003 226 PV 2 KH2004 First flight on 1 December 2005 PV 3 KH2005 First flight on 1 December 2006 PV 5 KH T2009 First flight on 26 November 2009 Fighter Trainer variant 43 PV 6 KH T2010 First flight on 8 November 2014 Fighter Trainer variant 227 Naval Prototypes NP NP 1 KHN T3001 Two seat naval variant for carrier operations Rolled out in July 2010 89 NP 1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012 228 NP 2 NAVY3002 Single seat naval variant First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski jump take off and arrested landing required in STOBAR carrier 9 NP 5 NAVY3005 Two seat naval variant First flight on 29 August 2023 Built to production standard incorporating improvements learned from NP 1 and NP 2 229 Limited Series Production LSP aircraft nbsp Tejas LSP 7 KH2017 firing Python 5 LSP 1 KH2011 25 April 2007 This LCA is powered by F404 F2J3 Engine 230 43 LSP 2 KH2012 16 June 2008 This is the first LCA fitted with F404 IN20 engine 230 LSP 3 KH2013 23 April 2010 The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar 49 and will be close to the IOC standard LSP 4 KH2014 June 2010 The first aircraft that was flown in the Mark 1 configuration that will be delivered to the Indian Air Force 231 The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR a Countermeasure Dispensing System and an identify friend or foe electronic system 232 LSP 5 KH2015 19 November 2010 IOC standard with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit and an auto pilot 233 LSP 7 KH2017 First flight on 9 March 2012 234 LSP 8 KH2018 First flight trial completed in March 2013 LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based 7 Production variants Edit nbsp HAL Tejas at the 2022 Singapore AirshowTejas Mark 1 Single seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constituting No 45 Squadron IAF Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and 18 Squadron Flying Bullets was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020 61 Delivery of balance 15 aircraft to No 18 Squadron is expected to be completed by September 2021 235 FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are BVRAAM capable with general flight envelope expansion increased angle of attack higher g limit of 9 g 236 updated avionics and flight control software suite as well as capable of hot refueling and aerial refueling 61 Tejas Trainer Two seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force also act as LiFT Lead in Fighter Trainer and ground attack aircraft The first series production trainer aircraft LT5201 completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023 237 IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023 238 Tejas Mark 1A an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with EL M 2052 and Uttam AESA radar self protection jammer radar warning receiver as well as being able to mount an external ECM pod 239 74 The first Limited Series Production LSP aircraft of the Mark 1A variant rolled out in April 2022 and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed FTB A second LSP rolled out in late 2022 and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the Mark 1A variant lighter than the Mark 1 and to optimize weight distribution Future developments Edit SPORT Supersonic Omni Role Trainer SPORT aircraft is a two seater Lead in Fighter Training LiFT aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as light fighter 240 Tejas Mark 2 or Medium Weight Fighter is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity 241 The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar an on board oxygen generation system and a built in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics 242 In January 2019 Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft 243 CATS MAX The main component of HAL Combat Air Teaming System CATS CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer WSO with the later controlling the CATS 244 245 Tejas Trainer NP 5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy with IFR probe Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL s proposal to reestablish a Carrier Training Squadron with 18 Naval Tejas that would be posted on both of India s carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors Cancelled variants Edit Tejas Mark 1 Navy Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine Cancelled in favour of the new twin engine naval fighter HAL TEDBF 246 Tejas Mark 2 Navy Proposed naval variant based on the Tejas Mark 2 Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF 247 Tejas Trainer IN Two seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy Cancelled in favour of HAL TEDBF 247 Operators Edit nbsp IndiaIndian Air Force 123 aircraft ordered 32 delivered 4 Tejas Mark 1 40 aircraft ordered 20 IOC standard and 20 FOC standard 248 Tejas Mark 1A 83 aircraft on order 73 Mk1A single seater aircraft 10 Mk1 FOC trainers scheduled to be delivered in 2024 2028 timeframe 249 Sulur Air Force Station No 45 Squadron Flying Daggers 250 No 18 Squadron Flying Bullets 61 Specifications Tejas Mark 1 Edit nbsp HAL Tejas drawingData from tejas gov in 251 DRDO Techfocus 252 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 118 General characteristicsCrew 1 or 2 Length 13 2 m 43 ft 4 in Wingspan 8 2 m 26 ft 11 in Height 4 4 m 14 ft 5 in Wing area 38 4 m2 413 sq ft Empty weight 6 560 kg 14 462 lb Gross weight 9 800 kg 21 605 lb Max takeoff weight 13 500 kg 29 762 lb 253 Fuel capacity 2 458 kg 5 419 lb 3 060 L 670 imp gal 810 US gal internal 2 1 200 L 260 imp gal 320 US gal 800 L 180 imp gal 210 US gal drop tank inboard 725 L 159 imp gal 192 US gal drop tank under fuselage Payload 5 300 kg 11 700 lb external stores 253 254 Powerplant 1 General Electric F404 GE IN20 afterburning turbofan with FADEC 55 kN 12 000 lbf thrust dry 85 kN 19 000 lbf with afterburner 255 Performance Maximum speed 1 980 km h 1 230 mph 1 070 kn Maximum speed Mach 1 6 253 Range 1 850 km 1 150 mi 1 000 nmi Combat range 500 km 310 mi 270 nmi with internal fuel 256 Ferry range 3 200 km 1 986 mi 1 726 nmi with 2 external drop tanks 256 Service ceiling 16 000 m 53 500 ft 253 g limits 9 3 5 257 Wing loading 255 2 kg m2 52 3 lb sq ft Thrust weight 1 07 258 259 260 Armament Guns 1x 23 mm twin barrel GSh 23 cannon Hardpoints 9 253 with a capacity of 5300 kg with provisions to carry combinations of Rockets S 8 rocket pods expected 261 Missiles Air to air missiles 4 R 73 261 4 I Derby ER 64 6 Python 5 64 4 Astra Mark 1 262 263 6 ASRAAM 264 planned R 77 planned 265 Air to surface missile 2 Kh 59ME Kh 59L Kh 59T AASM Hammer SBU 38 54 64 266 1 BrahMos NG ALCM 267 planned Anti radiation missile 2 Rudram 1 Planned 268 Anti ship missile 2 Kh 35 2 Kh 59MK Bombs Precision guided munition Spice 269 Joint Direct Attack Munition JDAM 270 HSLD 100 250 450 500 DRDO Glide Bombs DRDO SAAW Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation TARA 271 Laser guided bomb KAB 1500L GBU 16 Paveway II Sudarshan Griffin LGB 272 Cluster munition RBK 500 261 Unguided bomb ODAB 500PM ZAB 250 350 BetAB 500Shp FAB 500T FAB 250 OFAB 250 270 OFAB 100 120 Others BDL Chaff Flare Counter Measure Dispensing System CMDS 273 DARE Targeting pod Tejas Mk 1 FOC 274 275 Rafael Litening III 130 Avionics Elta EL M 2032 hybrid multi mode fire control radar Tejas Mk 1 64 DARE Elisra Mayawi self protection suite Tejas Mk 1 276 277 MIL STD 1553B bus 278 See also Edit nbsp Aviation portal nbsp India portalHAL Tejas timeline HAL AMCARelated development HAL Tejas Mark 2 HAL TEDBFRelated lists List of fighter aircraft List of active Indian military aircraftReferences EditCitations Edit a b c d Rajkumar Mike 7 July 2018 India s Tejas clears in flight refuelling hurdle Flight Global Archived from the original on 3 June 2021 Retrieved 4 November 2021 PTI 17 January 2015 After 32 years India finally gets LCA Tejas aircraft Economic Times Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 17 January 2015 Jain Smriti 1 July 2016 Tejas IAF inducts HAL s Made in India Light Combat Aircraft 10 special facts about the LCA The Financial Express Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 Retrieved 8 November 2021 a b Delivery of single seat Tejas LCA Mark 1 fighters to IAF completed Business Standard 23 August 2023 First series production LCA Tejas trainer carries out first flight Economic Times 6 August 2023 MIG 21 Aircraft PIB 20 December 2021 Archived from the original on 18 January 2022 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b Tejas LSP 8 makes its maiden flight The New Indian Express 1 April 2013 Archived from the original on 17 February 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2021 LCA Tejas Division Bangalore HAL Archived from the original on 22 January 2022 Retrieved 22 January 2022 a b Press Trust of India 7 February 2015 Maiden flight by 2nd prototype of LCA Tejas naval variant The Economic Times Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 Retrieved 7 February 2015 a b c d e Rajkumar Mike 19 March 2020 Deal for 83 Tejas fighters passes bureaucratic hurdle Flight Global Archived from the original on 18 January 2021 Retrieved 2 November 2021 Indigenous Tejas joins IAF s fighter squadron The Hindu 1 July 2016 ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 8 November 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Peri Dinakar 28 May 2016 Tejas to replace MiG as key fighter The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 1 October 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Tejas not being inducted as replacement of MIG 21 fighter jet Defence Ministry Times Now News 20 December 2021 Archived from the original on 20 December 2021 Retrieved 20 December 2021 Tewary Amarnath 6 July 2016 Pokhran II delayed Tejas project says former scientist The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 13 October 2021 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Siddiqui Huma 6 October 2021 LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force says a source The Financial Express Archived from the original on 19 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2008 Aronstein David C Piccirillo Albert C 1996 The Lightweight Fighter Program A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition Reston Virginia AIAA ISBN 978 1 56347 193 3External links Edit nbsp Media related to HAL Tejas at Wikimedia Commons Official Government of India Tejas site Archived 27 November 2015 at the Wayback MachineFeatures and analysis Flying into the unknown A feature by The Hindu on the Tejas test pilots LCA and Economics by Sunil Sainis and George Joseph The Light Combat Aircraft Story by Air Marshal MSD Wollen Retd The case to support the indigenous LCA programme by Ashok Parthasarathi and Raman Puri Technical An Approach to High AoA Testing of the LCA Development Flight Testing of the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft LCA Avionics And Weapon System Mission Computer Software Development A Case Study TEJAS The Indian Light Combat Aircraft official brochure 2015 a rel, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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