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Line of Control

January 01, 1970

34°56′N 76°46′E / 34.933°N 76.767°E / 34.933; 76.767

Line of Control
Political map of the Kashmir region showing the Line of Control (LoC)
Characteristics
Entities Pakistan India
Length740 km (460 mi)[1] to 776 km (482 mi)[2][a]
History
Established2 July 1972
Resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 and after ratification of the Shimla Treaty
TreatiesSimla Agreement
United Nations map of the Line of Control. The LoC is not defined near Siachen Glacier.

The Line of Control (LoC) is a military control line between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the de facto border. It was established as part of the Simla Agreement at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions.[4] Apart from minor details, the line is roughly the same as the original 1949 cease-fire line.

The part of the former princely state under Indian control is divided into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The Pakistani-controlled section is divided into Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as NJ9842, beyond which lies the Siachen Glacier, which became a bone of contention in 1984. To the south of the Line of Control, (Sangam, Chenab River, Akhnoor), lies the border between Pakistani Punjab and the Jammu province, which has an ambiguous status: India regards it as an "international boundary", and Pakistan calls it a "working border".[5]

Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. Lying further to the east, it is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC).[6]

Background

Main article: Kashmir conflict

After the partition of India, present-day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir – India because of the ruler's accession to the country, and Pakistan by virtue of the state's Muslim-majority population. The First Kashmir War in 1947 lasted more than a year until a ceasefire was arranged through UN mediation. Both sides agreed on a ceasefire line.[7]

After another Kashmir War in 1965, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (which saw Bangladesh become independent), only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line. In the ensuing Simla Agreement in 1972, both countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a "Line of Control" (LoC) and observe it as a de facto border that armed action should not violate. The agreement declared that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".[8][9] The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) had the role of investigating ceasefire violations (CFVs), however their role decreased after 1971.[10] In 2000, US President Bill Clinton referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control, in particular, as one of the most dangerous places in the world.[11][12]

Characteristics

Terrain

The LoC from Kargil to Gurez comprises mountain passes and valleys with small streams and rivers.[13] The area up to around 14,000 feet (4,300 m) is wooded while the peaks rise higher.[13] Winter is snowy while summers are mild. From Gurez to Akhnoor, the area is mountainous and hilly respectively and is generally forested. There are tracks and minor roads connecting settlements.[13] The mix of flora and elevation affects visibility and line of sight significantly.[14]

Ceasefire violations

In 2018, two corps and a number of battalions of the Border Security Force manned the Indian side of the LoC.[15] The Rawalpindi Corps manned the Pakistani side.[15] Ceasefire violations (CFV's) are initiated and committed by both sides and show a symmetry.[16][17] The response to a CFV at one location can lead to shooting at an entirely different area.[18] Weapons used on the LoC include small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, recoilless rifles, mortars, automatic grenade launchers, rocket launchers and a number of other direct and indirect weaponry.[19] Military personnel on both sides risk being shot by snipers in moving vehicles, through bunker peepholes and during meals.[20]

The civilian population at the LoC, at some points ahead of the forward most post, has complicated the situation.[21] Shelling and firing by both sides along the LoC has resulted in civilian deaths.[22][23] Bunkers have been constructed for these civilian populations for protection during periods of CFV's.[24] India and Pakistan usually report only casualties on their own sides of the LoC,[25] with the media blaming the other side for the firing and each side claiming an adequate retaliation.[26]

According to Happymon Jacob, the reasons for CFVs along the LoC include[27] operational reasons (defence construction like observation facilities, the rule of the gun, lack of bilateral mechanisms for border management, personality traits and the emotional state of soldiers and commanders),[28] politico-strategic reasons,[29] proportional response (land grab, sniping triggered, "I am better than you", revenge firing),[30] accidental CFVs (civilian related, lack of clarity where the line is)[31] and other reasons (like testing the new boys, honour, prestige and humiliation, fun, gamesmanship).[32] Jacob ranks operational reasons as the main cause for CFVs, followed by retributive and politico-strategic reasons .[27]

Landmines and IEDs

Mines have been laid across the India–Pakistan border and the LoC in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 2001.[33] The small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined with thousands of landmines.[34] During the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff thousands of acres of land along the LoC were mined.[35] Both civilians and military personnel on both sides have died in mine and improvised explosive device (IED)-related blasts, and many more have been injured.[35] Between January 2000 to April 2002, 138 military personnel were killed on the Indian side.[35]

Posts and bunkers

Reinforced sandbagged and concrete posts and bunkers are among the first line of defence along the LoC.[36][37] Armed soldiers man these positions with enough supplies for at least a week.[38] The posts and bunkers allow soldiers to sleep, cook, and keep a watch on enemy positions round the clock.[38] Some posts are located in remote locations. Animals are sometimes used to help transport loads, and at some posts animals are reared.[38] The living quarters and the forward facing bunker are located at some distance apart.[39] The locations of some posts do not follow any pre-ordained plan, rather they are in locations used during the First Kashmir War and the following cease-fire line, with minor adjustments made in 1972.[40]

Indian LoC fencing

 
Indian fencing relative to the zero line, villages and posts/bunkers along the LoC.

India constructed a 550-kilometre (340 mi) barrier along the 740 kilometres (460 mi)[1]–776 kilometres (482 mi)[2] LoC by 2004.[41][42] The fence generally remains about 150 yards (140 m) on the Indian-controlled side. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. The barrier, referred to as an Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System (AIOS), consists of double-row of fencing and concertina wire 8–12 feet (2.4–3.7 m) in height, and is electrified and connected to a network of motion sensors, thermal imaging devices, lighting systems and alarms. They act as "fast alert signals" for the Indian troops, who can be alerted and ambush the infiltrators trying to sneak in.[43][44]

The barrier's construction began in the 1990s but slowed in the early 2000s as hostilities between India and Pakistan increased. After a November 2003 ceasefire agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in the Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.[42] According to Indian military sources, the fence has reduced the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed region by 80%.[45] In 2017, a proposal for an upgraded smart fence on the Indian side was accepted.[44]

Border villages

A number of villages lie between the Indian fence and the zero line. Pakistan has not constructed a border fence, however a number of villages lie near the zero line.[46] In the Tithwal area, 13 villages are in front of the Indian fence.[46] The total number between the fence and zero line on the Indian side is estimated to be 60 villages and at least one million people are spread over the districts adjacent to the LoC from Rajouri to Bandipora.[47]

Infiltration and military cross-LoC movement

According to the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, 1,504 "terrorists" attempted to infiltrate India in 2002.[48] Infiltration was one of India's main issues during the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.[49] There has been a decrease in infiltration over the years. Only a select number of individuals are successful; in 2016, the Ministry reported 105 successful infiltrations.[48] The Indian LoC fence has been constructed with a defensive mindset to counter infiltration.[50] The reduction in infiltration also points to a reduction in support of such activities within Pakistan.[51] During the 2019 Balakot airstrike, Indian planes crossed the LoC for the first time in 48 years.[52]

Crossing points

 
 
 
 
15km
10miles
 
Chakothi / Salamabad
 
Kotli
 
Kupwara
 
Muzaffarabad
 
Silkote
 
Haji Peer/Silkote
 
Chakan Da Bagh
 
Tatrinote
 
Tatta Pani–Mendher
 
Nausadda
 
Haji Pir
 
Tatta Pani
 
Mendhar
 
Salambad
 
Chilliana
 
Tithwal
 
Uri
 
Chakothi
 
Poonch
 
Rawalakot
 
Chilliana / Teetwal
 
Tetrinote / Chakan Da Bagh
LoC crossing points in green  . (Haji Peer/Silkote and Tatta Pani–Mendher crossing points approximate.)

Pakistan and India officially designated five crossing points following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake—Nauseri-Tithwal; Chakoti-Uri; Hajipur-Uri; Rawalakot-Poonch and Tattapani-Mendhar.[53][54][55]

According to Azad Jammu and the Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act, 2016, the following crossing points are listed:[56][57]

  • Rawalakot–Poonch
  • Chakothi–Uri
  • Chaliana–Tithwal
  • Tatta Pani–Mendher
  • Haji Peer–Silli Kot

Trade points include: Chakothi – Salamabad and Rawalakot (Titrinote) – Poonch (Chakkan-da-Bagh). The ordinance passed in 2011.[58][59]

Between 2005 and 2017, and according to Travel and Trade Authority figures, Muzaffarabad, Indian Kashmiris crossing over into Pakistan was about 14,000, while about 22,000 have crossed over to the Indian side.[60] Crossing legally for civilians is not easy. A number of documents are required and verified by both countries, including proof of family on the other side.[61] Even a short-term, temporary crossing invites interrogation by government agencies.[61] The Indian and Pakistani military use these crossing points for flag meetings and to exchange sweets during special occasions and festivals.[62][63][64] On 21 October 2008, for the first time in 61 years, cross-LoC trade was conducted between the two sides.[65] Trade across the LoC is barter trade.[66][67] In ten years, trade worth nearly PKR 11,446 crore or ₹5,000 crore (equivalent to ₹67 billion or US$840 million in 2023) has passed through the Chakothi – Salamabad crossing.[68]

Chilliana – Teetwal

 
August 2015
 
February 2018
Neelam Valley and the Chilliana – Teetwal border crossing.

The Teetwal crossing is across the Neelum River between Muzaffarabad and Kupwara. It is usually open only during the summer months,[69] and unlike the other two crossings is open only for the movement of people, not for trade.[57] The Tithwal bridge, first built in 1931, has been rebuilt twice.[70]

Chakothi – Salamabad

The Salamabad crossing point, or the Kamran Post, is on the road between Chakothi and Uri in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir along the LoC.[71][72] It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side.[73] The English name for the bridge in Uri translates as "bridge of peace. The Indian Army rebuilt it after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake when a mountain on the Pakistani side caved in.[74] This route was opened for trade in 2008 after being closed for 61 years.[75] The Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus crosses this bridge on the LoC.[76]

Tetrinote – Chakan Da Bagh

A road connects Kotli and Tatrinote on the Pakistan side of the LoC to the Indian Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir through the Chakan Da Bagh crossing point.[72][77] It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side for the benefit of traders.[73]

Most of the flag meetings between Indian and Pakistani security forces are held here.[78]

Tattapani – Mendhar

The fourth border crossing between Tattapani and Mendhar was opened on 14 November 2005.[79]

Impact on civilians

The Line of Control divided the Kashmir into two and closed the Jhelum valley route, the only way in and out of the Kashmir Valley from Pakistani Punjab. This ongoing territorial division severed many villages and separated family members.[80][81] Some families could see each other along the LoC in locations such as the Neelum River, but were unable to meet.[82] In certain locations, women on the Pakistan side on the LoC have been instrumental in influencing infiltration and ceasefire violations; they have approached nearby Pakistani Army camps directly and insisted infiltration stop, which reduces India's cross LoC firing.[83]

In popular culture

Documentaries covering the LoC and related events include A journey through River Vitasta,[84] Raja Shabir Khan's Line of Control[85] and HistoryTV18's Kargil: Valour & Victory.[86] A number of Bollywood films on the 1999 Kargil conflict have involved depictions and scenes of the line of control including LOC: Kargil (2003),[87] Lakshya (2004)[88] and Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020).[89] Other Bollywood films include Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019)[90] and Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015),[91] and streaming television shows such as Avrodh (2020).[92]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Line of Control.

References

Notes
  1. ^ 767 kilometres (477 mi) long according to Mahmud Ali Durrani (2001)[3]
Citations
  1. ^ a b "Clarifications on LoC". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 2 July 1972. from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021. ...thus clearly delineating the entire stretch of Line of Control running through 740 Km starting from Sangam and ending at Pt NJ-9842.
  2. ^ a b Arora & Kumar 2016, p. 6.
  3. ^ Durrani 2001, p. 26.
  4. ^ Wirsing 1998, p. 13: 'With particular reference to Kashmir, they agreed that: ... in J&K, the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side.'
  5. ^ Wirsing 1998, p. 10.
  6. ^ Wirsing 1998, p. 20.
  7. ^ Wirsing 1998, pp. 4–7.
  8. ^ Wirsing 1998, p. 13.
  9. ^ "Simla Agreement". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 2 July 1972. from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  10. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 110–111.
  11. ^ Marcus, Jonathan (23 March 2000). "Analysis: The world's most dangerous place?". BBC News. from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  12. ^ Krishnaswami, Sridhar (11 March 2000). "'Most dangerous place'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  13. ^ a b c Durrani 2001, p. 27.
  14. ^ Durrani 2001, p. 39.
  15. ^ a b Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 109.
  16. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 145.
  17. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 86.
  18. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 85.
  19. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 18.
  20. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 82.
  21. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 113.
  22. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 96, 100.
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  26. ^ Zakaria 2018, pp. 17–18.
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  28. ^ Jacob, Line on Fire 2018, pp. 158–180.
  29. ^ Jacob, Line on Fire 2018, pp. 181–187.
  30. ^ Jacob, Line on Fire 2018, pp. 187–202.
  31. ^ Jacob, Line on Fire 2018, pp. 207–212.
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  39. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 150.
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  57. ^ a b . ajktata.gok.pk (AJK Travel and Trade Authority). Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  58. ^ "The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Ordinance, 2011 (AJK Ordinance No. XXXII of 2011)". from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via nasirlawsite.com.
  59. ^ Singh, Priyanka (1 January 2013). "Prospects of Travel and Trade across the India–Pakistan Line of Control (LoC)". International Studies. 50 (1–2): 71–91. doi:10.1177/0020881715605237. ISSN 0020-8817. S2CID 157985090.
  60. ^ Jacob, The Line of Control (2018), 114–115.
  61. ^ a b Zakaria 2018, p. 71.
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  80. ^ Ranjan Kumar Singh, Sarhad: Zero Mile, (Hindi), Parijat Prakashan, ISBN 81-903561-0-0
  81. ^ Closer to ourselves: stories from the journey towards peace in South Asia. WISCOMP, Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 2008. p. 75. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
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  84. ^ "Film-making beyond borders: The process is the message". Conciliation Resources. from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
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Bibliography
  • Wirsing, Robert G. (1998), "War or Peace on the Line of Control?", in Clive Schofield (ed.), Boundary and Territory Briefing, Volume 2, Number 5, ISBN 1-897643-31-4 (Page numbers cited per the e-document)
  • Bharat, Meenakshi; Kumar, Nirmal, eds. (2012). Filming the Line of Control: The Indo–Pak Relationship through the Cinematic Lens. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-51606-1.
  • — Budha, Kishore (2012), "1", Genre Development in the Age of Markets and Nationalism: The War Film
  • Jacob, Happymon (2018). The Line of Control: Travelling with the Indian and Pakistani Armies. Penguin Random House India. ISBN 978-93-5305-352-9. (print version)
  • — Jacob, Happymon (2018). Line on Fire: Ceasefire Violations and India–Pakistan Escalation Dynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-909547-6. (e-book version)
  • Zakaria, Anam (2018). Between the Great Divide: A Journey into Pakistan-Administered Kashmir. India: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-93-5277-947-5.
  • Hafeez, Mahwish (2014). "The Line of Control (LoC) Trade: A Ray of Hope". Strategic Studies. 34 (1). Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad: 74–93. ISSN 1029-0990. JSTOR 48527555.
  • Arora, RK; Kumar, Manoj (November 2016), Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: Implementation Challenges (PDF), Occasional Paper No. 100, Observer Research Foundation
  • Durrani, Major General (Retd) Mahmud Ali (July 2001), Enhancing Security through a Cooperative Border Monitoring Experiment: A Proposal for India and Pakistan, Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy, Cooperative Monitoring Center, Sandia National Laboratories, doi:10.2172/783991, OSTI 783991

Further reading

  • Akhtar, Shaheen (2017). "Living on the frontlines: Perspective from Poonch and Kotli region of AJK" (PDF). Journal of Political Studies. 24 (2).
  • — Akhtar, Shaheen (2017). (PDF). Margalla Papers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2020.
  • Bali, Pawan; Akhtar, Shaheen (31 July 2017), Kashmir Line of Control and Grassroots Peacebuilding (PDF), United States Institute of Peace
  • Jacob, Happymon (2017), Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir (PDF), United States Institute of Peace, ISBN 978-1-60127-672-8
  • Kira, Altaf Hussain (September 2011), Cross-LoC trade in Kashmir: From Line of Control to Line of Commerce (PDF), IGIDR, Mumbai
  • —Kira, Altaf Hussain (2011). "From Line of Control to Line of Commerce". Economic and Political Weekly. 46 (40): 16–18. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 23047415.
  • Padder, Sajad A. (2015). "Cross-Line of Control Trade: Problem and Prospects". Journal of South Asian Studies. 3 (1): 37–48.
  • Ranjan Kumar Singh (2007), Sarhad: Zero Mile (in Hindi), Parijat Prakashan, ISBN 81-903561-0-0
  • . Editorial Series. Khan Study Group. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Reports
  • Smart border management: An Indian perspective (PDF), FICCI, PwC India, September 2016
  • (PDF), FICCI, Ernst & Young India, 2019, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2021, retrieved 7 September 2021
Photographs
  • "LoC: Line of Control" (Photo Gallery). Outlook India. Retrieved on 3 September 2021.
  • — Photos 1 to 100
  • — Photos 101 to 176

January 01, 1970
line, control, political, kashmir, region, showing, characteristicsentitiespakistan, indialength740, historyestablished2, july, 1972resulting, from, ceasefire, december, 1971, after, ratification, shimla, treatytreatiessimla, agreement, united, nations, define. 34 56 N 76 46 E 34 933 N 76 767 E 34 933 76 767 Line of ControlPolitical map of the Kashmir region showing the Line of Control LoC CharacteristicsEntitiesPakistan IndiaLength740 km 460 mi 1 to 776 km 482 mi 2 a HistoryEstablished2 July 1972Resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 and after ratification of the Shimla TreatyTreatiesSimla Agreement United Nations map of the Line of Control The LoC is not defined near Siachen Glacier The Line of Control LoC is a military control line between the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary but serves as the de facto border It was established as part of the Simla Agreement at the end of the Indo Pakistani War of 1971 Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the Line of Control and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions 4 Apart from minor details the line is roughly the same as the original 1949 cease fire line The part of the former princely state under Indian control is divided into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh The Pakistani controlled section is divided into Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as NJ9842 beyond which lies the Siachen Glacier which became a bone of contention in 1984 To the south of the Line of Control Sangam Chenab River Akhnoor lies the border between Pakistani Punjab and the Jammu province which has an ambiguous status India regards it as an international boundary and Pakistan calls it a working border 5 Another ceasefire line separates the Indian controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese controlled area known as Aksai Chin Lying further to the east it is known as the Line of Actual Control LAC 6 Contents 1 Background 2 Characteristics 2 1 Terrain 2 2 Ceasefire violations 2 3 Landmines and IEDs 2 4 Posts and bunkers 2 5 Indian LoC fencing 2 6 Border villages 2 7 Infiltration and military cross LoC movement 2 8 Crossing points 2 8 1 Chilliana Teetwal 2 8 2 Chakothi Salamabad 2 8 3 Tetrinote Chakan Da Bagh 2 8 4 Tattapani Mendhar 3 Impact on civilians 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingBackgroundMain article Kashmir conflict After the partition of India present day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir India because of the ruler s accession to the country and Pakistan by virtue of the state s Muslim majority population The First Kashmir War in 1947 lasted more than a year until a ceasefire was arranged through UN mediation Both sides agreed on a ceasefire line 7 After another Kashmir War in 1965 and the Indo Pakistani War of 1971 which saw Bangladesh become independent only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line In the ensuing Simla Agreement in 1972 both countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a Line of Control LoC and observe it as a de facto border that armed action should not violate The agreement declared that neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations 8 9 The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNMOGIP had the role of investigating ceasefire violations CFVs however their role decreased after 1971 10 In 2000 US President Bill Clinton referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control in particular as one of the most dangerous places in the world 11 12 CharacteristicsTerrain The LoC from Kargil to Gurez comprises mountain passes and valleys with small streams and rivers 13 The area up to around 14 000 feet 4 300 m is wooded while the peaks rise higher 13 Winter is snowy while summers are mild From Gurez to Akhnoor the area is mountainous and hilly respectively and is generally forested There are tracks and minor roads connecting settlements 13 The mix of flora and elevation affects visibility and line of sight significantly 14 Ceasefire violations In 2018 two corps and a number of battalions of the Border Security Force manned the Indian side of the LoC 15 The Rawalpindi Corps manned the Pakistani side 15 Ceasefire violations CFV s are initiated and committed by both sides and show a symmetry 16 17 The response to a CFV at one location can lead to shooting at an entirely different area 18 Weapons used on the LoC include small arms rocket propelled grenades recoilless rifles mortars automatic grenade launchers rocket launchers and a number of other direct and indirect weaponry 19 Military personnel on both sides risk being shot by snipers in moving vehicles through bunker peepholes and during meals 20 The civilian population at the LoC at some points ahead of the forward most post has complicated the situation 21 Shelling and firing by both sides along the LoC has resulted in civilian deaths 22 23 Bunkers have been constructed for these civilian populations for protection during periods of CFV s 24 India and Pakistan usually report only casualties on their own sides of the LoC 25 with the media blaming the other side for the firing and each side claiming an adequate retaliation 26 According to Happymon Jacob the reasons for CFVs along the LoC include 27 operational reasons defence construction like observation facilities the rule of the gun lack of bilateral mechanisms for border management personality traits and the emotional state of soldiers and commanders 28 politico strategic reasons 29 proportional response land grab sniping triggered I am better than you revenge firing 30 accidental CFVs civilian related lack of clarity where the line is 31 and other reasons like testing the new boys honour prestige and humiliation fun gamesmanship 32 Jacob ranks operational reasons as the main cause for CFVs followed by retributive and politico strategic reasons 27 Landmines and IEDs Mines have been laid across the India Pakistan border and the LoC in 1947 1965 1971 and 2001 33 The small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined with thousands of landmines 34 During the 2001 2002 India Pakistan standoff thousands of acres of land along the LoC were mined 35 Both civilians and military personnel on both sides have died in mine and improvised explosive device IED related blasts and many more have been injured 35 Between January 2000 to April 2002 138 military personnel were killed on the Indian side 35 Posts and bunkers Reinforced sandbagged and concrete posts and bunkers are among the first line of defence along the LoC 36 37 Armed soldiers man these positions with enough supplies for at least a week 38 The posts and bunkers allow soldiers to sleep cook and keep a watch on enemy positions round the clock 38 Some posts are located in remote locations Animals are sometimes used to help transport loads and at some posts animals are reared 38 The living quarters and the forward facing bunker are located at some distance apart 39 The locations of some posts do not follow any pre ordained plan rather they are in locations used during the First Kashmir War and the following cease fire line with minor adjustments made in 1972 40 Indian LoC fencing nbsp Indian fencing relative to the zero line villages and posts bunkers along the LoC India constructed a 550 kilometre 340 mi barrier along the 740 kilometres 460 mi 1 776 kilometres 482 mi 2 LoC by 2004 41 42 The fence generally remains about 150 yards 140 m on the Indian controlled side Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani based separatist militants The barrier referred to as an Anti Infiltration Obstacle System AIOS consists of double row of fencing and concertina wire 8 12 feet 2 4 3 7 m in height and is electrified and connected to a network of motion sensors thermal imaging devices lighting systems and alarms They act as fast alert signals for the Indian troops who can be alerted and ambush the infiltrators trying to sneak in 43 44 The barrier s construction began in the 1990s but slowed in the early 2000s as hostilities between India and Pakistan increased After a November 2003 ceasefire agreement building resumed and was completed in late 2004 LoC fencing was completed in the Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004 42 According to Indian military sources the fence has reduced the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed region by 80 45 In 2017 a proposal for an upgraded smart fence on the Indian side was accepted 44 Border villages A number of villages lie between the Indian fence and the zero line Pakistan has not constructed a border fence however a number of villages lie near the zero line 46 In the Tithwal area 13 villages are in front of the Indian fence 46 The total number between the fence and zero line on the Indian side is estimated to be 60 villages and at least one million people are spread over the districts adjacent to the LoC from Rajouri to Bandipora 47 Infiltration and military cross LoC movement According to the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs 1 504 terrorists attempted to infiltrate India in 2002 48 Infiltration was one of India s main issues during the 2001 2002 India Pakistan standoff 49 There has been a decrease in infiltration over the years Only a select number of individuals are successful in 2016 the Ministry reported 105 successful infiltrations 48 The Indian LoC fence has been constructed with a defensive mindset to counter infiltration 50 The reduction in infiltration also points to a reduction in support of such activities within Pakistan 51 During the 2019 Balakot airstrike Indian planes crossed the LoC for the first time in 48 years 52 Crossing points nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 15km10miles nbsp Chakothi Salamabad nbsp Kotli nbsp Kupwara nbsp Muzaffarabad nbsp Silkote nbsp Haji Peer Silkote nbsp Chakan Da Bagh nbsp Tatrinote nbsp Tatta Pani Mendher nbsp Nausadda nbsp Haji Pir nbsp Tatta Pani nbsp Mendhar nbsp Salambad nbsp Chilliana nbsp Tithwal nbsp Uri nbsp Chakothi nbsp Poonch nbsp Rawalakot nbsp Chilliana Teetwal nbsp Tetrinote Chakan Da Bagh LoC crossing points in green nbsp Haji Peer Silkote and Tatta Pani Mendher crossing points approximate Pakistan and India officially designated five crossing points following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake Nauseri Tithwal Chakoti Uri Hajipur Uri Rawalakot Poonch and Tattapani Mendhar 53 54 55 According to Azad Jammu and the Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act 2016 the following crossing points are listed 56 57 Rawalakot Poonch Chakothi Uri Chaliana Tithwal Tatta Pani Mendher Haji Peer Silli Kot Trade points include Chakothi Salamabad and Rawalakot Titrinote Poonch Chakkan da Bagh The ordinance passed in 2011 58 59 Between 2005 and 2017 and according to Travel and Trade Authority figures Muzaffarabad Indian Kashmiris crossing over into Pakistan was about 14 000 while about 22 000 have crossed over to the Indian side 60 Crossing legally for civilians is not easy A number of documents are required and verified by both countries including proof of family on the other side 61 Even a short term temporary crossing invites interrogation by government agencies 61 The Indian and Pakistani military use these crossing points for flag meetings and to exchange sweets during special occasions and festivals 62 63 64 On 21 October 2008 for the first time in 61 years cross LoC trade was conducted between the two sides 65 Trade across the LoC is barter trade 66 67 In ten years trade worth nearly PKR 11 446 crore or 5 000 crore equivalent to 67 billion or US 840 million in 2023 has passed through the Chakothi Salamabad crossing 68 Chilliana Teetwal nbsp August 2015 nbsp February 2018Neelam Valley and the Chilliana Teetwal border crossing The Teetwal crossing is across the Neelum River between Muzaffarabad and Kupwara It is usually open only during the summer months 69 and unlike the other two crossings is open only for the movement of people not for trade 57 The Tithwal bridge first built in 1931 has been rebuilt twice 70 Chakothi Salamabad The Salamabad crossing point or the Kamran Post is on the road between Chakothi and Uri in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir along the LoC 71 72 It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side 73 The English name for the bridge in Uri translates as bridge of peace The Indian Army rebuilt it after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake when a mountain on the Pakistani side caved in 74 This route was opened for trade in 2008 after being closed for 61 years 75 The Srinagar Muzaffarabad Bus crosses this bridge on the LoC 76 Tetrinote Chakan Da Bagh A road connects Kotli and Tatrinote on the Pakistan side of the LoC to the Indian Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir through the Chakan Da Bagh crossing point 72 77 It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side for the benefit of traders 73 Most of the flag meetings between Indian and Pakistani security forces are held here 78 Tattapani Mendhar The fourth border crossing between Tattapani and Mendhar was opened on 14 November 2005 79 Impact on civiliansThe Line of Control divided the Kashmir into two and closed the Jhelum valley route the only way in and out of the Kashmir Valley from Pakistani Punjab This ongoing territorial division severed many villages and separated family members 80 81 Some families could see each other along the LoC in locations such as the Neelum River but were unable to meet 82 In certain locations women on the Pakistan side on the LoC have been instrumental in influencing infiltration and ceasefire violations they have approached nearby Pakistani Army camps directly and insisted infiltration stop which reduces India s cross LoC firing 83 In popular cultureDocumentaries covering the LoC and related events include A journey through River Vitasta 84 Raja Shabir Khan s Line of Control 85 and HistoryTV18 s Kargil Valour amp Victory 86 A number of Bollywood films on the 1999 Kargil conflict have involved depictions and scenes of the line of control including LOC Kargil 2003 87 Lakshya 2004 88 and Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl 2020 89 Other Bollywood films include Uri The Surgical Strike 2019 90 and Bajrangi Bhaijaan 2015 91 and streaming television shows such as Avrodh 2020 92 See also nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Line of Control India Pakistan relations Transport between India and Pakistan Actual Ground Position Line the line of separation near the Siachen GlacierReferencesNotes 767 kilometres 477 mi long according to Mahmud Ali Durrani 2001 3 Citations a b Clarifications on LoC Ministry of External Affairs Government of India 2 July 1972 Archived from the original on 7 September 2021 Retrieved 7 September 2021 thus clearly delineating the entire stretch of Line of Control running through 740 Km starting from Sangam and ending at Pt NJ 9842 a b Arora amp Kumar 2016 p 6 Durrani 2001 p 26 Wirsing 1998 p 13 With particular reference to Kashmir they agreed that in J amp K the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17 1971 shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side Wirsing 1998 p 10 Wirsing 1998 p 20 Wirsing 1998 pp 4 7 Wirsing 1998 p 13 Simla Agreement Ministry of External Affairs Government of India 2 July 1972 Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 Retrieved 27 September 2013 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 110 111 Marcus Jonathan 23 March 2000 Analysis The world s most dangerous place BBC News Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 25 August 2021 Krishnaswami Sridhar 11 March 2000 Most dangerous place The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 25 August 2021 Retrieved 25 August 2021 a b c Durrani 2001 p 27 Durrani 2001 p 39 a b Jacob The Line of Control 2018 109 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 145 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 86 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 85 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 18 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 82 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 113 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 96 100 Siddiqui Naveed 25 December 2017 3 Pakistani soldiers martyred in unprovoked cross LoC firing by Indian army ISPR DAWN Archived from the original on 30 August 2021 Retrieved 30 August 2021 J amp K completes 84 of underground bunkers along LoC to protect residents during border shelling ThePrint PTI 7 February 2021 Archived from the original on 12 February 2021 Retrieved 30 August 2021 Zakaria 2018 p xxiv xxv Zakaria 2018 pp 17 18 a b Jacob Line on Fire 2018 pp 152 153 Jacob Line on Fire 2018 pp 158 180 Jacob Line on Fire 2018 pp 181 187 Jacob Line on Fire 2018 pp 187 202 Jacob Line on Fire 2018 pp 207 212 Jacob Line on Fire 2018 pp 202 207 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 97 Umar Baba 30 April 2011 Mines of war maim innocents Tehelka Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 Retrieved 7 October 2011 a b c Jacob The Line of Control 2018 98 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 148 AP 3 April 2021 Pakistan India peace move silences deadly LoC Dawn com Archived from the original on 30 August 2021 Retrieved 30 August 2021 a b c Jacob The Line of Control 2018 148 149 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 150 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 151 Williams Matthias 20 October 2008 Scrutton Alistair ed FactBox Line of control between India and Pakistan Reuters Archived from the original on 25 August 2021 Retrieved 25 August 2021 a b LoC fencing completed Mukherjee The Times of India 16 December 2004 Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 Kumar Vinay 1 February 2004 LoC fencing in Jammu nearing completion The Hindu Archived from the original on 16 February 2004 Retrieved 23 June 2012 a b Peri Dinakar 30 April 2017 Army set to install smart fence along LoC The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 22 October 2020 Retrieved 31 July 2020 Gilani Iftikhar 4 March 2005 Harsh weather likely to damage LoC fencing Daily Times Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 31 July 2007 a b Jacob The Line of Control 2018 155 Sharma Ashutosh 1 April 2021 Caught in the twilight zone between India and Pakistan border villages struggle to survive The Caravan Archived from the original on 8 September 2021 Retrieved 7 September 2021 a b Jacob Line on Fire 2018 pp 156 157 British and US surveillance may monitor Kashmir The Guardian 12 June 2002 Archived from the original on 2 September 2021 Retrieved 2 September 2021 Katoch Dhruv C Winter 2013 Combatting Cross Border Terrorism Need for a Doctrinal Approach PDF CLAWS Journal 10 Archived PDF from the original on 2 September 2021 Retrieved 2 September 2021 Khan Aarish Ullah September 2005 The Terrorist Threat and the Policy Response in Pakistan PDF Stockholm International Peace Research Institute p 35 Archived PDF from the original on 5 September 2021 Retrieved 2 September 2021 SIPRI Policy Paper No 11 Gokhale Nitin A 2019 1 Pulwama Testing Modi s Resolve Securing India the Modi Way Balakot Anti Satellite Missile Test and More Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 93 89449 27 3 Archived from the original on 28 September 2021 Retrieved 6 September 2021 Pakistan India agree to open five LoC points DAWN 30 October 2005 Archived from the original on 12 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 Hussain Aijaz 21 November 2005 Kashmir earthquake Opening of relief points along LoC becomes high point of Indo Pak ties India Today Archived from the original on 26 August 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 India Pakistan to open military border Al Jazeera 30 October 2005 Archived from the original on 26 August 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act 2016 Archived 26 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Act XVI of 2016 Law Justice Parliamentary Affairs and Human Rights Department AJK Government Retrieved 26 August 2021 a b Crossing Points ajktata gok pk AJK Travel and Trade Authority Archived from the original on 15 June 2019 Retrieved 9 March 2019 The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Ordinance 2011 AJK Ordinance No XXXII of 2011 Archived from the original on 30 June 2020 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via nasirlawsite com Singh Priyanka 1 January 2013 Prospects of Travel and Trade across the India Pakistan Line of Control LoC International Studies 50 1 2 71 91 doi 10 1177 0020881715605237 ISSN 0020 8817 S2CID 157985090 Jacob The Line of Control 2018 114 115 a b Zakaria 2018 p 71 Indian Pakistani troops exchange sweets along LoC in Kashmir on Pak s I Day Business Standard India PTI 14 August 2021 Archived from the original on 26 August 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 India Pakistan forces exchange Eid sweets for first time since Pulwama The Times of India 22 June 2021 Archived from the original on 29 August 2021 Retrieved 29 August 2021 Bhalla Abhishek 26 March 2021 India Pakistan hold brigade commanders level meet to discuss peace at LoC India Today Archived from the original on 29 August 2021 Retrieved 29 August 2021 Hafeez 2014 p 80 Naseem Ishfaq 11 January 2017 Kashmir s Cross Border Barter Trade The Diplomat Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Taneja Nisha Bimal Samridhi 2015 Revisiting India Pakistan Cross LoC Trade Economic and Political Weekly 50 6 21 23 ISSN 0012 9976 JSTOR 24481356 Two key features form the core of the LOC trading arrangement i barter exchange and ii zero customs duty Ehsan Mir 29 May 2018 Border business Where Kashmir unites India Pakistan via trade Hindustan Times Salamadad Uri Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Iqbal Mir 3 November 2016 Teetwal LoC crossing point reopens after 3 months Greater Kashmir Archived from the original on 7 November 2016 Retrieved 26 August 2021 Philip Snehesh Alex 16 October 2020 A shut LoC bridge and a Kashmir village living under the shadow of Pakistani snipers ThePrint Archived from the original on 8 October 2021 Retrieved 27 August 2021 Pakistan Second border crossing point opens to allow relief from India ReliefWeb Press release 10 November 2005 Archived from the original on 26 August 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 a b Jammu and Kashmir Goods over Rs 3 432 crore traded via two LoC points in 3 years The Economic Times PTI 9 January 2018 Archived from the original on 17 August 2020 Retrieved 25 July 2018 a b Cross LoC trade at Rs 2 800 crore in last three years The Economic Times PTI 13 June 2016 Archived from the original on 26 July 2018 Retrieved 25 July 2018 J amp K CM inaugurates rebuilt Aman Setu Hindustan Times IANS 21 February 2008 Archived from the original on 26 July 2018 Retrieved 25 July 2018 Ramasubbu Krishnamurthy 21 October 2008 Trucks start rolling duty free commerce across LoC opens Livemint Archived from the original on 26 July 2018 Retrieved 25 July 2018 Re erected Kaman Aman Setu will be inaugurated on Monday Outlook PTI 19 February 2006 Archived from the original on 26 July 2018 Retrieved 25 July 2018 Chakan Da Bagh in Poonch Zee News 14 August 2014 Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 India Pakistan hold flag meeting The Hindu 23 August 2017 Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 Retrieved 25 July 2018 Fourth Kashmir crossing opens DAWN 15 November 2005 Archived from the original on 12 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 Ranjan Kumar Singh Sarhad Zero Mile Hindi Parijat Prakashan ISBN 81 903561 0 0 Closer to ourselves stories from the journey towards peace in South Asia WISCOMP Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama 2008 p 75 Retrieved 19 June 2013 Zakaria 2018 p 84 Zakaria 2018 pp 107 109 Film making beyond borders The process is the message Conciliation Resources Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Line of Control DMZ International Documentary Film Festival 2016 Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 HistoryTV18 brings viewers true stories of courage and sacrifice in the Kargil War Adgully com 23 January 2021 Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Budha 2012 p 8 Dsouza Vinod 17 August 2018 Atal Bihari Vajpayee s Tenure As PM Inspired Hrithik Roshan s Lakshya amp John Abraham s Parmanu Filmibeat Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Gunjan Saxena India female pilot s war biopic flies into a row BBC News 19 August 2020 Archived from the original on 11 June 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Mishra Nivedita 15 August 2019 Independence Day 2019 How Uri The Surgical Strike changed the way Indian patriotic films are made Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Chakravarty Ipsita 27 July 2015 How Bajrangi Bhaijaan brought peace to the LoC and solved the Kashmir issue Dawn Scroll in Archived from the original on 10 October 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Ramnath Nandini 31 July 2020 Avrodh review Show about 2016 surgical strike goes beyond Line of Control in more ways than one Scroll in Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Bibliography Wirsing Robert G 1998 War or Peace on the Line of Control in Clive Schofield ed Boundary and Territory Briefing Volume 2 Number 5 ISBN 1 897643 31 4 Page numbers cited per the e document Bharat Meenakshi Kumar Nirmal eds 2012 Filming the Line of Control The Indo Pak Relationship through the Cinematic Lens Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 51606 1 Budha Kishore 2012 1 Genre Development in the Age of Markets and Nationalism The War Film Jacob Happymon 2018 The Line of Control Travelling with the Indian and Pakistani Armies Penguin Random House India ISBN 978 93 5305 352 9 print version Jacob Happymon 2018 Line on Fire Ceasefire Violations and India Pakistan Escalation Dynamics Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 909547 6 e book version Zakaria Anam 2018 Between the Great Divide A Journey into Pakistan Administered Kashmir India HarperCollins ISBN 978 93 5277 947 5 Hafeez Mahwish 2014 The Line of Control LoC Trade A Ray of Hope Strategic Studies 34 1 Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad 74 93 ISSN 1029 0990 JSTOR 48527555 Arora RK Kumar Manoj November 2016 Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System Implementation Challenges PDF Occasional Paper No 100 Observer Research Foundation Durrani Major General Retd Mahmud Ali July 2001 Enhancing Security through a Cooperative Border Monitoring Experiment A Proposal for India and Pakistan Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Department of Energy Cooperative Monitoring Center Sandia National Laboratories doi 10 2172 783991 OSTI 783991Further readingAkhtar Shaheen 2017 Living on the frontlines Perspective from Poonch and Kotli region of AJK PDF Journal of Political Studies 24 2 Akhtar Shaheen 2017 Living on the Frontlines Perspective from the Neelum Valley PDF Margalla Papers Archived from the original PDF on 16 July 2020 Bali Pawan Akhtar Shaheen 31 July 2017 Kashmir Line of Control and Grassroots Peacebuilding PDF United States Institute of Peace Jacob Happymon 2017 Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir PDF United States Institute of Peace ISBN 978 1 60127 672 8 Kira Altaf Hussain September 2011 Cross LoC trade in Kashmir From Line of Control to Line of Commerce PDF IGIDR Mumbai Kira Altaf Hussain 2011 From Line of Control to Line of Commerce Economic and Political Weekly 46 40 16 18 ISSN 0012 9976 JSTOR 23047415 Padder Sajad A 2015 Cross Line of Control Trade Problem and Prospects Journal of South Asian Studies 3 1 37 48 Ranjan Kumar Singh 2007 Sarhad Zero Mile in Hindi Parijat Prakashan ISBN 81 903561 0 0 Relevance of Simla Agreement Editorial Series Khan Study Group Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 Retrieved 27 September 2013 Reports Smart border management An Indian perspective PDF FICCI PwC India September 2016 Smart border management Contributing to a US 5 trillion economy PDF FICCI Ernst amp Young India 2019 archived from the original PDF on 3 December 2021 retrieved 7 September 2021 Photographs LoC Line of Control Photo Gallery Outlook India Retrieved on 3 September 2021 Photos 1 to 100 Photos 101 to 176 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Line of Control amp oldid 1183770489, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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