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R-73 (missile)

January 01, 1970

The Vympel R-73 (NATO reporting name AA-11 Archer) is a short-range air-to-air missile developed by Vympel NPO that entered service in 1984.[5]

R-73
AA-11 Archer
A mock up of RVV-MD - the newest available export variant of the R-73
TypeShort-range air-to-air missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1984–present
Used bySee Operators
Production history
ManufacturerMoscow Kommunar Machine-Building Plant, Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing, TAM Management
Specifications
Mass105 kilograms (231 lb)
Length2.93 metres (9 ft 7 in)
Diameter165 millimetres (6.5 in)
Wingspan510 millimetres (20 in)
Warhead7.4 kilograms (16 lb)
EngineSolid-fuel rocket engine
Operational
range
  • R-73A, R-73E: 30 kilometres (19 mi)[1][2]
  • R-73M, RVV-MD: 40 kilometres (25 mi)[1][3]
Maximum speed Mach 2.5
Guidance
system
All-aspect infrared homing
Launch
platform

Development edit

The R-73 was developed to replace the earlier R-60 (AA-8 'Aphid') weapon for short-range use by Soviet fighter aircraft. Work began in 1973, operational in 1982 and the first missiles formally entered service in 1984.[5]

The R-73 is an infrared homing (heat-seeking) missile with a sensitive, cryogenic cooled seeker with a substantial "off-boresight" capability: the seeker can detect targets up to 40° off the missile's centerline.[6] It can be targeted by a helmet-mounted sight (HMS) allowing pilots to designate targets by looking at them. Minimum engagement range is about 300 meters, with maximum aerodynamic range of nearly 30 km (19 mi) at altitude. The weapon is used by the MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27/33, Su-34 and Su-35, and can be carried by newer versions of the MiG-21, MiG-23, Sukhoi Su-24, and Su-25 aircraft.[7]

Shortly after German reunification in 1990, Germany and other ex-Warsaw Pact countries found themselves with large stockpiles of the R-73 missiles or AA-11 Archers as designated by NATO, and had concluded that the R-73/AA-11's capabilities had been noticeably underestimated by the west.[8] In particular, the R-73 was found to be both far more maneuverable, and far more capable in terms of seeker acquisition and tracking than the latest AIM-9 Sidewinder.[9] This realization started the development of newer missiles to help compete, including the ASRAAM, IRIS-T and AIM-9X.

According to an interview with a Ukrainian pilot, the R-73 does not track well in clouds. This makes the missile difficult to use against Shahed-136 drones, forcing pilots to rely on their 30 mm cannon.[10]

From 1994, the R-73 has been upgraded in production to the R-73M standard, which entered Russian service in 1997. The R-73M has greater range and a wider seeker angle (to 60° off-boresight), as well as improved IRCCM (Infrared Counter-Counter-Measures). Further developments include the R-74 (izdeliye 740) and its export variant RVV-MD. These are expected to supplement previous variants of the R-73 in service.[11]

An improved version of the R-74, the K-74M (izdeliye 750) features fully digital and re-programmable systems, and is intended for use on the MiG-35, MiG-29K/M/M2, Su-27SM, Su-30MK and Su-35S. A further upgrade, known as the K-74M2 (izdeliye 760), is intended for the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 aircraft. This missile has reduced cross-section to fit in internal weapon bays and will match the performance of the AIM-9X and the ASRAAM. A clean sheet design, the K-MD (izdeliye 300), will supersede the K-74M2 in the future.[12][13]

 

Operational history edit

On 24 February 1996, two Cessna 337s of the Brothers to the Rescue were shot down while flying over international waters 10 nautical miles outside of Cuban airspace by a Cuban Air Force MiG-29UB.[14] Each of the aircraft was downed by an R-73 missile.[15]

During the Eritrean-Ethiopian War from May 1998 to June 2000, R-73 missiles were used in combat by both Ethiopian Su-27s and Eritrean MiG-29s. It was the IR-homing R-60 and the R-73 that were used in all but two of the kills.

On 18 March 2008, a MiG-29 Fulcrum of the Russian Air Force intercepted a Georgian Elbit Hermes 450 UAV over Abkhazia. The MiG-29 destroyed the UAV with an R-73 missile.[16]

On 27 February 2019, Indian officials claims that an IAF MiG-21 Bison had successfully engaged and shot down a Pakistani F-16 with an R-73E missile during the 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes.[17] Pakistan denied the loss of its aircraft.[18]

On 7 May 2022, Colonel Igor Bedzay was killed when his Mi-14 was shot down by a Russian Su-35. It is reported that after missing its first shots using its 30 mm cannon, the Su-35 resorted to launching an R-73, which destroyed the helicopter.[19][20]

Use as a surface to air missile edit

These missiles have been used as a surface to air missile. In 1999 R-73s were adapted by Serb forces for surface to air missiles. The Houthi movement's Missile Research and Development Centre and the Missile Force have tried to fire R-27/R-60/R-73/R-77, from Yemeni Air Force stocks, against Saudi aircraft. The issue for the R-27R and R-77 is the lack of a radar to support their guidance to the target. However the R-27T, R-73 and R-60 are infra-red heat seeking missiles. They only require power, liquid nitrogen "to cool the seeker head", and a pylon to launch the missile. These missiles have been paired with a "US made FLIR Systems ULTRA 8500 turrets". However the drawback is that these missiles are intended to be fired from one jet fighter against another. So the motors and fuel load are smaller than a purpose built surface to air missile. Only one near miss has been verified and that was a R-27T fired at Royal Saudi Air Force F-15SA.[21]

Variants edit

  • R-73 - Standard model with ±40° off-boresight.
  • R-73E - Export version of the standard model with ±45° off-boresight. The missile has a maximum range of 30 kilometres (19 mi) with 8 kg warhead.[2]
  • R-73M - Improved model.
  • R-74 (izdeliye 740) - Improved model with ±60° off-boresight.
  • RVV-MD - Export model of the R-73M with ±75° off-boresight. The missile has a maximum range of 40 kilometres (25 mi) with 8 kg warhead.[22]
  • R-74M (izdeliye 750) - Improved model with ±75° off-boresight.
  • R-74M2 (izdeliye 760) - Further improved variant with reduced cross-section for the Sukhoi Su-57. It serves as the Russian equivalent to the AIM-9X and ASRAAM.

Operators edit

 
Map with R-73 operators in blue with former operators in red

Current operators edit

Former operators edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "AA-11 ARCHER R-73". Global Security. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  2. ^ a b "R-73E". Rosoboronexport. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  3. ^ "RVV-MD". Rosoboronexport. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  4. ^ "IAF's French Mirages Fly with Russian Missiles, Thanks to Israeli 'Jugaad'".
  5. ^ a b "Striving for a Safer World Since 1945".
  6. ^ Reed Business Information Limited. "Vympel reveals previously classified air-to-air missiles". Retrieved 23 December 2014. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009.
  8. ^ Menon, KB (17 July 2012). "Evolution of the Air-To-Air Missiles: Options for the IAF". Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  10. ^ "Ukrainian MiG-29 Pilot Talks About AGM-88 HARM & Shahed-136 UAVs; Explains Why Is It Hard To Counter Iranian Drones". 13 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  11. ^ Barrie, Douglas and Pyadushkin, Maxim. "R-77, R-73 Missile Upgrades Emerge". Aviation Week. 13 August 2009
  12. ^ Butowski, Piotr. Russia and CIS Observer. 17 June 2007.
  13. ^ "Vympel plans to develop air-to-air missiles for Russia's PAK FA fighter". Jane's Missiles and Rockets. 19 May 2006
  14. ^ University of Minnesota Human Rights Library (1999). "Armando Alejandre Jr., Carlos Costa, Mario de la Pena y Pablo Morales v. Republica de Cuba, Case 11.589, Report No. 86/99, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106 Doc. 3 rev. at 586 (1999)". Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  15. ^ "Cuba11.589". Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  16. ^ "Russian jet shoots Georgian drone © Reuters". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  17. ^ "R-73 missile: The weapon with which Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman brought down Pakistan's F-16 jet but they couldn't supply any evidences to support their claims, U.S. count shows no Pakistan F-16s shot down in Indian battle". Zee News India. Essel Group. 2 March 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  18. ^ Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F-16 Is Far From "Irrefutable", 8 April 2019, The War Zone
  19. ^ "Russian Sukhoi Fighter 'Hunts Down' A Ukrainian Mi-14PS Chopper; Incident Gets Caught On Camera — Watch". www.eurasiantimes.net. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  20. ^ "A brave Ukrainian colonel died". www.thetimeshub.in. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  21. ^ Dario Leone (17 July 2019). "Here's how Houthis were able to deploy R-27/R-60/R-73/R-77 Air-to-Air Missiles as SAMs against Saudi-led Coalition Aircraft". theaviationgeekclub.com. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  22. ^ "Production". eng.ktrv.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  23. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  24. ^ a b "SIPRI Trade Register". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). "Chapter Six: Asia". The Military Balance. 120 (1): 254. doi:10.1080/04597222.2020.1707967. S2CID 219627149.
  26. ^ "Twitter". Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  27. ^ "Balakchiev.com". www.balakchiev.com. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  28. ^ "Egyptian MiG-29 deliveries concluded as Su-35 deliveries begin". 29 June 2021.
  29. ^ "Su-25KM SCORPION (It is made in Georgia)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  30. ^ Newdick, Thomas (27 October 2021). "Iranian MiG-29 Blasts Target Out Of Sky In Bonkers Low-Level Display (Updated)". The Drive. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  31. ^ Tincopa, Amaru (November–December 2021). "MiG-29 over the skies of the condor". Revista Pucará. No. 10. p. 20.
  32. ^ Butowski, Piotr; Newdick, Thomas (4 October 2022). "Russian Aggressor Squadron Gets Its First Su-35S Fighter Jets". The Drive.
  33. ^ Banković, Živojin (3 May 2022). "Kako je lovac postao višenamenski borbeni avion: Detalji novog naoružanja na premijeri modernizovanih MiG-ova 29SM". tangosix.rs.
  34. ^ Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011). African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Houston: Harpia Publishing. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5.
  35. ^ Newdick, Thomas (April 2022). "Ukrainian MiG-29 Pilot's Front-Line Account Of The Air War Against Russia". The Drive. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  36. ^ Cooper, Tom (2018). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-911628-18-7.
  37. ^ "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org.

Further reading edit

  • Gordon, Yefim (2004). Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-188-1.
  • Yak-130 04. August 2013.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vympel R-73.
  • Air-to-air missile R-73E | Catalog Rosoboronexport
  • RVV-MD
  • warfare.ru
  • ВПК НОВОСТИ, ИСТОРИЯ ОРУЖИЯ, ВОЕННАЯ ТЕХНИКА, БАСТИОН, ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ СБОРНИК. BASTION, MILITARY-TECHNICAL COLLECTION. MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX NEWS, HISTORY OF WEAPONS, MILITARY EQUIPMENT

January 01, 1970
missile, vympel, nato, reporting, name, archer, short, range, missile, developed, vympel, that, entered, service, 1984, 73aa, archera, mock, newest, available, export, variant, 73typeshort, range, missileplace, originsoviet, unionservice, historyin, service198. The Vympel R 73 NATO reporting name AA 11 Archer is a short range air to air missile developed by Vympel NPO that entered service in 1984 5 R 73AA 11 ArcherA mock up of RVV MD the newest available export variant of the R 73TypeShort range air to air missilePlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1984 presentUsed bySee OperatorsProduction historyManufacturerMoscow Kommunar Machine Building Plant Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing TAM ManagementSpecificationsMass105 kilograms 231 lb Length2 93 metres 9 ft 7 in Diameter165 millimetres 6 5 in Wingspan510 millimetres 20 in Warhead7 4 kilograms 16 lb EngineSolid fuel rocket engineOperationalrangeR 73A R 73E 30 kilometres 19 mi 1 2 R 73M RVV MD 40 kilometres 25 mi 1 3 Maximum speedMach 2 5GuidancesystemAll aspect infrared homingLaunchplatformMiG 21 Upgraded MiG 23 98 MiG 25 MiG 27 MiG 29 MiG 31 MiG 35 Sukhoi Su 24 Su 25 Su 27 Su 30 Su 33 Su 34 Su 35 Sukhoi Su 57 future Yak 141 Yak 130 HAL Tejas IRIAF F 14 J 10 Mirage 2000 Indian Air Force 4 Contents 1 Development 2 Operational history 2 1 Use as a surface to air missile 3 Variants 4 Operators 4 1 Current operators 4 2 Former operators 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDevelopment editThe R 73 was developed to replace the earlier R 60 AA 8 Aphid weapon for short range use by Soviet fighter aircraft Work began in 1973 operational in 1982 and the first missiles formally entered service in 1984 5 The R 73 is an infrared homing heat seeking missile with a sensitive cryogenic cooled seeker with a substantial off boresight capability the seeker can detect targets up to 40 off the missile s centerline 6 It can be targeted by a helmet mounted sight HMS allowing pilots to designate targets by looking at them Minimum engagement range is about 300 meters with maximum aerodynamic range of nearly 30 km 19 mi at altitude The weapon is used by the MiG 29 MiG 31 Su 27 33 Su 34 and Su 35 and can be carried by newer versions of the MiG 21 MiG 23 Sukhoi Su 24 and Su 25 aircraft 7 Shortly after German reunification in 1990 Germany and other ex Warsaw Pact countries found themselves with large stockpiles of the R 73 missiles or AA 11 Archers as designated by NATO and had concluded that the R 73 AA 11 s capabilities had been noticeably underestimated by the west 8 In particular the R 73 was found to be both far more maneuverable and far more capable in terms of seeker acquisition and tracking than the latest AIM 9 Sidewinder 9 This realization started the development of newer missiles to help compete including the ASRAAM IRIS T and AIM 9X According to an interview with a Ukrainian pilot the R 73 does not track well in clouds This makes the missile difficult to use against Shahed 136 drones forcing pilots to rely on their 30 mm cannon 10 From 1994 the R 73 has been upgraded in production to the R 73M standard which entered Russian service in 1997 The R 73M has greater range and a wider seeker angle to 60 off boresight as well as improved IRCCM Infrared Counter Counter Measures Further developments include the R 74 izdeliye 740 and its export variant RVV MD These are expected to supplement previous variants of the R 73 in service 11 An improved version of the R 74 the K 74M izdeliye 750 features fully digital and re programmable systems and is intended for use on the MiG 35 MiG 29K M M2 Su 27SM Su 30MK and Su 35S A further upgrade known as the K 74M2 izdeliye 760 is intended for the fifth generation Sukhoi Su 57 aircraft This missile has reduced cross section to fit in internal weapon bays and will match the performance of the AIM 9X and the ASRAAM A clean sheet design the K MD izdeliye 300 will supersede the K 74M2 in the future 12 13 nbsp Operational history editOn 24 February 1996 two Cessna 337s of the Brothers to the Rescue were shot down while flying over international waters 10 nautical miles outside of Cuban airspace by a Cuban Air Force MiG 29UB 14 Each of the aircraft was downed by an R 73 missile 15 During the Eritrean Ethiopian War from May 1998 to June 2000 R 73 missiles were used in combat by both Ethiopian Su 27s and Eritrean MiG 29s It was the IR homing R 60 and the R 73 that were used in all but two of the kills On 18 March 2008 a MiG 29 Fulcrum of the Russian Air Force intercepted a Georgian Elbit Hermes 450 UAV over Abkhazia The MiG 29 destroyed the UAV with an R 73 missile 16 On 27 February 2019 Indian officials claims that an IAF MiG 21 Bison had successfully engaged and shot down a Pakistani F 16 with an R 73E missile during the 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes 17 Pakistan denied the loss of its aircraft 18 On 7 May 2022 Colonel Igor Bedzay was killed when his Mi 14 was shot down by a Russian Su 35 It is reported that after missing its first shots using its 30 mm cannon the Su 35 resorted to launching an R 73 which destroyed the helicopter 19 20 Use as a surface to air missile edit These missiles have been used as a surface to air missile In 1999 R 73s were adapted by Serb forces for surface to air missiles The Houthi movement s Missile Research and Development Centre and the Missile Force have tried to fire R 27 R 60 R 73 R 77 from Yemeni Air Force stocks against Saudi aircraft The issue for the R 27R and R 77 is the lack of a radar to support their guidance to the target However the R 27T R 73 and R 60 are infra red heat seeking missiles They only require power liquid nitrogen to cool the seeker head and a pylon to launch the missile These missiles have been paired with a US made FLIR Systems ULTRA 8500 turrets However the drawback is that these missiles are intended to be fired from one jet fighter against another So the motors and fuel load are smaller than a purpose built surface to air missile Only one near miss has been verified and that was a R 27T fired at Royal Saudi Air Force F 15SA 21 Variants editR 73 Standard model with 40 off boresight R 73E Export version of the standard model with 45 off boresight The missile has a maximum range of 30 kilometres 19 mi with 8 kg warhead 2 R 73M Improved model R 74 izdeliye 740 Improved model with 60 off boresight RVV MD Export model of the R 73M with 75 off boresight The missile has a maximum range of 40 kilometres 25 mi with 8 kg warhead 22 R 74M izdeliye 750 Improved model with 75 off boresight R 74M2 izdeliye 760 Further improved variant with reduced cross section for the Sukhoi Su 57 It serves as the Russian equivalent to the AIM 9X and ASRAAM Operators edit nbsp Map with R 73 operators in blue with former operators in red Current operators edit nbsp Algeria 23 nbsp Angola 24 nbsp Bangladesh 25 nbsp Belarus 26 nbsp Bulgaria 27 nbsp China 25 264 265 nbsp Cuba nbsp Egypt 300 28 nbsp Eritrea nbsp Ethiopia nbsp Georgia Used on Su 25KM Scorpion 29 nbsp India 25 273 274 nbsp Indonesia 25 278 nbsp Iran 30 nbsp Kazakhstan nbsp Malaysia 25 293 nbsp Myanmar 25 297 Used on Mig 29 and Yak 130 24 nbsp North Korea 25 286 nbsp Peru 31 nbsp Poland nbsp Russia 32 nbsp Serbia 33 nbsp Slovakia nbsp Sudan 34 nbsp Syria nbsp Ukraine 35 nbsp Venezuela nbsp Vietnam 25 320 nbsp Yemen 36 Former operators edit nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Czechoslovakia nbsp East Germany passed to successor states nbsp Germany nbsp Hungary nbsp Romania nbsp Slovakia nbsp Yugoslavia 37 Passed to successor states nbsp Soviet Union Passed to successor states References edit a b AA 11 ARCHER R 73 Global Security Retrieved 3 February 2020 a b R 73E Rosoboronexport Retrieved 2 February 2020 RVV MD Rosoboronexport Retrieved 2 February 2020 IAF s French Mirages Fly with Russian Missiles Thanks to Israeli Jugaad a b Striving for a Safer World Since 1945 Reed Business Information Limited Vympel reveals previously classified air to air missiles Retrieved 23 December 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help uuaz ru Su 25UB Combat trainer aircraft Armament Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 Menon KB 17 July 2012 Evolution of the Air To Air Missiles Options for the IAF Retrieved 11 June 2014 Locking range Archived from the original on 29 March 2019 Retrieved 11 June 2014 Ukrainian MiG 29 Pilot Talks About AGM 88 HARM amp Shahed 136 UAVs Explains Why Is It Hard To Counter Iranian Drones 13 December 2022 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Barrie Douglas and Pyadushkin Maxim R 77 R 73 Missile Upgrades Emerge Aviation Week 13 August 2009 Butowski Piotr Russia and CIS Observer 17 June 2007 Vympel plans to develop air to air missiles for Russia s PAK FA fighter Jane s Missiles and Rockets 19 May 2006 University of Minnesota Human Rights Library 1999 Armando Alejandre Jr Carlos Costa Mario de la Pena y Pablo Morales v Republica de Cuba Case 11 589 Report No 86 99 OEA Ser L V II 106 Doc 3 rev at 586 1999 Retrieved 1 April 2019 Cuba11 589 Retrieved 10 September 2016 Russian jet shoots Georgian drone c Reuters YouTube Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2014 R 73 missile The weapon with which Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman brought down Pakistan s F 16 jet but they couldn t supply any evidences to support their claims U S count shows no Pakistan F 16s shot down in Indian battle Zee News India Essel Group 2 March 2019 Retrieved 8 May 2020 Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F 16 Is Far From Irrefutable 8 April 2019 The War Zone Russian Sukhoi Fighter Hunts Down A Ukrainian Mi 14PS Chopper Incident Gets Caught On Camera Watch www eurasiantimes net 9 June 2022 Retrieved 9 June 2022 A brave Ukrainian colonel died www thetimeshub in Retrieved 9 June 2022 Dario Leone 17 July 2019 Here s how Houthis were able to deploy R 27 R 60 R 73 R 77 Air to Air Missiles as SAMs against Saudi led Coalition Aircraft theaviationgeekclub com Retrieved 14 October 2022 Production eng ktrv ru Retrieved 2 October 2022 Weapon Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 23 December 2014 a b SIPRI Trade Register Stockholm International Peace Research Institute a b c d e f g h International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020 Chapter Six Asia The Military Balance 120 1 254 doi 10 1080 04597222 2020 1707967 S2CID 219627149 Twitter Retrieved 24 May 2021 Balakchiev com www balakchiev com Retrieved 15 January 2024 Egyptian MiG 29 deliveries concluded as Su 35 deliveries begin 29 June 2021 Su 25KM SCORPION It is made in Georgia YouTube Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2014 Newdick Thomas 27 October 2021 Iranian MiG 29 Blasts Target Out Of Sky In Bonkers Low Level Display Updated The Drive Retrieved 20 May 2022 Tincopa Amaru November December 2021 MiG 29 over the skies of the condor Revista Pucara No 10 p 20 Butowski Piotr Newdick Thomas 4 October 2022 Russian Aggressor Squadron Gets Its First Su 35S Fighter Jets The Drive Bankovic Zivojin 3 May 2022 Kako je lovac postao visenamenski borbeni avion Detalji novog naoruzanja na premijeri modernizovanih MiG ova 29SM tangosix rs Cooper Tom Weinert Peter Hinz Fabian Lepko Mark 2011 African MiGs Volume 2 Madagascar to Zimbabwe Houston Harpia Publishing p 150 ISBN 978 0 9825539 8 5 Newdick Thomas April 2022 Ukrainian MiG 29 Pilot s Front Line Account Of The Air War Against Russia The Drive Retrieved 20 May 2022 Cooper Tom 2018 Hot Skies Over Yemen Volume 2 Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula 1994 2017 Warwick UK Helion amp Company Publishing p 67 ISBN 978 1 911628 18 7 Trade Registers armstrade sipri org Further reading editGordon Yefim 2004 Soviet Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two Hinckley England Midland Publishing ISBN 1 85780 188 1 Yak 130 04 August 2013 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vympel R 73 Air to air missile R 73E Catalog Rosoboronexport RVV MD warfare ru astronautix com VPK NOVOSTI ISTORIYa ORUZhIYa VOENNAYa TEHNIKA BASTION VOENNO TEHNIChESKIJ SBORNIK BASTION MILITARY TECHNICAL COLLECTION MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX NEWS HISTORY OF WEAPONS MILITARY EQUIPMENT Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title R 73 missile amp 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