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Spanish-based creole languages

April 10, 2023

A Spanish creole, or Spanish-based creole language, is a creole language (contact language with native speakers) for which Spanish serves as its substantial lexifier.

A number of creole languages are influenced to varying degrees by the Spanish language, including the Philippine creole varieties known as Chavacano, Palenquero, and Bozal Spanish. Spanish also influenced other creole languages like Papiamento, Pichinglis, and Annobonese.

Any number of Spanish-based pidgins have arisen due to contact between Spanish and other languages, especially in America, such as the Panare Trade Spanish used by the Panare people of Venezuela[1] and Roquetas Pidgin Spanish used by agricultural workers in Spain. However, few Spanish pidgins ever creolized with speakers of most pidgins eventually adopting Spanish or other language as their main tongue.

Spanish creole languages

Chavacano

Further information: Chavacano

Chavacano (also Chabacano) is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines that emerged during the 18th century following the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines. While Chavacano refers to a large number of varieties, there are three main varieties: Ternate, Manila/Cavite, and Zamboanga.Ternate and Manila/Cavite are Northern dialects from Manila Bay on Luzon Island, while Zamboanga is a Southern dialect from Mindanao Island; both of these dialects are genetically related. The variety found in Zamboanga City has the largest number of speakers and is considered to be the most stable while the other varieties are considered to be either endangered or extinct (i.e. Ermitaño).

Creole varieties are spoken in Cavite City and Ternate (both on Luzon); Zamboanga, Cotabato and Davao (on Mindanao), Isabela City and other parts of province of Basilan and elsewhere. According to a 2007 census, there are 2,502,185 speakers in the Philippines. It is the major language of Zamboanga City.[citation needed]

While the different varieties of Chavacano are mostly intelligible to one another, they differ slightly in certain aspects such as in the usage of certain words and certain grammatical syntax. Most of the vocabulary comes from Spanish, while the grammar is mostly based on the Austronesian structure. In Zamboanga, its variant is used in primary education, television, and radio. Recently English and Filipino words have been infiltrating the language and code-switching between these three languages is common among younger speakers.

The name of the language stems from the Spanish word Chabacano which roughly means "tasteless", "common", or "vulgar", this Spanish word, however, has lost its original meaning and carries no negative connotation among contemporary speakers.[citation needed]

For more information see the article on Chavacano, or the Ethnologue Report on Chavacano.

Palenquero

 
Palenquero

Palenquero (also Palenque) is a Spanish-based creole spoken in Colombia.

The ethnic group which speaks this creole consisted only of 2,500 people in 1989.

It is spoken in Colombia, in the village of San Basilio de Palenque which is south and east of Cartagena, and in some neighborhoods of Barranquilla.

The village was founded by fugitive slaves (Maroons) and Native Americans. Since many slaves had been only slightly exposed to contact with European people, the palenqueros spoke creole languages derived from Spanish and from their ancestral African languages.

Spanish speakers are unable to understand Palenquero. There is some influence from the Kongo language of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 1998, only 10% of the population younger than 25 spoke Palenquero. It is most commonly spoken by the elderly.

For more information see the Ethnologue Report on Palenquero.[2]

Bozal Spanish

Bozal Spanish is a possibly extinct Spanish-based creole language that may have been a mixture of Spanish and Kikongo, with Portuguese influences.[3] Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single, coherent or stable language, or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements.

Bozal Spanish was spoken by African slaves in the Spanish Caribbean[3] and other areas of South and Central America from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850.[4] It's influenced the variety spoken in the Chota Valley in Ecuador,[5] and a Spanish-based creole is still spoken in the Bolivian Yungas.[6]

Spanish-influenced creole languages

Annobonese Creole

The Annobonese Creole, locally called Fa d'Ambö (Fa d'Ambu or even Fá d'Ambô) is a Portuguese-based creole, similar to Forro, with some borrowings from Spanish. It is spoken by 9,000 people on the islands of Ano Bom and Bioko, in Equatorial Guinea. In fact, Fa d'Ambu shares the same structure of Forro (82% of lexicon).

In the 15th century, the island was uninhabited and discovered by Portugal but, by the 18th century, Portugal exchanged it and some other territories in Africa for Uruguay with Spain. Spain wanted to get territory in Africa, and Portugal wanted to enlarge even more the territory that they saw as the "New Portugal" (Brazil). Nevertheless, the populace of Ano Bom was against the shift and was hostile toward the Spaniards. This hostility, combined with their isolation from mainland Equatorial Guinea and their proximity to São Tomé and Príncipe—just 400 km from the island—has assured the maintenance of its identity.

Fa d'Ambu has gained some words of Spanish origin (10% of lexicon), but some words are dubious in origin because Spanish and Portuguese are closely related languages.

See also: History of Equatorial Guinea

Papiamento

Papiamento is spoken in the Dutch Caribbean. It is a Portuguese-based creole,[7] with a large influence from Spanish, some influence from Dutch and a little from Indigenous American languages, English and African languages. Spoken in Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, by 341,300 people in 2019.[8]

Today, the Venezuelan Spanish influence is very strong, especially on the Aruban dialect, but, due to the similarities between the Iberian Romance languages, it is difficult to ascertain whether a certain feature is derived from Portuguese or from Spanish.[9]

Pichinglis

Pichinglis is spoken on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea. It originated with the arrival of Krio speakers from the mainland. Krio is a creole that derives most of its vocabulary from English, but the Spanish colonization of Guinea exerted Spanish influence on its lexicon and grammar.

San Andrés–Providencia Creole

San Andrés–Providencia Creole is one of the main languages of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, Colombia (alongside Spanish and English) which uses expression and words from English (73%), Spanish (17%) and African languages.[citation needed]

See also

Spanish-based interlanguages:

Notes

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Panare Trade Spanish". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ^ "Palenquero". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
  3. ^ a b Clements, J. Clancy. "Bozal Spanish of Cuba", The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese, Cambridge University Press, 2009. 9780511576171
  4. ^ Lipski, John M. "Where and how does bozal Spanish survive?", Spanish in Contact: Policy, Social and Linguistic Inquiries, John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2007.
  5. ^ Lipski (1987).
  6. ^ Lipski, John M. (2007). "9. Afro-Bolivian Spanish: The survival of a true creole prototype". Creole Language Library. 32: 175–198. doi:10.1075/cll.32.12lip.
  7. ^ Jacobs, Bart (2009a) "The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamento: Linguistic and Historical Evidence". Diachronica 26:3, 319–379
  8. ^
  9. ^ Romero, Simon (2010-07-05). "Willemstad Journal: A Language Thrives in Its Caribbean Home". The New York Times.

Bibliography

  • Lipski, John M. (1987). "The Chota Valley: Afro-Hispanic Language in Highland Ecuador" (PDF). Latin American Research Review. 22 (1): 155–170. ISSN 0023-8791. JSTOR 2503546.

External links

  • Spanish-based creole languages at Curlie
  • Real Academia Española
  • Association for Portuguese and Spanish Lexically Based Creoles (ACBLPE)

April 10, 2023
spanish, based, creole, languages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Spanish based creole languages news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message A Spanish creole or Spanish based creole language is a creole language contact language with native speakers for which Spanish serves as its substantial lexifier A number of creole languages are influenced to varying degrees by the Spanish language including the Philippine creole varieties known as Chavacano Palenquero and Bozal Spanish Spanish also influenced other creole languages like Papiamento Pichinglis and Annobonese Any number of Spanish based pidgins have arisen due to contact between Spanish and other languages especially in America such as the Panare Trade Spanish used by the Panare people of Venezuela 1 and Roquetas Pidgin Spanish used by agricultural workers in Spain However few Spanish pidgins ever creolized with speakers of most pidgins eventually adopting Spanish or other language as their main tongue Contents 1 Spanish creole languages 1 1 Chavacano 1 2 Palenquero 1 3 Bozal Spanish 2 Spanish influenced creole languages 2 1 Annobonese Creole 2 2 Papiamento 2 3 Pichinglis 2 4 San Andres Providencia Creole 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 External linksSpanish creole languages EditChavacano Edit Further information Chavacano Chavacano also Chabacano is a group of Spanish based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines that emerged during the 18th century following the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines While Chavacano refers to a large number of varieties there are three main varieties Ternate Manila Cavite and Zamboanga Ternate and Manila Cavite are Northern dialects from Manila Bay on Luzon Island while Zamboanga is a Southern dialect from Mindanao Island both of these dialects are genetically related The variety found in Zamboanga City has the largest number of speakers and is considered to be the most stable while the other varieties are considered to be either endangered or extinct i e Ermitano Creole varieties are spoken in Cavite City and Ternate both on Luzon Zamboanga Cotabato and Davao on Mindanao Isabela City and other parts of province of Basilan and elsewhere According to a 2007 census there are 2 502 185 speakers in the Philippines It is the major language of Zamboanga City citation needed While the different varieties of Chavacano are mostly intelligible to one another they differ slightly in certain aspects such as in the usage of certain words and certain grammatical syntax Most of the vocabulary comes from Spanish while the grammar is mostly based on the Austronesian structure In Zamboanga its variant is used in primary education television and radio Recently English and Filipino words have been infiltrating the language and code switching between these three languages is common among younger speakers The name of the language stems from the Spanish word Chabacano which roughly means tasteless common or vulgar this Spanish word however has lost its original meaning and carries no negative connotation among contemporary speakers citation needed For more information see the article on Chavacano or the Ethnologue Report on Chavacano Palenquero Edit Palenquero Palenquero also Palenque is a Spanish based creole spoken in Colombia The ethnic group which speaks this creole consisted only of 2 500 people in 1989 It is spoken in Colombia in the village of San Basilio de Palenque which is south and east of Cartagena and in some neighborhoods of Barranquilla The village was founded by fugitive slaves Maroons and Native Americans Since many slaves had been only slightly exposed to contact with European people the palenqueros spoke creole languages derived from Spanish and from their ancestral African languages Spanish speakers are unable to understand Palenquero There is some influence from the Kongo language of the Democratic Republic of Congo In 1998 only 10 of the population younger than 25 spoke Palenquero It is most commonly spoken by the elderly For more information see the Ethnologue Report on Palenquero 2 Bozal Spanish Edit Bozal Spanish is a possibly extinct Spanish based creole language that may have been a mixture of Spanish and Kikongo with Portuguese influences 3 Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single coherent or stable language or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements Bozal Spanish was spoken by African slaves in the Spanish Caribbean 3 and other areas of South and Central America from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850 4 It s influenced the variety spoken in the Chota Valley in Ecuador 5 and a Spanish based creole is still spoken in the Bolivian Yungas 6 Spanish influenced creole languages EditAnnobonese Creole Edit The Annobonese Creole locally called Fa d Ambo Fa d Ambu or even Fa d Ambo is a Portuguese based creole similar to Forro with some borrowings from Spanish It is spoken by 9 000 people on the islands of Ano Bom and Bioko in Equatorial Guinea In fact Fa d Ambu shares the same structure of Forro 82 of lexicon In the 15th century the island was uninhabited and discovered by Portugal but by the 18th century Portugal exchanged it and some other territories in Africa for Uruguay with Spain Spain wanted to get territory in Africa and Portugal wanted to enlarge even more the territory that they saw as the New Portugal Brazil Nevertheless the populace of Ano Bom was against the shift and was hostile toward the Spaniards This hostility combined with their isolation from mainland Equatorial Guinea and their proximity to Sao Tome and Principe just 400 km from the island has assured the maintenance of its identity Fa d Ambu has gained some words of Spanish origin 10 of lexicon but some words are dubious in origin because Spanish and Portuguese are closely related languages See also History of Equatorial Guinea Papiamento Edit Papiamento is spoken in the Dutch Caribbean It is a Portuguese based creole 7 with a large influence from Spanish some influence from Dutch and a little from Indigenous American languages English and African languages Spoken in Aruba Bonaire Curacao by 341 300 people in 2019 8 Today the Venezuelan Spanish influence is very strong especially on the Aruban dialect but due to the similarities between the Iberian Romance languages it is difficult to ascertain whether a certain feature is derived from Portuguese or from Spanish 9 Pichinglis Edit Pichinglis is spoken on Bioko island Equatorial Guinea It originated with the arrival of Krio speakers from the mainland Krio is a creole that derives most of its vocabulary from English but the Spanish colonization of Guinea exerted Spanish influence on its lexicon and grammar San Andres Providencia Creole Edit San Andres Providencia Creole is one of the main languages of the Archipelago of San Andres Providencia and Santa Catalina Colombia alongside Spanish and English which uses expression and words from English 73 Spanish 17 and African languages citation needed See also EditSpanish based interlanguages Belgranodeutsch German Castrapo Galician Chipilo Venetian Cocoliche Lunfardo Italian Frespanol Fragnol French Jopara the standard mixture with Guarani Portunol Portunhol Portuguese Spanglish Llanito English Notes Edit Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin eds 2017 Panare Trade Spanish Glottolog 3 0 Jena Germany Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Palenquero Ethnologue 1999 02 19 Retrieved 2015 10 08 a b Clements J Clancy Bozal Spanish of Cuba The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese Cambridge University Press 2009 9780511576171 Lipski John M Where and how does bozal Spanish survive Spanish in Contact Policy Social and Linguistic Inquiries John Benjamins Publishing Co 2007 Lipski 1987 Lipski John M 2007 9 Afro Bolivian Spanish The survival of a true creole prototype Creole Language Library 32 175 198 doi 10 1075 cll 32 12lip Jacobs Bart 2009a The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamento Linguistic and Historical Evidence Diachronica 26 3 319 379 www ethnologue com Romero Simon 2010 07 05 Willemstad Journal A Language Thrives in Its Caribbean Home The New York Times Bibliography EditLipski John M 1987 The Chota Valley Afro Hispanic Language in Highland Ecuador PDF Latin American Research Review 22 1 155 170 ISSN 0023 8791 JSTOR 2503546 External links EditSpanish based creole languages at Curlie Real Academia Espanola Association for Portuguese and Spanish Lexically Based Creoles ACBLPE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spanish based creole languages amp oldid 1131992319, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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