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Wikipedia

Blog

January 13, 2023

"Blogger" redirects here. For the Google service, see Blogger (service). For other uses, see Blog (disambiguation).

A blog (a truncation of "weblog")[1] is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts). Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the web page. The first blogger of the internet, named Justin Hall, a college undergrad, was found in 1994.[2][3] That site was links.net and still active till the date. Until 2009, blogs were usually the work of a single individual,[citation needed] occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject or topic. In the 2010s, "multi-author blogs" (MABs) emerged, featuring the writing of multiple authors and sometimes professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups, and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into the news media. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users who did not have much experience with HTML or computer programming. Previously, knowledge of such technologies as HTML and File Transfer Protocol had been required to publish content on the Web, and early Web users therefore tended to be hackers and computer enthusiasts. In the 2010s, the majority are interactive Web 2.0 websites, allowing visitors to leave online comments, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.[4] In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers not only produce content to post on their blogs but also often build social relations with their readers and other bloggers.[5] However, there are high-readership blogs which do not allow comments.

Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject or topic, ranging from philosophy, religion, and arts to science, politics, and sports. Others function as more personal online diaries or online brand advertising of a particular individual or company. A typical blog combines text, digital images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave publicly viewable comments, and interact with other commenters, is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs. However, blog owners or authors often moderate and filter online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (MP3 blogs), and audio (podcasts). In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources; these are referred to as edublogs. Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.

'Blog' and 'blogging' are now loosely used for content creation and sharing on social media, especially when the content is long-form and one creates and shares content on regular basis. So, one could be maintaining a blog on Facebook or blogging on Instagram.

Till 2022, there are over 600 million public blogs out of 1.9 Billion+ websites.[6][7][8] On February 20, 2014, there were around 172 million Tumblr[9] and 75.8 million WordPress[10] blogs in existence worldwide. According to critics and other bloggers in 2010 and 2014, Blogger was the most popular blogging service in use. However, Blogger does not offer public statistics.[11][12]  

History

Main articles: History of blogging and online diary
 
An early example of a "diary" style blog consisting of text and images transmitted wirelessly in real-time from a wearable computer with head-up display, February 22, 1995

The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger[13] on December 17, 1997. The short form, "blog", was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May 1999.[14][15][16] Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used "blog" as both a noun and verb ("to blog", meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog") and devised the term "blogger" in connection with Pyra Labs' Blogger product, leading to the popularization of the terms.[17]

Origins

Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, Byte Information Exchange (BIX) and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists,[18] and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software created running conversations with "threads". Threads are topical connections between messages on a virtual "corkboard". From June 14, 1993, Mosaic Communications Corporation maintained their "What's New"[19] list of new websites, updated daily and archived monthly. The page was accessible by a special "What's New" button in the Mosaic web browser.

The earliest instance of a commercial blog was on the first business to consumer Web site created in 1995 by Ty, Inc., which featured a blog in a section called "Online Diary". The entries were maintained by featured Beanie Babies that were voted for monthly by Web site visitors.[20]

The modern blog evolved from the online diary where people would keep a running account of the events in their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. Justin Hall, who began personal blogging in 1994 while a student at Swarthmore College, is generally recognized as one of the earlier bloggers,[21] as is Jerry Pournelle.[22] Dave Winer's Scripting News is also credited with being one of the older and longer running weblogs.[23][24] The Australian Netguide magazine maintained the Daily Net News[25] on their web site from 1996. Daily Net News ran links and daily reviews of new websites, mostly in Australia.

Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, digital video, and digital pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site in 1994. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance, and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters. Some early bloggers, such as The Misanthropic Bitch, who began in 1997, actually referred to their online presence as a zine, before the term blog entered common usage.

The first research paper about blogging was Torill Mortensen and Jill Walker Rettberg's paper "Blogging Thoughts",[26] which analysed how blogs were being used to foster research communities and the exchange of ideas and scholarship, and how this new means of networking overturns traditional power structures.

Technology

Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common Websites. In 1995, the "Online Diary" on the Ty, Inc. Web site was produced and updated manually before any blogging programs were available. Posts were made to appear in reverse chronological order by manually updating text-based HTML code using FTP software in real time several times a day. To users, this offered the appearance of a live diary that contained multiple new entries per day. At the beginning of each new day, new diary entries were manually coded into a new HTML file, and at the start of each month, diary entries were archived into their own folder, which contained a separate HTML page for every day of the month. Then, menus that contained links to the most recent diary entry were updated manually throughout the site. This text-based method of organizing thousands of files served as a springboard to define future blogging styles that were captured by blogging software developed years later.[20]

The evolution of electronic and software tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible for a much larger and less technically-inclined population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, on regular web hosting services, or run using blog software.

Rise in popularity

After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:

  • Bruce Ableson launched Open Diary in October 1998, which soon grew to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
  • Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999.
  • Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a Web site, followed by DiaryLand in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.[27]
  • Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched Blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)

Political impact

 
On December 6, 2002, Josh Marshall's talkingpointsmemo.com blog called attention to U.S. Senator Lott's comments regarding Senator Thurmond. Senator Lott was eventually to resign his Senate leadership position over the matter.

An early milestone in the rise in importance of blogs came in 2002, when many bloggers focused on comments by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott.[28] Senator Lott, at a party honoring U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy advocated by Thurmond's 1948 presidential campaign. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.

Similarly, blogs were among the driving forces behind the "Rathergate" scandal. To wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show 60 Minutes) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view. Consequently, CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs). Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a news source and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.[original research?] The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips,[citation needed] bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media. Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis.[original research?]

In Russia, some political bloggers have started to challenge the dominance of official, overwhelmingly pro-government media. Bloggers such as Rustem Adagamov and Alexei Navalny have many followers, and the latter's nickname for the ruling United Russia party as the "party of crooks and thieves" has been adopted by anti-regime protesters.[29] This led to The Wall Street Journal calling Navalny "the man Vladimir Putin fears most" in March 2012.[30]

Mainstream popularity

By 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as political consultants, news services, and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the UK's Labour Party's Member of Parliament (MP) Tom Watson, began to blog to bond with constituents. In January 2005, Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers whom business people "could not ignore": Peter Rojas, Xeni Jardin, Ben Trott, Mena Trott, Jonathan Schwartz, Jason Goldman, Robert Scoble, and Jason Calacanis.[31]

Israel was among the first national governments to set up an official blog.[32] Under David Saranga, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs became active in adopting Web 2.0 initiatives, including an official video blog[32] and a political blog.[33] The Foreign Ministry also held a microblogging press conference via Twitter about its war with Hamas, with Saranga answering questions from the public in common text-messaging abbreviations during a live worldwide press conference.[34] The questions and answers were later posted on IsraelPolitik, the country's official political blog.[35]

The impact of blogging on the mainstream media has also been acknowledged by governments. In 2009, the presence of the American journalism industry had declined to the point that several newspaper corporations were filing for bankruptcy, resulting in less direct competition between newspapers within the same circulation area. Discussion emerged as to whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government. U.S. President Barack Obama acknowledged the emerging influence of blogging upon society by saying, "if the direction of the news is all blogosphere, all opinions, with no serious fact-checking, no serious attempts to put stories in context, then what you will end up getting is people shouting at each other across the void, but not a lot of mutual understanding".[36] Between 2009 and 2012, an Orwell Prize for blogging was awarded.

Types

 
A screenshot from the BlogActive website.

There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.

Personal blogs
The personal blog is an ongoing online diary or commentary written by an individual, rather than a corporation or organization. While the vast majority of personal blogs attract very few readers, other than the blogger's immediate family and friends, a small number of personal blogs have become popular, to the point that they have attracted lucrative advertising sponsorship. A tiny number of personal bloggers have become famous, both in the online community and in the real world.
Collaborative blogs or group blogs
A type of weblog in which posts are written and published by more than one author. The majority of high-profile collaborative blogs are organised according to a single uniting theme, such as politics, technology or advocacy. In recent years, the blogosphere has seen the emergence and growing popularity of more collaborative efforts, often set up by already established bloggers wishing to pool time and resources, both to reduce the pressure of maintaining a popular website and to attract a larger readership.
Microblogging
Microblogging is the practice of posting small pieces of digital content—which could be text, pictures, links, short videos, or other media—on the internet. Microblogging offers a portable communication mode that feels organic and spontaneous to many users. It has captured the public imagination, in part because the short posts are easy to read on the go or when waiting. Friends use it to keep in touch, business associates use it to coordinate meetings or share useful resources, and celebrities and politicians (or their publicists) microblog about concert dates, lectures, book releases, or tour schedules. A wide and growing range of add-on tools enables sophisticated updates and interaction with other applications. The resulting profusion of functionality is helping to define new possibilities for this type of communication.[37] Examples of these include Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and, by far the largest, Weibo.
Corporate and organizational blogs
A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business or not-for-profit organization or government purposes. Blogs used internally and only available to employees via an Intranet are called corporate blogs. Companies use internal corporate blogs to enhance the communication, culture and employee engagement in a corporation. Internal corporate blogs can be used to communicate news about company policies or procedures, build employee esprit de corps and improve morale. Companies and other organizations also use external, publicly accessible blogs for marketing, branding, or public relations purposes. Some organizations have a blog authored by their executive; in practice, many of these executive blog posts are penned by a ghostwriter who makes posts in the style of the credited author. Similar blogs for clubs and societies are called club blogs, group blogs, or by similar names; typical use is to inform members and other interested parties of club and member activities.
Aggregated blogs
Individuals or organization may aggregate selected feeds on a specific topic, product or service and provide a combined view for its readers. This allows readers to concentrate on reading instead of searching for quality on-topic content and managing subscriptions. Many such aggregations called planets from name of Planet (software) that perform such aggregation, hosting sites usually have planet. subdomain in domain name (like http://planet.gnome.org/).
By genre
Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs, journalism blogs, health blogs, travel blogs (also known as travelogs), gardening blogs, house blogs, Book Blogs,[38][39] fashion blogs, beauty blogs, lifestyle blogs, party blogs, wedding blogs, photography blogs, project blogs, psychology blogs, sociology blogs, education blogs, niche blogs, classical music blogs, quizzing blogs, legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs), or dreamlogs. How-to/Tutorial blogs are becoming increasing popular.[40] Two common types of genre blogs are art blogs and music blogs. A blog featuring discussions, especially about home and family is not uncommonly called a mom blog. While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a splog.
By media type
A blog comprising videos is called a vlog, one comprising links is called a linklog, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos is called a photoblog. Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs. Blogs that are written on typewriters and then scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs. A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher Protocol is known as a phlog.
By device
A blog can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA could be called a moblog.[41] One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.[citation needed]
Reverse blog
A reverse blog is composed by its users rather than a single blogger. This system has the characteristics of a blog and the writing of several authors. These can be written by several contributing authors on a topic or opened up for anyone to write. There is typically some limit to the number of entries to keep it from operating like a web forum.[citation needed]

Community and cataloging

 
An artist's depiction of the interconnections between blogs and blog authors in the "blogosphere" in 2007.
Blogosphere
The collective community of all blogs and blog authors, particularly notable and widely read blogs, is known as the blogosphere. Since all blogs are on the internet by definition, they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked, through blogrolls, comments, linkbacks (refbacks, trackbacks or pingbacks), and backlinks. Discussions "in the blogosphere" were occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues. Because new, untapped communities of bloggers and their readers can emerge in the space of a few years, Internet marketers pay close attention to "trends in the blogosphere".[42]
Blog search engines
Several blog search engines have been used to search blog contents, such as Bloglines (defunct), BlogScope (defunct), and Technorati (defunct).
Blogging communities and directories
Several online communities exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers. Interest-specific blogging platforms are also available. For instance, Blogster has a sizable community of political bloggers among its members. Global Voices aggregates international bloggers, "with emphasis on voices that are not ordinarily heard in international mainstream media."[43]
Blogging and advertising
It is common for blogs to feature banner advertisements or promotional content, either to financially benefit the blogger, support website hosting costs, or to promote the blogger's favourite causes or products. The popularity of blogs has also given rise to "fake blogs" in which a company will create a fictional blog as a marketing tool to promote a product.[44]

As the popularity of blogging continued to rise (as of 2006), the commercialisation of blogging is rapidly increasing. Many corporations and companies collaborate with bloggers to increase advertising and engage online communities with their products. In the book Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers, Henry Jenkins stated that "Bloggers take knowledge into their own hands, enabling successful navigation within and between these emerging knowledge cultures. One can see such behaviour as co-optation into commodity culture insofar as it sometimes collaborates with corporate interests, but one can also see it as increasing the diversity of media culture, providing opportunities for greater inclusiveness, and making more responsive to consumers."[45]

Popularity

  • Before 2006: The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs to investigate their social properties. Information was gathered by the tool for over four years, during which it autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can, therefore,[original research?] be considered the first instantiation of a memetracker. The project was replaced by tailrank.com, which in turn has been replaced by spinn3r.com.
  • 2006: Blogs are given rankings by Alexa Internet (web hits of Alexa Toolbar users), and formerly by blog search engine Technorati based on the number of incoming links (Technorati stopped doing this in 2014). In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress Xu Jinglei.[46] Chinese media Xinhua reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world.[47][better source needed] Technorati rated Boing Boing to be the most-read group-written blog.[46]
  • 2008: As of 2008, blogging had become such a mania that a new blog was created every second of every minute of every hour of every day.[48] Researchers have actively analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e., blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can boost popularity more quickly and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.[49]

Blurring with the mass media

Many bloggers, particularly those engaged in participatory journalism, are amateur journalists, and thus they differentiate themselves from the professional reporters and editors who work in mainstream media organizations. Other bloggers are media professionals who are publishing online, rather than via a TV station or newspaper, either as an add-on to a traditional media presence (e.g., hosting a radio show or writing a column in a paper newspaper), or as their sole journalistic output. Some institutions and organizations see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" of media "gatekeepers" and pushing their messages directly to the public. Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs—well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list.[citation needed] The first known use of a blog on a news site was in August 1998, when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.[50]

Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit), Markos Moulitsas Zúniga (Daily Kos), Alex Steffen (Worldchanging), Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette), Nate Silver (FiveThirtyEight.com), and Ezra Klein (Ezra Klein blog in The American Prospect, now in The Washington Post''). In counterpoint, Hugh Hewitt exemplifies a mass media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger. Similarly, it was Emergency Preparedness and Safety Tips On Air and Online blog articles that captured Surgeon General of the United States Richard Carmona's attention and earned his kudos for the associated broadcasts by talk show host Lisa Tolliver and Westchester Emergency Volunteer Reserves-Medical Reserve Corps Director Marianne Partridge.[51][52]

Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in Gaelic languages. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging. There are examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs, e.g., Salam Pax, Ellen Simonetti, Jessica Cutler, and ScrappleFace. Blog-based books have been given the name blook. A prize for the best blog-based book was initiated in 2005,[53] the Lulu Blooker Prize.[54] However, success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. The book based on Julie Powell's blog "The Julie/Julia Project" was made into the film Julie & Julia, apparently the first to do so.

Consumer-generated advertising

Consumer-generated advertising is a relatively new and controversial development, and it has created a new model of marketing communication from businesses to consumers. Among the various forms of advertising on blog, the most controversial are the sponsored posts.[55] These are blog entries or posts and may be in the form of feedback, reviews, opinion, videos, etc. and usually contain a link back to the desired site using a keyword or several keywords. Blogs have led to some disintermediation and a breakdown of the traditional advertising model, where companies can skip over the advertising agencies (previously the only interface with the customer) and contact the customers directly via social media websites. On the other hand, new companies specialised in blog advertising have been established to take advantage of this new development as well. However, there are many people who look negatively on this new development. Some believe that any form of commercial activity on blogs will destroy the blogosphere's credibility.[56]

Legal and social consequences

Blogging can result in a range of legal liabilities and other unforeseen consequences.[57]

Defamation or liability

Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of defamation or liability. U.S. payouts related to blogging totalled $17.4 million by 2009; in some cases these have been covered by umbrella insurance.[58] The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with third parties (U.S. Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC). In Doe v. Cahill, the Delaware Supreme Court held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask the anonymous bloggers and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under American libel law) rather than referring it back to the trial court for reconsideration.[59] In a bizarre twist, the Cahills were able to obtain the identity of John Doe, who turned out to be the person they suspected: the town's mayor, Councilman Cahill's political rival. The Cahills amended their original complaint, and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial.

In January 2007, two prominent Malaysian political bloggers, Jeff Ooi and Ahirudin Attan, were sued by a pro-government newspaper, The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad, Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan, Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John a/l John Pereira over alleged defamation. The plaintiff was supported by the Malaysian government.[60] Following the suit, the Malaysian government proposed to "register" all bloggers in Malaysia to better control parties against their interests.[61] This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country. In the United States, blogger Aaron Wall was sued by Traffic Power for defamation and publication of trade secrets in 2005.[62] According to Wired magazine, Traffic Power had been "banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results."[63] Wall and other "white hat" search engine optimization consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction, and Traffic Power failed to appeal within the allowed time.[64]

In 2009, NDTV issued a legal notice to Indian blogger Kunte for a blog post criticizing their coverage of the Mumbai attacks.[65] The blogger unconditionally withdrew his post, which resulted in several Indian bloggers criticizing NDTV for trying to silence critics.[66]

Employment

Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment can begin to affect the reputation of their employer, either in a positive way, if the employee is praising the employer and its workplaces, or in a negative way, if the blogger is making negative comments about the company or its practices.

In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective.[67] In 2009, a controversial and landmark decision by The Hon. Mr Justice Eady refused to grant an order to protect the anonymity of Richard Horton. Horton was a police officer in the United Kingdom who blogged about his job under the name "NightJack".[68]

Delta Air Lines fired flight attendant Ellen Simonetti because she posted photographs of herself in uniform on an aeroplane and because of comments posted on her blog "Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant" which the employer deemed inappropriate.[69][70] This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".[71] The suit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings.[72]

In early 2006, Erik Ringmar, a senior lecturer at the London School of Economics, was ordered by the convenor of his department to "take down and destroy" his blog in which he discussed the quality of education at the school.[73]

Mark Jen was terminated in 2005 after 10 days of employment as an assistant product manager at Google for discussing corporate secrets on his personal blog, then called 99zeros and hosted on the Google-owned Blogger service.[74] He blogged about unreleased products and company finances a week before the company's earnings announcement. He was fired two days after he complied with his employer's request to remove the sensitive material from his blog.[75]

In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from IBM after his posts questioned the claims made by a management school.[76] Jessica Cutler, aka "The Washingtonienne", blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,[77] she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. As of 2006, Cutler is being sued by one of her former lovers in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obligated to protect the privacy of their real life associates.[78]

Catherine Sanderson, a.k.a. Petite Anglaise, lost her job in Paris at a British accountancy firm because of blogging.[79] Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner, some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering. Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm, however.[80]

On the other hand, Penelope Trunk wrote an upbeat article in The Boston Globe in 2006, entitled "Blogs 'essential' to a good career".[81] She was one of the first journalists to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals and that a well-written blog can help attract employers.

Business owners

Business owners who blog about their business can also run into legal consequences. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, was fined during the 2006 NBA playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog.[82]

Political dangers

See also: Political repression of cyber-dissidents

Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. In some countries, Internet police or secret police may monitor blogs and arrest blog authors or commentators. Blogs can be much harder to control than broadcast or print media because a person can create a blog whose authorship is hard to trace by using anonymity technology such as Tor. As a result, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs and/or punish those who maintain them.

In Singapore, two ethnic Chinese individuals were imprisoned under the country's anti-sedition law for posting anti-Muslim remarks in their blogs.[83] Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer was charged with insulting the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and an Islamic institution through his blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in Alexandria, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition and one year for insulting Mubarak.[84] Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writings in his blog. Monem is a member of the then banned Muslim Brotherhood. After the 2011 Egyptian revolution, the Egyptian blogger Maikel Nabil Sanad was charged with insulting the military for an article he wrote on his personal blog and sentenced to 3 years.[85]

After expressing opinions in his personal blog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces, Jan Pronk, United Nations Special Representative for Sudan, was given three days notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation.[86][87] In Myanmar, Nay Phone Latt, a blogger, was sentenced to 20 years in jail for posting a cartoon critical of head of state Than Shwe.[88]

Personal safety

See also: Cyberstalking and Internet homicide

One consequence of blogging is the possibility of online or in-person attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without apparent reason. In some cases, bloggers have faced cyberbullying. Kathy Sierra, author of the blog "Creating Passionate Users",[89] was the target of threats and misogynistic insults to the point that she cancelled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety.[90] While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, Internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by the anonymity of the online environment, where some users are known only by a pseudonymous "username" (e.g., "Hacker1984"). Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behaviour[91] and developed a Blogger's Code of Conduct, which set out a rules for behaviour in the online space.

Behaviour

The Blogger's Code of Conduct is a list of seven proposed ideas.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Alavi, Nasrin. We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs, Soft Skull Press, New York, 2005. ISBN 1-933368-05-5.
  • Bruns, Axel, and Joanne Jacobs, eds. Uses of Blogs, Peter Lang, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-8204-8124-6.
  • Blood, Rebecca. "Weblogs: A History and Perspective" May 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. "Rebecca's Pocket".
  • Kline, David; Burstein, Dan. Blog!: How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture, Squibnocket Partners, L.L.C., 2005. ISBN 1-59315-141-1.
  • Gorman, Michael. . Library Journal.
  • Heriot, Gail, Are Modern Bloggers Following in the Footsteps of Publius (and Other Musings on Blogging by Legal Scholars...), 8 Wash. U. L. Rev. 1113 (2006).
  • Ringmar, Erik. A Blogger's Manifesto: Free Speech and Censorship in the Age of the Internet (London: Anthem Press, 2007).
  • Rosenberg, Scott, Say Everything: how blogging Began, what it's becoming, and why it matters, New York : Crown Publishers, 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-45136-1
  • Weinberger, David (August 31, 2015), "Why blogging still matters", The Boston Globe

External links

 
Look up blog in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Blogging.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blogs.

January 13, 2023
blog, redirects, here, google, service, service, other, uses, disambiguation, this, section, contains, content, that, written, like, advertisement, please, help, improve, removing, promotional, content, inappropriate, external, links, adding, encyclopedic, con. Blogger redirects here For the Google service see Blogger service For other uses see Blog disambiguation This section contains content that is written like an advertisement Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Specifically This article contains too much info on unnecessary things Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message A blog a truncation of weblog 1 is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete often informal diary style text entries posts Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order so that the most recent post appears first at the top of the web page The first blogger of the internet named Justin Hall a college undergrad was found in 1994 2 3 That site was links net and still active till the date Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual citation needed occasionally of a small group and often covered a single subject or topic In the 2010s multi author blogs MABs emerged featuring the writing of multiple authors and sometimes professionally edited MABs from newspapers other media outlets universities think tanks advocacy groups and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic The rise of Twitter and other microblogging systems helps integrate MABs and single author blogs into the news media Blog can also be used as a verb meaning to maintain or add content to a blog The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non technical users who did not have much experience with HTML or computer programming Previously knowledge of such technologies as HTML and File Transfer Protocol had been required to publish content on the Web and early Web users therefore tended to be hackers and computer enthusiasts In the 2010s the majority are interactive Web 2 0 websites allowing visitors to leave online comments and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites 4 In that sense blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service Indeed bloggers not only produce content to post on their blogs but also often build social relations with their readers and other bloggers 5 However there are high readership blogs which do not allow comments Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject or topic ranging from philosophy religion and arts to science politics and sports Others function as more personal online diaries or online brand advertising of a particular individual or company A typical blog combines text digital images and links to other blogs web pages and other media related to its topic The ability of readers to leave publicly viewable comments and interact with other commenters is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs However blog owners or authors often moderate and filter online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content Most blogs are primarily textual although some focus on art art blogs photographs photoblogs videos video blogs or vlogs music MP3 blogs and audio podcasts In education blogs can be used as instructional resources these are referred to as edublogs Microblogging is another type of blogging featuring very short posts Blog and blogging are now loosely used for content creation and sharing on social media especially when the content is long form and one creates and shares content on regular basis So one could be maintaining a blog on Facebook or blogging on Instagram Till 2022 there are over 600 million public blogs out of 1 9 Billion websites 6 7 8 On February 20 2014 there were around 172 million Tumblr 9 and 75 8 million WordPress 10 blogs in existence worldwide According to critics and other bloggers in 2010 and 2014 Blogger was the most popular blogging service in use However Blogger does not offer public statistics 11 12 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Technology 1 3 Rise in popularity 1 4 Political impact 1 5 Mainstream popularity 2 Types 3 Community and cataloging 4 Popularity 5 Blurring with the mass media 6 Consumer generated advertising 7 Legal and social consequences 7 1 Defamation or liability 7 2 Employment 7 2 1 Business owners 7 3 Political dangers 7 4 Personal safety 7 5 Behaviour 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistoryMain articles History of blogging and online diary An early example of a diary style blog consisting of text and images transmitted wirelessly in real time from a wearable computer with head up display February 22 1995 The term weblog was coined by Jorn Barger 13 on December 17 1997 The short form blog was coined by Peter Merholz who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme com in April or May 1999 14 15 16 Shortly thereafter Evan Williams at Pyra Labs used blog as both a noun and verb to blog meaning to edit one s weblog or to post to one s weblog and devised the term blogger in connection with Pyra Labs Blogger product leading to the popularization of the terms 17 Origins Before blogging became popular digital communities took many forms including Usenet commercial online services such as GEnie Byte Information Exchange BIX and the early CompuServe e mail lists 18 and Bulletin Board Systems BBS In the 1990s Internet forum software created running conversations with threads Threads are topical connections between messages on a virtual corkboard From June 14 1993 Mosaic Communications Corporation maintained their What s New 19 list of new websites updated daily and archived monthly The page was accessible by a special What s New button in the Mosaic web browser The earliest instance of a commercial blog was on the first business to consumer Web site created in 1995 by Ty Inc which featured a blog in a section called Online Diary The entries were maintained by featured Beanie Babies that were voted for monthly by Web site visitors 20 The modern blog evolved from the online diary where people would keep a running account of the events in their personal lives Most such writers called themselves diarists journalists or journalers Justin Hall who began personal blogging in 1994 while a student at Swarthmore College is generally recognized as one of the earlier bloggers 21 as is Jerry Pournelle 22 Dave Winer s Scripting News is also credited with being one of the older and longer running weblogs 23 24 The Australian Netguide magazine maintained the Daily Net News 25 on their web site from 1996 Daily Net News ran links and daily reviews of new websites mostly in Australia Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam an online shared diary of a person s personal life combining text digital video and digital pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site in 1994 This practice of semi automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters Some early bloggers such as The Misanthropic Bitch who began in 1997 actually referred to their online presence as a zine before the term blog entered common usage The first research paper about blogging was Torill Mortensen and Jill Walker Rettberg s paper Blogging Thoughts 26 which analysed how blogs were being used to foster research communities and the exchange of ideas and scholarship and how this new means of networking overturns traditional power structures Technology Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common Websites In 1995 the Online Diary on the Ty Inc Web site was produced and updated manually before any blogging programs were available Posts were made to appear in reverse chronological order by manually updating text based HTML code using FTP software in real time several times a day To users this offered the appearance of a live diary that contained multiple new entries per day At the beginning of each new day new diary entries were manually coded into a new HTML file and at the start of each month diary entries were archived into their own folder which contained a separate HTML page for every day of the month Then menus that contained links to the most recent diary entry were updated manually throughout the site This text based method of organizing thousands of files served as a springboard to define future blogging styles that were captured by blogging software developed years later 20 The evolution of electronic and software tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible for a much larger and less technically inclined population Ultimately this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today For instance the use of some sort of browser based software is now a typical aspect of blogging Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services on regular web hosting services or run using blog software Rise in popularity After a slow start blogging rapidly gained in popularity Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following being further popularized by the near simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools Bruce Ableson launched Open Diary in October 1998 which soon grew to thousands of online diaries Open Diary innovated the reader comment becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers blog entries Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999 Andrew Smales created Pitas com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a news page on a Web site followed by DiaryLand in September 1999 focusing more on a personal diary community 27 Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan Pyra Labs launched Blogger com in August 1999 purchased by Google in February 2003 Political impact On December 6 2002 Josh Marshall s talkingpointsmemo com blog called attention to U S Senator Lott s comments regarding Senator Thurmond Senator Lott was eventually to resign his Senate leadership position over the matter An early milestone in the rise in importance of blogs came in 2002 when many bloggers focused on comments by U S Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott 28 Senator Lott at a party honoring U S Senator Strom Thurmond praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president Lott s critics saw these comments as tacit approval of racial segregation a policy advocated by Thurmond s 1948 presidential campaign This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers See Josh Marshall s Talking Points Memo Though Lott s comments were made at a public event attended by the media no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader Similarly blogs were among the driving forces behind the Rathergate scandal To wit television journalist Dan Rather presented documents on the CBS show 60 Minutes that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush s military service record Bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view Consequently CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques see Little Green Footballs Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs acceptance by the mass media both as a news source and opinion and as means of applying political pressure original research The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination Though often seen as partisan gossips citation needed bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light with mainstream media having to follow their lead More often however news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media Meanwhile an increasing number of experts blogged making blogs a source of in depth analysis original research In Russia some political bloggers have started to challenge the dominance of official overwhelmingly pro government media Bloggers such as Rustem Adagamov and Alexei Navalny have many followers and the latter s nickname for the ruling United Russia party as the party of crooks and thieves has been adopted by anti regime protesters 29 This led to The Wall Street Journal calling Navalny the man Vladimir Putin fears most in March 2012 30 Mainstream popularity By 2004 the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream as political consultants news services and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs role as a news source See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark Even politicians not actively campaigning such as the UK s Labour Party s Member of Parliament MP Tom Watson began to blog to bond with constituents In January 2005 Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers whom business people could not ignore Peter Rojas Xeni Jardin Ben Trott Mena Trott Jonathan Schwartz Jason Goldman Robert Scoble and Jason Calacanis 31 Israel was among the first national governments to set up an official blog 32 Under David Saranga the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs became active in adopting Web 2 0 initiatives including an official video blog 32 and a political blog 33 The Foreign Ministry also held a microblogging press conference via Twitter about its war with Hamas with Saranga answering questions from the public in common text messaging abbreviations during a live worldwide press conference 34 The questions and answers were later posted on IsraelPolitik the country s official political blog 35 The impact of blogging on the mainstream media has also been acknowledged by governments In 2009 the presence of the American journalism industry had declined to the point that several newspaper corporations were filing for bankruptcy resulting in less direct competition between newspapers within the same circulation area Discussion emerged as to whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government U S President Barack Obama acknowledged the emerging influence of blogging upon society by saying if the direction of the news is all blogosphere all opinions with no serious fact checking no serious attempts to put stories in context then what you will end up getting is people shouting at each other across the void but not a lot of mutual understanding 36 Between 2009 and 2012 an Orwell Prize for blogging was awarded Types A screenshot from the BlogActive website There are many different types of blogs differing not only in the type of content but also in the way that content is delivered or written Personal blogs The personal blog is an ongoing online diary or commentary written by an individual rather than a corporation or organization While the vast majority of personal blogs attract very few readers other than the blogger s immediate family and friends a small number of personal blogs have become popular to the point that they have attracted lucrative advertising sponsorship A tiny number of personal bloggers have become famous both in the online community and in the real world Collaborative blogs or group blogs A type of weblog in which posts are written and published by more than one author The majority of high profile collaborative blogs are organised according to a single uniting theme such as politics technology or advocacy In recent years the blogosphere has seen the emergence and growing popularity of more collaborative efforts often set up by already established bloggers wishing to pool time and resources both to reduce the pressure of maintaining a popular website and to attract a larger readership Microblogging Microblogging is the practice of posting small pieces of digital content which could be text pictures links short videos or other media on the internet Microblogging offers a portable communication mode that feels organic and spontaneous to many users It has captured the public imagination in part because the short posts are easy to read on the go or when waiting Friends use it to keep in touch business associates use it to coordinate meetings or share useful resources and celebrities and politicians or their publicists microblog about concert dates lectures book releases or tour schedules A wide and growing range of add on tools enables sophisticated updates and interaction with other applications The resulting profusion of functionality is helping to define new possibilities for this type of communication 37 Examples of these include Twitter Facebook Tumblr and by far the largest Weibo Corporate and organizational blogs A blog can be private as in most cases or it can be for business or not for profit organization or government purposes Blogs used internally and only available to employees via an Intranet are called corporate blogs Companies use internal corporate blogs to enhance the communication culture and employee engagement in a corporation Internal corporate blogs can be used to communicate news about company policies or procedures build employee esprit de corps and improve morale Companies and other organizations also use external publicly accessible blogs for marketing branding or public relations purposes Some organizations have a blog authored by their executive in practice many of these executive blog posts are penned by a ghostwriter who makes posts in the style of the credited author Similar blogs for clubs and societies are called club blogs group blogs or by similar names typical use is to inform members and other interested parties of club and member activities Aggregated blogs Individuals or organization may aggregate selected feeds on a specific topic product or service and provide a combined view for its readers This allows readers to concentrate on reading instead of searching for quality on topic content and managing subscriptions Many such aggregations called planets from name of Planet software that perform such aggregation hosting sites usually have planet subdomain in domain name like http planet gnome org By genre Some blogs focus on a particular subject such as political blogs journalism blogs health blogs travel blogs also known as travelogs gardening blogs house blogs Book Blogs 38 39 fashion blogs beauty blogs lifestyle blogs party blogs wedding blogs photography blogs project blogs psychology blogs sociology blogs education blogs niche blogs classical music blogs quizzing blogs legal blogs often referred to as a blawgs or dreamlogs How to Tutorial blogs are becoming increasing popular 40 Two common types of genre blogs are art blogs and music blogs A blog featuring discussions especially about home and family is not uncommonly called a mom blog While not a legitimate type of blog one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a splog By media type A blog comprising videos is called a vlog one comprising links is called a linklog a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos is called a photoblog Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs Blogs that are written on typewriters and then scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher Protocol is known as a phlog By device A blog can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA could be called a moblog 41 One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam an online shared diary of a person s personal life combining text video and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site This practice of semi automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters citation needed Reverse blog A reverse blog is composed by its users rather than a single blogger This system has the characteristics of a blog and the writing of several authors These can be written by several contributing authors on a topic or opened up for anyone to write There is typically some limit to the number of entries to keep it from operating like a web forum citation needed Community and cataloging An artist s depiction of the interconnections between blogs and blog authors in the blogosphere in 2007 Blogosphere The collective community of all blogs and blog authors particularly notable and widely read blogs is known as the blogosphere Since all blogs are on the internet by definition they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked through blogrolls comments linkbacks refbacks trackbacks or pingbacks and backlinks Discussions in the blogosphere were occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues Because new untapped communities of bloggers and their readers can emerge in the space of a few years Internet marketers pay close attention to trends in the blogosphere 42 Blog search engines Several blog search engines have been used to search blog contents such as Bloglines defunct BlogScope defunct and Technorati defunct Blogging communities and directories Several online communities exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers Interest specific blogging platforms are also available For instance Blogster has a sizable community of political bloggers among its members Global Voices aggregates international bloggers with emphasis on voices that are not ordinarily heard in international mainstream media 43 Blogging and advertising It is common for blogs to feature banner advertisements or promotional content either to financially benefit the blogger support website hosting costs or to promote the blogger s favourite causes or products The popularity of blogs has also given rise to fake blogs in which a company will create a fictional blog as a marketing tool to promote a product 44 As the popularity of blogging continued to rise as of 2006 the commercialisation of blogging is rapidly increasing Many corporations and companies collaborate with bloggers to increase advertising and engage online communities with their products In the book Fans Bloggers and Gamers Henry Jenkins stated that Bloggers take knowledge into their own hands enabling successful navigation within and between these emerging knowledge cultures One can see such behaviour as co optation into commodity culture insofar as it sometimes collaborates with corporate interests but one can also see it as increasing the diversity of media culture providing opportunities for greater inclusiveness and making more responsive to consumers 45 PopularityThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2016 Before 2006 The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs to investigate their social properties Information was gathered by the tool for over four years during which it autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community ranking it by recency and popularity It can therefore original research be considered the first instantiation of a memetracker The project was replaced by tailrank com which in turn has been replaced by spinn3r com 2006 Blogs are given rankings by Alexa Internet web hits of Alexa Toolbar users and formerly by blog search engine Technorati based on the number of incoming links Technorati stopped doing this in 2014 In August 2006 Technorati found that the most linked to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress Xu Jinglei 46 Chinese media Xinhua reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world 47 better source needed Technorati rated Boing Boing to be the most read group written blog 46 2008 As of 2008 update blogging had become such a mania that a new blog was created every second of every minute of every hour of every day 48 Researchers have actively analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular There are essentially two measures of this popularity through citations as well as popularity through affiliation i e blogroll The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls permalinks can boost popularity more quickly and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls since they denote that people are actually reading the blog s content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases 49 Blurring with the mass mediaMany bloggers particularly those engaged in participatory journalism are amateur journalists and thus they differentiate themselves from the professional reporters and editors who work in mainstream media organizations Other bloggers are media professionals who are publishing online rather than via a TV station or newspaper either as an add on to a traditional media presence e g hosting a radio show or writing a column in a paper newspaper or as their sole journalistic output Some institutions and organizations see blogging as a means of getting around the filter of media gatekeepers and pushing their messages directly to the public Many mainstream journalists meanwhile write their own blogs well over 300 according to CyberJournalist net s J blog list citation needed The first known use of a blog on a news site was in August 1998 when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie 50 Some bloggers have moved over to other media The following bloggers and others have appeared on radio and television Duncan Black known widely by his pseudonym Atrios Glenn Reynolds Instapundit Markos Moulitsas Zuniga Daily Kos Alex Steffen Worldchanging Ana Marie Cox Wonkette Nate Silver FiveThirtyEight com and Ezra Klein Ezra Klein blog in The American Prospect now in The Washington Post In counterpoint Hugh Hewitt exemplifies a mass media personality who has moved in the other direction adding to his reach in old media by being an influential blogger Similarly it was Emergency Preparedness and Safety Tips On Air and Online blog articles that captured Surgeon General of the United States Richard Carmona s attention and earned his kudos for the associated broadcasts by talk show host Lisa Tolliver and Westchester Emergency Volunteer Reserves Medical Reserve Corps Director Marianne Partridge 51 52 Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages bringing together scattered speakers and learners this is particularly so with blogs in Gaelic languages Minority language publishing which may lack economic feasibility can find its audience through inexpensive blogging There are examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs e g Salam Pax Ellen Simonetti Jessica Cutler and ScrappleFace Blog based books have been given the name blook A prize for the best blog based book was initiated in 2005 53 the Lulu Blooker Prize 54 However success has been elusive offline with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs The book based on Julie Powell s blog The Julie Julia Project was made into the film Julie amp Julia apparently the first to do so Consumer generated advertisingConsumer generated advertising is a relatively new and controversial development and it has created a new model of marketing communication from businesses to consumers Among the various forms of advertising on blog the most controversial are the sponsored posts 55 These are blog entries or posts and may be in the form of feedback reviews opinion videos etc and usually contain a link back to the desired site using a keyword or several keywords Blogs have led to some disintermediation and a breakdown of the traditional advertising model where companies can skip over the advertising agencies previously the only interface with the customer and contact the customers directly via social media websites On the other hand new companies specialised in blog advertising have been established to take advantage of this new development as well However there are many people who look negatively on this new development Some believe that any form of commercial activity on blogs will destroy the blogosphere s credibility 56 Legal and social consequencesBlogging can result in a range of legal liabilities and other unforeseen consequences 57 Defamation or liability Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of defamation or liability U S payouts related to blogging totalled 17 4 million by 2009 in some cases these have been covered by umbrella insurance 58 The courts have returned with mixed verdicts Internet Service Providers ISPs in general are immune from liability for information that originates with third parties U S Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000 31 EC In Doe v Cahill the Delaware Supreme Court held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask the anonymous bloggers and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself as unfounded under American libel law rather than referring it back to the trial court for reconsideration 59 In a bizarre twist the Cahills were able to obtain the identity of John Doe who turned out to be the person they suspected the town s mayor Councilman Cahill s political rival The Cahills amended their original complaint and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial In January 2007 two prominent Malaysian political bloggers Jeff Ooi and Ahirudin Attan were sued by a pro government newspaper The New Straits Times Press Malaysia Berhad Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John a l John Pereira over alleged defamation The plaintiff was supported by the Malaysian government 60 Following the suit the Malaysian government proposed to register all bloggers in Malaysia to better control parties against their interests 61 This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country In the United States blogger Aaron Wall was sued by Traffic Power for defamation and publication of trade secrets in 2005 62 According to Wired magazine Traffic Power had been banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results 63 Wall and other white hat search engine optimization consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public The case was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction and Traffic Power failed to appeal within the allowed time 64 In 2009 NDTV issued a legal notice to Indian blogger Kunte for a blog post criticizing their coverage of the Mumbai attacks 65 The blogger unconditionally withdrew his post which resulted in several Indian bloggers criticizing NDTV for trying to silence critics 66 Employment Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment can begin to affect the reputation of their employer either in a positive way if the employee is praising the employer and its workplaces or in a negative way if the blogger is making negative comments about the company or its practices In general attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective 67 In 2009 a controversial and landmark decision by The Hon Mr Justice Eady refused to grant an order to protect the anonymity of Richard Horton Horton was a police officer in the United Kingdom who blogged about his job under the name NightJack 68 Delta Air Lines fired flight attendant Ellen Simonetti because she posted photographs of herself in uniform on an aeroplane and because of comments posted on her blog Queen of Sky Diary of a Flight Attendant which the employer deemed inappropriate 69 70 This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus employer rights and responsibilities and so it received wide media attention Simonetti took legal action against the airline for wrongful termination defamation of character and lost future wages 71 The suit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings 72 In early 2006 Erik Ringmar a senior lecturer at the London School of Economics was ordered by the convenor of his department to take down and destroy his blog in which he discussed the quality of education at the school 73 Mark Jen was terminated in 2005 after 10 days of employment as an assistant product manager at Google for discussing corporate secrets on his personal blog then called 99zeros and hosted on the Google owned Blogger service 74 He blogged about unreleased products and company finances a week before the company s earnings announcement He was fired two days after he complied with his employer s request to remove the sensitive material from his blog 75 In India blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from IBM after his posts questioned the claims made by a management school 76 Jessica Cutler aka The Washingtonienne blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant After the blog was discovered and she was fired 77 she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog The Washingtonienne A Novel As of 2006 update Cutler is being sued by one of her former lovers in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obligated to protect the privacy of their real life associates 78 Catherine Sanderson a k a Petite Anglaise lost her job in Paris at a British accountancy firm because of blogging 79 Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm however 80 On the other hand Penelope Trunk wrote an upbeat article in The Boston Globe in 2006 entitled Blogs essential to a good career 81 She was one of the first journalists to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals and that a well written blog can help attract employers Business owners Business owners who blog about their business can also run into legal consequences Mark Cuban owner of the Dallas Mavericks was fined during the 2006 NBA playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog 82 Political dangers See also Political repression of cyber dissidents Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas In some countries Internet police or secret police may monitor blogs and arrest blog authors or commentators Blogs can be much harder to control than broadcast or print media because a person can create a blog whose authorship is hard to trace by using anonymity technology such as Tor As a result totalitarian and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs and or punish those who maintain them In Singapore two ethnic Chinese individuals were imprisoned under the country s anti sedition law for posting anti Muslim remarks in their blogs 83 Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer was charged with insulting the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and an Islamic institution through his blog It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted After a brief trial session that took place in Alexandria the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition and one year for insulting Mubarak 84 Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti government writings in his blog Monem is a member of the then banned Muslim Brotherhood After the 2011 Egyptian revolution the Egyptian blogger Maikel Nabil Sanad was charged with insulting the military for an article he wrote on his personal blog and sentenced to 3 years 85 After expressing opinions in his personal blog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces Jan Pronk United Nations Special Representative for Sudan was given three days notice to leave Sudan The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation 86 87 In Myanmar Nay Phone Latt a blogger was sentenced to 20 years in jail for posting a cartoon critical of head of state Than Shwe 88 Personal safety See also Cyberstalking and Internet homicide One consequence of blogging is the possibility of online or in person attacks or threats against the blogger sometimes without apparent reason In some cases bloggers have faced cyberbullying Kathy Sierra author of the blog Creating Passionate Users 89 was the target of threats and misogynistic insults to the point that she cancelled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego fearing for her safety 90 While a blogger s anonymity is often tenuous Internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by the anonymity of the online environment where some users are known only by a pseudonymous username e g Hacker1984 Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behaviour 91 and developed a Blogger s Code of Conduct which set out a rules for behaviour in the online space Behaviour The Blogger s Code of Conduct is a list of seven proposed ideas See also Internet portal Journalism portalBlog award BROG Chat room Citizen journalism Collaborative blog Comparison of free blog hosting services Customer engagement Glossary of blogging Interactive journalism Internet think tank Israblog List of blogs List of family and homemaking blogs Mass collaboration Perzine Prison blogs Sideblog Social blogging Think aloud protocol Webmaster Web template system Web trafficReferences Blood Rebecca September 7 2000 Weblogs A History And Perspective Archived from the original on May 30 2015 Retrieved September 2 2008 Rosen Jeffrey December 19 2004 Your Blog or Mine Retrieved December 30 2022 A Brief Timeline of the History of Blogging blog hubspot com Retrieved December 30 2022 Mutum Dilip Wang Qing 2010 Consumer Generated Advertising in Blogs In Neal M Burns Terry Daugherty Matthew S Eastin eds Handbook of Research on Digital Media and Advertising User Generated Content Consumption Vol 1 IGI Global pp 248 261 Gaudeul Alexia amp Peroni Chiara 2010 Reciprocal attention and norm of reciprocity in blogging networks Economics Bulletin 30 3 2230 2248 How Many Blogs Are There We Counted Them All WebTribunal Retrieved December 30 2022 How Many Blogs Are There And 141 Other Blogging Stats GrowthBadger January 2 2022 Retrieved December 30 2022 Hardwick Si Quan Ong Rebecca Liew Joshua February 3 2022 71 Blogging Statistics for 2022 SEO Blog by Ahrefs Retrieved December 30 2022 About Tumblr com Retrieved February 20 2014 Tumblr com Retrieved February 20 2014 Stats Retrieved February 20 2014 Wordpress com Retrieved February 20 2014 The Most Reliable and Unreliable Blogging Services Royal pigdim com December 15 2011 Archived from the original on June 18 2014 Retrieved January 19 2013 Five Best Blogging Platforms LifeHacker com June 20 2010 After 10 Years of Blogs the Future s Brighter Than Ever Wired December 17 2007 Retrieved June 5 2008 It s the links stupid The Economist April 20 2006 Retrieved June 5 2008 Merholz Peter 1999 Peterme com Internet Archive Archived from the original on October 13 1999 Retrieved June 5 2008 Kottke Jason August 26 2003 kottke org Retrieved June 5 2008 Origins of Blog and Blogger Archived November 3 2014 at the Wayback Machine American Dialect Society Mailing List April 20 2008 The term e log has been used to describe journal entries sent out via e mail since as early as March 1996 Norman David July 13 2005 Users confused by blogs Archived from the original on June 7 2007 Retrieved June 5 2008 Research staff and students welcome E Log University College London December 2003 Archived from the original on August 12 2007 Retrieved June 5 2008 What s New Home mcom com Retrieved June 15 2013 a b Bissonnette Zac March 2015 The 12 per hour Sociology Major Who Made Ty Warner a Billionaire The Great Beanie Baby Bubble Mass Delusion and the Dark Side of Cute Penguin Books pp 107 121 ISBN 978 1591846024 Harmanci Reyhan February 20 2005 Time to get a life pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31 San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved June 5 2008 Pournelle Jerry Chaos Manor in Perspective Jerry Pournelle s blog I can make some claim to this being The Original Blog and Daybook I certainly started keeping a day book well before most and long before the term blog or Web Log was invented BIX the Byte information exchange preceded the Web by a lot and I also had a daily journal on GE Genie All that was long before the World Wide Web Jerry Pournelle Festa Paul February 25 2003 Newsmaker Blogging comes to Harvard CNET Retrieved January 25 2007 Dave Winer whose Scripting News scripting com is one of the oldest blogs Gallagher David F June 10 2002 Technology A rift among bloggers The New York Times Australian Net Guide Web archive org November 12 1996 Retrieved June 15 2013 Mortensen 1 Torill 2 Walker Jill 2002 Blogging thoughts personal publication as an online research tool PDF Researching ICTs in Context 249 279 San Antonio Attorneys Archived from the original on April 11 2008 Retrieved March 29 2008 Massing Michael August 13 2009 The News About the Internet New York Review of Books 56 13 29 32 Retrieved October 10 2009 Daniel Sandford BBC News Russians tire of corruption spectacle https www bbc co uk news world europe 15972326 Kaminski Matthew March 3 2012 The Man Vladimir Putin Fears Most the weekend interview The Wall Street Journal Kirkpatrick David Roth Daniel Why There s No Escaping the Blog Fortune Archived from the original on January 1 2005 Retrieved January 30 2014 a b Israel Video Blog aims to show the world the beautiful face of real Israel Ynet February 24 2008 Latest PR venture of Israel s diplomatic mission in New York attracts large Arab audience Ynet June 21 2007 Haviv Rettig Gur December 30 2008 Battlefront Twitter The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on November 10 2011 The Toughest Q s Answered in the Briefest Tweets Noam Cohen The New York Times January 3 2009 Retrieved January 5 2009 Journalists deserve subsidies too Archived March 24 2014 at the Wayback Machine Robert W McChesney and John Nichols Delaware Online November 3 2009 Retrieved November 10 2009 7 Things You Should Know About Microblogging Educause Edu July 7 2009 Retrieved October 25 2012 Stephan Metcalf Fixing a Hole The New York Times March 2006 Jennifer Saranow Blogwatch This Old House The Wall Street Journal September 2007 52 Types of Blog Posts that Are Proven to Work Problogger net September 2 2011 Retrieved July 18 2017 Blogging goes mobile BBC News February 23 2003 Retrieved June 5 2008 See for instance Mesure Susie August 23 2009 Is it a diary Is it an ad It s a mummy blog The Independent London p 11 Retrieved October 10 2009 Global Voices About GlobalVoices org Retrieved April 2 2011 Gogoi Pallavi October 9 2006 Wal Mart s Jim and Laura The Real Story Bloomberg BusinessWeek Archived from the original on September 26 2008 Retrieved August 6 2008 Jenkins Henry 2006 Fans Bloggers and Gamers New York New York University Press p 151 ISBN 978 0814742853 a b Fickling David Internet killed the TV star The Guardian NewsBlog August 15 2006 Xu Jinglei most popular blogger in world China Daily August 24 2006 Retrieved June 5 2008 Keen Andrew 2008 The Cult of the Amateur How Today s Internet Is Killing Our Culture New York Nicholas Brealey Publishing p 3 ISBN 978 1857885200 Marlow C Audience structure and authority in the weblog community Presented at the International Communication Association Conference May 2004 New Orleans LA Blogging Bonnie Poynter org September 18 2003 National Safety Month Nsc org Archived from the original on June 16 2014 Retrieved April 9 2010 Flavor Flav Celebrates National Safety Month Blogcritics Archived from the original on February 13 2009 Blooker rewards books from blogs BBC News October 11 2005 Retrieved June 5 2008 Blooker prize honours best blogs BBC News March 17 2007 Retrieved June 5 2008 Mutum Dilip and Wang Qing 2010 Consumer Generated Advertising in Blogs In Neal M Burns Terry Daugherty Matthew S Eastin Eds Handbook of Research on Digital Media and Advertising User Generated Content Consumption Vol 1 IGI Global 248 261 PayPerPost com offers to sell your soul TechCrunch June 30 2006 Retrieved July 18 2017 Article Window The Times of India Retrieved October 25 2012 McQueen MP 2009 Bloggers Beware What You Write Can Get You Sued The Wall Street Journal Doe v Cahill 884 A 2d 451 Del 2005 New Straits Times staffers sue two bloggers Reporters Without Borders January 19 2007 Archived from the original on June 8 2008 Retrieved June 5 2008 Government plans to force bloggers to register Reporters Without Borders April 6 2007 Archived from the original on June 11 2008 Retrieved June 5 2008 Kesmodel David August 31 2005 Blogger Faces Lawsuit Over Comments Posted by Readers The Wall Street Journal Retrieved June 5 2008 Wired Magazine Legal Showdown in Search Fracas September 8 2005 Sullivan Danny April 13 2006 SearchEngineWatch Blog searchenginewatch com Archived from the original on February 4 2009 Retrieved July 31 2010 Barkha versus blogger The Hoot Retrieved February 2 2009 Indian bloggers criticizing NDTV Abhishekarora com February 8 2009 Archived from the original on February 12 2009 Retrieved April 21 2013 Sanderson Cathrine April 2 2007 Blogger beware The Guardian London Retrieved April 2 2007 Ruling on NightJack author Richard Horton kills blogger anonymity Archived from the original on August 29 2011 Twist Jo November 3 2004 US Blogger Fired by her Airline BBC News Retrieved June 5 2008 Delta employee fired for blogging sues airline USA Today September 8 2005 Retrieved June 5 2008 Queen of the Sky gets marching orders The Register November 3 2004 Retrieved June 5 2008 Twelfth Omnibus Claims Objection PDF Retrieved July 8 2014 MacLeod Donald May 3 2006 Lecturer s Blog Sparks Free Speech Row The Guardian London Archived from the original on June 12 2008 Retrieved June 5 2008 See also Forget the Footnotes Archived from the original on April 13 2006 Hansen Evan February 8 2005 Google blogger has left the building CNET News Retrieved April 4 2007 Plaxoed the official story straight from the source Mark Jen s life Plaxo Archived from the original on July 25 2008 Retrieved September 10 2008 Bloggers join hands against B school The Indian Express Archived from the original on December 14 2005 Retrieved January 30 2011 The Hill s Sex Diarist Reveals All Well Some The Washington Post May 23 2004 Retrieved June 5 2008 Steamy D C Sex Blog Scandal Heads to Court NBC News December 27 2006 Retrieved June 5 2008 Bridget Jones Blogger Fire Fury CNN July 19 2006 Retrieved June 5 2008 Sacked petite anglaise blogger wins compensation claim The Sydney Morning Herald March 31 2007 Retrieved February 6 2015 Trunk Penelope April 16 2006 Blogs essential to a good career The Boston Globe Retrieved April 21 2013 NBA fines Cuban 200K for antics on off court ESPN May 11 2006 Retrieved June 5 2008 Kierkegaard Sylvia 2006 Blogs lies and the doocing The next hotbed of litigation Computer Law amp Security Report 22 2 127 doi 10 1016 j clsr 2006 01 002 Egypt blogger jailed for insult BBC News February 22 2007 Retrieved June 5 2008 Knafo Saki September 15 2011 Maikel Nabil Sanad On Hunger Strike in Egypt Is Dying HuffPost Retrieved December 29 2011 Sudan expels U N envoy for blog CNN October 22 2006 Retrieved March 14 2007 UN envoy leaves after Sudan row BBC News BBC October 23 2006 Retrieved October 24 2006 Burma blogger jailed for 20 years BBC News November 11 2008 Retrieved March 26 2010 Headrush typepad com Headrush typepad com Retrieved April 21 2013 Pham Alex March 31 2007 Abuse threats quiet bloggers keyboards PDF Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on June 25 2008 Retrieved June 5 2008 Blog death threats spark debate BBC News March 27 2007 Retrieved June 5 2008 Further readingAlavi Nasrin We Are Iran The Persian Blogs Soft Skull Press New York 2005 ISBN 1 933368 05 5 Bruns Axel and Joanne Jacobs eds Uses of Blogs Peter Lang New York 2006 ISBN 0 8204 8124 6 Blood Rebecca Weblogs A History and Perspective Archived May 30 2015 at the Wayback Machine Rebecca s Pocket Kline David Burstein Dan Blog How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics Business and Culture Squibnocket Partners L L C 2005 ISBN 1 59315 141 1 Gorman Michael Revenge of the Blog People Library Journal Heriot Gail Are Modern Bloggers Following in the Footsteps of Publius and Other Musings on Blogging by Legal Scholars 8 Wash U L Rev 1113 2006 Ringmar Erik A Blogger s Manifesto Free Speech and Censorship in the Age of the Internet London Anthem Press 2007 Rosenberg Scott Say Everything how blogging Began what it s becoming and why it matters New York Crown Publishers 2009 ISBN 978 0 307 45136 1 Weinberger David August 31 2015 Why blogging still matters The Boston GlobeExternal links Look up blog in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikiquote has quotations related to Blogging Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blogs Computer Law and Security Report Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 127 136 blogs Lies and the Doocing by Sylvia Kierkegaard 2006 Legal Guide for bloggers by the Electronic Frontier Foundation Law Library Legal Blawgs Web Archive from the U S Library of Congress Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blog amp oldid 1130526107, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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