SNCF
The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (French pronunciation: [sɔsjete nɑsjɔnal de ʃ(ə)mɛ̃ d(ə) fɛʁ fʁɑ̃sɛ]; abbreviated as SNCF [ɛs‿ɛn se ɛf]; French for "National society of French railroads") is France's national state-owned railway company. Founded in 1938, it operates the country's national rail traffic along with Monaco, including the TGV, on France's high-speed rail network. Its functions include operation of railway services for passengers and freight (through its subsidiaries SNCF Voyageurs and Rail Logistics Europe), as well as maintenance and signalling of rail infrastructure (SNCF Réseau). The railway network consists of about 35,000 km (22,000 mi) of route, of which 2,600 km (1,600 mi) are high-speed lines and 14,500 km (9,000 mi) electrified. About 14,000 trains are operated daily.
Map of the French railways on which the TGV (LGV: blue; normal tracks: black) and Intercités (grey) SNCF trains run. | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Saint-Denis, France |
| Reporting mark | TGV, Intercités, TER, Transilien, Ouigo, Eurostar, Thalys, TGV Lyria |
| Locale | France |
| Dates of operation | 1938–present |
| Predecessor | Compagnie des chemins de fer du Nord Administration des chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi et du Canal latéral à la Garonne Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est Administration des chemins de fer de l'État |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) |
| Length | 29,273 km (18,189 mi) |
| Other | |
| Website | www.sncf.com |
| Type | State-owned société anonyme EPIC between 1983 and 2019[1] |
|---|---|
| Industry | Rail transport |
| Founded | 1 January 1938 |
| Founder | Government of France |
| Headquarters | , France |
Key people | Jean-Pierre Farandou (president of SNCF Group) |
| Revenue | €34.8 billion (2021)[2] |
| €1.8 billion (2021)[2] | |
| €0.8 billion (2021)[2] | |
| Total assets | €124.7 billion (2021)[2] |
| Owner | French state |
Number of employees | 270,296 (2021)[2] |
| Subsidiaries |
|
In 2010 the SNCF was ranked 22nd in France and 214th globally on the Fortune Global 500 list.[3] It is the main business of the SNCF Group, which in 2020 had €30 billion of sales in 120 countries.[4] The SNCF Group employs more than 275,000 employees in France and around the world.[5] Since July 2013, the SNCF Group headquarters are located in a Parisian suburb at 2 Place aux Étoiles in Saint-Denis. The president of SNCF Group has been Jean-Pierre Farandou since 2019.
Business scope
High-speed rail
SNCF operates almost all of France's railway traffic, including the TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, meaning "high-speed train"). In the 1970s, the SNCF began the TGV high-speed train program with the intention of creating the world's fastest railway network. It came to fruition in 1981 with the completion of the first high-speed line LGV Sud-Est ("Ligne à Grande Vitesse Sud-Est", meaning "southeast high-speed line"), where the first TGV service, from Paris to Lyon, was inaugurated. In 2017, the national rail network owned by SNCF Réseau had 28,710 km (17,839 mi) of lines, 58% of which were electrified and 2,640 high-speed lines. Every day, the SNCF runs 15,000 commercial trains and transports more than 5 million passengers and more than 250,000 tonnes of goods.[6] TGV lines and TGV technology are now spread across several European countries.
The SNCF's TGV has set many world speed records, the most recent on 3 April 2007, when a new version of the TGV dubbed the V150 with larger wheels than the usual TGV, was able to cover more ground with each rotation and had a stronger 18,600-kilowatt (24,900-horsepower) engine, and broke the world speed record for conventional railway trains, reaching 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph).
The SNCF has a remarkable safety record. After nearly 30 years in operation, SNCF's TGV system has only experienced one fatal accident, which occurred during pre-opening testing and not in regular operation.
United Kingdom
In 2011 SNCF in partnership with Keolis, unsuccessfully bid for the InterCity West Coast franchise.[7] In April 2017 SNCF took a 30% shareholding in a joint venture with Stagecoach Group and Virgin Group to bid for the West Coast Partnership that will operate services on the West Coast Main Line from May 2020 and the High Speed 2 line from 2026.[8][9]
In April 2019 Stagecoach were banned from bidding for any franchises including the West Coast Partnership which has meant that Virgin and SNCF have now had to withdraw from the shortlist.
SNCF operations
Since the 1990s, SNCF has been selling railway carriages to regional governments, with the creation of the Train Express Régional brand. SNCF also maintains a broad scope of international business that includes work on freight lines, inter-city lines and commuter lines. SNCF experts provide logistics, design, construction, operations and maintenance services. SNCF operates the international ticketing agency Oui.sncf, formerly Voyages-sncf.com and Rail Europe.
SNCF has employees in 120 countries offering extensive overseas and cross border consulting. Those projects include:
- Israel: Assistance and Training. SNCF International provides assistance to Israel Railways in every area of rail operations including projects to upgrade the network's general safety regulations. Other assistance and training programmes involve Infrastructure and the Traction Division.
- Taiwan: Operations Training. SNCF supervised the prime contractor responsible for construction of the Taiwan Railways Administration's main high-speed rail line. It also trained rail traffic controllers, drivers, and crew members. On behalf of the Government of Taiwan, SNCF managed the high-speed railway Command Control Centre.
- United Kingdom: Maintenance. In 2007–2008, SNCF-International consultants audited the maintenance practices applied to the track, signalling and overhead electric power line on British high-speed rail lines connecting London to the Channel Tunnel. In addition, it conducted an audit of the maintainer's performance from the service quality and cost control standpoint, made recommendations for improvements, and proposed a three-year Business Plan.
- South Korea: HSR Electrification Design. SNCF advised Korean Railroads on the electrification of tracks between Daegu and Busan and on linking existing conventional tracks to the new high-speed line. SNCF also assisted in selecting and inspecting high-speed rolling stock and trained 400 senior manager, engineers, and executives in a broad range of skills, including signalling, catenaries, track, rolling stock maintenance, HSR operation, safety management, marketing, and passenger information systems. Until the end of 2009, SNCF assisted Korea in maintaining its high-speed.
- Spain: Signalling System. SNCF partnered with ADIF (Spanish railway infrastructure provider) in the study, supply, installation, and maintenance of the standard EU railway signaling system along the Madrid-Lleida high-speed line. On behalf of the Spanish Government, SNCF designed and led maintenance operations on this line over a two-year period.
- France: Lead Infrastructure and Rolling Stock Maintainer – The SNCF maintains 32,000 km (20,000 mi) of track, 26,500 main sets of points and crossings, 2,300 signal boxes, 80,000 track circuits, over 1 million relays, etc. It also maintains 3,900 locomotives and 500 high-speed trains. Each of SNCF's TGV trains travels more than 39,000 km (24,000 mi) a month – enough to circle the globe. Each year SNCF's Human Resources Department provides over 1.2 million hours of training to its over 25,000 employees.
- Apart from these network of countries, It has the potential to expand its network to Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain etc.
History
SNCF was formed in 1938 with the nationalisation of France's main railway companies (Chemin de fer, literally, 'way of iron', means railway). These were the:
- Chemins de fer de l'Est (Est, Eastern Railways)
- Chemins de fer de l'État (État, State Railways; merged in 1908 with the Chemins de fer de l'Ouest)
- Chemins de fer du Nord (Nord, Northern Railways)
- Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM, Paris, Lyon and Mediterranean Railways)
- Chemins de fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi (Paris, Orléans, and Southern Railways; PO-Midi, formed in 1934 from the merger of the Chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans and the Chemins de fer du Midi)
- Administration des chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine (AL, Alsace-Lorraine Railways)
- Syndicats du Chemin de fer de Grande Ceinture et de Petite Ceinture (Great and Little Belt Railways) in Paris and its suburbs.
The French state originally took 51% ownership of SNCF and invested large amounts of public subsidies into the system. Today, SNCF is wholly owned by the French state.
World War II
Following the 1940 Armistice and until August 1944, SNCF was requisitioned for the transport of German armed forces and armaments. The invading German troops were responsible for the destruction of nearly 350 French railway bridges and tunnels. According to differing estimates, SNCF surrendered between 125,000 and 213,000 wagons and 1,000-2,000 locomotives.[10][11]
France's railway infrastructure and rolling stocks were a target for the French Resistance aimed at disrupting and fighting the German occupying forces.[12][13] This allowed SNCF employees to perform many acts of resistance,[14] including the formation of the Résistance-Fer movement in 1943. Nearly 1,700 SNCF railway workers were killed or deported for resisting Nazi orders.[15][16] 150 Résistance-Fer agents were shot for their acts of resistance, 500 of them were deported. Half of those deported died in concentration camps.[17]
German occupying forces in France also requisitioned SNCF to transport nearly 77,000 Jews and other Holocaust victims to Nazi extermination camps.[18][19] These deportations have been the subject of historical controversy and lawsuits (such as the Lipietz case) in France as well as in the United States (where subsidiary Keolis is a transportation contractor) to the present day.[16][20]
In 1992 SNCF commissioned French academics to write a history of SNCF activities during World War II. The resultant report was published in 1996.[21][22]
More recently, some sources have claimed that SNCF billed Nazi-occupied France for third-class tickets for Holocaust victims transported to extermination camps,[23][24] although passengers were transported in cattle cars.[25] Other sources have reported that after the liberation of France SNCF continued to seek payment for transporting Holocaust victims to Germany.[23][26] However, historian Michael Marrus has written that claims that SNCF billed for third-class tickets and continued to seek payment after the war ended were made as part of a legal case brought against SNCF, and did not match with historians' understanding of what happened. Marrus argues that SNCF had no margin of maneuver during the German occupation and that the actions of SNCF employees were not ideologically motivated.[19] According to Serge Klarsfeld, president of the organization Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France, SNCF was forced by German and Vichy authorities to cooperate in providing transport for French Jews to the border and did not make any profit from this transport.[27]
In December 2014, SNCF agreed to pay up to $60 million worth of compensation to Holocaust survivors in the United States.[28] It corresponds to approximately $100,000 per survivor.[29]
Modern era
In the early 2000s, SNCF sought to get a contract from the state of California for a bullet train project between Los Angeles and San Francisco. SNCF recommended that the train take the most direct route between the two locations to reduce the complexity and cost of the project, but the SNCF's recommendations were cast aside by California politicians who wanted to divert the train through various communities, raising the cost and complexity of the project, as well as the expected travel time. SNCF pulled out of the project in 2011 and went to Morocco to help the country construct a bullet train service. By 2018, Morocco's bullet train started service while the California bullet train project was not close to being operational in 2022, with some saying that the project would never be completed.[30]
In May 2014, the company had discovered that 2,000 new trains they ordered at a cost of 15 billion euros are too wide for many of France's regional platforms. Construction work has started to reconfigure them.[31]
On 1 January 2015, Réseau ferré de France (RFF) merged with SNCF Infra and the Direction de la circulation ferroviaire (DCF) and became SNCF Réseau, the operational assets of SNCF became SNCF Mobilités, and both groups were placed under the control of SNCF.
Design
The industrial designer Paul Arzens styled many of SNCF's locomotives from the 1940s until the 1970s. A particularly distinctive type is the "broken nose" style of electric and diesel locomotives.
SNCF codeshares with Air Austral, Air France, Air Tahiti Nui, American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Middle East Airlines, Etihad Airways, Qatar Airways, and SriLankan Airlines. In exchange, SNCF allows passengers on these flights to book railway services between Charles de Gaulle Airport in Roissy (near Paris) and Aix-en-Provence, Angers, Avignon, Bordeaux, Le Mans, Lille, Lyon Part-Dieu, Marseille, Montpellier, Nantes, Nîmes, Poitiers, Rennes, Strasbourg, Tours, and Valence with their airline. The IATA designator used by airlines in connection with these journeys is 2C.[citation needed]
Continental Airlines discontinued its codeshare with SNCF on 15 August 2010.[32]
Company structure
Headquarters
Until 1999, the SNCF's historic headquarters was located at 88 Rue Saint-Lazare in the 9th arrondissement.[33][34] In 1996 the chairman of SNCF, Louis Gallois, announced that SNCF would move its headquarters to a new location during the middle of 1997.[35]
From 1999 to 2013, SNCF's headquarters were located in the Montparnasse neighborhood of the 14th arrondissement of Paris,[36] located near the Gare Montparnasse.[33]
Since July 2013, the SNCF headquarters are located in the Parisian suburb of Saint-Denis at 2, place aux Étoiles, 93200 Saint Denis.[citation needed] The move was motivated by cutting operating costs by 10 million euros per year.[37]
Divisions
Since 1 January 2020 SNCF is a state-owned group consisting of a parent company (SNCF) with several independently operated subsidiaries:
- SNCF Réseau (English: SNCF Network) - State-owned railway infrastructure manager ;
- SNCF Gares & Connexions (English: SNCF Stations & Connections) - SNCF Réseau subsidiary responsible for the maintenance and renovation of the 3,000 stations on the French rail network ;
- SNCF Voyageurs (English: SNCF Travelers) - State-owned enterprise that operates trains in France and Europe, including the flagship TGV inOui service, along with the low cost Ouigo TGV service, Intercités traditional long-distance services, and TER and Transilien regional services ;
- Rail Logistics Europe ;
- Fret SNCF (English: Freight SNCF) - rail freight services ;
- Captrain - European rail freight network ;
- VIIA, Rolling highway ;
- Naviland Cargo ;
- Forwardis, freight forwarder ;
- Geodis (98.4% owned by SNCF) - Private company that runs freight transportation logistics ;
- Keolis (70% owned by SNCF) - Private public transport operator that runs services in cities across the world including bus, metro, light rail, rental bikes, carparks, cable cars and airport services.
Subsidiaries
SNCF has full or partial shares in a large number of companies, the majority of which are rail or transport related. These include:[38]
- ERMEWA (100%)
- France Wagons (100%)
- SGW : Société de Gérance de Wagons (67.5%)
- CTC : Compagnie des Transports Céréaliers (69.36%)
- SEGI (98.96%)
- Naviland Cargo (94.37%) previously CNC Transports, Compagnie Nouvelle de Conteneurs.
General freight transport:
- C-Modalohr Express (51%)
- Novatrans (38.25%)
- Districhrono (100%)
- Ecorail (99.9%)
- Froidcombi (48.93%)
- Rouch Intermodal (98.96%)
- Sefergie (98.96%)
- EFFIA (99.99%)
Passenger transport
- Thalys International (70%)
- Eurostar International (55%)[39]
- Lyria (74%)
- Elipsos International (50%)
- Rhealys SA (30%)
- Keolis (70%)[40]
- Govia (24.5%)[41]
- Ouigo (100%)
- Ouigo España (100%)
Tickets
- SNCF Connect (formerly oui.sncf) (50.1%), the on-line travel agency of SNCF
- Rail Europe, Inc. (50%) Bought from British Rail.
- GLe-trade
Consulting
- AREP (99.99%)
- SNCF International (100%)
- Inexia
- Systra (35.87%): engineering for public transport
Housing
- ICF Habitat Novedis (100%): rental housing (social and private housing)
Company image
According to a TNS SOFRES survey published in 2010, 66% of French people have a good image of SNCF.[42] At the end of 2019, this proportion was measured at 50% by the Posternak-Ifop barometer on the image of companies.[43] In 2020, Eight Advisory and IFOP unveil their ranking of the "most admired French companies": SNCF is in 23rd position.[44]
Safety on trains is also often a priority. To do this, around 2,800 railway workers form the Railway Security, the general supervision of SNCF, of which 50% of the workforce is assigned to the Île-de-France region.
Furthermore, the experts of the BCG, Boston Consulting Group , use to compare the rail systems in 25 European countries. They rank France in tied 4th position (with Germany, Austria and Sweden), behind Switzerland, Denmark and Finland. The criteria are : the utilization rate, quality of service and safety.[45]
Visual and sound identity
Logotype
SNCF's current visual logo was created in 2005 by the Carré Noir agency, a subsidiary of the Publicis communication group. It was slightly reworked in 2011: rounded corners, disappearance of shadows inside the letters as well as behind, and a clearer separation between them.
Sound Identity
The SNCF sound logo – the four notes C - G - A flat - E flat –, in a sung version,[46] was created in 2005 by Michaël Boumendil.[47] David Gilmour, guitarist of the group Pink Floyd, used the jingle as the inspiration for the title track of his 2015 album Rattle That Lock.[48] Simone Hérault has been the voice of SNCF since 1981[49]
Culture
Cinema
Since the Auguste and Louis Lumière's first film, SNCF has been the company that hosts the most film shoots in France,[50] between 50 and 60 shoots per year, which represents around two thirds of French productions.[51] A selection of iconic films where SNCF is at the heart of the matter include:
TV Show
See also
References
- ^ SNCF was reorganized from three EPICs to a holding company effective 1 January 2020. The official name of the surviving holding company remains Société nationale des chemins de fer français with no "S.A." suffix applied.
- ^ a b c d e "SNCF Group Financial Report 2021" (PDF). SNCF Group. 24 February 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Global 500 2010: Countries". CNN. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ^ "RESULTATS ANNUELS 2020 - GROUPE SNCF" (PDF) (in French). SNCF. (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- ^ Direction de la Communication. "Profil et chiffres clés 2016" (in French). SNCF. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ L'observatoire des transports et de la mobilité. "Le marché français du transport ferroviaire de voyageurs" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Department for Transport 24 March 2011
- ^ Stagecoach and Virgin to join forces with SNCF for West Coast Partnership Bid Stagecoach 25 July 2017
- ^ Stagecoach and SNCF lead Virgin-branded bid for HS2 operations Railway Gazette International 25 July 2017
- ^ Jones, Joseph (1984). The Politics of Transport in Twentieth-Century France. McGill Queens University Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0773504281. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
SNCF railway transporting german troops.
- ^ Mierzejewski (2000). The Most Valuable Asset of the Reich: A History of the German National Railway Volume 2, 1933-1945. The university of North Carolina Press. p. 84. ISBN 0807825743. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ^ Ribeill, Georges (2002–2003). (PDF). Les Cahiers de Recits, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Choix Industriels, Technologiques et Scientifiques (in French). Belfort-Montbéliard: Université de Technologie Belfort-Montbéliard. 2: 49–61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ Christofferson, Thomas; Christofferson, Michael (2006). France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-2563-7.
- ^ Durand, Paul (1968). La SNCF pendant la guerre, sa résistance à l'occupant. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ^ Lombard, Marie-Amélie (25 January 2011). "Shoah : les "regrets" de la SNCF". Le Figaro. France. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
- ^ a b Baume, Maïa De La (25 January 2011). "French Railway Formally Apologizes to Holocaust Victims". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- ^ Ribeill, Georges (2006). "Résistance-Fer, du " réseau " à l'association". Revue d'histoire des chemins de fer. 34: 53–73. doi:10.4000/rhcf.534.
- ^ Shaver, Katherine (7 July 2010). "Holocaust group faults VRE contract". The Washington Post. ISSN 0740-5421. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ a b Marrus, Michael R. (2011). "Chapter 12 The Case of the French Railways and the Deportation of Jews in 1944". In Bankier, David; Michman, Dan (eds.). Holocaust and Justice. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-9-65308-353-0.
- ^ CBC News (7 June 2006). "French railway must pay for transporting family to Nazis". Retrieved 9 June 2006.
- ^ "Faciliter la recherche historique" (in French). SNCF. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013.
- ^ Associated Press (20 May 2011). "U.S. bill requires French rail company to disclose 'truth' of its Holocaust role". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ a b Chrisafis, Angelique (7 June 2006). "French state and SNCF guilty of collusion in deporting Jews". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "French railways win WWII appeal". BBC News. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "SNCF airs Holocaust regret as it bids for Florida rail | News | The Week UK". Thefirstpost.co.uk. 15 November 2010.
- ^ Riding, Alan (20 March 2003). "Nazis' Human Cargo Now Haunts French Railway". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Serge Klarsfeld (26 June 2012). (PDF). Memorial de la Shoah. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ^ DeYoung, Karen (5 December 2014). "France to compensate American survivors of Holocaust". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
- ^ "Pour le rôle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros à chaque déporté américain". Le Monde.fr (in French). 5 December 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
- ^ Vartabedian, Ralph (9 October 2022). "How California's Bullet Train Went Off the Rails". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ "French red faces over trains that are 'too wide'". BBC News. 21 May 2014.
- ^ . Continental.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Le siège haut perché de la SNCF à Montparnasse" (). Les Echos. 20 May 1999. Page 54. Retrieved on 1 May 2010. "Pari tenu : réceptionné le 19 mars par Bouygues Immobilier et livré à son occupant dix jours plus tard, le nouveau siège de la SNCF est sorti de la gangue du grand ensemble de la gare Montparnasse, dans le 14e arrondissement de Paris, en quinze mois d'un chantier intense qui a mobilisé sur place jusqu'à 650 personnes. Quelque 800 postes de travail sont concernés sur les 2.500 qui gravitaient hier autour du siège historique de Saint-Lazare (9e arrondissement), consacrant la partition entre une direction générale resserrée et des services centraux pléthoriques."
- ^ "Welcome to the SNCF server!" (Archive). SNCF. 3 June 1997. Retrieved on 28 April 2010. "88, Rue St Lazare 75009 PARIS."
- ^ "" (Archive). L'Humanité. 23 September 1996. Retrieved on 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Legal information." SNCF. Retrieved on 24 October 2013.
- ^ Bertrand, Philippe. "La SNCF prend ses nouveaux quartiers à Saint-Denis" (). Les Echos. 29 July 2013.
- ^ "Rapport Financier" (PDF) (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
- ^ "About Us | Behind The Scenes". Eurostar. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
- ^ . keolis.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014.
- ^ "Govia awarded TSGN franchise : Govia". www.govia.info. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
- ^ "Les Français sont plus fiers de leurs trains que les Allemands |". Le Figaro.fr (in French). 26 September 2010.
- ^ "A lo'rée de la grève du 5 décembre, l'image de la SNCF s'écroule |". Le Figaro.fr (in French). 2 December 2019.
- ^ "Le commerce domine le classement des entreprises françaises les plus admirées |". lsa-conso.fr (in French). 25 October 2020.
- ^ "La SNCF parmi les meilleurs réseaux européens |". blogs.alternatives-economiques.fr (in French). 3 April 2018.
- ^ "Le jingle : l'histoire sonore de la marque SNCF | SNCF". www.sncf.com (in French). 9 April 2015. from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ JDD, Le. "Le jingle de la SNCF, c'est lui!". lejdd.fr (in French). Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Pour David Gilmour, guitariste de Pink Floyd, l'inspiration est venue d'un jingle de la SNCF". Le Monde.fr (in French). 9 July 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Figure 1.2. Productivity slowdown has been continuous since the 1970s". dx.doi.org. doi:10.1787/888933496787. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Portrait : Philippe Laylle, le monsieur cinéma de la SNCF |". Lettre du cheminot.fr (in French). 22 October 2017.
- ^ "Le Jackpot des lieux de tournage à Paris |". Le Figaro.fr. 27 February 2009.
External links
- Website of SNCF