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Religion in Canada

February 16, 2024

Religion in Canada encompasses a wide range of beliefs and customs that historically has been dominated by Christianity.[4][5] The constitution of Canada refers to God and the monarch carries the title of Defender of the Faith, however Canada has no official church and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism.[6] Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference.[7]

Religion in Canada (2021 census)[1]

  Christianity[a] (53.3%)
  No religion (34.6%)
  Islam (4.9%)
  Hinduism (2.3%)
  Sikhism (2.1%)
  Buddhism (1.0%)
  Judaism (0.9%)
  Indigenous (0.2%)
  Other faiths (0.6%)

Before the European colonization, a wide diversity of Indigenous religions and belief systems were largely animistic or shamanistic.[8] The French colonization beginning in the 16th century established a Roman Catholic francophone population in New France.[9] British colonization brought waves of Anglicans and other Protestants to Upper Canada, now Ontario.[10] The settlement of the West brought significant Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from the United States.[11] The Jewish, Islamic, Jains, Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities—although small—are as old as the nation itself.[12] Rates of religious adherence have steadily decreased since the 1960s.[5] After having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,[13] Canada has become a post-Christian, secular state.[14][15][16] Although the majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives,[17] they still believe in God.[18] The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state.[19]

According to the 2021 census, Christianity is the largest religion in Canada, with Roman Catholics representing 29.9 percent of the population having the most adherents. Christians overall representing 53.3 percent of the population,[a] are followed by people reporting irreligion or having no religion at 34.6 percent.[20] Other faiths include Islam (4.9 percent), Hinduism (2.3 percent), Sikhism (2.1 percent), Buddhism (1.0 percent), Judaism (0.9 percent), and Indigenous spirituality (0.2 percent).[21] Canada has the second-largest national Sikh population, behind India.[22][23]

Religious pluralism edit

Main article: Freedom of religion in Canada
 
Freedom of religion sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in Toronto[24]

Canada today has no state religion, and the Government of Canada is officially committed to religious pluralism.[25] While the Canadian government's official ties to religion, specifically Christianity are few, the Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms makes reference to "the supremacy of God."[26] The national anthem in both official languages also refers to God.[27] Nevertheless, the rise of irreligion within the country and influx of non-Christian peoples has led to a greater separation of government and religion,[28] demonstrated in forms like "Christmas holidays" being called "winter festivals" in public schools.[29] Some religious schools are government-funded as per Section Twenty-nine of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[30]

Canada is a Commonwealth realm in which the head of state is shared with 14 other countries. As such, Canada follows the United Kingdom's succession laws for its monarch, which bar Roman Catholics from inheriting the throne.[31] Within Canada, the monarch's title includes the phrases "By the Grace of God" and "Defender of the Faith."[32]

Christmas and Easter are nationwide holidays, and while Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and other religious groups are allowed to take their holy days off work, they do not share the same official recognition.[33] In 1957, the Parliament declared Thanksgiving "a day of general thanksgiving to almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed."[34]

There was an ongoing battle in the late 20th century to have religious garb accepted throughout Canadian society, mostly focused on Sikh turbans. The Canadian Armed Forces authorized the wearing of turbans in 1986, eventually the Royal Canadian Mounted Police followed in 1988 and eventually other federal government agencies accepted members wearing turbans.

In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom;[35] it was noted that in 2019, a new law was put in place stating that some government employees in positions of authority were not allowed to wear religious symbols.

History edit

See also: History of freedom of religion in Canada

Before 1800s edit

See also: Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America and Native American religion
 
St. Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia, the oldest Anglican church in Canada still standing, built in 1750

Before the arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous peoples followed a wide array of mostly animistic religions and spirituality;[36][37] "including the presence of creation stories, the role of tricksters or of supernatural beings in folklore and the importance of sacred organizations".[8] The first Europeans to settle in great numbers in Canada were French Catholics, including a large number of Jesuits who established several missions in North America. They were dedicated to converting the Indigenous peoples; an effort that eventually proved successful.[38]

The first large Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after they were conquered by the British.[39] Unable to convince enough British immigrants to go to the region, the government decided to import continental Protestants from Germany and Switzerland to populate the region and counterbalance the Roman Catholic Acadians.[40] This group was known as the Foreign Protestants. This effort proved successful and today the South Shore region of Nova Scotia is still largely Lutheran. After the Expulsion of the Acadians beginning in 1755 a large number of New England Planters settled on the vacated lands bringing with them their Congregationalist belief.[41] During the 1770s, guided by Henry Alline, the New Light movement of the Great Awakening swept through the Atlantic region converting many of the Congregationalists to the new theology.[42] After Alline's death many of these Newlights eventually became Baptists, thus making Maritime Canada the heartland of the Baptist movement in Canada.[43][44][45]

The Quebec Act of 1774 acknowledged the rights of the Roman Catholic Church throughout Lower Canada in order to keep the French Canadians loyal to Britannic Crown.[46] Roman Catholicism is still the main religion of French Canadians today.

The American Revolution beginning in 1765 brought a large influx of Protestants to Canada when United Empire Loyalists, fleeing the rebellious United States, moved in large numbers to Upper Canada and the Maritimes.[47]

1800s to 1900s edit

 
James Caughey (9 April 1810 – 30 January 1891) was a Methodist minister and evangelist who was active in Canada.

While Anglicans consolidated their hold on the upper classes, workingmen and farmers responded to the Methodist revivals, often sponsored by visiting preachers from the United States. Typical was Rev. James Caughey, an American sent by the Wesleyan Methodist Church from the 1840s through 1864. He brought in the converts by the score, most notably in the revivals in Western Canada from 1851 to 1853. His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment, coupled with follow-up action to organize support from converts. It was a time when the holiness movement caught fire, with the revitalized interest of men and women in Christian perfection. Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities.[48]

In the early nineteenth century in the Maritimes and Upper Canada, the Anglican Church held the same official position it did in England. This caused tension within English Canada, as much of the populace was not Anglican. Increasing immigration from Scotland created a very large Presbyterian community and they and other groups demanded equal rights. This was an important cause of the 1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada. With the arrival of responsible governments, the Anglican monopoly was ended.[49]

In Lower Canada, the Roman Catholic Church was officially pre-eminent and had a central role in the colony's culture and politics. Unlike English Canada, French Canadian nationalism became very closely associated with Roman Catholicism.[50] During this period, the Roman Catholic Church in the region became one of the most reactionary in the world. Known as Ultramontane Catholicism, the church adopted positions condemning all manifestations of liberalism.[51]

 
Notre-Dame Basilica (Catholic) in Montreal, Quebec

In politics, those aligned with the Roman Catholic clergy in Quebec were known as les bleus (the blues). They formed a curious alliance with the staunchly monarchist and pro-British Anglicans of English Canada (often members of the Orange Order) to form the basis of the Canadian Conservative Party. The Reform Party, which later became the Liberal Party, was largely composed of the anti-clerical French Canadians, known as les rouges (the reds) and the non-Anglican Protestant groups. In those times, right before elections, parish priests would give sermons to their flock where they said things like Le ciel est bleu et l'enfer est rouge ("the sky (heaven) is blue and hell is red").[52]

In 1871, national census revealed 56.45% as Protestants, 42.80% as Roman Catholic, 0.05% as Pagans, 0.03% as Jewish, 0.02% as Mormons, 0.15% as irreligious and 0.49% as unspecified.[53]

By the late nineteenth century, Protestant pluralism had taken hold in English Canada. While much of the elite were still Anglican, other groups, including the Methodists, had become very prominent as well. The schools and universities created at this time reflected this pluralism with major centres of learning being established for each faith. One, King's College, later the University of Toronto, was set up as a non-denominational school. The influence of the Orange Order was strong, especially among Irish Protestant immigrants, and comprised a powerful anti-Catholic force in Ontario politics; its influence faded away after 1920.[54]

The late nineteenth century also saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of Irish and Southern European immigrants were creating new Roman Catholic communities in English Canada. Western Canada saw the arrival of significant Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe as well as Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from the United States and Ireland.

1900s to 1960s edit

Denomination Pop, 1951[55] % of total
Roman Catholic 6,069,496 43.3%
United Church 2,867,271 20.5%
Anglican 2,060,720 14.7%
Presbyterian 781,747 5.6%
Baptist 519,585 3.7%
Lutheran 444,923 3.2%
Jewish 204,836 1.5%
Ukrainian (Greek) Catholic 190,831 1.4%
Greek Orthodox 172,271 1.2%
Mennonite 125,938 0.9%
Pentecostal 95,131 0.7%
Salvation Army 70,275 0.5%
Evangelical 50,900 0.4%
Jehovah's Witnesses 34,596 0.2%
Mormon 32,888 0.2%
No religion 59,679 0.4%
Other/not recorded 260,625 1.9%

In 1919–20 Canada's five major Protestant denominations (Anglican, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist, and Presbyterian) cooperatively undertook the "Forward Movement." The goal was to raise funds and to strengthen Christian spirituality in Canada. The movement invoked Anglophone nationalism by linking donations with the Victory Loan campaigns of the First World War, and stressed the need for funds to Canadianize immigrants. Centred in Ontario, the campaign was a clear financial success, raising over $11 million. However the campaign exposed deep divisions among Protestants, with the traditional Evangelists speaking of a personal relationship with God and the more liberal denominations emphasizing the Social Gospel and good works.[56] Both factions (apart from the Anglicans) agreed on prohibition, which was demanded by the WCTU.[57]

As of 1931, Roman Catholics were the largest religious body in Canada, with 4 million people. Following it were the United Church of Canada (including Methodists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians), with 2 million; the Anglican Church, with nearly 2 million; and the Presbyterian Church, with approximately 870,000. The Canada Year Book 1936 reported that "of the non-Christian sects, 155,614 or 1.50% were Jews, 24,087 or 0.23% were Confucians, 15,784 or 0.15% were Buddhists and 5,008 or 0.05% were pagans.[58]

Domination of Canadian society by Protestant and Roman Catholic elements continued until well into the 20th century. Until the 1960s, most parts of Canada still had extensive Lord's Day laws that limited what one could do on a Sunday.[59] The English Canadian elite were still dominated by Protestants, and Jews and Roman Catholics were often excluded.[60] A slow process of liberalization began after the Second World War in English Canada. Overtly Christian laws were expunged, including those against homosexuality. Policies favouring Christian immigration were also abolished.[61]

In 1951, a nationwide census was taken after incorporation of predominantly Protestant province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

According to statistics provided by Statistics Canada, Protestants held a slight majority in the country between 1871 and 1961. Despite Canada's large Roman Catholic population, this fact is confirmed by nine consecutive national censuses. By 1961, Roman Catholics overtook Protestants as the most numerous religious group, although—unlike Protestants—they never reached the absolute majority status (>50%).[55]

1960s and after edit

The most overwhelming change was the Quiet Revolution in Quebec in the 1960s. Up through the 1950s, the province was one of the most traditional Roman Catholic areas in the world. Church attendance rates were high, and the schools were largely controlled by the Church. In the 1960s, the Catholic Church lost most of its influence in Quebec, and religiosity declined sharply.[62] While the majority of Québécois are still professed Latin Church Catholics, rates of church attendance have decreased dramatically.[63] Since then, common-law relationships, abortion, and support for same-sex marriage are much more common in Quebec than previously, exceeding levels in some other areas of Canada.

 
Inauguration of United Church at Mutual Street Arena, Toronto, on June 10, 1925

English Canada also underwent secularization. The United Church of Canada, the country's largest Protestant denomination, became one of the most liberal major Protestant churches in the world. Flatt argues that in the 1960s Canada's rapid cultural changes led the United Church to end its evangelical programs and change its identity. It made revolutionary changes in its evangelistic campaigns, educational programs, moral stances, and theological image. However, membership declined sharply as the United Church affirmed a commitment to gay rights including marriage and ordination, and to the ordination of women.[64][65]

In 1971, Canada was 47% Catholic, 41% Protestant, 4% other religion and 4% unaffiliated.[66]

Meanwhile, a strong current of evangelical Protestantism emerged. The largest groups are found in the Atlantic provinces and Western Canada, particularly in Alberta, Southern Manitoba and the Southern interior and Fraser Valley region of British Columbia, also known as the "Canadian Bible Belt", as well as parts of Ontario outside the Greater Toronto Area. The social environment is more conservative, somewhat more in line with that of the Midwestern and Southern United States, and same-sex marriage, abortion, and common-law relationships are less widely accepted. The evangelical movement has grown sharply after 1960, and increasingly influences public policy. Nevertheless, the overall proportion of evangelicals in Canada remains considerably lower than in the United States, and the polarization much less intense. There are very few evangelicals in Quebec and in the largest urban areas, which are generally secular, although there are several congregations above 1000 members in most large cities.[67]

Abrahamic religions edit

Christianity edit

Main article: Christianity in Canada
Province/Territory
 Christians
  Newfoundland and Labrador 82.44%[68]
  Nunavut 73.53%[69]
  Prince Edward Island 67.62%[70]
  New Brunswick 67.52%[71]
  Quebec 64.82%[72]
  Nova Scotia 58.18%[73]
  Saskatchewan 56.31%[74]
  Manitoba 54.23%[75]
  Northwest Territories 55.16%[76]
  Canada 53.33%[1]
  Ontario 52.14%[77]
  Alberta 48.11%[78]
  Yukon 35.01%[79]
  British Columbia 34.27%[80]
 
Percentage of Christians per Canadian province or territory based on 2021 Census data
  80–89.9% Christian
  70–79.9% Christian
  60–69.9% Christian
  50–59.9% Christian
  40–49.9% Christian
  30–39.9% Christian

The majority of Canadian Christians attend church services infrequently. Cross-national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Western Europe. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was "very important" to them. A 2005 Gallup poll showed that 28% of Canadians consider religion to be "very important" (55% of Americans and 19% of Britons say the same).[81] Regional differences within Canada exist, however, with British Columbia and Quebec reporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance, as well as a significant urban-rural divide, while Saskatchewan and rural Alberta saw high rates of religious attendance. The rates for weekly church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 11% as per the latest Ipsos-Reid poll and as high as 25% as per Christianity Today magazine. This American magazine reported that three polls conducted by Focus on the Family, Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation, with weekly attendance at 25 per cent. This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion, Prof. Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge, who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975. Although lower than in the US, which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40% since the Second World War, weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe.

As well as the large churches—Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican, which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents—Canada also has many smaller Christian groups, including Eastern Orthodoxy. The Egyptian population in Ontario and Quebec (Greater Toronto in particular) has seen a large influx of the Coptic Orthodox population in just a few decades. The relatively large Ukrainian population of Manitoba and Saskatchewan has produced many followers of the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches, while southern Manitoba has been settled largely by Mennonites. The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country. Baptists are especially numerous in the Maritimes. The Maritimes, prairie provinces, and southwestern Ontario have significant numbers of Lutherans. Southwest Ontario has seen large numbers of German and Russian immigrants, including many Mennonites and Hutterites, as well as a significant contingent of Dutch Reformed. Alberta has seen considerable immigration from the American plains, creating a significant Mormon minority in that province. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claimed to have 178,102 members (74,377 of whom in Alberta) at the end of 2007.[82] And according to the Jehovah's Witnesses year report there are 111,963 active members (members who actively preach) in Canada.

Canada as a nation is becoming increasingly religiously diverse, especially in large urban centres such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, where minority groups and new immigrants who make up the growth in most religious groups congregate. Two significant trends become clear when the current religious landscape is examined closely. One is the loss of ‘secularized' Canadians as active and regular participants in the churches and denominations they grew up in, which were overwhelmingly Christian, while these churches remain a part of Canadians' cultural identity. The other is the increasing presence of ethnically diverse immigration within the religious makeup of the country.

As Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics have experienced drastic losses over the past 30 years, others have been expanding rapidly: overall by 144% in ‘Eastern' religions during the 1981–1991 decade.[83] Considering Canada's increasing reliance on immigration to bolster a low birth rate, the situation is only likely to continue to diversify. This increased influx of ethnic immigrants not only affects the types of religions represented in the Canadian context but also the increasingly multicultural and multilingual makeup of individual Christian denominations. From Chinese Anglican or Korean United Church communities, to the Lutheran focus on providing much needed services to immigrants new to the Canadian context and English language, immigration is making changes.[84] Much as many Roman Catholics in Quebec ignore the Church's stance on birth control, abortion, or premarital sex, the churches do not dictate much of the daily lives of regular Canadians.[85]

For some Protestant denominations, adapting to a new secular context has meant adjusting to their non-institutional roles in society by increasingly focusing on social justice.[86] However the pull between conservative religious members and the more radical among the church members is complicated by the numbers of immigrant communities who may desire a church that fulfils a more ‘institutionally complete' role as a buffer in this new country over the current tension filled debates over same-sex marriage, ordination of women and homosexuals, or the role of women in the church. This of course will depend on the background of the immigrant population, as in the Hong Kong context where ordination of Florence Li Tim Oi happened long before women's ordination was ever raised on the Canadian Anglican church level.[87]

As well a multicultural focus on the churches part may include non-Christian elements (such as the inclusion of a Buddhist priest in one incident) which are unwelcome to the transplanted religious community.[88] Serving the needs and desires of different aspects of the Canadian and newly Canadian populations makes a difficult balancing act for the various mainline churches which are starved for money and active parishioners in a time when 16% of Canadians identify as non-religious and up to two-thirds of those who do identify with a denomination use the church only for its life-cycle rituals governing birth, marriage, and death.[89] The church retains that hold in their parishioners' lives but not the commitment of time and energy necessary to support an aging institution.

Evangelical portions of the Protestant groups proclaim their growth as well but as Roger O'Tool notes they make up 7% of the Canadian population and seem to gain most of their growth from a higher birthrate.[90] What is significant is the higher participation of their members in contrast to Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics. This high commitment would seem to translate into the kind of political power evangelicals in the United States enjoy but despite Canada's historically Christian background as Beaman notes neatly "...[forming] the backdrop for social process"[91] explicit religiosity appears to have not effectively moved the government towards legal discrimination against gay marriage.

There was a major religious revival in Toronto in the nineties known as the Toronto Blessing at a small Vineyard Church near the Toronto Pearson International Airport. This religious event was the largest tourist attraction to Toronto[92] in 1994. This event was characterized by unusual religious ecstasy such as being slain in the Spirit, laughing uncontrollably, and other odd behaviour.[93][94][95][96]

A 2015 study estimates some 43,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background in Canada, most of whom belong to the evangelical tradition.[97]

Anglican Church of Canada edit

Anglican Church of Canada is the only official church of the Anglican Communion in Canada.[98] Across Canada there are approximately 1,700 individual churches or parishes, which are organized into 30 different dioceses, each led by a bishop. The national church office is known as the General Synod. The Primate is the Archbishop Linda Nicholls, national pastoral leader.[99]

Evangelicalism edit

The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada, a national evangelical alliance, member of the World Evangelical Alliance was founded in 1964 in Toronto.[100][101][102] It brings together 43 Evangelical Christian denominations.[103]

The Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada were founded in 1914.[104]

The Canadian Baptist Ministries were founded in 1944.[105]

Anabaptism edit

Main article: Anabaptists
Hutterites edit
 
A Hutterite colony in Manitoba
Main article: Hutterite

In the mid-1870s Hutterites moved from Europe to the Dakota Territory in the United States to avoid military service and other persecutions.[106] During World War I Hutterites suffered from persecutions in the United States because they are pacifist and refused military service.[107][108] They then moved almost all of their communities to Canada in the Western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba in 1918.[108] In the 1940s, there were 52 Hutterite colonies in Canada.[108]

Today, more than 75% of the world's Hutterite colonies are located in Canada, mainly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the rest being almost exclusively in the United States.[109] The Hutterite population in North America is about 45,000 people.[110]

Mennonites edit
Main article: Mennonite Church Canada

First Mennonites arrived in Canada in 1786 from Pennsylvania, but following Mennonites arrived directly from Europe.[111] The Mennonite Church Canada had about 35,000 members in 1998.[112]

Catholicism edit

Main article: Catholic Church in Canada
 
Front of the Basilica of St. John the Baptist in St. John's, Newfoundland

The Catholic Church in Canada, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops,[113] has the largest number of adherents to a religion in Canada, with 38.7% of Canadians (13.07 million) reported as Catholics in the 2011 National Household Survey, in 72 dioceses across the provinces and territories, served by about 8,000 priests. It was the first European faith in what is now Canada, arriving in 1497 when John Cabot landed on Newfoundland and raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[114]

The entire Catholic Church in Canada is placed under the Primate of Canada[115] which corresponds to the Archdiocese of Quebec and its bishop, the Primate of Canada. Currently, Gérald Cyprien Lacroix is the Primate of Canada.[116] The Pope is represented in Canada by the Apostolic Nunciature in Canada (Ottawa).[117]

Eastern Orthodoxy edit

Main article: Eastern Orthodoxy in North America

Adherents of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Canada belong to several ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Historically, Eastern Orthodoxy was introduced to Canada during the course of 19th century, mainly through emigration of Christians from Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Honouring such diverse heritage, Eastern Orthodoxy in Canada is traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial jurisdictions of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches, each of them having its own hierarchy with dioceses and parishes.

According to 2011 census data, there were 550,690 Orthodox Christians. The Greek Orthodox community constitutes the largest Eastern Orthodox community in Canada, with 220,255 adherents, followed by other communities: Russian Orthodox (25,245), Ukrainian Orthodox (23,845), Serbian Orthodox (22,780), Romanian Orthodox (7,090), Macedonian Orthodox (4,945), Bulgarian Orthodox (1,765), Antiochian Orthodox (1,220) and several other minor communities within Eastern Orthodoxy. A number of 207,480 adherents reported only as Christian Orthodox.[118]

Oriental Orthodoxy edit

Main article: Oriental Orthodoxy in North America

Adherents of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Canada also belong to several ethnic communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. According to 2011 census data, Coptic Orthodox community constitutes the largest Oriental Orthodox community in Canada, with 16,255 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Armenian Orthodox (13,730), Ethiopian Orthodox (3,025), Syriac Orthodox (3,060) and several other minor communities within Oriental Orthodoxy.[118]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints edit

Main article: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada
 
The Cardston Alberta Temple, the oldest LDS temple outside the United States

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has had a presence in Canada since its organization in New York State in 1830.[119] Canada has been used as a refuge territory by members of the LDS Church to avoid enforcement of anti-polygamy laws by the United States government.[120] The first LDS Church in Canada was established in 1895 in what would become Alberta; it was the first stake of the Church to be established outside the United States.[121] The LDS Church has founded several communities in Alberta.

In the 2021 census sampling, about 0.2% of the population (equal to about 87,725 people) claimed to be members of the LDS Church.[1] In 2021, the LDS Church claimed around 200,000 members in Canada;[122] It has congregations in all Canadian provinces and territories and possesses at least one temple in six of the ten provinces, including the oldest LDS temple outside the United States. Alberta is the province with the most members of the LDS Church in Canada, having approximately 40% of the total of Canadian LDS Church members and representing 2% of the total population of the province (the National Household survey of 2011 has Alberta with over 50% of the Canadian Mormons and 1.6% of the province's population[123]), followed by Ontario and British Columbia.[124]

Islam edit

Main article: Islam in Canada
Islam in Canada
YearPop.±%
1854 3—    
1871 13+333.3%
1901 47+261.5%
1911 797+1595.7%
1921 478−40.0%
1931 645+34.9%
1971 33,430+5082.9%
1981 98,160+193.6%
1991 253,260+158.0%
2001 579,645+128.9%
2011 1,053,945+81.8%
2021 1,775,715+68.5%
Source: Statistics Canada
[125] [126]: 571  [127] [128]{[129] [130][131]

Four years after Canada's founding in 1867, the 1871 Canadian Census found 13 Muslims among the population.[132] The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in the country.[133] This building is now part of the museum at Fort Edmonton Park. The years after World War II saw a small increase in the Muslim population. However, Muslims were still a distinct minority. It was only with the removal of European immigration preferences in the late 1960s that Muslims began to arrive in significant numbers.

According to Canada's 2001 census, there were 579,740 Muslims in Canada, just under 2% of the population.[134] In 2006, the Muslim population was estimated to be 0.8 million or about 2.6%. In 2010, the Pew Research Centre estimated there were about 0.9 million Muslims in Canada.[135][136] In the 2011 National Housing Survey, Muslims constituted 3.2% of the population[137] making them largest religious adherents after Christianity.[138] Sunni Islam is followed by the majority while there are significant numbers of Shia Muslims. Ahmadiyya also has a significant proportion with more than 25,000 Ahmadis living in Canada.[139] There are also non-denominational Muslims.[140] As of the 2021 census, the percentage of Muslims in Canada is 4.9%.[141]

In 2007, the CBC introduced a popular television sitcom called Little Mosque on the Prairie, a contemporary reflection and critical commentary on attitudes towards Islam in Canada.[142] In 2008, the Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper, visited the Baitun Nur Mosque, the largest mosque in Canada for its inaugural session with the Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.[143]

Judaism edit

Main article: Judaism in Canada
Province or territory Jews Percentage
  Canada 391,665 1.2%
  Ontario 226,610 1.8%
  Quebec 93,625 1.2%
  British Columbia 35,005 0.8%
  Alberta 15,795 0.4%
  Manitoba 14,345 1.2%
  Nova Scotia 2,910 0.3%
  Saskatchewan 1,905 0.2%
  New Brunswick 860 0.1%
  Newfoundland and Labrador 220 0.0%
  Prince Edward Island 185 0.1%
  Yukon 145 0.4%
  Northwest Territories 40 0.1%
  Nunavut 15 0.1%
 
Aaron Hart is considered to be the father of Canadian Jewry.

The Jewish community in Canada is almost as old as the nation itself. The earliest documentation of Jews in Canada is British Army records from the Seven Years' War from 1754. In 1760, General Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst attacked and won Montreal for the British. In his regiment there were several Jews, including four among his officer corps, most notably Lieutenant Aaron Hart who is considered the father of Canadian Jewry.[144] In 1807, Ezekiel Hart was elected to the legislature of Lower Canada, becoming the first Jew in the British Empire to hold an official position. Hart was sworn in on a Hebrew Bible as opposed to a Christian Bible.[145][146] The next day an objection was raised that Hart had not taken the oath in the manner required for sitting in the assembly – an oath of abjuration, which would have required Hart to swear "on the true faith of a Christian".[147] Hart was expelled from the assembly, only to be re-elected two more times. In 1768, the first synagogue in Canada was built in Montreal, the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal. In 1832, partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians.

The Jewish population saw a growth during the 1880s due to the pogroms of Russia and growing anti-Semitism. Between the years of 1880 and 1930 the Jewish population grew to 155,000. In 1872, Henry Nathan, Jr. became the first Jewish Member of Parliament, representing the Victoria, BC area in the newly created House of Commons. The First World War halted the flow of immigrants into Canada, and after the War there was a change in Canada's immigration policy to limit the immigration of people from "non-preferred nations", i.e., those not from the United Kingdom or otherwise White Anglo-Saxon Protestant nations. In June 1939 Canada and the United States were the last hope for 907 Jewish refugees aboard the steamship SS St. Louis which had been denied landing in Havana although the passengers had entry visas. The Canadian government ignored the protests of Canadian Jewish organizations. King said the crisis was not a "Canadian problem" and Blair added in a letter to O.D. Skelton, Undersecretary of State for External Affairs, dated June 16, 1939, "No country could open its doors wide enough to take in the hundreds of thousands of Jewish people who want to leave Europe: the line must be drawn somewhere." The ship finally had to return to Germany.[148] During the Second World War almost twenty thousand Canadian Jews volunteered to fight overseas. Nearly 40,000 Holocaust survivors moved to Canada in the late 1940s to rebuild their lives.

In 2010, the Canadian Jewish community was the fourth largest in the world[149] and practises in both of the official languages of Canada. There is an increase in the number of people that use Hebrew, other than for religious ceremonies, while there is a decline in the Yiddish language. Most of Canada's Jews live in Ontario and Quebec, with Toronto being the largest Jewish population centre. In 2009, anti-Semitic incidents jumped fivefold.[150]

Baháʼí Faith edit

 
The Montreal Baháʼí Shrine
Main article: Bahá'í Faith in North America § Canada

The Canadian community is one of the earliest western communities of Baháʼís, at one point sharing a joint National Spiritual Assembly with the United States, and is a co-recipient of `Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan. The first North American woman to declare herself a Baháʼí was Kate C. Ives, of Canadian ancestry, though not living in Canada at the time. Moojan Momen, in reviewing "The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada, 1898–1948" notes that "the Magee family... are credited with bringing the Baháʼí Faith to Canada. Edith Magee became a Baháʼí in 1898 in Chicago and returned to her home in London, Ontario, where four other female members of her family became Baháʼís. This predominance of women converts became a feature of the Canadian Baháʼí community..."[151]

Druze Faith edit

In 2018, there were 25,000 Druze living in Canada, and fewer than 5,000 of them live in the Greater Toronto Area. They are mostly of Lebanese and Syrian descent. Druze practise Druzism, a monotheistic religion encompasses aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Greek philosophy, among influences.[152]

Indian religions edit

Hinduism edit

Main article: Hinduism in Canada
Hinduism populations
YearPop.±%
1961 460—    
1971 9,790+2028.3%
1981 69,505+610.0%
1991 157,015+125.9%
2001 297,200+89.3%
2011 497,200+67.3%
2021828,195+66.6%
1961 and 1971 are partial and based on immigration data, real figures are substantially higher.[153][128]

Hinduism is a minority religion followed by 2.3% of the population of the Canada. According to the 2021 census, there are 828,195 Hindus in Canada.[154]

Hindus in Canada are generally Indian immigrants (mainly Punjabi, Gujarati, and Haryanvi) from India who began arriving in British Columbia about 100 years ago and continue to immigrate today. There is a significant number of Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus in Canada who immigrated from Sri Lanka during the 1983 communal riots in Sri Lanka. Nepali Hindus, Caribbean Hindus from Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname and Guyana and Mauritian Hindus represent sizeable subgroups . There are also Canadian converts to the various sects of Hinduism through the efforts of the Hare Krishna movement, the Gurus during the last 50 years, and other organizations.

The vast majority of Hindus reside in Ontario (primarily in Toronto, Scarborough, Brampton, Hamilton, Windsor and Ottawa), Quebec (primarily around the Montreal area) and British Columbia, (primarily around the Vancouver area).[155]

Buddhism edit

Main article: Buddhism in Canada
Buddhism populations
YearPop.±%
1981 51,955—    
1991 163,415+214.5%
2001 300,345+83.8%
2011 366,830+22.1%
2021356,975−2.7%

According to the 2011 Census, Buddhism is followed by 1.1% of the population of the Canada.[156]

Buddhism has been practised in Canada for more than a century and in recent years has grown dramatically. Buddhism arrived in Canada with the arrival of Chinese labourers in the territories during the 19th century.[157] Modern Buddhism in Canada traces to Japanese immigration during the late 19th century.[157] The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built at the Ishikawa Hotel in Vancouver in 1905.[158] Over time, the Japanese Jōdo Shinshū branch of Buddhism became the prevalent form of Buddhism in Canada[157] and established the largest Buddhist organization in Canada.[157]

Sikhism edit

Main article: Sikhism in Canada
Sikh Population[nb 1]
YearPop.±%
1901 95—    
1931 1,330+1300.0%
1961 5,000+275.9%
1981 67,715+1254.3%
2011 454,965+571.9%
2021 771,790+69.6%
Source: Statistics Canada
[163][164][129][130][165][131]

Sikhism has nearly 800,000 adherents who account for 2.1% of Canada's population as of 2021, forming the country's fastest-growing and fourth-largest religious group.[2] The largest Sikh populations in Canada are found in Ontario, followed by British Columbia and Alberta.[2] As of the 2021 Census, more than half of Canada's Sikhs can be found in one of four cities: Brampton (163,260),[166] Surrey (154,415),[167] Calgary (49,465),[168] and Edmonton (41,385).[169]

Canada is home to the largest national Sikh proportion in the world (2.1%), and also has the second-largest Sikh population in the world, after India. British Columbia has the third-largest Sikh proportion (5.9%) amongst all global administrative divisions, behind only Punjab and Chandigarh in India. British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon hold the distinction of being three of the only four administrative divisions in the world with Sikhism as the second most followed religion among the population.[b]

Jainism edit

Main article: Jainism in Canada

The first official Jain temple was established in Toronto in 1988.[172] This temple served both the Digambar and Svetambara communities.[173]

Other religions edit

Modern Paganism edit

See also: Heathenry in Canada

Census data showed Modern Paganism grew by 281 per cent between 1991 and 2001, making it the fastest growing religion in Canada during that decade.[174]

Neo-Druidism edit

In Neo-Druid history a notable community was the Reformed Druids of North America, one of whose four founders was Canadian, which served both the US Druid community and the Canadian Druid community. Neo-Druidism largely spread in Canada through the Ancient Order of the Druids during the 19th century.[175]

Irreligion edit

Main article: Irreligion in Canada

Irreligious Canadians include atheists, agnostics, and humanists. The surveys may also include those who are spiritual, deists, and pantheists. According to Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, among those estimated 4.9 million Canadians of no religion, an estimated 1.9 million would specify atheist, 1.8 million would specify agnostic, and 1.2 million humanist.[176] In 1991 the irreligious made up 12.3% of the Canadian population. The 2021 Canadian census reported that 34.6% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, which is up from 23.9% in the 2011 Canadian census and 16.5% in the 2001 Canadian census.[177][178] Some non-religious Canadians have formed associations, such as the Humanist Association of Canada, Toronto Secular Alliance or the Centre for Inquiry Canada, as well as a number of University Campus Groups.

Age and religion edit

According to the 2001 census, the major religions in Canada have the following median age. Canada has a median age of 37.3.[179]

  • Presbyterian 46.1
  • United Church 44.1
  • Anglican 43.8
  • Lutheran 43.3
  • Jewish 41.5
  • Greek Orthodox 40.7
  • Baptist 39.3
  • Buddhist 38.0
  • Roman Catholic 37.8
  • Pentecostal 33.5
  • No religion 31.9
  • Hindu 30.2
  • Sikh 29.7
  • Muslim 28.1

Census results edit

Historical trends since 1900 edit

Raw data edit

In the Canada 2011 National Household Survey (the 2011 census did not ask about religious affiliation but the survey sent to a subset of the population did), 69% of the Canadian population list Roman Catholicism or Protestantism or another Christian denomination as their religion, down 8% from the Canada 2001 Census, where 77% of the population listed a Christian religion.[182][183][184] Representing two out of five Canadians, the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is by far the country's largest single denomination. Secularization has been growing since the 1960s.[185][186] In 2011, 23.9% declared no religious affiliation, compared to 16.5% in 2001.[187]

In recent years there have been substantial rises in non-Christian religions in Canada. From the 1991 to 2011, Islam grew by 316%, Hinduism 217%, Sikhism 209%, and Buddhism 124%. The growth of non-Christian religions expressed as a percentage of Canada's population rose from 4% in 1991 to 8% in 2011. In terms of the ratio of non-Christians to Christians, it rose from 19 Christians (95% of religious population) to 1 non-Christian (5% of religious population) in 1991 to 8 Christians (89%) to 1 non-Christian (11%) in 2011, a rise of 135% of the ratio of non-Christians to Christians, or a decline of 6.5% of Christians to non-Christians, in 20 years.

Religious denominations in Canada
19911 20012 20113 2021
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Total population 26,944,040 29,639,035 32,852,320 36,328,480
Christian 22,503,360 83 22,851,825 77 22,102,700 67.3 19,373,330 53.3
– Roman Catholic 12,203,625 45.3 12,793,125 43.2 12,810,705 39.0 10,799,070 29.9
– Total Protestant 9,427,675 35.0 8,654,845 29.2 c. 7,910,000 24.1[188][66] 4,456,925 12.3
– United Church of Canada 3,093,120 11.5 2,839,125 9.6 2,007,610 6.1 1,214,185 3.3
– Anglican 2,188,110 8.1 2,035,495 6.9 1,631,845 5.0 1,134,310 3.1
– Baptist 663,360 2.5 729,470 2.5 635,840 1.9 436,940 1.2
– Lutheran 636,205 2.4 606,590 2.0 478,185 1.5 328,045 0.9
– Presbyterian 636,295 2.4 409,830 1.4 472,385 1.4 301,400 0.8
– Protestant, not included elsewhere3 628,945 2.3 549,205 1.9 c. 2,000,000 c. 6 1,042,045 2.9
– Eastern Orthodox 387,395 1.4 495,245 1.7 550,690 1.7 623,005 1.7
– Christian, not included elsewhere4 353,040 1.3 780,450 2.6 c. 960,000 c. 3 3,333,170 9.2
No religious affiliation 3,397,000 12.6 4,900,095 16.5 7,850,605 23.9 12,577,475 34.6
Other 1,093,690 4.1 1,887,115 6.4 2,703,200 8.8 4,377,675 12.1
– Muslim 253,265 0.9 579,645 2.0 1,053,945 3.2 1,775,715 4.9
– Hindu 157,010 0.6 297,200 1.0 497,960 1.5 828,195 2.3
– Sikh 147,440 0.5 278,415 0.9 454,965 1.4 771,790 2.1
– Buddhist 163,415 0.6 300,345 1.0 366,830 1.1 356,975 1.0
– Jewish 318,185 1.2 329,990 1.1 329,495 1.0 335,295 0.9
– Traditional (Indigenous) Spirituality N/A N/A 29,820 0.1 64,940 0.2 80,690 0.2
– Personal faith or spiritual beliefs, n.o.s. 60,190 0.2
– Pagan beliefs5 21,080 0.1 25,490 0.1 41,785 0.1
– Other religion6 50,620 0.2 105,340 0.3 123,500 0.3
1 For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries.
2 The 2011 data is from the National Household Survey[156] and so numbers are estimates.
3 Includes persons who report only "Protestant".
4 Includes persons who report "Christian", and those who report "Apostolic", "Born-again Christian" and "Evangelical".
5 Includes Wicca and Druidism
6 Religions include Jainism, Satanism, Baha'i, Druze, Taoism, Universalism, Theism, Zoroastrianism and Spiritualist

By province/territory edit

Province/territory[189] Christians % Non-religious % Muslims % Jews % Buddhists % Hindus % Sikhs % Traditional (Aboriginal) spirituality % Other religions1 %
  Alberta 2,009,820 48.1 1,676,045 40.1 202,535 4.8 11,390 0.3 42,830 1.0 78,520 1.9 103,600 2.5 19,755 0.5 33,220 0.8
  British Columbia 1,684,870 34.3 2,559,250 52.1 125,915 2.6 26,850 0.5 83,860 1.7 81,320 1.7 290,870 5.9 11,570 0.2 51,440 1.0
  Manitoba 708,850 54.2 480,315 36.7 26,430 2.0 11,565 0.9 7,440 0.6 18,355 1.6 35,470 2.7 10,190 0.8 8,570 0.7
  New Brunswick 512,645 67.5 225,125 29.7 9,190 1.2 1,000 0.1 1,120 0.1 3,340 0.4 1,780 0.2 1,005 0.1 3,990 0.5
  Newfoundland and Labrador 413,915 82.4 80,330 16.0 3,995 0.8 240 0.0 490 0.1 1,200 0.2 855 0.2 105 0.0 965 0.2
  Northwest Territories 22,275 55.2 16,065 39.8 730 1.8 50 0.1 250 0.6 200 0.5 110 0.3 330 0.8 370 0.9
  Nova Scotia 556,115 58.2 359,395 37.6 14,715 1.5 2,195 0.2 2,955 0.2 8,460 0.9 4,735 0.5 1,090 0.1 6,195 0.6
  Nunavut 26,915 73.5 9,115 24.9 140 0.4 35 0.5 15 0.0 55 0.2 10 0.0 180 0.5 135 0.4
  Ontario 7,315,810 52.1 4,433,675 31.6 942,990 6.7 196,100 1.4 164,215 1.2 573,700 4.1 300,435 2.1 15,985 0.1 88,845 0.6
  Prince Edward Island 101,755 67.6 42,830 28.5 1,720 1.1 165 0.1 755 0.6 1,245 0.8 1,165 0.8 75 0.0 765 0.5
  Quebec 5,385,240 64.8 2,267,720 27.3 421,710 5.1 84,530 1.0 48,365 0.6 47,390 0.6 23,345 0.3 3,790 0.0 26,385 0.3
  Saskatchewan 621,250 56.3 403,960 36.6 25,455 2.3 1,105 0.1 4,410 0.4 14,150 1.3 9,040 0.8 16,300 1.5 7,540 0.7
  Yukon 13,860 35.0 23,640 59.7 185 0.5 70 0.2 260 0.7 265 0.7 380 1.0 325 0.8 600 1.5

1Includes Pagan, Wicca, Unity – New Thought – Pantheist, Scientology, Rastafarian, New Age, Gnostic, Satanist, etc.[190]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Catholic Church (29.9%), United Church (3.3%), Anglican Church (3.1%), Eastern Orthodoxy (1.7%), Baptist (1.2%), Pentecostalism and other Charismatic (1.1%) Anabaptist (0.4), Jehovah's Witness (0.4), Latter Day Saints (0.2), Lutheran (0.9), Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness) (0.3), Presbyterian (0.8), Reformed (0.2)[2] (7.6%) simply identified as “Christians".[3]
  2. ^ Sikhism is the second-largest religion in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon.[2] Per the 2011 Indian census, Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions.[170][171]
  1. ^ 1901-1951 populations are 95% of the total South Asian Canadian population enumerated in each decadal census during the timeframe, based on the quote "From 1904 to the 1940s, 95% of all South Asian immigrants to Canada were Sikhs from the Punjab region of India.", taken from page 4 of the book "A Social History of South Asians in British Columbia".[159]: 4 

    Figures for 1961 and 1971 use a falling decadal average of the Sikh proportion of the total South Asian Canadian between 95% in 1951,[159] compared with 31.5% in 1981.[160]: 40  This results in Sikhs forming 73.8% of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1961 and forming 52.6% of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1971. The total South Asian Canadian population in the 1961 census was 6,774 persons,[161]: 5  and 67,925 persons in the 1971 census.[162]: 2  Immigration data collected on the 2001 and 2011 census indicate there were 1,290 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1961,[153] and 9,655 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1971,[128] an undercount as this did not include the native-born population.

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Further reading edit

  • Lori G. Beaman (2006). Religion And Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, And Innovations. Canadian Scholars' Press. ISBN 978-1-55130-306-2.
  • Lori Gail Beaman; Peter Beyer (2008). Religion and Diversity in Canada. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17015-5.
  • William Bettridge (1838). A Brief History of the Church in Upper Canada: Containing the Acts of Parliament, Imperial and Provincial, Royal Instructions, Proceedings of the Deputation, Correspondence with the Government, Clergy Reserves' Question, &c. &c. W.E. Painter.
  • Paul Bramadat; David Seljak (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1018-7.
  • Paul A. Bramadat; David Seljak (2008). Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9584-8.
  • Robert Choquette (2004). Canada's Religions: An Historical Introduction. University of Ottawa Press. ISBN 978-0-7766-0557-9.
  • Nancy Christie; Michael Gauvreau (2010). Christian Churches and Their Peoples, 1840–1965: A Social History of Religion in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-6001-4.
  • Terence J. Fay (2002). History of Canadian Catholics. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-6988-1.
  • Kevin N. Flatt. After Evangelicalism: The Sixties and the United Church of Canada (2013) excerpt and text search
  • Paul Robert Magocsi (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.
  • J. Gordon Melton (1988). The Encyclopedia of American Religions: Religious Creeds: A Compilation of More Than 450 Creeds, Confessions, Statements of Faith, and Summaries of Doctrine of Religious and Spiritual Groups in the United States and Canada. Vol. 1–2. Detroit, Mi: Gale Research. ISBN 0810321327
  • J. Gordon Melton (1999). Religious Leaders of America: A Biographical Guide to Founders and Leaders of Religious Bodies, Churches, and Spiritual Groups in North America (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: Gale Group. ISBN 0-8103-8878-2.
  • Gary Miedema (2005). For Canada's Sake: Public Religion, Centennial Celebrations, and the Re-making of Canada in the 1960s. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2877-2.
  • Richard Moon (2008). Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5853-3.
  • Terrence Murphy; Roberto Perin (1996). A concise history of Christianity in Canada. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-540758-7.
  • Mark A. Noll (1992). A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada. Grand Rapids, Mi: Eerdmans Publ.
  • Mark A. Noll (2007). What Happened to Christian Canada?. Vancouver, BC: Regent College Publishing.
  • Arthur Carl Piepkorn (1977). Profiles in Belief: The Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-066580-7.
  • Jamie S. Scott (2012) The Religions of Canadians. University of Toronto Press ISBN 9781442605169
  • John G. Stackhouse Jr. (1998). Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character. Regent College Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57383-131-4.
  • Elam Rush Stimson (2008). History of the Separation of Church and State in Canada. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-0-559-67266-8.
  • Frances Swyripa (2010). Storied Landscapes: Ethno-Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies. Univ. of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-720-0.
  • Marguerite Van Die (2001). Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8245-9.
  • Vuković, Sava (1998). History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891–1941. Kragujevac: Kalenić.
  • Douglas James Wilson (1966). The Church Grows in Canada. University of Wisconsin: Ryerson Press.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in Canada.
  • Canadian encyclopedia – Religion (in Canada)
  • Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops
  • Anglican Church of Canada

February 16, 2024
religion, canada, encompasses, wide, range, beliefs, customs, that, historically, been, dominated, christianity, constitution, canada, refers, monarch, carries, title, defender, faith, however, canada, official, church, government, officially, committed, relig. Religion in Canada encompasses a wide range of beliefs and customs that historically has been dominated by Christianity 4 5 The constitution of Canada refers to God and the monarch carries the title of Defender of the Faith however Canada has no official church and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism 6 Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference 7 Religion in Canada 2021 census 1 Christianity a 53 3 No religion 34 6 Islam 4 9 Hinduism 2 3 Sikhism 2 1 Buddhism 1 0 Judaism 0 9 Indigenous 0 2 Other faiths 0 6 Before the European colonization a wide diversity of Indigenous religions and belief systems were largely animistic or shamanistic 8 The French colonization beginning in the 16th century established a Roman Catholic francophone population in New France 9 British colonization brought waves of Anglicans and other Protestants to Upper Canada now Ontario 10 The settlement of the West brought significant Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from the United States 11 The Jewish Islamic Jains Sikh Hindu and Buddhist communities although small are as old as the nation itself 12 Rates of religious adherence have steadily decreased since the 1960s 5 After having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life 13 Canada has become a post Christian secular state 14 15 16 Although the majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives 17 they still believe in God 18 The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state 19 According to the 2021 census Christianity is the largest religion in Canada with Roman Catholics representing 29 9 percent of the population having the most adherents Christians overall representing 53 3 percent of the population a are followed by people reporting irreligion or having no religion at 34 6 percent 20 Other faiths include Islam 4 9 percent Hinduism 2 3 percent Sikhism 2 1 percent Buddhism 1 0 percent Judaism 0 9 percent and Indigenous spirituality 0 2 percent 21 Canada has the second largest national Sikh population behind India 22 23 Contents 1 Religious pluralism 2 History 2 1 Before 1800s 2 2 1800s to 1900s 2 3 1900s to 1960s 2 4 1960s and after 3 Abrahamic religions 3 1 Christianity 3 1 1 Anglican Church of Canada 3 1 2 Evangelicalism 3 1 3 Anabaptism 3 1 3 1 Hutterites 3 1 3 2 Mennonites 3 1 4 Catholicism 3 1 5 Eastern Orthodoxy 3 1 6 Oriental Orthodoxy 3 1 7 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints 3 2 Islam 3 3 Judaism 3 4 Bahaʼi Faith 3 5 Druze Faith 4 Indian religions 4 1 Hinduism 4 2 Buddhism 4 3 Sikhism 4 4 Jainism 5 Other religions 5 1 Modern Paganism 5 1 1 Neo Druidism 6 Irreligion 7 Age and religion 8 Census results 8 1 Historical trends since 1900 8 2 Raw data 8 3 By province territory 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksReligious pluralism editMain article Freedom of religion in Canada nbsp Freedom of religion sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in Toronto 24 Canada today has no state religion and the Government of Canada is officially committed to religious pluralism 25 While the Canadian government s official ties to religion specifically Christianity are few the Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms makes reference to the supremacy of God 26 The national anthem in both official languages also refers to God 27 Nevertheless the rise of irreligion within the country and influx of non Christian peoples has led to a greater separation of government and religion 28 demonstrated in forms like Christmas holidays being called winter festivals in public schools 29 Some religious schools are government funded as per Section Twenty nine of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 30 Canada is a Commonwealth realm in which the head of state is shared with 14 other countries As such Canada follows the United Kingdom s succession laws for its monarch which bar Roman Catholics from inheriting the throne 31 Within Canada the monarch s title includes the phrases By the Grace of God and Defender of the Faith 32 Christmas and Easter are nationwide holidays and while Jews Muslims Hindus Buddhists and other religious groups are allowed to take their holy days off work they do not share the same official recognition 33 In 1957 the Parliament declared Thanksgiving a day of general thanksgiving to almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed 34 There was an ongoing battle in the late 20th century to have religious garb accepted throughout Canadian society mostly focused on Sikh turbans The Canadian Armed Forces authorized the wearing of turbans in 1986 eventually the Royal Canadian Mounted Police followed in 1988 and eventually other federal government agencies accepted members wearing turbans In 2023 the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom 35 it was noted that in 2019 a new law was put in place stating that some government employees in positions of authority were not allowed to wear religious symbols History editSee also History of freedom of religion in Canada Before 1800s edit See also Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America and Native American religion nbsp St Paul s Church Halifax Nova Scotia the oldest Anglican church in Canada still standing built in 1750Before the arrival of Europeans the Indigenous peoples followed a wide array of mostly animistic religions and spirituality 36 37 including the presence of creation stories the role of tricksters or of supernatural beings in folklore and the importance of sacred organizations 8 The first Europeans to settle in great numbers in Canada were French Catholics including a large number of Jesuits who established several missions in North America They were dedicated to converting the Indigenous peoples an effort that eventually proved successful 38 The first large Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after they were conquered by the British 39 Unable to convince enough British immigrants to go to the region the government decided to import continental Protestants from Germany and Switzerland to populate the region and counterbalance the Roman Catholic Acadians 40 This group was known as the Foreign Protestants This effort proved successful and today the South Shore region of Nova Scotia is still largely Lutheran After the Expulsion of the Acadians beginning in 1755 a large number of New England Planters settled on the vacated lands bringing with them their Congregationalist belief 41 During the 1770s guided by Henry Alline the New Light movement of the Great Awakening swept through the Atlantic region converting many of the Congregationalists to the new theology 42 After Alline s death many of these Newlights eventually became Baptists thus making Maritime Canada the heartland of the Baptist movement in Canada 43 44 45 The Quebec Act of 1774 acknowledged the rights of the Roman Catholic Church throughout Lower Canada in order to keep the French Canadians loyal to Britannic Crown 46 Roman Catholicism is still the main religion of French Canadians today The American Revolution beginning in 1765 brought a large influx of Protestants to Canada when United Empire Loyalists fleeing the rebellious United States moved in large numbers to Upper Canada and the Maritimes 47 1800s to 1900s edit nbsp James Caughey 9 April 1810 30 January 1891 was a Methodist minister and evangelist who was active in Canada While Anglicans consolidated their hold on the upper classes workingmen and farmers responded to the Methodist revivals often sponsored by visiting preachers from the United States Typical was Rev James Caughey an American sent by the Wesleyan Methodist Church from the 1840s through 1864 He brought in the converts by the score most notably in the revivals in Western Canada from 1851 to 1853 His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment coupled with follow up action to organize support from converts It was a time when the holiness movement caught fire with the revitalized interest of men and women in Christian perfection Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities 48 In the early nineteenth century in the Maritimes and Upper Canada the Anglican Church held the same official position it did in England This caused tension within English Canada as much of the populace was not Anglican Increasing immigration from Scotland created a very large Presbyterian community and they and other groups demanded equal rights This was an important cause of the 1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada With the arrival of responsible governments the Anglican monopoly was ended 49 In Lower Canada the Roman Catholic Church was officially pre eminent and had a central role in the colony s culture and politics Unlike English Canada French Canadian nationalism became very closely associated with Roman Catholicism 50 During this period the Roman Catholic Church in the region became one of the most reactionary in the world Known as Ultramontane Catholicism the church adopted positions condemning all manifestations of liberalism 51 nbsp Notre Dame Basilica Catholic in Montreal QuebecIn politics those aligned with the Roman Catholic clergy in Quebec were known as les bleus the blues They formed a curious alliance with the staunchly monarchist and pro British Anglicans of English Canada often members of the Orange Order to form the basis of the Canadian Conservative Party The Reform Party which later became the Liberal Party was largely composed of the anti clerical French Canadians known as les rouges the reds and the non Anglican Protestant groups In those times right before elections parish priests would give sermons to their flock where they said things like Le ciel est bleu et l enfer est rouge the sky heaven is blue and hell is red 52 In 1871 national census revealed 56 45 as Protestants 42 80 as Roman Catholic 0 05 as Pagans 0 03 as Jewish 0 02 as Mormons 0 15 as irreligious and 0 49 as unspecified 53 By the late nineteenth century Protestant pluralism had taken hold in English Canada While much of the elite were still Anglican other groups including the Methodists had become very prominent as well The schools and universities created at this time reflected this pluralism with major centres of learning being established for each faith One King s College later the University of Toronto was set up as a non denominational school The influence of the Orange Order was strong especially among Irish Protestant immigrants and comprised a powerful anti Catholic force in Ontario politics its influence faded away after 1920 54 The late nineteenth century also saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns Large numbers of Irish and Southern European immigrants were creating new Roman Catholic communities in English Canada Western Canada saw the arrival of significant Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe as well as Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from the United States and Ireland 1900s to 1960s edit Denomination Pop 1951 55 of totalRoman Catholic 6 069 496 43 3 United Church 2 867 271 20 5 Anglican 2 060 720 14 7 Presbyterian 781 747 5 6 Baptist 519 585 3 7 Lutheran 444 923 3 2 Jewish 204 836 1 5 Ukrainian Greek Catholic 190 831 1 4 Greek Orthodox 172 271 1 2 Mennonite 125 938 0 9 Pentecostal 95 131 0 7 Salvation Army 70 275 0 5 Evangelical 50 900 0 4 Jehovah s Witnesses 34 596 0 2 Mormon 32 888 0 2 No religion 59 679 0 4 Other not recorded 260 625 1 9 In 1919 20 Canada s five major Protestant denominations Anglican Baptist Congregational Methodist and Presbyterian cooperatively undertook the Forward Movement The goal was to raise funds and to strengthen Christian spirituality in Canada The movement invoked Anglophone nationalism by linking donations with the Victory Loan campaigns of the First World War and stressed the need for funds to Canadianize immigrants Centred in Ontario the campaign was a clear financial success raising over 11 million However the campaign exposed deep divisions among Protestants with the traditional Evangelists speaking of a personal relationship with God and the more liberal denominations emphasizing the Social Gospel and good works 56 Both factions apart from the Anglicans agreed on prohibition which was demanded by the WCTU 57 As of 1931 Roman Catholics were the largest religious body in Canada with 4 million people Following it were the United Church of Canada including Methodists Congregationalists and Presbyterians with 2 million the Anglican Church with nearly 2 million and the Presbyterian Church with approximately 870 000 The Canada Year Book 1936 reported that of the non Christian sects 155 614 or 1 50 were Jews 24 087 or 0 23 were Confucians 15 784 or 0 15 were Buddhists and 5 008 or 0 05 were pagans 58 Domination of Canadian society by Protestant and Roman Catholic elements continued until well into the 20th century Until the 1960s most parts of Canada still had extensive Lord s Day laws that limited what one could do on a Sunday 59 The English Canadian elite were still dominated by Protestants and Jews and Roman Catholics were often excluded 60 A slow process of liberalization began after the Second World War in English Canada Overtly Christian laws were expunged including those against homosexuality Policies favouring Christian immigration were also abolished 61 In 1951 a nationwide census was taken after incorporation of predominantly Protestant province of Newfoundland and Labrador According to statistics provided by Statistics Canada Protestants held a slight majority in the country between 1871 and 1961 Despite Canada s large Roman Catholic population this fact is confirmed by nine consecutive national censuses By 1961 Roman Catholics overtook Protestants as the most numerous religious group although unlike Protestants they never reached the absolute majority status gt 50 55 1960s and after edit The most overwhelming change was the Quiet Revolution in Quebec in the 1960s Up through the 1950s the province was one of the most traditional Roman Catholic areas in the world Church attendance rates were high and the schools were largely controlled by the Church In the 1960s the Catholic Church lost most of its influence in Quebec and religiosity declined sharply 62 While the majority of Quebecois are still professed Latin Church Catholics rates of church attendance have decreased dramatically 63 Since then common law relationships abortion and support for same sex marriage are much more common in Quebec than previously exceeding levels in some other areas of Canada nbsp Inauguration of United Church at Mutual Street Arena Toronto on June 10 1925English Canada also underwent secularization The United Church of Canada the country s largest Protestant denomination became one of the most liberal major Protestant churches in the world Flatt argues that in the 1960s Canada s rapid cultural changes led the United Church to end its evangelical programs and change its identity It made revolutionary changes in its evangelistic campaigns educational programs moral stances and theological image However membership declined sharply as the United Church affirmed a commitment to gay rights including marriage and ordination and to the ordination of women 64 65 In 1971 Canada was 47 Catholic 41 Protestant 4 other religion and 4 unaffiliated 66 Meanwhile a strong current of evangelical Protestantism emerged The largest groups are found in the Atlantic provinces and Western Canada particularly in Alberta Southern Manitoba and the Southern interior and Fraser Valley region of British Columbia also known as the Canadian Bible Belt as well as parts of Ontario outside the Greater Toronto Area The social environment is more conservative somewhat more in line with that of the Midwestern and Southern United States and same sex marriage abortion and common law relationships are less widely accepted The evangelical movement has grown sharply after 1960 and increasingly influences public policy Nevertheless the overall proportion of evangelicals in Canada remains considerably lower than in the United States and the polarization much less intense There are very few evangelicals in Quebec and in the largest urban areas which are generally secular although there are several congregations above 1000 members in most large cities 67 Abrahamic religions editChristianity edit Main article Christianity in Canada Province Territory Christians nbsp Newfoundland and Labrador 82 44 68 nbsp Nunavut 73 53 69 nbsp Prince Edward Island 67 62 70 nbsp New Brunswick 67 52 71 nbsp Quebec 64 82 72 nbsp Nova Scotia 58 18 73 nbsp Saskatchewan 56 31 74 nbsp Manitoba 54 23 75 nbsp Northwest Territories 55 16 76 nbsp Canada 53 33 1 nbsp Ontario 52 14 77 nbsp Alberta 48 11 78 nbsp Yukon 35 01 79 nbsp British Columbia 34 27 80 nbsp Percentage of Christians per Canadian province or territory based on 2021 Census data 80 89 9 Christian 70 79 9 Christian 60 69 9 Christian 50 59 9 Christian 40 49 9 Christian 30 39 9 ChristianThe majority of Canadian Christians attend church services infrequently Cross national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that on average Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Western Europe In 2002 30 of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was very important to them A 2005 Gallup poll showed that 28 of Canadians consider religion to be very important 55 of Americans and 19 of Britons say the same 81 Regional differences within Canada exist however with British Columbia and Quebec reporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance as well as a significant urban rural divide while Saskatchewan and rural Alberta saw high rates of religious attendance The rates for weekly church attendance are contested with estimates running as low as 11 as per the latest Ipsos Reid poll and as high as 25 as per Christianity Today magazine This American magazine reported that three polls conducted by Focus on the Family Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation with weekly attendance at 25 per cent This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion Prof Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975 Although lower than in the US which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40 since the Second World War weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe As well as the large churches Roman Catholic United and Anglican which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents Canada also has many smaller Christian groups including Eastern Orthodoxy The Egyptian population in Ontario and Quebec Greater Toronto in particular has seen a large influx of the Coptic Orthodox population in just a few decades The relatively large Ukrainian population of Manitoba and Saskatchewan has produced many followers of the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches while southern Manitoba has been settled largely by Mennonites The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country Baptists are especially numerous in the Maritimes The Maritimes prairie provinces and southwestern Ontario have significant numbers of Lutherans Southwest Ontario has seen large numbers of German and Russian immigrants including many Mennonites and Hutterites as well as a significant contingent of Dutch Reformed Alberta has seen considerable immigration from the American plains creating a significant Mormon minority in that province The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints claimed to have 178 102 members 74 377 of whom in Alberta at the end of 2007 82 And according to the Jehovah s Witnesses year report there are 111 963 active members members who actively preach in Canada Canada as a nation is becoming increasingly religiously diverse especially in large urban centres such as Toronto Vancouver and Montreal where minority groups and new immigrants who make up the growth in most religious groups congregate Two significant trends become clear when the current religious landscape is examined closely One is the loss of secularized Canadians as active and regular participants in the churches and denominations they grew up in which were overwhelmingly Christian while these churches remain a part of Canadians cultural identity The other is the increasing presence of ethnically diverse immigration within the religious makeup of the country As Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics have experienced drastic losses over the past 30 years others have been expanding rapidly overall by 144 in Eastern religions during the 1981 1991 decade 83 Considering Canada s increasing reliance on immigration to bolster a low birth rate the situation is only likely to continue to diversify This increased influx of ethnic immigrants not only affects the types of religions represented in the Canadian context but also the increasingly multicultural and multilingual makeup of individual Christian denominations From Chinese Anglican or Korean United Church communities to the Lutheran focus on providing much needed services to immigrants new to the Canadian context and English language immigration is making changes 84 Much as many Roman Catholics in Quebec ignore the Church s stance on birth control abortion or premarital sex the churches do not dictate much of the daily lives of regular Canadians 85 For some Protestant denominations adapting to a new secular context has meant adjusting to their non institutional roles in society by increasingly focusing on social justice 86 However the pull between conservative religious members and the more radical among the church members is complicated by the numbers of immigrant communities who may desire a church that fulfils a more institutionally complete role as a buffer in this new country over the current tension filled debates over same sex marriage ordination of women and homosexuals or the role of women in the church This of course will depend on the background of the immigrant population as in the Hong Kong context where ordination of Florence Li Tim Oi happened long before women s ordination was ever raised on the Canadian Anglican church level 87 As well a multicultural focus on the churches part may include non Christian elements such as the inclusion of a Buddhist priest in one incident which are unwelcome to the transplanted religious community 88 Serving the needs and desires of different aspects of the Canadian and newly Canadian populations makes a difficult balancing act for the various mainline churches which are starved for money and active parishioners in a time when 16 of Canadians identify as non religious and up to two thirds of those who do identify with a denomination use the church only for its life cycle rituals governing birth marriage and death 89 The church retains that hold in their parishioners lives but not the commitment of time and energy necessary to support an aging institution Evangelical portions of the Protestant groups proclaim their growth as well but as Roger O Tool notes they make up 7 of the Canadian population and seem to gain most of their growth from a higher birthrate 90 What is significant is the higher participation of their members in contrast to Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics This high commitment would seem to translate into the kind of political power evangelicals in the United States enjoy but despite Canada s historically Christian background as Beaman notes neatly forming the backdrop for social process 91 explicit religiosity appears to have not effectively moved the government towards legal discrimination against gay marriage There was a major religious revival in Toronto in the nineties known as the Toronto Blessing at a small Vineyard Church near the Toronto Pearson International Airport This religious event was the largest tourist attraction to Toronto 92 in 1994 This event was characterized by unusual religious ecstasy such as being slain in the Spirit laughing uncontrollably and other odd behaviour 93 94 95 96 A 2015 study estimates some 43 000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background in Canada most of whom belong to the evangelical tradition 97 Anglican Church of Canada edit Anglican Church of Canada is the only official church of the Anglican Communion in Canada 98 Across Canada there are approximately 1 700 individual churches or parishes which are organized into 30 different dioceses each led by a bishop The national church office is known as the General Synod The Primate is the Archbishop Linda Nicholls national pastoral leader 99 Evangelicalism edit The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada a national evangelical alliance member of the World Evangelical Alliance was founded in 1964 in Toronto 100 101 102 It brings together 43 Evangelical Christian denominations 103 The Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada were founded in 1914 104 The Canadian Baptist Ministries were founded in 1944 105 Anabaptism edit Main article Anabaptists Hutterites edit nbsp A Hutterite colony in ManitobaMain article Hutterite In the mid 1870s Hutterites moved from Europe to the Dakota Territory in the United States to avoid military service and other persecutions 106 During World War I Hutterites suffered from persecutions in the United States because they are pacifist and refused military service 107 108 They then moved almost all of their communities to Canada in the Western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba in 1918 108 In the 1940s there were 52 Hutterite colonies in Canada 108 Today more than 75 of the world s Hutterite colonies are located in Canada mainly in Alberta Manitoba and Saskatchewan the rest being almost exclusively in the United States 109 The Hutterite population in North America is about 45 000 people 110 Mennonites edit Main article Mennonite Church Canada First Mennonites arrived in Canada in 1786 from Pennsylvania but following Mennonites arrived directly from Europe 111 The Mennonite Church Canada had about 35 000 members in 1998 112 Catholicism edit Main article Catholic Church in Canada nbsp Front of the Basilica of St John the Baptist in St John s NewfoundlandThe Catholic Church in Canada under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops 113 has the largest number of adherents to a religion in Canada with 38 7 of Canadians 13 07 million reported as Catholics in the 2011 National Household Survey in 72 dioceses across the provinces and territories served by about 8 000 priests It was the first European faith in what is now Canada arriving in 1497 when John Cabot landed on Newfoundland and raised the Venetian and Papal banners claiming the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church 114 The entire Catholic Church in Canada is placed under the Primate of Canada 115 which corresponds to the Archdiocese of Quebec and its bishop the Primate of Canada Currently Gerald Cyprien Lacroix is the Primate of Canada 116 The Pope is represented in Canada by the Apostolic Nunciature in Canada Ottawa 117 Eastern Orthodoxy edit Main article Eastern Orthodoxy in North America Adherents of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Canada belong to several ecclesiastical jurisdictions Historically Eastern Orthodoxy was introduced to Canada during the course of 19th century mainly through emigration of Christians from Eastern Europe and the Middle East Honouring such diverse heritage Eastern Orthodoxy in Canada is traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial jurisdictions of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches each of them having its own hierarchy with dioceses and parishes According to 2011 census data there were 550 690 Orthodox Christians The Greek Orthodox community constitutes the largest Eastern Orthodox community in Canada with 220 255 adherents followed by other communities Russian Orthodox 25 245 Ukrainian Orthodox 23 845 Serbian Orthodox 22 780 Romanian Orthodox 7 090 Macedonian Orthodox 4 945 Bulgarian Orthodox 1 765 Antiochian Orthodox 1 220 and several other minor communities within Eastern Orthodoxy A number of 207 480 adherents reported only as Christian Orthodox 118 Oriental Orthodoxy edit Main article Oriental Orthodoxy in North America Adherents of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Canada also belong to several ethnic communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions According to 2011 census data Coptic Orthodox community constitutes the largest Oriental Orthodox community in Canada with 16 255 adherents It is followed by other communities Armenian Orthodox 13 730 Ethiopian Orthodox 3 025 Syriac Orthodox 3 060 and several other minor communities within Oriental Orthodoxy 118 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints edit Main article The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in Canada nbsp The Cardston Alberta Temple the oldest LDS temple outside the United StatesThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints LDS Church has had a presence in Canada since its organization in New York State in 1830 119 Canada has been used as a refuge territory by members of the LDS Church to avoid enforcement of anti polygamy laws by the United States government 120 The first LDS Church in Canada was established in 1895 in what would become Alberta it was the first stake of the Church to be established outside the United States 121 The LDS Church has founded several communities in Alberta In the 2021 census sampling about 0 2 of the population equal to about 87 725 people claimed to be members of the LDS Church 1 In 2021 the LDS Church claimed around 200 000 members in Canada 122 It has congregations in all Canadian provinces and territories and possesses at least one temple in six of the ten provinces including the oldest LDS temple outside the United States Alberta is the province with the most members of the LDS Church in Canada having approximately 40 of the total of Canadian LDS Church members and representing 2 of the total population of the province the National Household survey of 2011 has Alberta with over 50 of the Canadian Mormons and 1 6 of the province s population 123 followed by Ontario and British Columbia 124 Islam edit Main article Islam in Canada Islam in CanadaYearPop 18543 187113 333 3 190147 261 5 1911797 1595 7 1921478 40 0 1931645 34 9 197133 430 5082 9 198198 160 193 6 1991253 260 158 0 2001579 645 128 9 20111 053 945 81 8 20211 775 715 68 5 Source Statistics Canada 125 126 571 127 128 129 130 131 Four years after Canada s founding in 1867 the 1871 Canadian Census found 13 Muslims among the population 132 The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton in 1938 when there were approximately 700 Muslims in the country 133 This building is now part of the museum at Fort Edmonton Park The years after World War II saw a small increase in the Muslim population However Muslims were still a distinct minority It was only with the removal of European immigration preferences in the late 1960s that Muslims began to arrive in significant numbers According to Canada s 2001 census there were 579 740 Muslims in Canada just under 2 of the population 134 In 2006 the Muslim population was estimated to be 0 8 million or about 2 6 In 2010 the Pew Research Centre estimated there were about 0 9 million Muslims in Canada 135 136 In the 2011 National Housing Survey Muslims constituted 3 2 of the population 137 making them largest religious adherents after Christianity 138 Sunni Islam is followed by the majority while there are significant numbers of Shia Muslims Ahmadiyya also has a significant proportion with more than 25 000 Ahmadis living in Canada 139 There are also non denominational Muslims 140 As of the 2021 census the percentage of Muslims in Canada is 4 9 141 In 2007 the CBC introduced a popular television sitcom called Little Mosque on the Prairie a contemporary reflection and critical commentary on attitudes towards Islam in Canada 142 In 2008 the Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper visited the Baitun Nur Mosque the largest mosque in Canada for its inaugural session with the Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 143 Judaism edit Main article Judaism in Canada Province or territory Jews Percentage nbsp Canada 391 665 1 2 nbsp Ontario 226 610 1 8 nbsp Quebec 93 625 1 2 nbsp British Columbia 35 005 0 8 nbsp Alberta 15 795 0 4 nbsp Manitoba 14 345 1 2 nbsp Nova Scotia 2 910 0 3 nbsp Saskatchewan 1 905 0 2 nbsp New Brunswick 860 0 1 nbsp Newfoundland and Labrador 220 0 0 nbsp Prince Edward Island 185 0 1 nbsp Yukon 145 0 4 nbsp Northwest Territories 40 0 1 nbsp Nunavut 15 0 1 nbsp Aaron Hart is considered to be the father of Canadian Jewry The Jewish community in Canada is almost as old as the nation itself The earliest documentation of Jews in Canada is British Army records from the Seven Years War from 1754 In 1760 General Jeffrey Amherst 1st Baron Amherst attacked and won Montreal for the British In his regiment there were several Jews including four among his officer corps most notably Lieutenant Aaron Hart who is considered the father of Canadian Jewry 144 In 1807 Ezekiel Hart was elected to the legislature of Lower Canada becoming the first Jew in the British Empire to hold an official position Hart was sworn in on a Hebrew Bible as opposed to a Christian Bible 145 146 The next day an objection was raised that Hart had not taken the oath in the manner required for sitting in the assembly an oath of abjuration which would have required Hart to swear on the true faith of a Christian 147 Hart was expelled from the assembly only to be re elected two more times In 1768 the first synagogue in Canada was built in Montreal the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal In 1832 partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians The Jewish population saw a growth during the 1880s due to the pogroms of Russia and growing anti Semitism Between the years of 1880 and 1930 the Jewish population grew to 155 000 In 1872 Henry Nathan Jr became the first Jewish Member of Parliament representing the Victoria BC area in the newly created House of Commons The First World War halted the flow of immigrants into Canada and after the War there was a change in Canada s immigration policy to limit the immigration of people from non preferred nations i e those not from the United Kingdom or otherwise White Anglo Saxon Protestant nations In June 1939 Canada and the United States were the last hope for 907 Jewish refugees aboard the steamship SS St Louis which had been denied landing in Havana although the passengers had entry visas The Canadian government ignored the protests of Canadian Jewish organizations King said the crisis was not a Canadian problem and Blair added in a letter to O D Skelton Undersecretary of State for External Affairs dated June 16 1939 No country could open its doors wide enough to take in the hundreds of thousands of Jewish people who want to leave Europe the line must be drawn somewhere The ship finally had to return to Germany 148 During the Second World War almost twenty thousand Canadian Jews volunteered to fight overseas Nearly 40 000 Holocaust survivors moved to Canada in the late 1940s to rebuild their lives In 2010 the Canadian Jewish community was the fourth largest in the world 149 and practises in both of the official languages of Canada There is an increase in the number of people that use Hebrew other than for religious ceremonies while there is a decline in the Yiddish language Most of Canada s Jews live in Ontario and Quebec with Toronto being the largest Jewish population centre In 2009 anti Semitic incidents jumped fivefold 150 Bahaʼi Faith edit nbsp The Montreal Bahaʼi ShrineMain article Baha i Faith in North America Canada The Canadian community is one of the earliest western communities of Bahaʼis at one point sharing a joint National Spiritual Assembly with the United States and is a co recipient of Abdu l Baha s Tablets of the Divine Plan The first North American woman to declare herself a Bahaʼi was Kate C Ives of Canadian ancestry though not living in Canada at the time Moojan Momen in reviewing The Origins of the Bahaʼi Community of Canada 1898 1948 notes that the Magee family are credited with bringing the Bahaʼi Faith to Canada Edith Magee became a Bahaʼi in 1898 in Chicago and returned to her home in London Ontario where four other female members of her family became Bahaʼis This predominance of women converts became a feature of the Canadian Bahaʼi community 151 Druze Faith edit In 2018 there were 25 000 Druze living in Canada and fewer than 5 000 of them live in the Greater Toronto Area They are mostly of Lebanese and Syrian descent Druze practise Druzism a monotheistic religion encompasses aspects of Islam Hinduism Christianity Judaism and Greek philosophy among influences 152 Indian religions editHinduism edit Main article Hinduism in Canada Hinduism populationsYearPop 1961460 19719 790 2028 3 198169 505 610 0 1991157 015 125 9 2001297 200 89 3 2011497 200 67 3 2021828 195 66 6 1961 and 1971 are partial and based on immigration data real figures are substantially higher 153 128 Hinduism is a minority religion followed by 2 3 of the population of the Canada According to the 2021 census there are 828 195 Hindus in Canada 154 Hindus in Canada are generally Indian immigrants mainly Punjabi Gujarati and Haryanvi from India who began arriving in British Columbia about 100 years ago and continue to immigrate today There is a significant number of Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus in Canada who immigrated from Sri Lanka during the 1983 communal riots in Sri Lanka Nepali Hindus Caribbean Hindus from Trinidad and Tobago Suriname and Guyana and Mauritian Hindus represent sizeable subgroups There are also Canadian converts to the various sects of Hinduism through the efforts of the Hare Krishna movement the Gurus during the last 50 years and other organizations The vast majority of Hindus reside in Ontario primarily in Toronto Scarborough Brampton Hamilton Windsor and Ottawa Quebec primarily around the Montreal area and British Columbia primarily around the Vancouver area 155 Buddhism edit Main article Buddhism in Canada Buddhism populationsYearPop 198151 955 1991163 415 214 5 2001300 345 83 8 2011366 830 22 1 2021356 975 2 7 According to the 2011 Census Buddhism is followed by 1 1 of the population of the Canada 156 Buddhism has been practised in Canada for more than a century and in recent years has grown dramatically Buddhism arrived in Canada with the arrival of Chinese labourers in the territories during the 19th century 157 Modern Buddhism in Canada traces to Japanese immigration during the late 19th century 157 The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built at the Ishikawa Hotel in Vancouver in 1905 158 Over time the Japanese Jōdo Shinshu branch of Buddhism became the prevalent form of Buddhism in Canada 157 and established the largest Buddhist organization in Canada 157 Sikhism edit Main article Sikhism in Canada Sikh Population nb 1 YearPop 190195 19311 330 1300 0 19615 000 275 9 198167 715 1254 3 2011454 965 571 9 2021771 790 69 6 Source Statistics Canada 163 164 129 130 165 131 Sikhism has nearly 800 000 adherents who account for 2 1 of Canada s population as of 2021 forming the country s fastest growing and fourth largest religious group 2 The largest Sikh populations in Canada are found in Ontario followed by British Columbia and Alberta 2 As of the 2021 Census more than half of Canada s Sikhs can be found in one of four cities Brampton 163 260 166 Surrey 154 415 167 Calgary 49 465 168 and Edmonton 41 385 169 Canada is home to the largest national Sikh proportion in the world 2 1 and also has the second largest Sikh population in the world after India British Columbia has the third largest Sikh proportion 5 9 amongst all global administrative divisions behind only Punjab and Chandigarh in India British Columbia Manitoba and Yukon hold the distinction of being three of the only four administrative divisions in the world with Sikhism as the second most followed religion among the population b Jainism edit Main article Jainism in Canada The first official Jain temple was established in Toronto in 1988 172 This temple served both the Digambar and Svetambara communities 173 Other religions editModern Paganism edit See also Heathenry in Canada Census data showed Modern Paganism grew by 281 per cent between 1991 and 2001 making it the fastest growing religion in Canada during that decade 174 Neo Druidism edit In Neo Druid history a notable community was the Reformed Druids of North America one of whose four founders was Canadian which served both the US Druid community and the Canadian Druid community Neo Druidism largely spread in Canada through the Ancient Order of the Druids during the 19th century 175 Irreligion editMain article Irreligion in Canada Irreligious Canadians include atheists agnostics and humanists The surveys may also include those who are spiritual deists and pantheists According to Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance among those estimated 4 9 million Canadians of no religion an estimated 1 9 million would specify atheist 1 8 million would specify agnostic and 1 2 million humanist 176 In 1991 the irreligious made up 12 3 of the Canadian population The 2021 Canadian census reported that 34 6 of Canadians declare no religious affiliation which is up from 23 9 in the 2011 Canadian census and 16 5 in the 2001 Canadian census 177 178 Some non religious Canadians have formed associations such as the Humanist Association of Canada Toronto Secular Alliance or the Centre for Inquiry Canada as well as a number of University Campus Groups Age and religion editAccording to the 2001 census the major religions in Canada have the following median age Canada has a median age of 37 3 179 Presbyterian 46 1 United Church 44 1 Anglican 43 8 Lutheran 43 3 Jewish 41 5 Greek Orthodox 40 7 Baptist 39 3 Buddhist 38 0 Roman Catholic 37 8 Pentecostal 33 5 No religion 31 9 Hindu 30 2 Sikh 29 7 Muslim 28 1Census results editHistorical trends since 1900 edit Sources Based on National trajectory Census since end s XIX Century 55 specially 1991 2001 and 2011 Census Catholic membership evolution since 1901 Overall Muslim membership evolution since 1901 Pew Center Research 66 180 and Historical information from the Canadian Encyclopedia 181 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Raw data edit In the Canada 2011 National Household Survey the 2011 census did not ask about religious affiliation but the survey sent to a subset of the population did 69 of the Canadian population list Roman Catholicism or Protestantism or another Christian denomination as their religion down 8 from the Canada 2001 Census where 77 of the population listed a Christian religion 182 183 184 Representing two out of five Canadians the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is by far the country s largest single denomination Secularization has been growing since the 1960s 185 186 In 2011 23 9 declared no religious affiliation compared to 16 5 in 2001 187 In recent years there have been substantial rises in non Christian religions in Canada From the 1991 to 2011 Islam grew by 316 Hinduism 217 Sikhism 209 and Buddhism 124 The growth of non Christian religions expressed as a percentage of Canada s population rose from 4 in 1991 to 8 in 2011 In terms of the ratio of non Christians to Christians it rose from 19 Christians 95 of religious population to 1 non Christian 5 of religious population in 1991 to 8 Christians 89 to 1 non Christian 11 in 2011 a rise of 135 of the ratio of non Christians to Christians or a decline of 6 5 of Christians to non Christians in 20 years Religious denominations in Canada 19911 20012 20113 2021Number Number Number Number Total population 26 944 040 29 639 035 32 852 320 36 328 480Christian 22 503 360 83 22 851 825 77 22 102 700 67 3 19 373 330 53 3 Roman Catholic 12 203 625 45 3 12 793 125 43 2 12 810 705 39 0 10 799 070 29 9 Total Protestant 9 427 675 35 0 8 654 845 29 2 c 7 910 000 24 1 188 66 4 456 925 12 3 United Church of Canada 3 093 120 11 5 2 839 125 9 6 2 007 610 6 1 1 214 185 3 3 Anglican 2 188 110 8 1 2 035 495 6 9 1 631 845 5 0 1 134 310 3 1 Baptist 663 360 2 5 729 470 2 5 635 840 1 9 436 940 1 2 Lutheran 636 205 2 4 606 590 2 0 478 185 1 5 328 045 0 9 Presbyterian 636 295 2 4 409 830 1 4 472 385 1 4 301 400 0 8 Protestant not included elsewhere3 628 945 2 3 549 205 1 9 c 2 000 000 c 6 1 042 045 2 9 Eastern Orthodox 387 395 1 4 495 245 1 7 550 690 1 7 623 005 1 7 Christian not included elsewhere4 353 040 1 3 780 450 2 6 c 960 000 c 3 3 333 170 9 2No religious affiliation 3 397 000 12 6 4 900 095 16 5 7 850 605 23 9 12 577 475 34 6Other 1 093 690 4 1 1 887 115 6 4 2 703 200 8 8 4 377 675 12 1 Muslim 253 265 0 9 579 645 2 0 1 053 945 3 2 1 775 715 4 9 Hindu 157 010 0 6 297 200 1 0 497 960 1 5 828 195 2 3 Sikh 147 440 0 5 278 415 0 9 454 965 1 4 771 790 2 1 Buddhist 163 415 0 6 300 345 1 0 366 830 1 1 356 975 1 0 Jewish 318 185 1 2 329 990 1 1 329 495 1 0 335 295 0 9 Traditional Indigenous Spirituality N A N A 29 820 0 1 64 940 0 2 80 690 0 2 Personal faith or spiritual beliefs n o s 60 190 0 2 Pagan beliefs5 21 080 0 1 25 490 0 1 41 785 0 1 Other religion6 50 620 0 2 105 340 0 3 123 500 0 31 For comparability purposes 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries 2 The 2011 data is from the National Household Survey 156 and so numbers are estimates 3 Includes persons who report only Protestant 4 Includes persons who report Christian and those who report Apostolic Born again Christian and Evangelical 5 Includes Wicca and Druidism6 Religions include Jainism Satanism Baha i Druze Taoism Universalism Theism Zoroastrianism and SpiritualistBy province territory edit Province territory 189 Christians Non religious Muslims Jews Buddhists Hindus Sikhs Traditional Aboriginal spirituality Other religions1 nbsp Alberta 2 009 820 48 1 1 676 045 40 1 202 535 4 8 11 390 0 3 42 830 1 0 78 520 1 9 103 600 2 5 19 755 0 5 33 220 0 8 nbsp British Columbia 1 684 870 34 3 2 559 250 52 1 125 915 2 6 26 850 0 5 83 860 1 7 81 320 1 7 290 870 5 9 11 570 0 2 51 440 1 0 nbsp Manitoba 708 850 54 2 480 315 36 7 26 430 2 0 11 565 0 9 7 440 0 6 18 355 1 6 35 470 2 7 10 190 0 8 8 570 0 7 nbsp New Brunswick 512 645 67 5 225 125 29 7 9 190 1 2 1 000 0 1 1 120 0 1 3 340 0 4 1 780 0 2 1 005 0 1 3 990 0 5 nbsp Newfoundland and Labrador 413 915 82 4 80 330 16 0 3 995 0 8 240 0 0 490 0 1 1 200 0 2 855 0 2 105 0 0 965 0 2 nbsp Northwest Territories 22 275 55 2 16 065 39 8 730 1 8 50 0 1 250 0 6 200 0 5 110 0 3 330 0 8 370 0 9 nbsp Nova Scotia 556 115 58 2 359 395 37 6 14 715 1 5 2 195 0 2 2 955 0 2 8 460 0 9 4 735 0 5 1 090 0 1 6 195 0 6 nbsp Nunavut 26 915 73 5 9 115 24 9 140 0 4 35 0 5 15 0 0 55 0 2 10 0 0 180 0 5 135 0 4 nbsp Ontario 7 315 810 52 1 4 433 675 31 6 942 990 6 7 196 100 1 4 164 215 1 2 573 700 4 1 300 435 2 1 15 985 0 1 88 845 0 6 nbsp Prince Edward Island 101 755 67 6 42 830 28 5 1 720 1 1 165 0 1 755 0 6 1 245 0 8 1 165 0 8 75 0 0 765 0 5 nbsp Quebec 5 385 240 64 8 2 267 720 27 3 421 710 5 1 84 530 1 0 48 365 0 6 47 390 0 6 23 345 0 3 3 790 0 0 26 385 0 3 nbsp Saskatchewan 621 250 56 3 403 960 36 6 25 455 2 3 1 105 0 1 4 410 0 4 14 150 1 3 9 040 0 8 16 300 1 5 7 540 0 7 nbsp Yukon 13 860 35 0 23 640 59 7 185 0 5 70 0 2 260 0 7 265 0 7 380 1 0 325 0 8 600 1 51Includes Pagan Wicca Unity New Thought Pantheist Scientology Rastafarian New Age Gnostic Satanist etc 190 See also edit nbsp Canada portal nbsp Religion portalHumanist Canada List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation Mouvement laique quebecoisNotes edit a b Catholic Church 29 9 United Church 3 3 Anglican Church 3 1 Eastern Orthodoxy 1 7 Baptist 1 2 Pentecostalism and other Charismatic 1 1 Anabaptist 0 4 Jehovah s Witness 0 4 Latter Day Saints 0 2 Lutheran 0 9 Methodist and Wesleyan Holiness 0 3 Presbyterian 0 8 Reformed 0 2 2 7 6 simply identified as Christians 3 Sikhism is the second largest religion in British Columbia Manitoba and Yukon 2 Per the 2011 Indian census Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh These are the only two Indian states UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions 170 171 1901 1951 populations are 95 of the total South Asian Canadian population enumerated in each decadal census during the timeframe based on the quote From 1904 to the 1940s 95 of all South Asian immigrants to Canada were Sikhs from the Punjab region of India taken from page 4 of the book A Social History of South Asians in British Columbia 159 4 Figures for 1961 and 1971 use a falling decadal average of the Sikh proportion of the total South Asian Canadian between 95 in 1951 159 compared with 31 5 in 1981 160 40 This results in Sikhs forming 73 8 of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1961 and forming 52 6 of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1971 The total South Asian Canadian population in the 1961 census was 6 774 persons 161 5 and 67 925 persons in the 1971 census 162 2 Immigration data collected on the 2001 and 2011 census indicate there were 1 290 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1961 153 and 9 655 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1971 128 an undercount as this did not include the native born population References edit a b c Religions in Canada Census 2021 Statistics Canada October 26 2022 a b c d Religion by visible minority and generation status Canada provinces and territories census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts Statistics Canada October 26 2022 Christianity The Canadian Encyclopedia October 27 2022 Retrieved August 31 2023 Dianne R Hales Lara Lauzon 2009 An Invitation to Health Cengage Learning p 440 ISBN 978 0 17 650009 2 a b Cornelissen Louis October 28 2021 Religiosity in Canada and its evolution from 1985 to 2019 Statistics Canada Moon Richard 2008 Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada UBC Press pp 1 4 ISBN 978 0 7748 1497 3 Scott Jamie S 2012 The Religions of Canadians University of Toronto Press p 345 ISBN 978 1 4426 0516 9 a b Religion and Spirituality of Indigenous Peoples in Canada The Canadian Encyclopedia April 19 2018 Retrieved August 31 2023 McShea B 2022 Apostles of Empire The Jesuits and New France France Overseas Studies in Em Nebraska p 15 ISBN 978 1 4962 2908 3 Retrieved August 31 2023 Choquette R 2004 Canada s Religions An Historical Introduction Religion and Beliefs Series University of Ottawa Press p 160 ISBN 978 0 7766 1847 0 Retrieved August 31 2023 Orthodox Church The Canadian Encyclopedia December 16 2013 Retrieved August 31 2023 Scott Jamie S 2013 The Religions of Canadians ISBN 978 1 4426 0517 6 Lance W Roberts 2005 Recent Social Trends in Canada 1960 2000 McGill Queen s Press p 359 ISBN 978 0 7735 2955 7 Paul Bramadat David Seljak 2009 Religion and Ethnicity in Canada University of Toronto Press p 3 ISBN 978 1 4426 1018 7 Kurt Bowen 2004 Christians in a Secular World The Canadian Experience McGill Queen s Press p 174 ISBN 978 0 7735 7194 5 Derek Gregory Ron Johnston Geraldine Pratt Michael Watts Sarah Whatmore 2009 The Dictionary of Human Geography John Wiley amp Sons p 672 ISBN 978 1 4443 1056 6 Betty Jane Punnett 2015 International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Routledge p 116 ISBN 978 1 317 46745 8 Dr David M Haskell Wilfrid Laurier University 2009 Through a Lens Darkly How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals Clements Publishing Group p 50 ISBN 978 1 894667 92 0 Kevin Boyle Juliet Sheen 2013 Freedom of Religion and Belief A World Report University of Essex Routledge p 219 ISBN 978 1 134 72229 7 Religions in Canada Census 2011 Statistics Canada May 8 2013 Religion by visible minority and generation status Canada provinces and territories census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts Statistics Canada October 26 2022 Sikh Heritage Month Act laws justice gc ca January 14 2020 Sikh Community Profile Infographic English PPT birmingham gov uk Retrieved December 20 2022 Freedom of Religion by Marlene Hilton Moore McMurtry Gardens of Justice Retrieved June 12 2023 Richard Moon 2008 Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada UBC Press pp 1 4 ISBN 978 0 7748 1497 3 Religion as a Category of Governance and Sovereignty BRILL May 27 2015 pp 284 ISBN 978 90 04 29059 4 Philip Resnick 2012 The Labyrinth of North American Identities University of Toronto Press pp 17 ISBN 978 1 4426 0552 7 Lance W Roberts Rodney A Clifton Barry Ferguson 2005 Recent Social Trends in Canada 1960 2000 McGill Queens p 359 ISBN 978 0 7735 2955 7 Marguerite Van Die 2001 Religion and Public Life in Canada Historical and Comparative Perspectives University of Toronto Press p 289 ISBN 978 0 8020 8245 9 Anne F Bayefsky Arieh Waldman 2007 State Support of Religious Education Canada Versus the United Nations Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 3 ISBN 978 90 04 14980 9 U K Royal Succession Rules To Change Huffington Post October 28 2011 Robert A Battram 2010 Canada in Crisis An Agenda to Unify the Nation Trafford Publishing p 86 ISBN 978 1 4269 8062 6 Kevin Boyle 1997 Freedom of Religion and Belief A World Report Taylor amp Francis p 103 ISBN 978 0 415 15978 4 Erwin Fahlbusch Geoffrey William Bromiley 1999 The Encyclopedia of Christianity E I Volume 2 Wm B Eerdmans Publishing p 501 ISBN 978 90 04 11695 5 Freedom House website retrieved 2023 08 08 James Rodger Miller 2000 Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens A History of Indian white Relations in Canada University of Toronto Press p 62 ISBN 978 0 8020 8153 7 Elizabeth Tooker 1979 Native North American spirituality of the eastern woodlands sacred myths dreams visions speeches healing formulas rituals and ceremonials Paulist Press p 20 ISBN 978 0 8091 2256 1 Thomas Guthrie Marquis 1935 The Jesuit Missions A Chronicle of the Cross in the Wilderness Hayes Barton Press pp 7 13 ISBN 978 1 59377 530 8 permanent dead link Roderick MacLeod Mary Anne Poutanen 2004 Meeting of the People School Boards and Protestant Communities in Quebec 1801B1998 McGill Queen s Press MQUP p 23 ISBN 978 0 7735 7183 9 Will Kaufman Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson 2005 Britain and the Americas Culture Politics And History A Multidesciplinary Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 13 ISBN 978 1 85109 431 8 Terrence Murphy Roberto Perin 1996 A concise history of Christianity in Canada Oxford University Press p 129 ISBN 978 0 19 540758 7 Daniel Vickers 2008 A Companion to Colonial America John Wiley amp Sons p 503 ISBN 978 0 470 99848 9 Beverley James and Barry Moody Editors The Journal of Henry Alline Lancelot Press for the Acadia Divinity School and the Baptist Historical Committee 1982 Bumsted J M Henry Alline Lancelot Press Hantsport 1984 Rawlyk George The Sermons of Henry Alline Lancelot Press for Acadia Divinity College and The Baptist Historical Committee of the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces 1986 Charles H Lippy Peter W Williams 2010 Encyclopedia of Religion in America Vol 4 Granite Hill Publishers p 408 ISBN 978 0 87289 580 5 permanent dead link Oxford University Press 2010 Protestantism Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide Oxford University Press p 16 ISBN 978 0 19 980853 3 Peter Bush The Reverend James Caughey and Wesleyan Methodist Revivalism in Canada West 1851 1856 Ontario History Sept 1987 Vol 79 Issue 3 pp 231 250 Charles H H Scobie George A Rawlyk 1997 Contribution of Presbyterianism to the Maritime Provinces of Canada McGill Queen s Press MQUP p page s needed ISBN 978 0 7735 1600 7 Canada Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs Archived from the original on October 27 2011 Retrieved December 12 2011 See drop down essay on Early European Settlement and the Formation of the Modern State Raymond J Lahey 2002 The First Thousand Years A Brief History of the Catholic Church in Canada Novalis Publishing ISBN 978 2 89507 235 5 Bernier Arcand Philippe 2018 Bleu histoire d une couleur politique Histoire Quebec in French 23 4 15 17 ISSN 1201 4710 Religions PDF www66 statcan gc ca Retrieved September 25 2023 Cecil J Houston William J Smyth 1980 The sash Canada wore a historical geography of the Orange Order in Canada University of Toronto Press ISBN 9780802054937 a b c Table A164 184 Principal religious denominations of the population census dates 1871 to 1971 Statistics Canada Retrieved November 18 2016 Daryl Baswick Social Evangelism the Canadian Churches and the Forward Movement 1919 1920 Ontario History vol 12 1 1997 pp 303 319 Sharon Anne Cook Earnest Christian Women Bent on Saving our Canadian Youth The Ontario Woman s Christian Temperance Union and Scientific Temperance Instruction 1881 1930 Ontario History Sept 1994 Vol 86 Issue 3 pp 249 267 Canada Statistics March 31 2008 Canada Year Book CYB Historical Collection www65 statcan gc ca Alvin J Schmidt 2009 How Christianity Changed the World Zondervan p 422 ISBN 978 0 310 86250 5 Kari Levitt 2002 Silent Surrender The Multinational Corporation in Canada McGill Queen s Press p 151 ISBN 978 0 7735 2311 1 Richard Moon 2008 Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada UBC Press p 244 ISBN 978 0 7748 5853 3 Canada Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs Archived from the original on October 27 2011 Retrieved December 12 2011 See drop down essay on History Since 1960 Robin Gill 2003 The Empty Church Revisited Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 210 ISBN 978 0 7546 3463 8 Earle E Cairns 1996 Christianity Through the Centuries A History of the Christian Church Zondervan Pub p 507 ISBN 978 0 310 20812 9 Kevin N Flatt After Evangelicalism The Sixties and the United Church of Canada 2013 a b c Canada s Changing Religious Landscape June 27 2013 George A Rawlyk 1997 Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience McGill Queen s Press p passim ISBN 978 0 7735 1547 5 Religions in Newfoundland and Labrador Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Nunavut Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Prince Edward Island Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in New Brunswick Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Quebec Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Nova Scotia Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Saskatchewan Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Manitoba Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in the Northwest Territories Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Ontario Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Alberta Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in Yukon Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Religions in British Columbia Census 2021 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Can a Reagan Revolution Happen in Canada Gallup com January 20 2006 Retrieved December 10 2010 Alberta Archived December 16 2008 at the Wayback Machine LDS Newsroom 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Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada Toronto Pearson Longman 2005 232 96F0030XIE2001015 Religions in Canada 2 statcan ca Archived from the original on May 5 2017 Retrieved December 10 2010 Roger O Toole Religion in Canada Its Development and Contemporary Situation In Lori Beaman ed Religion and Canadian Society Traditions Transitions and Innovations Toronto Canadian Scholars Press 2006 17 Lori Beaman ed Religion and Canadian Society Traditions Transitions and Innovations Toronto Canadian Scholars Press 2006 3 Christianity Today The Enduring Revival www google com Retrieved November 6 2016 Bowker John Toronto Blessing The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 1997 Burgess Stanley The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements Zondervan 2002 Ostling Richard Laughing for the Lord Revivalist fervor has invaded the Church of England Time Magazine 1994 p 38 Maxwell Joe Is Laughing for the Lord Holy ChristianityToday com Retrieved March 21 2019 Miller Duane 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Cultural Characteristics 104 Selected Religions 35A Age Groups 6 and Sex 3 for Population for Canada Provinces Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 2001 Census www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved November 13 2022 2011 National Household Survey www12 statcan gc ca Statistics Canada May 8 2013 Retrieved February 20 2020 Selected Religions for Canada Provinces and Territories 20 Sample Data Religions in Canada Highlight Tables 2001 Census Statistics Canada 2004 Retrieved May 23 2006 a b Religions in Canada Census 2011 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada May 8 2013 a b c d A W Barber Buddhism The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived from the original on September 19 2011 Retrieved October 17 2012 A Journalist s Guide to Buddhism PDF Archived from the original PDF on June 14 2010 Retrieved October 17 2012 a b A Social History of South Asians in British Columbia www saclp southasiancanadianheritage ca April 2022 Retrieved September 25 2022 From 1904 to the 1940s 95 of all South Asian immigrants to 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from the original on May 17 2013 Retrieved January 24 2013 Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia Volumes 1 5 Page 1353 John T Koch 2006 Non Christian religious data in Canada Religioustolerance org Archived from the original on July 3 2017 Retrieved May 11 2014 The Canadian census A rich portrait of the country s religious and ethnocultural diversity Statistics Canada Statistique Canada October 26 2022 Retrieved November 19 2022 Religions in Canada Census 2011 Statistics Canada Statistique Canada May 8 2013 Religions in Canada 2 statcan ca Archived from the original on May 5 2017 Retrieved December 10 2010 Lipka Michael 5 facts about religion in Canada Religion The Canadian Encyclopedia www thecanadianencyclopedia ca Summary Tables 0 statcan gc ca Archived from the original on February 5 2012 Retrieved October 17 2012 96F0030XIE2001015 Religions in Canada 2 statcan ca Archived from the original on December 26 2018 Retrieved October 17 2012 Christian religious data from Canada Religioustolerance org Retrieved October 17 2012 Hans Mol The secularization of Canada Research in the social scientific study of religion 1989 1 197 215 Mark A Noll 1992 A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada Wm B Eerdmans pp 15 17 ISBN 9780802806512 No Religion Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians Report Huffington Post May 15 2013 Retrieved May 19 2013 Tabulation Religion 108 Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration 11 Age Groups 10 and Sex 3 for the Population in Private Households of Canada Provinces Territories Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations 2011 National Household Survey Statistics Canada January 7 2016 Retrieved November 15 2016 Ethnocultural and religious diversity 2021 Census promotional material Statistics Canada Retrieved October 19 2023 Other religions Statistics Canada Retrieved April 24 2014Further reading editLori G Beaman 2006 Religion And Canadian Society Traditions Transitions And Innovations Canadian Scholars Press ISBN 978 1 55130 306 2 Lori Gail Beaman Peter Beyer 2008 Religion and Diversity in Canada BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 17015 5 William Bettridge 1838 A Brief History of the Church in Upper Canada Containing the Acts of Parliament Imperial and Provincial Royal Instructions Proceedings of the Deputation Correspondence with the Government Clergy Reserves Question amp c amp c W E Painter Paul Bramadat David Seljak 2009 Religion and Ethnicity in Canada University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 1018 7 Paul A Bramadat David Seljak 2008 Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 9584 8 Robert Choquette 2004 Canada s Religions An Historical Introduction University of Ottawa Press ISBN 978 0 7766 0557 9 Nancy Christie Michael Gauvreau 2010 Christian Churches and Their Peoples 1840 1965 A Social History of Religion in Canada University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 6001 4 Terence J Fay 2002 History of Canadian Catholics McGill Queen s Press MQUP ISBN 978 0 7735 6988 1 Kevin N Flatt After Evangelicalism The Sixties and the United Church of Canada 2013 excerpt and text search Paul Robert Magocsi 1999 Encyclopedia of Canada s Peoples University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 2938 6 J Gordon Melton 1988 The Encyclopedia of American Religions Religious Creeds A Compilation of More Than 450 Creeds Confessions Statements of Faith and Summaries of Doctrine of Religious and Spiritual Groups in the United States and Canada Vol 1 2 Detroit Mi Gale Research ISBN 0810321327 J Gordon Melton 1999 Religious Leaders of America A Biographical Guide to Founders and Leaders of Religious Bodies Churches and Spiritual Groups in North America 2nd ed Detroit Mi Gale Group ISBN 0 8103 8878 2 Gary Miedema 2005 For Canada s Sake Public Religion Centennial Celebrations and the Re making of Canada in the 1960s McGill Queen s Press ISBN 978 0 7735 2877 2 Richard Moon 2008 Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada UBC Press ISBN 978 0 7748 5853 3 Terrence Murphy Roberto Perin 1996 A concise history of Christianity in Canada Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 540758 7 Mark A Noll 1992 A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada Grand Rapids Mi Eerdmans Publ Mark A Noll 2007 What Happened to Christian Canada Vancouver BC Regent College Publishing Arthur Carl Piepkorn 1977 Profiles in Belief The Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada New York Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0 06 066580 7 Jamie S Scott 2012 The Religions of Canadians University of Toronto Press ISBN 9781442605169 John G Stackhouse Jr 1998 Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century An Introduction to Its Character Regent College Publishing ISBN 978 1 57383 131 4 Elam Rush Stimson 2008 History of the Separation of Church and State in Canada BiblioBazaar ISBN 978 0 559 67266 8 Frances Swyripa 2010 Storied Landscapes Ethno Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies Univ of Manitoba Press ISBN 978 0 88755 720 0 Marguerite Van Die 2001 Religion and Public Life in Canada Historical and Comparative Perspectives University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 8245 9 Vukovic Sava 1998 History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891 1941 Kragujevac Kalenic Douglas James Wilson 1966 The Church Grows in Canada University of Wisconsin Ryerson Press External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in Canada Canadian encyclopedia Religion in Canada Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops Anglican Church of Canada Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Religion in Canada amp oldid 1193392556, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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