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Presidency of the United Nations Security Council
The presidency of the United Nations Security Council is responsible for leading the United Nations Security Council. It rotates among the 15 member-states of the council monthly. The head of the country's delegation is known as the President of the United Nations Security Council. The presidency has rotated every month since its establishment in 1946,[1] and the president serves to coordinate actions of the council, decide policy disputes, and sometimes functions as a diplomat or intermediary between conflicting groups.
| Presidency of United Nations Security Council | |
|---|---|
| Member of | United Nations Security Council |
| Seat | United Nations Headquarters |
| Appointer | United Nations Security Council |
| Term length | One month |
| Constituting instrument | Charter of the United Nations |
| Formation | 17 January 1946 |
| First holder | Australia |
| Website | www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency |
Role Edit
The presidency derives responsibility from the Provisional Rules of Procedure of the United Nations Security Council as well as the council's practice.[2] The role of the president involves calling the meetings of the Security Council,[3] approving the provisional agenda (proposed by the secretary-general),[4] presiding at its meetings,[5] deciding questions relating to policy[6] and overseeing any crisis. The president is authorized to issue both Presidential Statements[7] (subject to consensus among Council members) and notes,[8] which are used to make declarations of intent that the full Security Council can then pursue.[9] The president is also responsible for reading statements of the Security Council to the press. The holder of the presidency is considered to be the 'face' and spokesperson of the UNSC.[10] The holder of the presidency may appeal to parties in a conflict to "exercise restraint".[11]
The president represents the Security Council before other United Nations organs and member states. They also call upon members to speak, send applicants for United Nations membership to a committee of the UNSC and decide voting order.[12] Particularly after the end of the Cold War, the president has worked to coordinate the UNSC with other organs.[13] The president has authority to rule upon points of order, which can be put to a vote if a member of the council challenges it.[11] They also name members of various subsidiary organs, and are generally responsible for maintaining order.[14] Since November 2000, the president has generally prepared background papers for the topic being discussed.[15]
The president also continues to represent their state. If their nation is involved in a conflict the UNSC is discussing, they are expected to temporarily step down.[14] Conversely, because the presidency rotates monthly, all nations on the UNSC can evenly emphasize issues important to them.[16] Most non-permanent states hold the presidency once or twice during their two-year terms; Burkina Faso changed its name from Upper Volta in August 1984 during its term, and held it three times.[17] The president often makes a distinction between when they are speaking as the president and as the representative of their state.[18]
Davidson Nicol, an academic, writes that:
Although the role of the President should not be exaggerated, the work of the Council, its reputation and that of the United Nations are very much affected by the calibre and style of the individual who presides over the organ having responsibility for international peace and security. . . The Security Council is the pivot of the United Nations in efforts to maintain and enhance international peace and security. The major function of its President should be to guide it effectively and expeditiously toward this noble goal. [19]
Identity Edit
The Permanent Representative (ambassador) of the state to the security council is usually the president of the council,[12] but the presidency is technically given to a state and not a person.[16] For example, in January 2000, a month in which the United States held the presidency of the Security Council,[20] U.S. vice president Al Gore headed the United States delegation to the United Nations for a few days. As a result, Gore was the president of the Security Council during this time.[21] Heads of state have met six times at the UNSC.[22] All members of the council, including the president, must present credentials issued by either the head of state, the head of government, or the minister of foreign affairs of their respective states to the secretary-general, except if the representative is also the head of government or minister of foreign affairs.[23]
Origins Edit
The United Nations Charter mentions the presidency once,[24] stating that the Security Council is empowered to establish rules of procedure, "including the method of selecting its president" in Article 30.[25] At its first meeting on 17 January 1946, the UNSC adopted provisional rule 18 and established the following method of selecting the president: the presidency rotates monthly among the fifteen (1946: eleven) members of the Security Council. The rotation takes place in alphabetical order of the member states' official names in English.[a] As such, Australia was the first nation to hold the presidency.[26][27][12] Such rotation makes the presidency unique among all United Nations organs.[16] Terms began and ended on the 17 of every month until a suggestion by Australia in December 1946 to change led to the term being extended so the presidency would rotate on the first of every month. The president is the only non-elected head of a United Nations organ.[26][28]
Function Edit
In 1981, Sydney D. Bailey, an observer of the United Nations, divided the history of the UNSC into three eras; from 1946 to 1955, 1956–1965, and 1966 to 1981. In the first, presidents often acted on their own initiative without consulting the security council. During the second era, the security council was less involved in affairs relating to the Cold War, adopting the slogan "Leave it to Dag [Hammarskjöld]". From 1966 to 1981, the president began informally discussing matters before holding formal sessions and generally becoming more efficient.[29]
Early function Edit
In 1947 and 1948, the UNSC was involved in the independence of Israel and the ensuing 1947–1949 Palestine war. In July 1948, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic held the presidency. The council met on 7 July upon the request of a United Nations mediator, to consider whether it should promote peace. The UNSC had previously invited representatives of the Arab Higher Committee and the Jewish Agency of Palestine to discuss the issue.[30]
Dmitry Manuilsky, the president in July, addressed the Jewish Agency as 'the representative of the State of Israel'. However, the UNSC had not formally recognized the state. Various member-states criticized his action, and only the United States supported it. In response, the Arab Higher Committee representatives left discussions, and did not return, hindering the UNSC's ability to negotiate the matter. Historian Istvan Pogany considers that "the President deliberately abused his office in order to further the objectives of his government."[30]
In 1948, the president informally engaged in diplomacy several times, the first in January 1948, when the Belgian president requested that India and Pakistan "refrain from any step incompatible with the Charter and liable to result in an aggravation of the situation". In April, the Colombian president met with representatives of the Jewish Agency and Arab Higher Committee to discuss possible terms for peace. Later that year, the Argentinian president established a 'Technical Committee on Berlin Currency and Trade'.[31] In August 1950, Sydney D. Bailey writes that the holder of the presidency, the Soviet Union, manipulated "the procedure of the Council for partisan purposes during debates on Korea".[32]
The president has also formally negotiated on behalf of the UNSC several times. In February 1957, upon the request of the UNSC, then-president Gunnar Jarring of Sweden prepared a report on India–Pakistan relations. He consulted with both nations and discussed many potential solutions to their disagreements, none of which were agreed upon. Such actions have generally not been requested since the 1970s. The president will also manage less formal negotiations upon request of the council.[31]
Later function Edit
In a 31 March 1976 meeting discussing South African aggression against Angola, the meeting continued past midnight and it was technically 1 April. Thomas S. Boya, the representative of Benin and president for March, offered to pass the presidency on to China. Though the meeting was adjourned before a decision was reached, it became established procedure for the president to step down exactly when the month elapsed. A similar case on 31 May 2010 resulted in Nawaf Salam of Lebanon giving the presidency to Claude Heller of Mexico.[28]
In September 1994, during the Rwandan genocide, Rwanda was supposed to hold the presidency, but had not been present at Security Council meetings from 14 July. On 25 August, the Council decided to allow Spain to hold the position for September. A Rwandan delegation was again present on 16 September, and it was decided that the nation would hold the presidency in December.[17] The presidency has been ceded several times. The first was from 10 to 12 January 1950, when the representative of Taiwan ceded to Cuba. The United States ceded in 1948, China in 1950, India in 1951, Lebanon in 1956, and the United Kingdom in 1968. On 10 November 1993 the representative of Cape Verde, José Luís Jesus, ceded to China as he was a candidate for election to the International Court of Justice; and on 15 December 1994 the Rwandan representative ceded to Argentina. Both the United States and Soviet Union refused requests to cede the presidency, the US during the Cold War and USSR during the Congo Crisis.[33][34]
Taieb Slim, the Tunisian holder of the presidency in September 1980, asked Iran and Iraq to "desist from all armed activity and all acts that might worsen the dangerous situation and to settle their dispute by peaceful means.[11] The presidency was reformed in a 2010 note revised its function, largely focusing on increasing transparency. Efforts at such reform had begun in the 1990s.[35] There have been various other efforts to reform the position, such as allowing terms to be extended during times of war.[36]
Numerous people have served multiple times as president. The most times anyone has held the position is sixteen, by T. F. Tsiang, a representative of the Republic of China; the second-most was held by Yakov Malik, a representative of the USSR, ten.[37]
List of presidents Edit
1946–1949 Edit
Presidents from 1946 to 1949:[38]
1950–1954 Edit
Presidents from 1950 to 1954:[39]
| Dates | State | Name |
|---|---|---|
| January 1950 | China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| February 1950 | Cuba | Carlos Blanco Sanchez |
| March 1950 | Ecuador | Homero Viteri Lafronte |
| April 1950 | Egypt | Mahmoud Fawzi Bey |
| May 1950 | France | Jean Chauvel |
| June 1950 | India | Benegal Narsing Rau |
| July 1950 | Norway | Arne Sunde |
| August 1950 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| September 1950 | United Kingdom | Gladwyn Jebb |
| October 1950 | United States | Warren Austin |
| November 1950 | Yugoslavia | Aleš Bebler |
| December 1950 | China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| January 1951 | Ecuador | Antonio Quevedo |
| February 1951 | France | François Lacoste |
| March 1951 | India Netherlands | Benegal Narsing Rau D. J. von Balluseck |
| April 1951 | Netherlands | D. J. von Balluseck |
| May 1951 | Turkey | Selim Sarper and Ilhan Savut |
| June 1951 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| July 1951 | United Kingdom | Gladwyn Jebb |
| August 1951 | United States | Warren Austin |
| September 1951 | Yugoslavia | Aleš Bebler |
| October 1951 | Brazil | João Carlos Muniz |
| November 1951 | China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| December 1951 | Ecuador | Antonio Quevedo |
| January 1952 | France | Jean Chauvel |
| February 1952 | Greece | Alexis Kyrou |
| March 1952 | Netherlands | D. J. von Balluseck |
| April 1952 | Pakistan | Patras Bokhari |
| May 1952 | Turkey | Selim Sarper |
| June 1952 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| July 1952 | United Kingdom | Gladwyn Jebb |
| August 1952 | United States | Warren Austin |
| September 1952 | Brazil | João Carlos Muniz |
| October 1952 | Chile | Hernán Santa Cruz |
| November 1952 | China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| December 1952 | France | Henri Hoppenot |
| January 1953 | Greece | Alexis Kyrou |
| February 1953 | Lebanon | Charles Malik |
| March 1953 | Pakistan | Ahmed S. Bokhari |
| April 1953 | Soviet Union | Andrey Vyshinsky |
| May 1953 | United Kingdom | Gladwyn Jebb |
| June 1953 | United States | Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. |
| July 1953 | Chile | Rudecindo Ortega Masson |
| August 1953 | China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| September 1953 | Colombia | Francisco José Urrutia Holguín |
| October 1953 | Denmark | William Borberg |
| November 1953 | France | Henri Hoppenot |
| December 1953 | Greece | Alexis Kyrou |
| January 1954 | Lebanon | Charles Malik |
| February 1954 | New Zealand | Leslie Munro |
| March 1954 | Turkey | Selim Sarper |
| April 1954 | Soviet Union | Andrey Vyshinsky |
| May 1954 | United Kingdom | Pierson Dixon |
| June 1954 | United States | Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. |
| July 1954 | Brazil | Ernesto Leme |
| August 1954 | China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| September 1954 | Colombia | Francisco José Urrutia Holguín |
| October 1954 | Denmark | William Borberg |
| November 1954 | France | Henri Hoppenot |
| December 1954 | Lebanon | Charles Malik |
1955–1959 Edit
Presidents from 1955 to 1959:[39]
1960–1964 Edit
Presidents from 1960 to 1964:[40]
| Dates | State | Name |
|---|---|---|
| January 1960 | Soviet Union | Arkady Sobolev |
| February 1960 | United Kingdom | Pierson Dixon |
| March 1960 | United States | Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. |
| April 1960 | Argentina | Mario Amadeo |
| May 1960 | Ceylon | Claude Corea |
| June 1960 | Republic of China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| July 1960 | Ecuador | José A. Correa |
| August 1960 | France | Armand Bérard |
| September 1960 | Italy | Egidio Ortona |
| October 1960 | Poland | Bohdan Lewandowski |
| November 1960 | Tunisia | Mongi Slim |
| December 1960 | Soviet Union | Valerian Zorin |
| January 1961 | United Arab Republic | Omar Loutfi |
| February 1961 | United Kingdom | Patrick Dean |
| March 1961 | United States | Adlai E. Stevenson |
| April 1961 | Ceylon | T. B. Subasinghe |
| May 1961 | Chile | Daniel Schweitzer |
| June 1961 | Republic of China | Tsiang Tingfu and Y. C. Hsueh |
| July 1961 | Ecuador | Leopoldo Benites |
| August 1961 | France | Armand Bérard |
| September 1961 | Liberia | Nathan Barnes |
| October 1961 | Turkey | Turgut Menemencioglu |
| November 1961 | Soviet Union | Valerian Zorin |
| December 1961 | United Arab Republic | Omar Loutfi |
| January 1962 | United Kingdom | Patrick Dean |
| February 1962 | United States | Adlai E. Stevenson and Francis T. P. Plimpton |
| March 1962 | Venezuela | Carlos Sosa Rodríguez |
| April 1962 | Chile | Daniel Schweitzer |
| May 1962 | Republic of China | Tsiang Tingfu |
| June 1962 | France | Armand Bérard |
| July 1962 | Ghana | Alex Quaison-Sackey |
| August 1962 | Ireland | Frederick Boland |
| September 1962 | Romania | Mihai Haseganu |
| October 1962 | Soviet Union | Platon Morozov and Valerian Zorin |
| November 1962 | United Arab Republic | Mahmoud Riad |
| December 1962 | United Kingdom | Patrick Dean |
| January 1963 | United States | Adlai E. Stevenson |
| February 1963 | Venezuela | Carlos Sosa-Rodriguez |
| March 1963 | Brazil | Geraldo de Carvalho Silos |
| April 1963 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| May 1963 | France | Roger Seydoux |
| June 1963 | Ghana | Alex Quaison-Sackey |
| July 1963 | Morocco | Ahmed Taibi Benhima |
| August 1963 | Norway | Sievert A. Nielsen |
| September 1963 | Philippines | Jacinto Castel Borja |
| October 1963 | Soviet Union | Nikolai Fedorenko |
| November 1963 | United Kingdom | Patrick Dean |
| December 1963 | United States | Adlai E. Stevenson, Charles Yost, and Francis T. P. Plimpton |
| January 1964 | Bolivia | Renan Castrillo Justiniano |
| February 1964 | Brazil | Carlos A. Bernardes |
| March 1964 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| April 1964 | Czechoslovakia | Jiří Hájek |
| May 1964 | France | Roger Seydoux |
| June 1964 | Ivory Coast | Arsene A. Usher |
| July 1964 | Morocco | Ahmed Taibi Benhima |
| August 1964 | Norway | Sievert A. Nielsen |
| September 1964 | Soviet Union | Platon D. Morozov |
| October 1964 | United Kingdom | Patrick Dean |
| November 1964 | United States | Adlai E. Stevenson |
| December 1964 | Bolivia | Fernando Ortiz Sanz |
1965–1969 Edit
Presidents from 1965 to 1969:[40]
| Dates | State | Name |
|---|---|---|
| January 1965 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| February 1965 | France | Roger Seydoux |
| March 1965 | Ivory Coast | Arsene Usher |
| April 1965 | Jordan | Abdul Monem Rifa'i |
| May 1965 | Malaysia | Radhakrishna Ramani |
| June 1965 | Netherlands | J. G. de Beus |
| July 1965 | Soviet Union | Platon Morozov |
| August 1965 | United Kingdom | Roger Jackling |
| September 1965 | United States | Arthur Goldberg |
| October 1965 | Uruguay | Hector Payssé Reyes |
| November 1965 | Bolivia | Fernando Ortiz Sanz |
| December 1965 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| January 1966 | France | Roger Seydoux |
| February 1966 | Japan | Akira Matsui |
| March 1966 | Jordan | Muhammed El-Farra |
| April 1966 | Mali | Moussa Leo Keita |
| May 1966 | Netherlands | J. G. de Beus |
| June 1966 | New Zealand | Frank Corner |
| July 1966 | Nigeria | Simeon Adebo |
| August 1966 | Uganda | Apollo Kironde |
| September 1966 | Soviet Union | Nikolai Fedorenko |
| October 1966 | United Kingdom | Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon and Roger Jackling |
| November 1966 | United States | Arthur Goldberg |
| December 1966 | Uruguay | Pedro P. Berro |
| January 1967 | Argentina | Raúl Alberto Quijano |
| February 1967 | Brazil | José Sette Câmara |
| March 1967 | Bulgaria | Milko Tarabanov |
| April 1967 | Canada | George Ignatieff |
| May 1967 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| June 1967 | Denmark | Hans Tabor |
| July 1967 | Ethiopia | Endelkachew Makonnen |
| August 1967 | France | Roger Seydoux |
| September 1967 | India | Gopalaswami Parthasarathi |
| October 1967 | Japan | Senjin Tsuruoka |
| November 1967 | Mali | Mamadou Boubacar Kante |
| December 1967 | Nigeria | Simeon Adebo |
| January 1968 | Pakistan | Agha Shahi |
| February 1968 | Paraguay | Miguel Solano Lopez |
| March 1968 | Senegal | Ousmane Socé |
| April 1968 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| May 1968 | United Kingdom | Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon |
| June 1968 | United States | Arthur Goldberg |
| July 1968 | Algeria | Tewfik Bouattoura |
| August 1968 | Brazil | João Augusto de Araújo Castro |
| September 1968 | Canada | George Ignatieff |
| October 1968 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| November 1968 | Denmark | Otto L. Borch |
| December 1968 | Ethiopia | Endelkachew Makonnen |
| January 1969 | Finland | Max Jakobson |
| February 1969 | France | Armand Bérard |
| March 1969 | Hungary | Károly Csatorday |
| April 1969 | Nepal | Padma Bahadur Khatri |
| May 1969 | Pakistan | Agha Shahi |
| June 1969 | Paraguay | Miguel Solano Lopez |
| July 1969 | Senegal | Ibrahima Boye |
| August 1969 | Spain | Jaime de Piniés |
| September 1969 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| October 1969 | United Kingdom | Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon |
| November 1969 | United States | Charles Yost |
| December 1969 | Zambia | Vernon Mwaanga |
1970–1974 Edit
Presidents from 1970 to 1974:[41]
| Dates | State | Name |
|---|---|---|
| January 1970 | Burundi | Terence Nsanze |
| February 1970 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| March 1970 | Colombia | Joaquín Vallejo Arbeláez |
| April 1970 | Finland | Max Jakobson |
| May 1970 | France | Jacques Kosciusco-Morizet |
| June 1970 | Nepal | Padma Bahadur Khatri |
| July 1970 | Nicaragua | Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa |
| August 1970 | Poland | Eugeniusz Kułaga |
| September 1970 | Sierra Leone | Davidson Nicol |
| October 1970 | Spain | Jaime de Piniés |
| November 1970 | Syria | George Tomeh |
| December 1970 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| January 1971 | United Kingdom | Colin Crowe |
| February 1971 | United States | Charles Woodruff Yost |
| March 1971 | Argentina | Carlos Ortiz de Rozas |
| April 1971 | Belgium | Edouard Longerstaey |
| May 1971 | Burundi | Terence Nsanze |
| June 1971 | Republic of China | Liu Chieh |
| July 1971 | France | Jacques Kosciusco-Morizet |
| August 1971 | Italy | Piero Vinci |
| September 1971 | Japan | Toru Nakagawa |
| October 1971 | Nicaragua | Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa |
| November 1971 | Poland | Eugeniusz Kułaga |
| December 1971 | Sierra Leone | Ismail Byne Taylor-Kamara |
| January 1972 | Somalia | Abdulrahim Abby Farah and Umar Arteh Ghalib |
| February 1972 | Sudan | Mansour Khalid, Rahmatalla Abdalla, and Mohammed Fakhreddine |
| March 1972 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| April 1972 | United Kingdom | Colin Crowe |
| May 1972 | United States | George H. W. Bush |
| June 1972 | Yugoslavia | Lazar Mojsov |
| July 1972 | Argentina | Carlos Ortiz de Rozas |
| August 1972 | Belgium | Edouard Longerstaey |
| September 1972 | People's Republic of China | Huang Hua |
| October 1972 | France | Louis de Guiringaud |
| November 1972 | Guinea | Jeanne-Martin Cissé |
| December 1972 | India | Samar Sen |
| January 1973 | Indonesia | Chaidir Anwar Sani |
| February 1973 | Kenya | Joseph Odero-Jowi |
| March 1973 | Panama | Aquilino Boyd, Omar Torrijos, and Juan Antonio Tack |
| April 1973 | Peru | Javier Pérez de Cuéllar |
| May 1973 | Sudan | Ramatalla Abdulla |
| June 1973 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| July 1973 | United Kingdom | Kenneth Jamieson and Colin Crowe |
| August 1973 | United States | John A. Scali |
| September 1973 | Yugoslavia | Lazar Mojsov |
| October 1973 | Australia | Laurence McIntyre |
| November 1973 | Austria | Peter Jankowitsch |
| December 1973 | People's Republic of China | Huang Hua |
| January 1974 | Costa Rica | Gonzalo Facio Segreda |
| February 1974 | France | Louis de Guiringaud |
| March 1974 | Indonesia | Chaidir Anwar Sani |
| April 1974 | Iraq | Talib Shabib |
| May 1974 | Kenya | Charles Gatere Maina |
| June 1974 | Mauritania | Moulaye El Hassen |
| July 1974 | Peru | Javier Pérez de Cuéllar |
| August 1974 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| September 1974 | United Kingdom | Ivor Richard |
| October 1974 | Cameroon | Michel Njine |
| November 1974 | United States | John A. Scali |
| December 1974 | Australia | Laurence McIntyre |
1975–1979 Edit
Presidents from 1975 to 1979:[41]
| Dates | State | Name |
|---|---|---|
| January 1975 | Byelorussian SSR | Guerodot G. Tchernouchtchenko |
| February 1975 | People's Republic of China | Huang Hua |
| March 1975 | Costa Rica | Gonzalo J. Facio and Fernando Salazar |
| April 1975 | France | Louis de Guiringaud |
| May 1975 | Guyana | Shridath Ramphal |
| June 1975 | Iraq | Abdul Karim Al-Shaikhly |
| July 1975 | Italy | Eugenio Plaja |
| August 1975 | Japan | Shizuo Saito |
| September 1975 | Mauritania | Moulaye El Hassen |
| October 1975 | Sweden | Olof Rydbeck |
| November 1975 | Soviet Union | Yakov Malik |
| 1–15, 17–31 December 1975 | United Kingdom | Ivor Richard |
| 16 December 1975 | Cameroon | Ferdinand Oyono |
| January 1976 | United Republic of Tanzania | Salim Ahmed Salim |
| February 1976 | United States | Daniel Patrick Moynihan |
| March 1976 | Benin | Thomas S. Boya |
| April 1976 | People's Republic of China | Huang Hua |
| May 1976 | France | Louis de Guiringaud |
| June 1976 | Guyana | Rashleigh E. Jackson and Frederick R. Wills |
| July 1976 | Italy | Piero Vinci |
| August 1976 | Japan | Isao Abe |
| September 1976 | Libya | Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia |
| October 1976 | Pakistan | Iqbal A. Akhund |
| November 1976 | Panama | Jorge Illueca |
| December 1976 | Romania | Ion Datcu |
| January 1977 | Soviet Union | Oleg Troyanovsky |
| February 1977 | United Kingdom | James Murray |
| March 1977 | United States | Andrew Young |
| April 1977 | Venezuela | Simón Alberto Consalvi |
| May 1977 | Benin | Thomas S. Boya |
| June 1977 | Canada | William Hickson Barton |
| July 1977 | People's Republic of China | Chen Chu |
| August 1977 | France | Jacques Leprette |
| September 1977 | Federal Republic of Germany | Rüdiger von Wechmar |
| October 1977 | India | Rikhi Jaipal |
| November 1977 | Libya | Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia |
| December 1977 | Mauritius | Radha Krishna Ramphul and Harold E. Walter |
| January 1978 | Nigeria | Joseph Nanven Garba and Leslie O. Harriman |
| February 1978 | Soviet Union | Oleg Troyanovsky |
| March 1978 | United Kingdom | Ivor Richard |
| April 1978 | United States | Andrew Young |
| May 1978 | Venezuela | Ruben Carpio Castillo |
| June 1978 | Bolivia | Mario Rolon Anaya |
| July 1978 | Canada | William Hickson Barton |
| August 1978 | People's Republic of China | Chen Chu |
| September 1978 | Czechoslovakia | Ilja Hulínský |
| October 1978 | France | Jacques Leprette |
| November 1978 | Gabon | Léon N'Dong |
| December 1978 | Federal Republic of Germany | Rüdiger von Wechmar |
| January 1979 | Jamaica | Donald O. Mills |
| February 1979 | Kuwait | Abdalla Y. Bishara |
| March 1979 | Nigeria | Leslie O. Harriman |
| April 1979 | Norway | Ole Ålgård |
| May 1979 | Portugal | Vasco Futscher Pereira |
| June 1979 | Soviet Union | Oleg Troyanovsky |
| July 1979 | United Kingdom | Ivor Richard |
| August 1979 | United States | Andrew Young |
| September 1979 | Zambia | Paul J. F. Lusaka |
| October 1979 | Bangladesh | Khwaja Mohammed Kaiser |
| November 1979 | Bolivia | Sergio Palacios de Vizzio |
| December 1979 | People's Republic of China | Chen Chu |
1980–1984 Edit
Presidents from 1980 to 1984:[42]
| Dates | State | Name |
|---|---|---|
| January 1980 | France | Jacques Leprette |
| February 1980 | German Democratic Republic | Peter Florin |
| March 1980 | Jamaica | Donald O. Mills |
| April 1980 | Mexico | Porfirio Muñoz Ledo |
| May 1980 | Niger | Ide Oumarou |
| June 1980 | Norway | Ole Ålgård |
| July 1980 | Philippines | Carlos P. Romulo |
| August 1980 | Portugal | Vasco Futscher Pereira |
| September 1980 | Tunisia | Taieb Slim |
| October 1980 | Soviet Union | Oleg Troyanovsky |
| November 1980 | United Kingdom | Anthony Parsons |
| December 1980 | United States | Donald McHenry |
| January 1981 | People's Republic of China | Ling Qing |
| February 1981 | France | Jacques Leprette |
| March 1981 | German Democratic Republic | Peter Florin |
| April 1981 | Ireland | Noel Dorr |
| May 1981 | Japan | Masahiro Nisibori |
| June 1981 | Mexico | Porfirio Muñoz Ledo |
| July 1981 | Niger | Ide Oumarou |
| August 1981 | Panama | Jorge Illueca |
| September 1981 | Philippines | Carlos P. Romulo |
| October 1981 | Spain | Jaime de Piniés |
| November 1981 | Tunisia | Taieb Slim |
| December 1981 | Uganda | Olara Otunnu |
| January 1982 | Soviet Union | Oleg Troyanovsky |
| February 1982 | United Kingdom | Anthony Parsons |
| March 1982 | United States | Jeane Kirkpatrick |
| April 1982 | Zaire | Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda |
| May 1982 | People's Republic of China | Ling Qing |
| June 1982 | France | Luc de la Barre de Nanteuil |
| July 1982 | Guyana | Noel G. Sinclair |
| August 1982 | Ireland | Noel Dorr |
| September 1982 | Japan | Masahiro Nisibori |
| October 1982 | Jordan | Hazem Nuseibeh |
| November 1982 | Panama | Carlos Ozores Typaldos |
| December 1982 | Poland | Włodzimierz Natorf |
| January 1983 | Togo | Atsu-Koffi Amega |
| February 1983 | Soviet Union | Oleg Troyanovsky |
| March 1983 | United Kingdom | John Adam Thomson |
| April 1983 | United States | Jeane Kirkpatrick |
| May 1983 | Zaire | Umba di Lutete and Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda |
| June 1983 | Zimbabwe | Elleck Mashingaidze |
| July 1983 | People's Republic of China | Ling Qing |
| August 1983 | France | Luc de la Barre de Nanteuil |
| September 1983 | Guyana | Noel G. Sinclair |