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Plymouth

April 12, 2023

This article is about the city in England. For the town in Massachusetts, see Plymouth, Massachusetts. For other uses, see Plymouth (disambiguation).

Plymouth (/ˈplɪməθ/ (listen)) is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately 36 miles (58 km) south-west of Exeter and 193 miles (311 km) south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west.

Plymouth
City and unitary authority
Clockwise from top: West Hoe, Smeaton's Tower, University of Plymouth, Royal William Yard, National Marine Aquarium, Southside St, Barbican
Flag
Nickname: 
Britain's Ocean City
Motto(s): 
Turris fortissima est nomen Jehova
"The name of Jehovah is the strongest tower"[1]
Shown within Devon
Plymouth
Location within the United Kingdom
Plymouth
Location within England
Plymouth
Location in Europe
Coordinates: 50°22′17″N 4°08′32″W / 50.37139°N 4.14222°W / 50.37139; -4.14222Coordinates: 50°22′17″N 4°08′32″W / 50.37139°N 4.14222°W / 50.37139; -4.14222
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionSouth West England
Ceremonial countyDevon
City status1928
Unitary Authority1998
Government
 • TypeCity Council
 • BodyPlymouth City Council
 • ExecutiveNOC
 • Lord MayorCllr Sue Dann
 • HQCivic Centre Precinct
 • Wards20
 • MPsJohnny Mercer (C)
Luke Pollard (L Co-op)
Sir Gary Streeter (C)
Area
[2]
 • Total30.82 sq mi (79.83 km2)
 • Rank235th (of 309)
Highest elevation
509 ft (155 m)
Lowest elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total264,695
 • Rank62nd (of 309)
 • Density8,600/sq mi (3,300/km2)
 • Demonyms
Plymothian (formal)
Janner (informal)
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode district
PL1–9
Area code01752
Websitewww.plymouth.gov.uk

Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century, now called Plymouth. In 1588, an English fleet based in Plymouth intercepted and defeated the Spanish Armada. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony, the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War, the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.

Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic). The neighbouring town of Devonport became strategically important to the Royal Navy for its shipyards and dockyards. In 1914, three neighbouring independent towns, viz. the county borough of Plymouth, the County Borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged, becoming the County Borough of Plymouth. In 1928, it achieved city status. During World War II, due to the city's naval importance, the German military targeted and partially destroyed the city by bombing, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war, the city centre was completely rebuilt. Subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton, Plymstock, and other outlying suburbs, in 1967.

The city is home to 264,695 (2021) people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the South West, after Bristol. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by two MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring but has tended toward a service economy since the 1990s. It has ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and to Spain (Santander). It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport, and is home to the University of Plymouth. Plymouth is categorized as a Small-Port City using the Southampton System for port-city classification.[3]

History

Main article: History of Plymouth
See also: Timeline of Plymouth

Early history

Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves,[4] and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten,[5] showing that it was one of few principal trading ports of pre-Roman Britannia dominating continental trade with Armorica.[6] An unidentified settlement named TAMARI OSTIA (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city.[7] An ancient promontory fort was located at Rame Head at the mouth of Plymouth Sound[8] with ancient hillforts located at Lyneham Warren to the east, Boringdon Camp[9] and Maristow Camp to the north.[10]

The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port. As the river silted up in the early 11th century, mariners and merchants were forced to settle downriver, at the current day Barbican near the river mouth.[11] At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English.[11] The name Plym Mouth, meaning "mouth of the River Plym" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211.[12] The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440.[13] See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym.

Early defence and Renaissance

 
Prysten House, Finewell Street, 1498, is the oldest surviving house in Plymouth, and built from local Plymouth Limestone and Dartmoor granite

During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town.[14] In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders.[15] On 12 November 1439, the English Parliament made Plymouth the first town incorporated. In the late fifteenth century, Plymouth Castle, a "castle quadrate", was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms.[16]

 
Charter map of Sutton harbour and Plymouth in 1540

The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512, an Act of Parliament was passed to further fortify Plymouth. The work included defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain was extended in times of danger).[17] Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe.[18] This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596; it was the site of the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).[19]

 
Siege of Plymouth, 1643

During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity.[20] Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade,[21] as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581–2. Crews for the first English failed settlement attempt at Roanoke Colony in North America departed in 1587 under Sir Walter Raleigh's and Drake's leadership; returning bearing maize, tobacco and potatoes. In 1588, according to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada.[22] In 1620 the Pilgrims set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony – the second English colony in what is now the United States of America.[23]

 
the 'Invincible' Spanish Armada, 1588

During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists.[24] The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park.[24][25] The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island.[24] Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown.[26] Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.[27]

Plymouth Dock, naval power and Foulston

 
John Foulston's Town Hall, Column and Library in Devonport
 
Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth mourning their lovers, who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792
 
Unloading mail by hand from the Sir Francis Drake at Millbay Docks, March 1926

Throughout the 17th century, Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century, commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth, and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, major products from the colonies. Local sailors turning to piracy such as Henry Every became infamous, celebrated in the London play The Successful Pyrate. It played a part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small.[20]

In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793.[1] The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time,[28] and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people.[11]

Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports.[29] During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard.[11] The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston.[30] Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed,[31] including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.[30]

Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse.[32]

The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death.[33] In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.[34]

Some of the most significant imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate.[35] Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways, and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.[36]

Plan for Plymouth 1943

During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions.[37] Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.[37]

During the Second World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941, and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day.[38] The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz.[36] Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port.[39] Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished. It has been designated as an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.[40]

The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London.[41] This initially included plans to expand the city into south east Cornwall, but these were abandoned after opposition from Cornwall County Council.[42] Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year, mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types.[43]

The Plan for Plymouth was, on the one hand, a template for the rapid reassembly of a destroyed city centre, but Abercrombie also took the opportunity to lay out a whole hierarchy of settlements across the city of communities, neighbourhoods and districts. Central to this was a revision of transport infrastructure that prioritised the position of the railway as a gateway to the city centre and provided in the long-term for a dual carriageway road by-pass that only finally came into being in the 1980s (forty years after being planned). The plan is the subject of Jill Craigie's documentary The Way We Live (1946).

By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia.[43][44] Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan.[43][44] In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid-twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece. The Plymouth City Council allowed it to fall into disrepair but it was grade II listed in 2010 by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.[43][45]

Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines. New light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector, attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, after barracks were pulled down in the 1960s,[44] but the city remains home to 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery[46] and also 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.[44]

Government

Local government history

The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present-day Barbican.[1] From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough.[47] In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament.[1] Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor.[48] In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth.[11] Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".[49]

In 1919, Nancy Astor was elected the first-ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928.[50] The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.[11]

In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport which he represented until 1955. After serving as Secretary of State for Education and being responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become the leader of the Labour Party (1980–1983).

The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland.[51] The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.[52]

In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon. Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was represented within the European Parliament as South West England.[53] In the 2017 general election the city two returned Conservative MPs, who were Gary Streeter (for South West Devon) and Johnny Mercer (for Moor View), and one Labour MP, Luke Pollard (for Sutton and Devonport), .

City Council

 
Civic Centre, 1954–61, symbolic of the Post War 'Heroic Modernism' of the Welfare State; nationally listed in 2009 to prevent its demolition by Plymouth City Councillors
Main article: Plymouth City Council

The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57.[54] Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years – there are no elections on the following "fourth" year, which is when County Council elections take place.[54] The total electorate for Plymouth's Parliamentary constituencies was 190,006 in April 2019.[55] Since May 2021 Plymouth has had a Conservative majority Council.[56] Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebastián, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).[57]

Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors.[58] It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor.[58] Conservative councillor John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.[59]

 
The Great Hall in the Guildhall

The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe.[60] Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events.[60] The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.[61]

Geography

See also: List of places in Plymouth
 
Northeastward view of Plymouth Sound from Mount Edgcumbe Country Park in Cornwall, with Drake's Island (centre) and, behind it from left to right, the Royal Citadel, the fuel tanks of Cattedown, and Mount Batten; in the background, the hills of Dartmoor.

Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound.[62] Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym.[11] The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.[62]

The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814.[63] In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs.[64] The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.83 square kilometres (30.82 sq mi).[2] The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).[65]

Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone.[66] Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology.[67] The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.[66]

A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe.[66] Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth.[66] To the north and northeast of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals.[66] There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.[68]

Urban form

 
Armada Way looking north

On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east–west linked by a north–south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe.[41]

A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential.[69]

In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 to 1957 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie.[44] By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty.[44]

Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft).[70] Its largest park is Central Park,[71] with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.[70] Central Park is the home of Plymouth Argyle Football Club and a number of other leisure facilities.

The Plymouth Plan 2019–2034 was published May 2019 and sets the direction for future development with a new spatial strategy[72] which reinforces links with the wider region in west Devon and east Cornwall in its Joint Local Plan and identifies three development areas within the city: the City centre and waterfront; a 'northern corridor' including Derriford and the vacant airfield site at Roborough; and an 'eastern corridor' including major new settlements at Sherford and Langage.[73]

Climate

Plymouth
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
108
 
 
9
4
 
 
84
 
 
9
4
 
 
78
 
 
11
5
 
 
67
 
 
13
6
 
 
64
 
 
16
9
 
 
57
 
 
18
11
 
 
62
 
 
20
13
 
 
67
 
 
20
13
 
 
74
 
 
18
12
 
 
113
 
 
15
9
 
 
113
 
 
12
6
 
 
119
 
 
10
5
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Hong Kong Observatory
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
4.3
 
 
48
39
 
 
3.3
 
 
48
38
 
 
3.1
 
 
51
41
 
 
2.6
 
 
55
43
 
 
2.5
 
 
60
48
 
 
2.2
 
 
64
52
 
 
2.4
 
 
68
56
 
 
2.6
 
 
68
56
 
 
2.9
 
 
65
53
 
 
4.4
 
 
59
49
 
 
4.4
 
 
53
44
 
 
4.7
 
 
49
40
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Plymouth has a moderated temperate oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) which is wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants, palm trees, and yuccas can be cultivated. The annual mean high temperature is approximately 14 °C (57 °F). Due to the moderating effect of the sea and the south-westerly location, the climate is among the mildest of British cities, and one of the warmest UK cities in winter.[74] The coldest month of February is similarly moderate, having mild mean minimum temperatures between 3 and 4 °C (37 and 39 °F). Snow usually falls in small amounts but a noteworthy recent exception was the period of the European winter storms of 2009–10 which, in early January 2010, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another notable event was the 8 inches (20 cm) of snowfall between 17 and 19 December 2010 – though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melting. Over the 1961–1990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year.[75]

South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.[76]

Owing to its geographic location, rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection and is more frequent and heavier than in London and southeast England. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.[76]

Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971–2000) will achieve a temperature of 28.6 °C (83 °F),[77] although in July 2022 the temperature reached 33.9 °C (93.0 °F),[78] the site record. On average, 4.25 days[79] of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77 °F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to −4.1 °C (25 °F)[80] although in January 1979 the temperature fell to −8.8 °C (16 °F).[81] Typically, 18.6 nights[82] of the year will register an air frost.

Climate data for Plymouth (Mount Batten),[a] elevation: 50 m (164 ft), 1991–2020 normals, humidity 1961–1990, extremes 1960–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		31.6
(88.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.9
(91.2) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		33.9
(93.0)
Average high °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		11.3
(52.4)
Average low °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		3.9
(39.0) 		4.9
(40.8) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.2
(46.8)
Record low °C (°F) −8.8
(16.2) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−8.8
(16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 109.6
(4.31) 		87.7
(3.45) 		76.2
(3.00) 		68.5
(2.70) 		60.1
(2.37) 		64.4
(2.54) 		63.5
(2.50) 		80.3
(3.16) 		72.3
(2.85) 		112.1
(4.41) 		117.8
(4.64) 		125.2
(4.93) 		1,037.7
(40.86)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 15.4 12.7 12.3 11.0 9.8 9.7 10.0 11.3 10.1 14.8 15.9 15.7 148.7
Average relative humidity (%) 86 84 82 80 79 80 81 82 83 85 85 86 82
Average dew point °C (°F) 5
(41) 		4
(39) 		5
(41) 		6
(43) 		9
(48) 		11
(52) 		13
(55) 		14
(57) 		12
(54) 		10
(50) 		7
(45) 		5
(41) 		8
(47)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.8 88.0 131.0 189.3 227.4 220.8 209.7 197.5 161.3 118.4 72.6 54.5 1,732.3
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 4
Source 1: Met Office[83] NOAA (Relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)[84]
Source 2: KNMI[85] WeatherAtlas[86]

Source 3: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985-2015)[87][88]

Education

See also: List of schools in Plymouth
 
The Roland Levinsky Building – Faculty of Arts of the University of Plymouth

There are three universities based in Plymouth, the University of Plymouth, the University of St Mark & St John, and the Arts University Plymouth.

The University of Plymouth enrolls 23,155 total students as of 2018/2019 (57th largest in the UK out of 169).[89] It also employs 2,900 staff with an annual income of around £160 million.[90] It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.[91] It has a wide range of courses including those in marine focused business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics.[92] The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine.[93] Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West.

The University of St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.[94]

Arts University Plymouth offers a selection of courses including media. It was originally founded as the Plymouth Drawing School in 1856, and in December 2008, Plymouth College of Art and Design was renamed to Plymouth College of Art. In May 2022, the College was awarded University status, and became Arts University Plymouth.[95]

The city is also home to two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students.[96]

Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls.[97] There is also an independent school Plymouth College.

The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.[98]

Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML; founded 1988) was formed in part from components of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of wastewater by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skincare protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.[99]

A scheme is in operation over summer 2018 to provide meals during the summer holidays for children with parents on a low income, the parents cannot afford to provide their children with healthy meals.[100]

UPSU also known as the University of Plymouth Student Union is based underground near the library. Every student at the University of Plymouth is a member of UPSU. The Union employs students across the University, from bar staff to events technicians. Every year the students at the University have an opportunity to vote which sabbatical officers represent them. In 2019 over 4000 students voted in the UPSU elections.

Demography

 
Population pyramid of Plymouth (unitary authority) in 2020

From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384;[101] 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720.[102] The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons.[103][104] At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%.[101] The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (−24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively).[101][105] This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.

Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA.[106] Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower.[106] Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).[107]

A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of the population among the poorest 20.4% nationally).[108] Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.[citation needed]

Ethnic Group Year
1991[109] 2001[110] 2011[111] 2021[112]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 241,233 99.1% 236,767 98.4% 246,509 96.1% 248,727 94.1%
White: British – – 232,377 96.5% 238,263 92.9% 236,802 89.5%
White: Irish – – 1,359 0.6% 1,105 1,055 0.4%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – 153 165 0.1%
White: Roma 168 0.1%
White: Other – – 3,031 6,988 10,537 4.0%
Asian or Asian British: Total 971 0.4% 1,427 0.6% 3,906 1.5% 5,947 2.1%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 209 258 875 1,403 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 53 83 202 389 0.1%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 105 152 359 537 0.2%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 382 685 1,251 1,430 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 222 249 1,219 2188 0.8%
Black or Black British: Total 621 0.3% 451 0.2% 1,678 0.7% 2,786 1.1%
Black or Black British: African 180 230 1,106 2,022 0.8%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 177 165 343 460 0.2%
Black or Black British: Other Black 264 56 229 304 0.1%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – 1,559 0.6% 3,287 1.3% 4,656 1.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – 420 904 1,108 0.4%
Mixed: White and Black African – – 246 523 860 0.3%
Mixed: White and Asian – – 498 1,028 1,349 0.5%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – 395 832 1,339 0.5%
Other: Total 548 0.3% 516 0.6% 944 0.4% 2,579 1%
Other: Arab 339 677 0.3%
Other: Any other ethnic group 548 0.3% 516 0.6% 605 1,902 0.7%
Total 243,373 100% 240,720 100% 256,384 100% 264,695 100%

Economy

 
HMNB Devonport – the largest operational naval base in Western Europe.[113]

Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime,[114] in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces.[115] The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy.[116] During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and had a controlled term of origin[116] until 2015. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.[115]

Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income.[113] Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector.[117] Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff,[90] the national retail chain The Range at their Estover headquarters, as well as the Plymouth Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies.[115]

Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation.[44] At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning "basket" from French, so it translates as "basket market".[118] In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West,[119] and 29th nationally.[120] Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business improvement district initiative.[121] The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.[122]

Plymouth 2020

Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC).[69] Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.[69]

 
Interior of the Drake Circus Shopping Centre in 2006

In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006.[123] It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already "ten years out of date".[123] It was awarded the first ever Carbuncle Cup, awarded for Britain's ugliest building, in 2006.[124] In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.[125]

There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off.[126] Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal "boulevard" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.[127]

Transport

See also: Railways in Plymouth

Motorways

The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is known as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the older parts of the city and more recently developed suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Devon with Cornwall via the Tamar Bridge. Bus services are mainly provided by Plymouth Citybus and Stagecoach South West, but a few routes are served by smaller local operators. Long distance intercity bus services terminate at Plymouth coach station. There are three Park and ride services at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by Stagecoach South West.[128]

Ferries

 
MV Pont-Aven: Brittany Ferries service to Roscoff, France and Santander, Spain in Millbay Docks

A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven.[129] The Cremyll Ferry is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204.[130] There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten,[131] and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.[132]

Air

The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre.[133] The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest,[134] which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland.[135] In June 2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports.[136] It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth.[137] In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close,[138] which it did on 23 December. A local company, FlyPlymouth, put forward plans in 2015 to reopen the airport by 2018, providing daily services to various destinations including London, but as of now, these projects have stalled.[139]

Rail

Plymouth railway station, which opened on its present site in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and is also served by trains on the CrossCountry network.[140] The station was previously named Plymouth North Road, when there were other main line stations in the city at Millbay and Friary. These have now closed. Smaller stations in the suburban area west of the city centre are served by trains on the Tamar Valley Line to Gunnislake and local services on the Cornish Main Line, which crosses the Tamar on the Royal Albert Bridge. This was designed by Brunel and opened in 1859. The parallel road bridge was completed in 1961.

There have been proposals to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to Exeter using the former Southern Railway main line from Plymouth to Exeter via Okehampton, because the main line through South Devon is vulnerable to damage from rough seas at Dawlish, where some of the cliffs are also fragile. There are related proposals to reopen part of the old main line from Bere Alston on the Plymouth-Gunnislake line as far as Tavistock to serve a new housing development, but although the idea has been discussed since 2008 at least progress has been slow.

Cycle routes

Plymouth is at the southern end of the 99-mile (159 km) long Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route (National Cycle Route 27). The route runs mostly traffic-free on off-road sections between Ilfracombe and Plymouth. The route uses former railway lines, though there are some stretches on public roads.[141]

Religion

Plymouth has about 150 churches city-wide. The Plymouth Cathedral is Roman Catholic, and is located in Stonehouse. It was opened in 1858, and consecrated in 1880.[142][143] The city's oldest church is Plymouth Minster, also known as St Andrew's Church, (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade—it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800.[142] The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches.[144] In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.[145]

Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth.[142] The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world.[146] There are also places of worship for Islam, Baháʼí, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.[147]

58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief.[148] Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (−16% and −7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.[149]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Plymouth
 
The New Palace Theatre in 2008

Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture.[150] It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds.[150] During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre.[150] It was described in 2008 as the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip.[151]

Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront.[152] In August 2006 the world record for the most simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound.[153] From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe, hosting big-name acts such as The 1975, Little Mix, Tinie Tempah and Busted.[154] Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.[155] A number of other smaller cultural events taken place annually, including Plymouth Art Weekender,[156] Plymouth Fringe Festival[157] and Illuminate Festival.[158]

The city's main theatre is Theatre Royal Plymouth, presenting large-scale West End shows and smaller works as well as an extensive education and outreach programme. The main building is located in the city centre and contains three performance spaces – The Lyric (1,315 capacity),[159] Drum Theatre (200 capacity),[160] and The Lab (60 capacity) – and they also run their own specialised production and creative learning centre called TR2, based in Cattedown.[161] Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy.[162] There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park.[163] Barbican Theatre, Plymouth delivers a theatre and dance programme of performances and workshops focused on young people and emerging artists contains a main auditorium (110 – 140 capacity) and rehearsal studio;[164] they also host the B-Bar (80 capacity), which offers a programme of music, comedy and spoken word performance.[165] The Plymouth Athenaeum, which includes a local interest library, is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009.[166] The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission – it has six galleries.[167]

Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West.[168] A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009.[169] The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Greatest Hits Radio South West, BBC Radio Devon, Heart West, and Pirate FM being the local radio stations with the most listeners.[170]

Sport

Main article: Sport in Plymouth
 
Plymouth Pavilions, home to the Plymouth City Patriots.

Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the third tier of English football league known as Football League One. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park.[171] It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims".[172] The city also has three Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa who play at Haye Road and Plymstock United who play at Dean Cross. Plymouth Parkway were recently[when?] promoted to the Western League from the South West Peninsula League, and after two Covid-19 interrupted years to the Southern Football League in 2021, whilst Elburton Villa and Plymstock United continue to compete in the South West Peninsula League.

Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion, Plymouth City Patriots and Plymouth Gladiators.

Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby the National League 1. They play at the Brickfields.[173] Plymouth Raiders played in the British Basketball League – the top tier of British basketball and were founded in 1983.[174] Since 2021 the Raiders have been replaced by the Plymouth City Patriots. Both teams have been based in the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena. Plymouth Gladiators are a speedway team, currently competing in the British National League, with home meetings taking place at the Plymouth Coliseum. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season. Plymouth Mariners Baseball club play in the South West Baseball League, they play their home games at Wilson Field in Central Park. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010.

Plymouth Leander is the most successful swimming club in Great Britain along with Plymouth Diving Club.

Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days.[175]

Public services

 
The Devonport Leat on Dartmoor looking up stream

Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation.[176] Before the 19th century two leats were built to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy.[177] The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever-growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth.[178] Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.[179]

Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage.[180][181] Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution.[182] On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.[183]

Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a magistrates' court and a Combined Crown and County Court Centre in the city.[184][185] The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary.[186] There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock.[187] The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices.[188] Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service.[189] The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks.[190]

Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital.[191] South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.[192]

The mid-19th-century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.[193]

Landmarks and tourist attractions

 
Grade I listed Town Hall, Column and Library in Devonport
 
Elliot Terrace, Plymouth Hoe

After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was erected in 1666 towards the eastern section of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Currently, guided tours are available in the summer months.[26] Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which is a standard lighthouse that was constructed in 1759. 14 miles (23 km) Furthermore, Smeaton's Tower was dismantled in 1877 and the top two-thirds were reassembled on Plymouth Hoe.[194] It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room.[195] Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.[196]

The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain.[197] The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool.[198] Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.[199]

One mile (two kilometres) upstream on the opposite side of the River Plym is the Saltram estate, which has a Jacobean and Georgian mansion.[200]

On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well-restored example of a "Palmerston's Folly". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.[201]

To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.[202]

Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall.[203] Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.[204]

The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty.[205]

Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building[206][207] and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Plymouth

People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners.[208] Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.[209]

The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth.[210] He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships.[211] He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Portobelo,[212] Panama. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence.[213] His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man.

Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here in 1786.[214] The naturalist William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.

Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott who was born in Plymouth and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city.[215][216] Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth[217] and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002.[218] Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant-garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth.[219] In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott were born in Plymouth. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was also born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.[220]

Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies,[221] diver Tom Daley,[222] dancer Wayne Sleep,[223] and footballer Trevor Francis.[224] Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin,[225] and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French.[226] Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.[227] Canadian actor Mark Holden was also born in Plymouth. Kevin Owen is an international TV news anchor who was born in Freedom Fields Hospital, while his father served as a Royal Navy officer. Cambridge spy Guy Burgess was born at 2 Albemarle Villas, Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer.[228]

Twin city

Freedom of the City

The following People, Military Units and Organisations and Groups have received the Freedom of the City of Plymouth.

Individuals

[238]

Military Units

Organisations and Groups

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Weather station is located 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the Plymouth city centre.

References

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Further reading

  • Gould, Jeremy (2010). Plymouth: Vision of a modern city. English Heritage
  • Dunning, Martin (2001). Around Plymouth. Frith Book.
  • Gill, Crispin (1993). Plymouth: A New History. Devon Books.
  • Robinson, Chris (2004). Plymouth Then & Now. Plymouth Prints.
  • Casley, Nicholas (1997). The Medieval Incorporation of Plymouth and a Survey of the Borough's Bounds. Old Plymouth Society.
  • Carew, Richard (1555). The Survey of Cornwall. N.B. Carew refers to Plymouth Hoe as "the Hawe at Plymmouth"
  • Abercrombie, Patrick; Watson, James; Stamp, Laurence; Robinson, Gilbert (27 April 1944). A Plan for Plymouth. Underhill. N.B. the publication carries the date 1943, although published on 27 April 27, 1944
  • W Best Harris – Plymouth – Plymouth Council of Social Service (undated)
  • W Best Harris – Stories From Plymouth's History – Self-Published, Plymouth (undated)
  • W Best Harris – The Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth (undated)
  • W Best Harris – The New Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth (undated)
  • W Best Harris – The Second Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth, 1957
  • W Best Harris – Place Names of Plymouth, Dartmoor and the Tamar Valley – Self-Published, Plymouth, 1983
  • W Best Harris – Welcome to Plymouth – Plymouth City Council (undated)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plymouth.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Plymouth.
  • Plymouth City Council website
  • Plymouth City Council's open data website
  • Plymouth at Curlie

April 12, 2023
plymouth, this, article, about, city, england, town, massachusetts, massachusetts, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, port, city, unitary, authority, south, west, england, located, south, coast, devon, approximately, miles, south, west, exeter, miles, south,. This article is about the city in England For the town in Massachusetts see Plymouth Massachusetts For other uses see Plymouth disambiguation Plymouth ˈ p l ɪ m e 8 listen is a port city and unitary authority in South West England It is located on the south coast of Devon approximately 36 miles 58 km south west of Exeter and 193 miles 311 km south west of London It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south west PlymouthCity and unitary authorityClockwise from top West Hoe Smeaton s Tower University of Plymouth Royal William Yard National Marine Aquarium Southside St BarbicanFlagNickname Britain s Ocean CityMotto s Turris fortissima est nomen Jehova The name of Jehovah is the strongest tower 1 Shown within DevonPlymouthLocation within the United KingdomShow map of the United KingdomPlymouthLocation within EnglandShow map of EnglandPlymouthLocation in EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates 50 22 17 N 4 08 32 W 50 37139 N 4 14222 W 50 37139 4 14222 Coordinates 50 22 17 N 4 08 32 W 50 37139 N 4 14222 W 50 37139 4 14222Sovereign stateUnited KingdomCountryEnglandRegionSouth West EnglandCeremonial countyDevonCity status1928Unitary Authority1998Government TypeCity Council BodyPlymouth City Council ExecutiveNOC Lord MayorCllr Sue Dann HQCivic Centre Precinct Wards20 MPsJohnny Mercer C Luke Pollard L Co op Sir Gary Streeter C Area 2 Total30 82 sq mi 79 83 km2 Rank235th of 309 Highest elevation509 ft 155 m Lowest elevation0 ft 0 m Population 2021 Total264 695 Rank62nd of 309 Density8 600 sq mi 3 300 km2 DemonymsPlymothian formal Janner informal Time zoneUTC0 GMT Summer DST UTC 1 BST Postcode districtPL1 9Area code01752Websitewww wbr plymouth wbr gov wbr ukPlymouth s early history extends to the Bronze Age when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century now called Plymouth In 1588 an English fleet based in Plymouth intercepted and defeated the Spanish Armada In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 Throughout the Industrial Revolution Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port handling imports and passengers from the Americas and exporting local minerals tin copper lime china clay and arsenic The neighbouring town of Devonport became strategically important to the Royal Navy for its shipyards and dockyards In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns viz the county borough of Plymouth the County Borough of Devonport and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged becoming the County Borough of Plymouth In 1928 it achieved city status During World War II due to the city s naval importance the German military targeted and partially destroyed the city by bombing an act known as the Plymouth Blitz After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt Subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton Plymstock and other outlying suburbs in 1967 The city is home to 264 695 2021 people making it the 30th most populous built up area in the United Kingdom and the second largest city in the South West after Bristol It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by two MPs Plymouth s economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring but has tended toward a service economy since the 1990s It has ferry links to Brittany Roscoff and St Malo and to Spain Santander It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe HMNB Devonport and is home to the University of Plymouth Plymouth is categorized as a Small Port City using the Southampton System for port city classification 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Early defence and Renaissance 1 3 Plymouth Dock naval power and Foulston 1 4 Plan for Plymouth 1943 2 Government 2 1 Local government history 2 2 City Council 3 Geography 3 1 Urban form 3 2 Climate 4 Education 5 Demography 6 Economy 6 1 Plymouth 2020 7 Transport 7 1 Motorways 7 2 Ferries 7 3 Air 7 4 Rail 7 5 Cycle routes 8 Religion 9 Culture 10 Sport 11 Public services 12 Landmarks and tourist attractions 13 Notable people 14 Twin city 15 Freedom of the City 15 1 Individuals 15 2 Military Units 15 3 Organisations and Groups 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Plymouth See also Timeline of Plymouth Early history Edit Upper Palaeolithic deposits including bones of Homo sapiens have been found in local caves 4 and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten 5 showing that it was one of few principal trading ports of pre Roman Britannia dominating continental trade with Armorica 6 An unidentified settlement named TAMARI OSTIA mouth estuaries of the Tamar is listed in Ptolemy s Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city 7 An ancient promontory fort was located at Rame Head at the mouth of Plymouth Sound 8 with ancient hillforts located at Lyneham Warren to the east Boringdon Camp 9 and Maristow Camp to the north 10 The settlement of Plympton further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth was also an early trading port As the river silted up in the early 11th century mariners and merchants were forced to settle downriver at the current day Barbican near the river mouth 11 At the time this village was called Sutton meaning south town in Old English 11 The name Plym Mouth meaning mouth of the River Plym was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211 12 The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440 13 See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym Early defence and Renaissance Edit Prysten House Finewell Street 1498 is the oldest surviving house in Plymouth and built from local Plymouth Limestone and Dartmoor granite During the Hundred Years War a French attack 1340 burned a manor house and took some prisoners but failed to get into the town 14 In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders 15 On 12 November 1439 the English Parliament made Plymouth the first town incorporated In the late fifteenth century Plymouth Castle a castle quadrate was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican it included four round towers one at each corner as featured on the city coat of arms 16 Charter map of Sutton harbour and Plymouth in 1540 The castle served to protect Sutton Pool which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed to further fortify Plymouth The work included defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool across which a chain was extended in times of danger 17 Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built including one on Fishers Nose at the south eastern corner of the Hoe 18 This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort later known as Drake s Fort in 1596 it was the site of the Citadel established in the 1660s see below 19 Siege of Plymouth 1643 During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity 20 Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders among them Sir John Hawkins who led England s first foray into the Atlantic slave trade 21 as well as Sir Francis Drake Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 2 Crews for the first English failed settlement attempt at Roanoke Colony in North America departed in 1587 under Sir Walter Raleigh s and Drake s leadership returning bearing maize tobacco and potatoes In 1588 according to legend Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada 22 In 1620 the Pilgrims set sail for the New World from Plymouth establishing Plymouth Colony the second English colony in what is now the United States of America 23 the Invincible Spanish Armada 1588 During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists 24 The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park 24 25 The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660 who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake s Island 24 Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665 after the Restoration it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown 26 Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time 27 Plymouth Dock naval power and Foulston Edit John Foulston s Town Hall Column and Library in Devonport Black eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay 1792 Unloading mail by hand from the Sir Francis Drake at Millbay Docks March 1926 Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre eminence as a trading port By the mid 17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports major products from the colonies Local sailors turning to piracy such as Henry Every became infamous celebrated in the London play The Successful Pyrate It played a part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century although it was relatively small 20 In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard HMNB Devonport opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar Further docks were built here in 1727 1762 and 1793 1 The settlement that developed here was called Dock or Plymouth Dock at the time 28 and a new town separate from Plymouth grew up In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3 000 people 11 Before the latter half of the 18th century grain timber and then coal were Plymouth s main imports 29 During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock renamed in 1824 to Devonport and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard 11 The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston 30 Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings many now destroyed 31 including the Athenaeum the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel and much of Union Street 30 Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse 32 The 1 mile long 2 km Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport work started in 1812 Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 twenty years after Rennie s death 33 In the 1860s a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction 34 Some of the most significant imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize wheat barley sugar cane guano sodium nitrate and phosphate 35 Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century continuing into the 20th century 36 Plan for Plymouth 1943 Edit During the First World War Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions 37 Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs Flying boats operated from Mount Batten 37 Royal William Victualling Yard Stonehouse by Sir John Rennie 1825 33 During the Second World War Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D Day 38 The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz 36 Although the dockyards were the principal targets much of the city centre and over 3 700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1 000 civilians lost their lives This was largely due to Plymouth s status as a major port 39 Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz but has not been demolished It has been designated as an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II 40 The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London 41 This initially included plans to expand the city into south east Cornwall but these were abandoned after opposition from Cornwall County Council 42 Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types 43 The Plan for Plymouth was on the one hand a template for the rapid reassembly of a destroyed city centre but Abercrombie also took the opportunity to lay out a whole hierarchy of settlements across the city of communities neighbourhoods and districts Central to this was a revision of transport infrastructure that prioritised the position of the railway as a gateway to the city centre and provided in the long term for a dual carriageway road by pass that only finally came into being in the 1980s forty years after being planned The plan is the subject of Jill Craigie s documentary The Way We Live 1946 By 1964 over 20 000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre war city into a low density dispersed suburbia 43 44 Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan 43 44 In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab and tower set piece The Plymouth City Council allowed it to fall into disrepair but it was grade II listed in 2010 by English Heritage to prevent its demolition 43 45 Post war Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and later nuclear submarines New light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population The army had substantially left the city by 1971 after barracks were pulled down in the 1960s 44 but the city remains home to 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery 46 and also 42 Commando of the Royal Marines 44 Government EditLocal government history Edit The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone Saxon for south farm located at the present day Barbican 1 From Saxon times it was in the hundred of Roborough 47 In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament 1 Between 1439 and 1934 Plymouth had a Mayor 48 In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth 11 Collectively they were referred to as The Three Towns 49 In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928 50 The city s first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock 11 In 1945 Plymouth born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport which he represented until 1955 After serving as Secretary of State for Education and being responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act went on to become the leader of the Labour Party 1980 1983 The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs which would have left Plymouth a town of 250 000 people being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter on the other side of the county This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county to include Plymouth Torpoint Saltash and the rural hinterland 51 The campaign was not successful and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education social services highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission 52 In the Parliament of the United Kingdom Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was represented within the European Parliament as South West England 53 In the 2017 general election the city two returned Conservative MPs who were Gary Streeter for South West Devon and Johnny Mercer for Moor View and one Labour MP Luke Pollard for Sutton and Devonport City Council Edit Civic Centre 1954 61 symbolic of the Post War Heroic Modernism of the Welfare State nationally listed in 2009 to prevent its demolition by Plymouth City Councillors Main article Plymouth City Council The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors making up a total council of 57 54 Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years there are no elections on the following fourth year which is when County Council elections take place 54 The total electorate for Plymouth s Parliamentary constituencies was 190 006 in April 2019 55 Since May 2021 Plymouth has had a Conservative majority Council 56 Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with Brest France 1963 Gdynia Poland 1976 Novorossiysk Russia 1990 San Sebastian Spain 1990 and Plymouth United States 2001 57 Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935 The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors 58 It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor 58 Conservative councillor John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015 16 59 The Great Hall in the Guildhall The Lord Mayor s official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace located on the Hoe 60 Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events 60 The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost 40m to refurbish it resulting in possible job losses 61 Geography EditSee also List of places in Plymouth Northeastward view of Plymouth Sound from Mount Edgcumbe Country Park in Cornwall with Drake s Island centre and behind it from left to right the Royal Citadel the fuel tanks of Cattedown and Mount Batten in the background the hills of Dartmoor Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound 62 Since 1967 the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the once independent towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym 11 The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard 62 The River Plym which flows off Dartmoor to the north east forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater in use since 1814 63 In the Sound is Drake s Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs 64 The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79 83 square kilometres 30 82 sq mi 2 The topography rises from sea level to a height at Roborough of about 509 feet 155 m above Ordnance Datum AOD 65 Geologically Plymouth has a mixture of limestone Devonian slate granite and Middle Devonian limestone 66 Plymouth Sound Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest because of its geology 67 The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates which can withstand the power of the sea 66 A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe 66 Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings walls and pavements throughout Plymouth 66 To the north and northeast of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin copper tungsten lead and other minerals 66 There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe Cattedown and Radford 68 Urban form Edit Armada Way looking north On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie s Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb damaged city was published it called for demolition of the few remaining pre War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide parallel modern boulevards aligned east west linked by a north south avenue Armada Way linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe 41 A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s and continues to inform the present Vision for Plymouth developed by a team led by Barcelona based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed use and residential 69 In suburban areas post War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946 and over 1 000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951 to 1957 according to the Modernist zoned low density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie 44 By 1964 over 20 000 new homes had been built more than 13 500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty 44 Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45 638 square metres 491 240 sq ft 70 Its largest park is Central Park 71 with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park Freedom Fields Park Alexandra Park Devonport Park and the Hoe 70 Central Park is the home of Plymouth Argyle Football Club and a number of other leisure facilities The Plymouth Plan 2019 2034 was published May 2019 and sets the direction for future development with a new spatial strategy 72 which reinforces links with the wider region in west Devon and east Cornwall in its Joint Local Plan and identifies three development areas within the city the City centre and waterfront a northern corridor including Derriford and the vacant airfield site at Roborough and an eastern corridor including major new settlements at Sherford and Langage 73 Climate Edit PlymouthClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 108 9 4 84 9 4 78 11 5 67 13 6 64 16 9 57 18 11 62 20 13 67 20 13 74 18 12 113 15 9 113 12 6 119 10 5 Average max and min temperatures in C Precipitation totals in mmSource Hong Kong ObservatoryImperial conversionJFMAMJJASOND 4 3 48 39 3 3 48 38 3 1 51 41 2 6 55 43 2 5 60 48 2 2 64 52 2 4 68 56 2 6 68 56 2 9 65 53 4 4 59 49 4 4 53 44 4 7 49 40 Average max and min temperatures in F Precipitation totals in inchesPlymouth has a moderated temperate oceanic climate Koppen Cfb which is wetter and milder than the rest of England This means a wide range of exotic plants palm trees and yuccas can be cultivated The annual mean high temperature is approximately 14 C 57 F Due to the moderating effect of the sea and the south westerly location the climate is among the mildest of British cities and one of the warmest UK cities in winter 74 The coldest month of February is similarly moderate having mild mean minimum temperatures between 3 and 4 C 37 and 39 F Snow usually falls in small amounts but a noteworthy recent exception was the period of the European winter storms of 2009 10 which in early January 2010 covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch 2 5 cm of snow more on higher ground Another notable event was the 8 inches 20 cm of snowfall between 17 and 19 December 2010 though only 2 inches 5 1 cm would lie at any one time due to melting Over the 1961 1990 period annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm 3 in per year 75 South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north eastwards towards the UK particularly in summer Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1 600 hours 76 Owing to its geographic location rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection and is more frequent and heavier than in London and southeast England The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south west is from this source Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres 39 in November to March have the highest mean wind speeds with June to August having the lightest winds The predominant wind direction is from the south west 76 Typically the warmest day of the year 1971 2000 will achieve a temperature of 28 6 C 83 F 77 although in July 2022 the temperature reached 33 9 C 93 0 F 78 the site record On average 4 25 days 79 of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25 1 C 77 F or above During the winter half of the year the coldest night will typically fall to 4 1 C 25 F 80 although in January 1979 the temperature fell to 8 8 C 16 F 81 Typically 18 6 nights 82 of the year will register an air frost Climate data for Plymouth Mount Batten a elevation 50 m 164 ft 1991 2020 normals humidity 1961 1990 extremes 1960 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 14 4 57 9 16 3 61 3 18 3 64 9 27 6 81 7 25 9 78 6 31 6 88 9 33 9 93 0 32 9 91 2 26 3 79 3 23 0 73 4 17 1 62 8 16 1 61 0 33 9 93 0 Average high C F 9 0 48 2 9 2 48 6 10 9 51 6 13 2 55 8 15 9 60 6 18 4 65 1 20 2 68 4 20 3 68 5 18 5 65 3 15 1 59 2 11 9 53 4 9 7 49 5 14 4 57 9 Daily mean C F 6 6 43 9 6 6 43 9 7 9 46 2 9 8 49 6 12 4 54 3 14 9 58 8 16 8 62 2 16 9 62 4 15 1 59 2 12 3 54 1 9 3 48 7 7 3 45 1 11 3 52 4 Average low C F 4 2 39 6 3 9 39 0 4 9 40 8 6 3 43 3 8 8 47 8 11 4 52 5 13 2 55 8 13 4 56 1 11 7 53 1 9 5 49 1 6 7 44 1 4 8 40 6 8 2 46 8 Record low C F 8 8 16 2 7 0 19 4 7 0 19 4 2 4 27 7 0 5 31 1 2 9 37 2 6 1 43 0 5 9 42 6 1 9 35 4 1 0 30 2 3 4 25 9 5 7 21 7 8 8 16 2 Average precipitation mm inches 109 6 4 31 87 7 3 45 76 2 3 00 68 5 2 70 60 1 2 37 64 4 2 54 63 5 2 50 80 3 3 16 72 3 2 85 112 1 4 41 117 8 4 64 125 2 4 93 1 037 7 40 86 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 15 4 12 7 12 3 11 0 9 8 9 7 10 0 11 3 10 1 14 8 15 9 15 7 148 7Average relative humidity 86 84 82 80 79 80 81 82 83 85 85 86 82Average dew point C F 5 41 4 39 5 41 6 43 9 48 11 52 13 55 14 57 12 54 10 50 7 45 5 41 8 47 Mean monthly sunshine hours 61 8 88 0 131 0 189 3 227 4 220 8 209 7 197 5 161 3 118 4 72 6 54 5 1 732 3Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 4Source 1 Met Office 83 NOAA Relative humidity and snow days 1961 1990 84 Source 2 KNMI 85 WeatherAtlas 86 Source 3 Time and Date dewpoints between 1985 2015 87 88 Education EditSee also List of schools in Plymouth The Roland Levinsky Building Faculty of Arts of the University of Plymouth There are three universities based in Plymouth the University of Plymouth the University of St Mark amp St John and the Arts University Plymouth The University of Plymouth enrolls 23 155 total students as of 2018 2019 57th largest in the UK out of 169 89 It also employs 2 900 staff with an annual income of around 160 million 90 It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West formerly Plymouth Polytechnic following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 91 It has a wide range of courses including those in marine focused business marine engineering marine biology and Earth ocean and environmental sciences surf science shipping and logistics 92 The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000 establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine 93 Its dental school was established in 2006 which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West The University of St Mark amp St John known as Marjon or Marjons specialises in teacher training and offers training across the country and abroad 94 Arts University Plymouth offers a selection of courses including media It was originally founded as the Plymouth Drawing School in 1856 and in December 2008 Plymouth College of Art and Design was renamed to Plymouth College of Art In May 2022 the College was awarded University status and became Arts University Plymouth 95 The city is also home to two large colleges The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26 000 students 96 Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools 13 state secondary schools eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools Devonport High School for Girls Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls 97 There is also an independent school Plymouth College The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College opened in 1880 in Keyham it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich The college closed in 1910 but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 training was transferred to the University of Southampton 98 Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom MBA founded 1884 which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences The Plymouth Marine Laboratory PML founded 1988 was formed in part from components of the MBA Together with the National Marine Aquarium the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences Plymouth University s Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre these marine related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership The Plymouth Marine Laboratory which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of wastewater by using technology such as photo bioreactors It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skincare protects taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun 99 A scheme is in operation over summer 2018 to provide meals during the summer holidays for children with parents on a low income the parents cannot afford to provide their children with healthy meals 100 UPSU also known as the University of Plymouth Student Union is based underground near the library Every student at the University of Plymouth is a member of UPSU The Union employs students across the University from bar staff to events technicians Every year the students at the University have an opportunity to vote which sabbatical officers represent them In 2019 over 4000 students voted in the UPSU elections Demography Edit Population pyramid of Plymouth unitary authority in 2020 From the 2011 Census the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth s unitary authority area population was 256 384 101 15 664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240 720 102 The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260 203 in 2011 the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority s boundaries The city s average household size was 2 3 persons 103 104 At the time of the 2011 UK census the ethnic composition of Plymouth s population was 96 2 White of 92 9 was White British with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0 5 101 The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census 24 while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases 360 and 351 respectively 101 105 This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century but declined by over 1 6 from 1931 to 1951 Plymouth s gross value added a measure of the size of its economy was 5 169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25 of Devon s GVA 106 Its GVA per person was 19 943 and compared to the national average of 23 755 was 3 812 lower 106 Plymouth s unemployment rate was 7 0 in 2014 which was 2 0 points higher than the South West average and 0 8 points higher than the average for Great Britain England Wales and Scotland 107 A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation 26 2 of the population among the poorest 20 4 nationally 108 Life expectancy at 78 3 years for men and 82 1 for women was the lowest of any region in the South West of England citation needed Ethnic Group Year1991 109 2001 110 2011 111 2021 112 Number Number Number Number White Total 241 233 99 1 236 767 98 4 246 509 96 1 248 727 94 1 White British 232 377 96 5 238 263 92 9 236 802 89 5 White Irish 1 359 0 6 1 105 1 055 0 4 White Gypsy or Irish Traveller 153 165 0 1 White Roma 168 0 1 White Other 3 031 6 988 10 537 4 0 Asian or Asian British Total 971 0 4 1 427 0 6 3 906 1 5 5 947 2 1 Asian or Asian British Indian 209 258 875 1 403 0 5 Asian or Asian British Pakistani 53 83 202 389 0 1 Asian or Asian British Bangladeshi 105 152 359 537 0 2 Asian or Asian British Chinese 382 685 1 251 1 430 0 5 Asian or Asian British Other Asian 222 249 1 219 2188 0 8 Black or Black British Total 621 0 3 451 0 2 1 678 0 7 2 786 1 1 Black or Black British African 180 230 1 106 2 022 0 8 Black or Black British Caribbean 177 165 343 460 0 2 Black or Black British Other Black 264 56 229 304 0 1 Mixed or British Mixed Total 1 559 0 6 3 287 1 3 4 656 1 7 Mixed White and Black Caribbean 420 904 1 108 0 4 Mixed White and Black African 246 523 860 0 3 Mixed White and Asian 498 1 028 1 349 0 5 Mixed Other Mixed 395 832 1 339 0 5 Other Total 548 0 3 516 0 6 944 0 4 2 579 1 Other Arab 339 677 0 3 Other Any other ethnic group 548 0 3 516 0 6 605 1 902 0 7 Total 243 373 100 240 720 100 256 384 100 264 695 100 Economy Edit HMNB Devonport the largest operational naval base in Western Europe 113 Because of its coastal location the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime 114 in particular the defence sector with over 12 000 people employed and approximately 7 500 in the armed forces 115 The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793 which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy 116 During the 1930s it was the most widely distributed gin and had a controlled term of origin 116 until 2015 Since the 1980s employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration health education medicine and engineering 115 Devonport Dockyard is the UK s only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10 of Plymouth s income 113 Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector 117 Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3 000 staff 90 the national retail chain The Range at their Estover headquarters as well as the Plymouth Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies 115 Plymouth has a post war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation 44 At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 pannier meaning basket from French so it translates as basket market 118 In terms of retail floorspace Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West 119 and 29th nationally 120 Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business improvement district initiative 121 The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for 3 4 million 122 Plymouth 2020 Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information February 2017 Since 2003 Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the Vision for Plymouth launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce PCC 69 Its projects range from shopping centres a cruise terminal a boulevard and to increase the population to 300 000 and build 33 000 dwellings 69 Interior of the Drake Circus Shopping Centre in 2006 In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre which opened in October 2006 123 It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already ten years out of date 123 It was awarded the first ever Carbuncle Cup awarded for Britain s ugliest building in 2006 124 In contrast the Theatre Royal s production and education centre TR2 which was built on wasteland at Cattedown was a runner up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003 125 There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council s headquarters the civic centre to the current location of the Bretonside bus station it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off 126 Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal boulevard linking Millbay to the city centre Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential retail and office space alongside the ferry port 127 Transport EditSee also Railways in Plymouth Motorways Edit The A38 dual carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city Within the city it is known as The Parkway and represents the boundary between the older parts of the city and more recently developed suburban areas Heading east it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles 65 km away near Exeter and heading west it connects Devon with Cornwall via the Tamar Bridge Bus services are mainly provided by Plymouth Citybus and Stagecoach South West but a few routes are served by smaller local operators Long distance intercity bus services terminate at Plymouth coach station There are three Park and ride services at Milehouse Coypool Plympton and George Junction Plymouth City Airport which are operated by Stagecoach South West 128 Ferries Edit MV Pont Aven Brittany Ferries service to Roscoff France and Santander Spain in Millbay Docks A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France Roscoff and Spain Santander on the three ferries MV Armorique MV Bretagne and MV Pont Aven 129 The Cremyll Ferry is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 130 There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten 131 and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry vehicle and pedestrian across the River Tamar 132 Air Edit The city s airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles 6 km north of the city centre 133 The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest 134 which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland 135 In June 2003 a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south west and the possible closure of airports 136 It concluded that the best option for the south west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth 137 In April 2011 it was announced that the airport would close 138 which it did on 23 December A local company FlyPlymouth put forward plans in 2015 to reopen the airport by 2018 providing daily services to various destinations including London but as of now these projects have stalled 139 Rail Edit Plymouth railway station which opened on its present site in 1877 is managed by Great Western Railway and is also served by trains on the CrossCountry network 140 The station was previously named Plymouth North Road when there were other main line stations in the city at Millbay and Friary These have now closed Smaller stations in the suburban area west of the city centre are served by trains on the Tamar Valley Line to Gunnislake and local services on the Cornish Main Line which crosses the Tamar on the Royal Albert Bridge This was designed by Brunel and opened in 1859 The parallel road bridge was completed in 1961 There have been proposals to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to Exeter using the former Southern Railway main line from Plymouth to Exeter via Okehampton because the main line through South Devon is vulnerable to damage from rough seas at Dawlish where some of the cliffs are also fragile There are related proposals to reopen part of the old main line from Bere Alston on the Plymouth Gunnislake line as far as Tavistock to serve a new housing development but although the idea has been discussed since 2008 at least progress has been slow Cycle routes Edit Plymouth is at the southern end of the 99 mile 159 km long Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route National Cycle Route 27 The route runs mostly traffic free on off road sections between Ilfracombe and Plymouth The route uses former railway lines though there are some stretches on public roads 141 Religion Edit The Roman Catholic Cathedral Church of Saint Mary and Saint Boniface Stonehouse Plymouth Plymouth has about 150 churches city wide The Plymouth Cathedral is Roman Catholic and is located in Stonehouse It was opened in 1858 and consecrated in 1880 142 143 The city s oldest church is Plymouth Minster also known as St Andrew s Church Anglican located at the top of Royal Parade it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800 142 The city also includes five Baptist churches over twenty Methodist chapels and thirteen Roman Catholic churches 144 In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England a movement of conservative non denominational Evangelical Christians was established in the city so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren although the movement did not begin locally 145 Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake s voyages in 1577 to 1580 as his log mentioned Moses the Jew a man from Plymouth 142 The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II building built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world 146 There are also places of worship for Islam Bahaʼi Buddhism Unitarianism Chinese beliefs and Humanism 147 58 1 of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0 8 as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0 5 each The portion of people without a religion is 32 9 above the national average of 24 7 7 1 did not state their religious belief 148 Since the 2001 Census the number of Christians and Jews has decreased 16 and 7 respectively while all other religions have increased and non religious people have almost doubled in number 149 Culture EditMain article Culture of Plymouth The New Palace Theatre in 2008 Built in 1815 Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth s historical culture 150 It became known as the servicemen s playground as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds 150 During the 1930s there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre 150 It was described in 2008 as the late night hub of Plymouth s entertainment strip 151 Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront 152 In August 2006 the world record for the most simultaneous fireworks was surpassed by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth over Plymouth Sound 153 From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe hosting big name acts such as The 1975 Little Mix Tinie Tempah and Busted 154 Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities 155 A number of other smaller cultural events taken place annually including Plymouth Art Weekender 156 Plymouth Fringe Festival 157 and Illuminate Festival 158 The city s main theatre is Theatre Royal Plymouth presenting large scale West End shows and smaller works as well as an extensive education and outreach programme The main building is located in the city centre and contains three performance spaces The Lyric 1 315 capacity 159 Drum Theatre 200 capacity 160 and The Lab 60 capacity and they also run their own specialised production and creative learning centre called TR2 based in Cattedown 161 Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts basketball matches and stand up comedy 162 There are also three cinemas Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park 163 Barbican Theatre Plymouth delivers a theatre and dance programme of performances and workshops focused on young people and emerging artists contains a main auditorium 110 140 capacity and rehearsal studio 164 they also host the B Bar 80 capacity which offers a programme of music comedy and spoken word performance 165 The Plymouth Athenaeum which includes a local interest library is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science technology literature and art In 2017 its auditorium 340 capacity returned to use as a theatre having been out of service since 2009 166 The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission it has six galleries 167 Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West 168 A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009 169 The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Greatest Hits Radio South West BBC Radio Devon Heart West and Pirate FM being the local radio stations with the most listeners 170 Sport EditMain article Sport in Plymouth Home Park Plymouth Pavilions home to the Plymouth City Patriots Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F C who play in the third tier of English football league known as Football League One The team s home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park 171 It links itself with the group of English non conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620 its nickname is The Pilgrims 172 The city also has three Non League football clubs Plymouth Parkway who play at Bolitho Park Elburton Villa who play at Haye Road and Plymstock United who play at Dean Cross Plymouth Parkway were recently when promoted to the Western League from the South West Peninsula League and after two Covid 19 interrupted years to the Southern Football League in 2021 whilst Elburton Villa and Plymstock United continue to compete in the South West Peninsula League Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion Plymouth City Patriots and Plymouth Gladiators Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby the National League 1 They play at the Brickfields 173 Plymouth Raiders played in the British Basketball League the top tier of British basketball and were founded in 1983 174 Since 2021 the Raiders have been replaced by the Plymouth City Patriots Both teams have been based in the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena Plymouth Gladiators are a speedway team currently competing in the British National League with home meetings taking place at the Plymouth Coliseum Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843 the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season Plymouth Mariners Baseball club play in the South West Baseball League they play their home games at Wilson Field in Central Park Plymouth was home to an American football club the Plymouth Admirals until 2010 Plymouth Leander is the most successful swimming club in Great Britain along with Plymouth Diving Club Plymouth is an important centre for watersports especially scuba diving and sailing The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world and has been held regularly since 1823 In September 2011 Plymouth hosted the America s Cup World Series for nine days 175 Public services Edit The Devonport Leat on Dartmoor looking up stream Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation 176 Before the 19th century two leats were built to provide drinking water for the town They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth A watercourse known as Plymouth or Drake s Leat was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy 177 The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers The West Dart Cowsic and Blackabrook It seems to have been carrying water since 1797 but it was officially completed in 1801 It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth 178 Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles 8 km north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928 179 The Plymouth Combined Crown and County Court Centre Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage 180 181 Plymouth s electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution 182 On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas powered station the Langage Power Station which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009 183 Her Majesty s Courts Service provide a magistrates court and a Combined Crown and County Court Centre in the city 184 185 The Plymouth Borough Police formed in 1836 eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary 186 There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill the Divisional HQ and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock 187 The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices 188 Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel s Head Crownhill Greenbank Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service 189 The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks 190 Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city s NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles 6 km north of the city centre The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital 191 South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west its headquarters are in Exeter 192 The mid 19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves but a brass plaque set into the ground 193 Landmarks and tourist attractions Edit Grade I listed Town Hall Column and Library in Devonport Elliot Terrace Plymouth Hoe After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was erected in 1666 towards the eastern section of Plymouth Hoe to defend the port from naval attacks suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces Currently guided tours are available in the summer months 26 Further west is Smeaton s Tower which is a standard lighthouse that was constructed in 1759 14 miles 23 km Furthermore Smeaton s Tower was dismantled in 1877 and the top two thirds were reassembled on Plymouth Hoe 194 It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room 195 Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including Plymouth Naval Memorial to remember those killed in World Wars I and II and the Armada Memorial to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada 196 The early port settlement of Plymouth called Sutton approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain 197 The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool 198 Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain s deepest aquarium tank 199 One mile two kilometres upstream on the opposite side of the River Plym is the Saltram estate which has a Jacobean and Georgian mansion 200 On the northern outskirts of the city Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a Palmerston s Folly It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public 201 To the west of the city is Devonport one of Plymouth s historic quarters As part of Devonport s millennium regeneration project the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route 202 Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south east Cornwall 203 Kingsand Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular 204 The Roland Levinsky building the landmark building of the University of Plymouth is located in the city s central quarter Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University s Arts faculty 205 Beckley Point at 78m 20 floors is Plymouth s tallest building 206 207 and was completed on 8 February 2018 It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier Images of landmarks Smeaton s Tower Plymouth Sound and Breakwater National Armada memorial Britannia Naval War Memorial The Parade Barbican The Mayflower Steps Memorial Saltram House remodelled by the architect Robert Adam Beckley PointNotable people EditMain article List of people from Plymouth Sir Francis Drake People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners 208 Its meaning is described as a person from Devon deriving from Cousin Jan the Devon form of John but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area 209 The Elizabethan navigator Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth 210 He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning The Dragon after he raided many of their ships 211 He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Portobelo 212 Panama In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence 213 His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton now part of Plymouth William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse Benjamin Robert Haydon an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures was born here in 1786 214 The naturalist William Elford Leach FRS who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin was born at Hoe Gate in 1791 Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott who was born in Plymouth and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city 215 216 Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth 217 and Robert Lenkiewicz whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy sexual behaviour and suicide lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 218 Illustrator and creator of children s series Mr Benn and King Rollo David McKee was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art Jazz musician John Surman born in nearby Tavistock has close connections to the area evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997 The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth 219 In addition actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott were born in Plymouth George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was also born in the city as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle 220 Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies 221 diver Tom Daley 222 dancer Wayne Sleep 223 and footballer Trevor Francis 224 Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills Ron Goodwin 225 and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French 226 Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth America based actor Donald Moffat whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B Johnson in the film The Right Stuff and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger was born in Plymouth 227 Canadian actor Mark Holden was also born in Plymouth Kevin Owen is an international TV news anchor who was born in Freedom Fields Hospital while his father served as a Royal Navy officer Cambridge spy Guy Burgess was born at 2 Albemarle Villas Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer 228 Twin city EditBrest France 229 Gdynia Poland 229 Novorossiysk Russia 229 Plymouth Massachusetts United States 229 San Sebastian Spain 229 Jiaxing China 230 Freedom of the City EditThe following People Military Units and Organisations and Groups have received the Freedom of the City of Plymouth This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items November 2021 Individuals Edit Mark Ormrod 22 November 2021 231 232 Thomas Robert Daley 17 February 2022 233 234 235 236 237 Lewis Pugh 27 March 2023 Heather Knight 27 March 2023 238 Military Units Edit 42 Commando RM 1955 239 The Merchant Navy 22 March 2009 The Rifles 25 September 2010 240 The Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit Derriford 30 January 2023 241 Organisations and Groups Edit Veterans of the Falklands War 25 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1943 although published on 27 April 27 1944 A Plan for Plymouth The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History W Best Harris Plymouth Plymouth Council of Social Service undated W Best Harris Stories From Plymouth s History Self Published Plymouth undated W Best Harris The Book of Plymouth Guild of Social Service Plymouth undated W Best Harris The New Book of Plymouth Guild of Social Service Plymouth undated W Best Harris The Second Book of Plymouth Guild of Social Service Plymouth 1957 W Best Harris Place Names of Plymouth Dartmoor and the Tamar Valley Self Published Plymouth 1983 W Best Harris Welcome to Plymouth Plymouth City Council undated External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plymouth Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Plymouth Plymouth City Council website Plymouth City Council s open data website Plymouth at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plymouth amp oldid 1148540756, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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