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Planet of the Apes

November 23, 2023

This article is about the media franchise. For the original 1963 novel, see Planet of the Apes (novel). For the original 1968 film, see Planet of the Apes (1968 film). For other uses, see Planet of the Apes (disambiguation).

Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films, books, television series, comics, and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control. The franchise is based on French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel La Planète des singes, translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet. Its 1968 film adaptation, Planet of the Apes, was a critical and commercial hit, initiating a series of sequels, tie-ins, and derivative works. Arthur P. Jacobs produced the first five Apes films through APJAC Productions for distributor 20th Century Fox; following his death in 1973, Fox controlled the franchise.

Planet of the Apes
Official franchise logo
Created byPierre Boulle
Original workLa Planète des singes (1963)
Owner20th Century Studios
Years1968–present
Print publications
Book(s)List of books
Novel(s)La Planète des singes (1963)
ComicsList of comics
Films and television
Film(s)
Original series

Remake

Reboot series

Television seriesPlanet of the Apes (1974)
Animated seriesReturn to the Planet of the Apes (1975–1976)
Games
Video game(s)
Miscellaneous
Character(s)List of characters

Four sequels followed the original film from 1970 to 1973: Beneath the Planet of the Apes, Escape from the Planet of the Apes, Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, and Battle for the Planet of the Apes. They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original, but were commercially successful, spawning a live-action television series in 1974 and an animated series in 1975. Plans for a film remake stalled in "development hell" for over 10 years before Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001. A reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes, which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017. In 2019, Disney acquired the entertainment assets of 21st Century Fox including 20th Century Fox. That year, Disney announced further sequels to the 2011 reboot series are in production, with Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes officially announced for a 2024 release date. The films have grossed a total of over US$2 billion worldwide, against a combined budget of $567.5 million. Franchise tie-ins include books, comics, video games and toys.

Planet of the Apes has received particular attention among film critics for its treatment of racial issues. Cinema and cultural analysts have also explored its Cold War and animal rights themes. The series has influenced subsequent films, media, and art, as well as popular culture and political discourse.

La Planète des singes edit

Main article: Planet of the Apes (novel)
 
First American edition of Boulle's novel, titled Planet of the Apes

The series began with French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel La Planète des singes. Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the "humanlike expressions" of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape. La Planète des singes was heavily influenced by 18th- and 19th-century fantastical travel narratives, especially Jonathan Swift's satirical Gulliver's Travels. It is one of several of Boulle's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind's overreliance on technology, though Boulle rejected the science fiction label, instead terming his genre "social fantasy".[1]

The novel is a satire that follows French journalist Ulysse Mérou, who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless, animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes. The ape species are sorted into classes: the gorillas are police officers, the chimpanzees are scientists, and the orangutans are politicians. Eventually, Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them. The story's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted.[1][2] Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works, though it proved to be a bestseller. British author Xan Fielding translated it into English; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes.[3]

Original film series edit

Boulle's literary agent, Allain Bernheim, brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs, who had come to Paris looking for properties to adapt with his new company, APJAC Productions. To explain his interests, Jacobs would tell agents, "I wish King Kong hadn't been made so I could make it." Bernheim initially approached him about a Françoise Sagan novel, which Jacobs turned down. Remembering Jacobs' earlier comment about King Kong, Bernheim mentioned La Planète des singes, not expecting he would be interested. However, the story intrigued Jacobs, who bought the film rights immediately.[4]

Planet of the Apes (1968) edit

Main article: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)
 
Charlton Heston, star of Planet of the Apes
 
Franklin J. Schaffner, director of Planet of the Apes

After optioning the novel's film rights, Jacobs spent over three years trying to persuade filmmakers to take on the project. He engaged a succession of artists to create test sketches and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling, creator of The Twilight Zone, to pen the screenplay.[5][6] Serling's script changed elements of Boulle's novel, introducing Cold War themes; notably, he devised a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare.[7] Production costs were estimated at over $10 million, a risk no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume. Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner. The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston, which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed.[5]

Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.81 million.[8] The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson, who had previously adapted Boulle's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai, to rewrite Serling's script.[9][10] To save on special effects costs, Wilson's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel.[10][11] The new version changed much of the plot and dialogue but retained the Cold War themes and Serling's ending.[11][12] John Chambers created the makeup effects.[13]

Heston played 20th-century American astronaut George Taylor, who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute, primitive humans. Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius, and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor's love interest, Nova. Maurice Evans played the villain, orangutan Minister of Science Dr. Zaius.[14] The finale, in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along, became the defining scene of the series and one of the most iconic images in 1960s films.[15] Planet of the Apes was released on February 8, 1968, and was a smash success with both critics and audiences. It was one of the year's 10 biggest money-makers in North America, taking in an estimated $22 million (nearly four times its budget) and earned rave reviews.[16][17] John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make-up effects, the first ever given to a make-up artist.[13] Jerry Goldsmith's score and Morton Haack's costume design also earned Oscar nominations.[18] Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel. Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind, its success led them to consider the prospect.[19]

Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) edit

Main article: Beneath the Planet of the Apes

Planning for the sequel, eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes, began two months after the original film's release. Jacobs and Abrahams considered several treatments by Serling and Boulle, eventually rejecting them.[20] In late 1968, the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script; he would become the primary writer for the franchise.[21][22] Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character was killed off and his salary was donated to charity.[23] In one of many major rewrites, Dehn altered the script to center on a new character, Brent, played by James Franciscus.[24] With Schaffner unavailable, owing to his work on Patton, the producers hired Ted Post as director on January 8, 1969.[25] Post struggled with the material, especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million.[26]

The story follows Franciscus's character, an astronaut who, while searching for Taylor, inadvertently follows him into the future. After encountering the apes from the first film, Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb. Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans and Linda Harrison returned as Zira, Zaius and Nova.[27] David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius, as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict.[28] James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez. The film opened on May 26, 1970.[27] Unlike its predecessor, Beneath was poorly reviewed; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the last one, Battle for the Planet of the Apes.[29] Nonetheless, it was a major box office hit, nearing the original's numbers. Despite a conclusion depicting the planet's nuclear destruction, Fox requested another sequel, creating a series.[30][31]

Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971) edit

Main article: Escape from the Planet of the Apes
 
Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes. He would go on to star in two more Apes films and the live-action television series.

Following the financial success of Beneath, Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram: "Apes exist, sequel required." Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes. The producers hired a new director, Don Taylor.[31] Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget of $2.5 million, which required a tight production schedule.[32]

To work around the budget, as well as Beneath's seemingly definitive ending, the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira (Kim Hunter) and Cornelius (Roddy McDowall, returning to the role after being absent from Beneath) back in time to the contemporary United States, reducing the need for expensive sets and ape makeup effects.[26] In the film, Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society, but the humans' fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict. Jacobs' wife, Natalie Trundy, who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and would play the ape Lisa in the next two sequels, was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton.[33] Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon, Ricardo Montalbán played Armando and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain, the president's science advisor Otto Hasslein.[34]

Compared to its predecessors, Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict, which became a primary focus through the rest of the series.[35] The film opened on May 21, 1971, less than a year after Beneath. It was well-received by critics.[36] From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work; Cinefantastique editor Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had "the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction."[37] It also performed well at the box office, though not as strongly as its predecessors. Fox ordered a third sequel.[38]

Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972) edit

Main article: Conquest of the Planet of the Apes

Based on the strong positive response to Escape, Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million.[38] Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter, and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct. Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet, but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process.[39] For Conquest, Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme, an ancillary concern in the early films that became a central focus in Escape.[40] In particular, Dehn associated the apes with African-Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement.[39] Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar, the son of his previous character Cornelius.[41] Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando, while Don Murray played Governor Breck, Severn Darden played Kolp and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald.[42]

Following Escape, Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion. The film opened on June 30, 1972.[42] Reviews were mixed, but the ending left the series open to another sequel and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox commissioned another film.[43]

Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973) edit

Main article: Battle for the Planet of the Apes

Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget, the lowest of the series.[44] The filmmakers went into the project knowing that it would be the end of the series.[45] J. Lee Thompson returned as director. Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment, but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script. The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay.[46][47] Battle continued Conquest's focus on racial conflict and domination but, likely based in part on the studio's wishes, the Corringtons discarded Dehn's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful, though ambiguous, resolution.[48]

Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet. He contends with both an attack by radiation-scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans. McDowall returned as Caesar and Severn Darden returned as Kolp. Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil, Austin Stoker played MacDonald (the brother of Hari Rhodes' character) and Claude Akins played the gorilla general Aldo. John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative.[49] The film opened on May 2, 1973. It made a profit over production costs, but received poor reviews from critics, who regard it as the weakest of the five films.[50]

Critics have offered various interpretations of the film's message and its significance for the series. Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending: set over 700 years after the main events, the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children. By one interpretation, the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression, giving the series an optimistic finale. By another, the statue weeps because racial strife still exists, implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable.[51]

Television series edit

Planet of the Apes TV series edit

Main article: Planet of the Apes (TV series)
 
The lead cast of the Planet of the Apes television series: James Naughton as Burke, Ron Harper as Virdon and Roddy McDowall as Galen

As well as their profitable returns at the box office, the films earned very high ratings on television after their theatrical runs. To capitalize on this success, Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour-long live-action television series to follow the films. He first had the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest, which he then anticipated would be the final film, but he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth installment. Jacobs died on June 27, 1973, bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise. Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project, titled Planet of the Apes. CBS picked up the series for its 1974 autumn lineup.[52]

Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke, two 20th-century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans (unlike the original film, the humans can speak). Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen, a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts. Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko. The episodes portray Virdon, Burke, and Galen as they search for a way home, aid downtrodden humans and apes and avoid the authorities.[53] The show premiered on September 13, 1974, filling CBS's 8–9 pm time slot on Fridays. It earned low ratings during its run, a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the franchise famous. Given the considerable production costs, CBS canceled the show after 14 episodes, the last airing on December 20, 1974.[54][55][56]

In 1981, Fox reedited 10 of the episodes into five television films. Each film combined two episodes and (in some markets) added new introductory and concluding segments starring McDowall as an aged Galen. The films were given what scholar Eric Greene calls "the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus": Back to the Planet of the Apes; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes; Life, Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes.[57]

Greene finds the show's position in the Apes timeline significant: set in 3085, it occurs about 900 years before Taylor's crash in the original film and 400 years after the Lawgiver's sermon in Battle. By depicting a future where apes dominate humans, it implies the Lawgiver's message of equality between man and ape has failed, giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle's ending.[58] Greene argues that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had, though the episodes "The Trap" and "The Liberator" made it a central focus.[59]

Return to the Planet of the Apes animated series edit

Main article: Return to the Planet of the Apes

In 1975, after the failure of the live-action television series, NBC and 20th Century Fox agreed to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series. The network contracted DePatie-Freleng Enterprises to produce a half-hour Saturday-morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes. Doug Wildey, co-creator of Jonny Quest, took on most creative control as associate producer, storyboard director and supervising director.[60] Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath and thus based his interpretation on them. As such, the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape, Conquest, and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films.[61]

The plot concerns three American astronauts, Bill Hudson (Tom Williams), Jeff Allen (Austin Stoker, who played MacDonald in Battle) and Judy Franklin (Claudette Nevins), who inadvertently journey to Earth's far future. They find the world populated by three groups: mute humans who inhabit desert caves, subterranean human "Underdwellers" fashioned after the mutants of Beneath and civilized apes who subjugate the humans. Through the show, the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion. The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series, including Nova (Nevins again), General Urko (Henry Cordin), Zira (Philippa Harris), Cornelius (Edwin Mills) and Dr. Zaius (Richard Blackburn).[62] NBC broadcast 13 episodes between September 6 and November 29, 1975. The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings. The network considered producing a second three-episode season to complete the storyline, but this never materialized.[63]

Remake film edit

Planned relaunch and development hell edit

Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s, but the project fell into a drawn-out and fruitless development phase—"development hell"—for over 10 years. It began in 1988, when Fox announced that Adam Rifkin, then a 21-year-old independent film director, would develop a new Apes movie. At a Fox executive's invitation, Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes, an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films. In Rifkin's initial concept, Taylor's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus-like uprising against Roman-inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan. Days before the project was scheduled to enter pre-production, Fox brought in new studio executives, who sent it back to development.[64] They commissioned Rifkin to write several redrafts, but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project.[65]

After several years in limbo, Fox returned to the Apes concept, this time with Oliver Stone as a producer. Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes.[66] In their script, humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA, so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin. They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity's eventual destruction.[67] Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson and Phillip Noyce agreed to direct. The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin, but other executives were ambivalent about the action script, believing that it should be lighter. At one point, executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his "stamp" on the film and fired Hayes when he left it out. This move caused Noyce to quit as well and subsequently, almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another.[66]

After the collapse of the Stone-Hayes project, Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept. Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a screenplay taking elements from Boulle's novel and various unused treatments. In Hamm's script, an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth. Scientists go to the astronaut's planet, where apes hunt humans; they locate a cure but return to find Earth overrun by simians. Schwarzenegger remained attached, but Fox found the script underwhelming. Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother's death and James Cameron stepped in to produce. Cameron intended to go in a "very different direction" with the script, but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic, he dropped out of the project. Fox approached a series of directors to take over, without success.[68]

Planet of the Apes (2001) edit

Main article: Planet of the Apes (2001 film)
 
Tim Burton, director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes

In 1999, Fox hired William Broyles, Jr. to write a new script. Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date but otherwise offered Broyles considerable creative license.[68] This prospect attracted director Tim Burton, who hoped to do a "re-imagining" of Planet of the Apes. Burton found the production arduous, largely due to Fox's strict release schedule. The studio budgeted the film at $100 million, meaning Broyles' ambitious script had to be altered to reduce costs; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production. The tight schedule meant that all stages of production were rushed.[69]

The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson, who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans. He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal Earth primates who had accompanied his mission and had arrived on the planet years before. Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari, while Tim Roth played the human-hating chimpanzee General Thade. The film received mixed reviews; most critics believed it failed to compare to the original. Much of the negative commentary focused on the confusing plot and twist ending, though many reviewers praised the special effects.[70][71] The film succeeded at the box office, taking in $362 million worldwide.[72] Fox had initially hoped for a sequel, but the difficult production left Burton unenthusiastic about participating, and the film failed to generate enough interest for the studio to pursue a follow-up.[69]

Reboot film series edit

Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) edit

Main article: Rise of the Planet of the Apes
 
Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting

In 2005, screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film, eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes. Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics, Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimpanzee raised in a human household. He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar, the lead character of Conquest and Battle. Fox was impressed and bought the pitch, but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts, writers, directors and producers. In 2010, producers Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward, retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers.[73][74]

In the final script, Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman, who raises him. After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary, Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising.[75] The screenplay contains complex connections to other entries in the series, causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them. Oliver Lindler writes that while the film's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest, official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term, instead calling the film a prequel or "origin story" to the original Planet of the Apes film and/or a reboot of the series; fans and bloggers were more apt to refer to it as a "remake".[76][77][78] The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt. To portray ape characters realistically, the production avoided practical effects in favor of motion-capture acting, partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital. Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman, while veteran performance-capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar.[79]

Rise debuted on August 5, 2011. Critics reviewed it positively, especially praising the visual effects and Serkis's performance.[80] It was a major box office hit, taking in $482 million globally, more than five times its $93 million budget.[81] Weta's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards, among other accolades. The strength of Serkis's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration; he was not nominated by Academy voters.[82] Following the movie's success, Fox immediately planned for a sequel.[83]

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) edit

Main article: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
 
Director and cast of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (from left): Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke, Keri Russell, and Andy Serkis

Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise's release in 2011. Fox allocated a budget of $40 million, although the ultimate budget increased to $170 million.[84][85][86] Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar. Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues and was replaced by Matt Reeves.[84][87]

Set 10 years after Rise, the film establishes that the "simian flu", a side effect of the drug that enhanced the apes' intelligence, has killed most humans. Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into violent clashes with nearby human survivors. Weta Digital again provided special effects work, which combined practical sets, digitally manipulated backgrounds and performance capture ape characters.[88] The lead human characters were played by Jason Clarke, as Malcolm; Keri Russell, as Ellie; and Gary Oldman, as Dreyfus.[89] Released on July 11, 2014, the film was very well received by critics, who found it a strong follow-up to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects.[90][91] It also performed very strongly at the box office, taking in $711 million in worldwide grosses.[85] Its special effects received several honors, including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards.[92]

War for the Planet of the Apes (2017) edit

Main article: War for the Planet of the Apes

Fox was confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that the studio started planning for the next installment months before the film debuted. After Fox and Chernin Entertainment screened Matt Reeves' cut of Dawn, he was contracted to return as director; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback. Peter Chernin, Dylan Clark, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver again served as producers.[93][94] Given a $150 million budget, War for the Planet of the Apes was released on July 14, 2017.[95][96]

The film depicts the apes and humans in armed conflict and follows Caesar and his followers as they track down the mysterious Colonel, a human paramilitary leader, and search for a new home. Serkis returned as Caesar, Woody Harrelson played the villainous Colonel and Steve Zahn played Bad Ape.[97][98] It earned widespread critical acclaim; reviewers praised the effects and narrative and found the film a fitting conclusion to Caesar's story.[99][100] It earned $491 million at the worldwide box office.[96]

Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes (2024) edit

Main article: Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes

In October 2016, it was reported that a fourth film in the new series was being discussed.[101][102] Shortly before the release of War in July 2017, Reeves said that he expressed interest in making more Apes films and that Steve Zahn, who played Bad Ape in the film, had set up a story for further sequels.[103][104][105] Writer Mark Bomback hinted that further films would be possible.[106] In April 2019, following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, Disney announced that future Planet of the Apes films are in development.[107][108] In August 2019, Disney stated that any future installments would take place in the universe first established in Rise of the Planet of the Apes.[109] In February 2020, Wes Ball was announced as director of the next film, with Joe Hartwick Jr. and David Starke serving as producers. Ball explained that the story will take place after the events of War for the Planet of the Apes, and continue to follow "Caesar's legacy".[110][111] In May 2020, it was announced that Josh Friedman will serve as screenwriter alongside Ball, while Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will return to the franchise as producers.[112] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, 20th Century Studios president Steve Asbell stated that production would start between the late summer or early fall of 2022.[113] In August 2022, Owen Teague was announced to have been cast in a lead role, the ape Cornelius.[114] In September 2022, Freya Allan and Peter Macon were announced to have been cast and the title was revealed to be Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes.[115][116][117] Production for the film began in October 2022 in Sydney, New South Wales at Disney Studios Australia.[118]

Other media and merchandise edit

Books edit

Pierre Boulle's novel La Planète des singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963.[119] All four of the original series' sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day, each of which went through multiple reprints of their own. Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970. Jerry Pournelle, who later co-authored Lucifer's Hammer and The Mote in God's Eye, wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization in 1974. John Jakes, former Science Fiction Writers of America president, wrote the Conquest of the Planet of the Apes novelization in 1972. David Gerrold, scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", wrote the Battle for the Planet of the Apes novelization in 1973. Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced.[120] William T. Quick wrote the 2001 Planet of the Apes novelization; he also wrote two prequel novels (Planet of the Apes: The Fall (2002) and Planet of the Apes: Colony (2003)), and several other book tie-ins were published.[121]

Comics edit

Main article: Planet of the Apes (comics)

Planet of the Apes–based comics have been published regularly since 1968. Among the most notable is Marvel Comics' Planet of the Apes magazine, published from 1974 to 1977. The black-and-white series featured adaptations of each of the films, new Apes stories by Doug Moench, series news, essays, interviews, and other material. It became one of Marvel's most successful titles, attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue, so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses. Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976, comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations.[122]

In 1990, during a resurgence of interest in the franchise, Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black-and-white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio. The debut issue sold 40,000 copies, a record for black-and-white comics, leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years. The series follows Caesar's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization. The comic's success led Malibu to publish five four-issue spinoff miniseries: Ape City, Planet of the Apes: Urchak's Folly, the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation, Planet of the Apes: Blood of the Apes and Planet of the Apes: The Forbidden Zone. Malibu also published two one-shot comics, A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet of the Apes: Sins of the Fathers, a prequel story to the original film; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series, titled Monkey Planet; and reissues of stories from Marvel's earlier Apes series.[123]

Gold Key Comics, Dark Horse Comics, and Boom! Studios have also produced Planet of the Apes comic books. The Boom! releases include crossovers with other properties: 2014's Star Trek/Planet of the Apes: The Primate Directive[124] and 2017's King Kong story Kong on the Planet of the Apes.[125] In 2018, Boom! released a graphic novel, Planet of the Apes: Visionaries, adapted by Dana Gould and Chad Lewis from the original 1968 film's unused screenplay by Rod Serling.[126]

Toys and merchandise edit

The series, and particularly the live-action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon, generated numerous toy and merchandising tie-ins. During the 1970s, Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products, including action figures and playsets, model building kits, coloring books, book-and-record sets, trading cards, toy weapons, costumes, apparel, branded tableware, and lunch boxes. This level of merchandising was unusual for the time and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series.[127] The action figures, sold by Mego beginning in 1973, were the first such toys sold as film tie-ins; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises.[128] Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes-vs.-humans role-playing make believe games that simulated the series' conflicts in a manner similar to "Cowboys and Indians".[127] With the release of the 21st-century films, Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys, including detailed action figures of new and "classic" characters sold as collectibles.[129]

Video games edit

In 1983, 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600, which was to be the first computer game based on the series. The game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 and it never saw release. It was assumed lost until 2002, when collectors identified a prototype, found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People, as the missing Apes game.[130][131] Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003.[131] In the game, the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty.[130]

A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001. Fox Interactive began developing a Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie-in to the long-gestating remake project. Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the project went into limbo, creating their own story based on Boulle's novel and the original films.[132][133] The game is an action-adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape-ruled future Earth. Fox Interactive's decision to co-publish with another company, Ubisoft, further delayed the game's release. Despite its long development, the game missed the debut of Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes film by two months;[134] it finally appeared on September 20, 2001, to mostly negative reviews.[135][136][137] Additionally, Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color, a side-scroller following the first two films.[133][138]

In 2014, Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes–themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc. Players create and spread a "simian flu" virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive.[139] In 2017, Fox commissioned an adventure game to accompany War for the Planet of the Apes called Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier.[140] Serkis' digital effects company The Imaginarium worked on the game and Serkis performed motion capture.[141] It was released on PlayStation 4 on November 21, 2017 to mixed reviews.[142] In 2018, Fox's virtual reality division FoxNext VR Studio partnered with developers Imaginati Studios on a VR first-person shooter, Crisis on the Planet of the Apes VR. The player controls a chimpanzee attempting to escape a human detention facility.[143][144] It was released on PC and PlayStation 4, receiving negative to average reviews.[145][146]

Themes and analysis edit

Racial issues edit

Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series' primary theme.[6] Eric Greene, author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material, writes that "when seen as one epic work, the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict."[37] In Greene's interpretation, the franchise's plot arc is rooted in the central conflict in which humans and apes alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle.[147] Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance, and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority. Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans and at other times with the apes.[148] According to Greene, this arc's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm.[147] Other critics have adopted or echoed Greene's interpretation.[149][150] Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film's racial undertones and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968.[151][152][153] Subsequently, the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments; as a result, race moves from being a secondary motif in the first two films to becoming the major concern of the last three.[154]

Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay this theme from the original series, removing the racial subtext of conflict between humans and apes. These critics generally argue that this is to the films' detriment, writing that it softens the series' edge,[155] leaves it thematically shallow,[156] and marginalizes non-white characters;[157] several critics have written that the films appear to invoke a "post-racial America", rather than exploring issues of race.[155][156][157] Others write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways, but that their presentation oversimplifies a complex message to the point of reinforcing racial norms rather than challenging them.[157][158]

Cold War and nuclear apocalypse edit

The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling's original Planet of the Apes script.[7] The films are apocalyptic and dystopian, suggesting the era's tensions could well lead to world destruction.[159][160] The films critique both sides of the war, with the oppressive ape society and the underground mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc.[159][161] According to Greene, Cold War motifs were central to the first two films and some spinoff media, but were less significant in the later sequels, which foregrounded racial conflict instead.[162]

Animal rights edit

Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series; Greene considers this related to the racial themes.[163] The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal; in later films, humans abuse apes for the same reason.[164] The idea of primate rights is much more dominant in the reboot films, which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his followers struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons.[165]

Cultural impact and legacy edit

 
Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention

Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series.[18] Fans' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics' Planet of the Apes magazine[122] and science fiction conventions, where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire "apecons"—conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes—in the 1970s.[166] The series' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances, including by musician Paul Williams (Virgil from Battle) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show.[18] In the 1970s, fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events.[167] The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years.[168] The live-action television series was reformatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981[57] and the Sci-Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon series in the 1990s.[119]

Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media. In terms of production, the series' success with sequelization, spinoffs and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking, in which studios develop films specifically to generate multimedia franchises.[169] In terms of content, the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and 1980s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations, including Alien Nation, Enemy Mine, and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics' 1972–1978 series Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes, which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals.[57] Mel Brooks' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the original Planet's Statue of Liberty ending.[170]

Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s, as plans for a new film and other media circulated. Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of "pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics", as well as a "political ferment" rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released.[171] Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series, during this period fans founded new clubs, websites, and fanzines active in the U.S., Canada, Brazil, and other countries.[172] Companies began producing new branded merchandise, including clothing, toys, and costumes.[173]

Especially after the 1990s, artists in diverse media referenced, incorporated, or were otherwise influenced by the series. Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians, allusions in films, comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney, and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston. The Simpsons parodied the series several times.[170] In particular, the episode "A Fish Called Selma" features the washed-up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes, I Want to Get Off![174] Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira's interrogation from Escape in her installation "Global Taste: A Meal in Three Courses", while Guillermo Gómez-Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art.[175]

The series' impact has extended to the political sphere, and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse.[176] The phrase "planet of the apes" has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo.[177] Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes.[178] According to Greene, white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films' world in which supposed "inferiors" seize control, while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the "racial apocalypse"; in this spirit, gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes. Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films.[179] Planet's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference; for example, Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing. The series' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as 1960s culture, urban decay, contemporary wars, and gun violence.[180]

List of films edit

Number Title Release date Director Continuity
1 Planet of the Apes April 3, 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series
2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27, 1970 Ted Post
3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21, 1971 Don Taylor
4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 29, 1972 J. Lee Thompson
5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes June 15, 1973
6 Planet of the Apes July 27, 2001 Tim Burton Remake
7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5, 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series
8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11, 2014 Matt Reeves
9 War for the Planet of the Apes July 14, 2017
10 Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes May 24, 2024 Wes Ball

Reception edit

For more details on the reception of each film, see the "Reception" section in each film's article

Box office performance edit

Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref(s)
North America Other
territories 		Worldwide All time
North America 		All time
worldwide
Planet of the Apes February 8, 1968 $32,589,624 $9,864 $32,599,488 #2,328 — $5.8 million [181]
Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27, 1970 $18,999,718 — $18,999,718 #3,301 — $3.4 million [26][182]
Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21, 1971 $12,348,905 — $12,348,905 #4,089 — $2.5 million [32][183]
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14, 1972 $9,043,472 — $9,043,472 #4,555 — $1.7 million [184]
Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23, 1973 $8,844,595 — $8,844,595 #4,581 — $1.2 million [44][185]
Planet of the Apes July 27, 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 #215 #282 $100 million [72]
Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5, 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,688 $481,800,873 #235 #184 $93 million [81]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11, 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 #167 #90 $170 million [85][186]
War for the Planet of the Apes July 14, 2017 $146,880,162 $343,839,601 $490,719,763 #343 #185 $150 million [96]
Total $794,023,990 $1,333,132,032 $2,127,203,256 $567.5 million [187]

Critical and public response edit

Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore
Planet of the Apes 86% (59 reviews)[188] 79 (14 reviews)[189] —
Beneath the Planet of the Apes 37% (30 reviews)[190] 46 (9 reviews)[191] —
Escape from the Planet of the Apes 77% (30 reviews)[192] 69 (9 reviews)[193] —
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 50% (22 reviews)[194] 49 (6 reviews)[195] —
Battle for the Planet of the Apes 36% (28 reviews)[196] 40 (5 reviews)[197] —
Planet of the Apes 44% (160 reviews)[70] 50 (34 reviews)[71] B−[198]
Rise of the Planet of the Apes 82% (272 reviews)[199] 68 (39 reviews)[200] A−[201]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 91% (316 reviews)[90] 79 (48 reviews)[91] A−[201]
War for the Planet of the Apes 94% (363 reviews)[99] 82 (50 reviews)[100] A−[201]

Accolades edit

Academy Awards edit

Award Planet of the Apes
(1968) 		Rise of the Planet of the Apes
(2011) 		Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
(2014) 		War for the Planet of the Apes
(2017)
Costume Design Nominated
Original Score Nominated
Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated

Cast and crew edit

Cast edit

Main article: List of Planet of the Apes characters
List indicator(s)

This section includes characters who have appeared in primary roles in the nine films to date.

  • An empty, dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
  •  A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio.
  •  C indicates a cameo role.
  •  P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs.
  •  U indicates an uncredited appearance.
  •  V indicates a voice-only role.
Character Original series Remake Reboot series
Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes
1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 2024

Apes edit

Dr. Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowallP Roddy McDowallA
Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim HunterA
Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton HestonU
Dr. Honorious James Daly
Dr. Maximus Woodrow Parfrey
President of the Assembly James Whitmore
Lucius Lou Wagner
General Ursus James Gregory
Minister Thomas Gomez
Dr. Milo Sal Mineo
Caesar Walker EdmistonV Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis
Lisa Natalie Trundy
General Aldo Claude Akins
Virgil Paul Williams
The Lawgiver John Huston
Mandemus Lew Ayres
Cornelius II Bobby Porter InfantU Devyn Dalton
Limbo Paul Giamatti
Ari Helena Bonham Carter
General Thade Tim Roth
Colonel Attar Michael Clarke Duncan
Senator Sandar David Warner
Nova Lisa Marie
Senator Nado Glenn Shadix
General Krull Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa
Rocket Terry Notary
Maurice Karin Konoval
Buck Richard Ridings
Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer
Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell
Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd-Jones
Ash Doc Shaw
Grey Lee Ross
Bad Ape Steve Zahn
Red Ty Olsson
Lake Sara Canning
Luca Michael Adamthwaite
Winter Aleks Paunovic

Humans edit

George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton HestonA
Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller
Landon Robert Gunner Robert GunnerA
Dodge Jeff Burton
Stewart Dianne Stanley
Brent James Franciscus
Mendez XXVI Paul Richards
Albina Natalie Trundy
Negro Don Pedro Colley
Caspay Jeff Corey
Fat Man Victor Buono
Verger Gregory Sierra
Skipper Tod Andrews
Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman
Dr. Stephanie "Stevie" Branton Natalie Trundy
Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Eric BraedenA
Armando Ricardo Montalbán
Governor Breck Don Murray
MacDonald Hari Rhodes
Kolp Severn Darden
MacDonald Austin Stoker
Mutant Captain Richard Eastham
Mendez Paul Stevens
Alma France Nuyen
Jake Michael Stearns
Abe the Teacher Noah Keen
Doctor Heather Lowe
Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg
Grace Alexander Anne Ramsay
Maria Cooper Andrea Grano
Frank Santos Michael Jace
Daena Estella Warren
Birn Luke Eberl
Bon Freda Foh Shen
Karubi Kris Kristofferson
Gunnar Evan Parke
Tival Erick Avari
Karl Vasich Chris Ellis
Will Rodman James Franco James FrancoU
Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto
Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo
Charles Rodman John Lithgow
Dodge Landon Tom Felton
John Landon Brian Cox
Douglas Hunsiker David Hewlett
Robert Franklin Tyler Labine
Dreyfus Gary Oldman
Ellie MacDonald Keri Russell
Alexander MacDonald Kodi Smit-McPhee
Malcolm Jason Clarke
Carver Kirk Acevedo
Werner Jocko Sims
McVeigh Kevin Rankin
Finney Keir O'Donnell
Colonel J. Wesley McCullough Woody Harrelson
Preacher Gabriel Chavarria
Captain Rod Wilson Roger Cross
Lang Mercedes De La Zerda
Boyle Chad Rook
TBA Peter Macon
Eka Darville
Kevin Durand
Dichen Lachman
William H. Macy

Crew edit

Crew/detail Original series Remake Reboot series
Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes
1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 2024
Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Wes Ball
Producer(s) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin, Dylan Clark, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Joe Hartwick Jr., Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver, Jason Reed
Story by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling Paul Dehn and Mort Abrahams Paul Dehn Paul Dehn William Broyles Jr., Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Mark Bomback, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Mark Bomback and Matt Reeves Josh Friedman, Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver and Patrick Aison
Screenwriter(s) Paul Dehn John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington
Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino John Paesano
Cinematographer Leon Shamroy Milton Krasner Joseph Biroc Bruce Surtees Richard H. Kline Philippe Rousselot Andrew Lesnie Michael Seresin Gyula Pados
Editor(s) Hugh S. Fowler Marion Rothman Alan L. Jaggs and Marjorie Fowler Alan L. Jaggs and John C. Horger Chris Lebenzon and Joel Negron Conrad Buff and Mark Goldblatt Stan Salfas and William Hoy Dan Zimmerman

Notes edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ a b Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 4–6.
  2. ^ Becker 1993, pp. 122–124.
  3. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 4.
  4. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 2, 9–10.
  5. ^ a b Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 2–3.
  6. ^ a b Greene 1998, p. 2.
  7. ^ a b Greene 1998, pp. 25–28.
  8. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 35.
  9. ^ Greene 1998, p. 28.
  10. ^ a b Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 33.
  11. ^ a b Webb 1998.
  12. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 27–28.
  13. ^ a b Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 29, 42–44.
  14. ^ Greene 1998, p. 215.
  15. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 52, 53 and note.
  16. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 2–3, 57 and note.
  17. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 138.
  18. ^ a b c Greene 1998, p. 164.
  19. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 2–3, 57.
  20. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 57–59.
  21. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 60–61.
  22. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 108–111.
  23. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 105–106, 117–119.
  24. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 117–118.
  25. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 108–109.
  26. ^ a b c Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 109–110.
  27. ^ a b Greene 1998, p. 216.
  28. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 61–62.
  29. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 109.
  30. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 109, 143.
  31. ^ a b Greene 1998, p. 71.
  32. ^ a b Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 145–147.
  33. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 153, 187, 212.
  34. ^ Greene 1998, p. 217.
  35. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 71–73.
  36. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 170, 178.
  37. ^ a b Greene 1998, p. 1.
  38. ^ a b Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 170, 178–179.
  39. ^ a b Greene 1998, pp. 81–82.
  40. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 81–83.
  41. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 186.
  42. ^ a b Greene 1998, pp. 217–218.
  43. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 200.
  44. ^ a b Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 216.
  45. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 203.
  46. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 114–115.
  47. ^ Greene 1998, p. 208.
  48. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 115–116.
  49. ^ Greene 1998, p. 218.
  50. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 109, 217–220.
  51. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 143–144.
  52. ^ Greene 1998, p. 152.
  53. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 232–235.
  54. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 235–237.
  55. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 152, 158, 218–221.
  56. ^ Fordham and Bond 2014, p. 150.
  57. ^ a b c Greene 1998, p. 168.
  58. ^ Greene 1998, p. 153.
  59. ^ Greene 1998, p. 154.
  60. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 159, 221.
  61. ^ Greene 1998, p. 159.
  62. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 159–164, 221–222.
  63. ^ Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 239.
  64. ^ Hughes 2004, pp. 34–37.
  65. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 180–181.
  66. ^ a b Hughes 2004, pp. 38–41.
  67. ^ Greene 1998, pp. 181–182.
  68. ^ a b Hughes 2004, pp. 41–43.
  69. ^ a b Hughes 2004, pp. 44–46.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes.
  • Dale Winogura (Summer 1972). "Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue – Interviews & Set Visit" (PDF). Cinefantastique.

November 23, 2023
planet, apes, this, article, about, media, franchise, original, 1963, novel, novel, original, 1968, film, 1968, film, other, uses, disambiguation, american, science, fiction, media, franchise, consisting, films, books, television, series, comics, other, media,. This article is about the media franchise For the original 1963 novel see Planet of the Apes novel For the original 1968 film see Planet of the Apes 1968 film For other uses see Planet of the Apes disambiguation Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films books television series comics and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control The franchise is based on French author Pierre Boulle s 1963 novel La Planete des singes translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet Its 1968 film adaptation Planet of the Apes was a critical and commercial hit initiating a series of sequels tie ins and derivative works Arthur P Jacobs produced the first five Apes films through APJAC Productions for distributor 20th Century Fox following his death in 1973 Fox controlled the franchise Planet of the ApesOfficial franchise logoCreated byPierre BoulleOriginal workLa Planete des singes 1963 Owner20th Century StudiosYears1968 presentPrint publicationsBook s List of booksNovel s La Planete des singes 1963 ComicsList of comicsFilms and televisionFilm s Original series Planet of the Apes 1968 Beneath the Planet of the Apes 1970 Escape from the Planet of the Apes 1971 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 1972 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 1973 Remake Planet of the Apes 2001 Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes 2011 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 2014 War for the Planet of the Apes 2017 Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes 2024 Television seriesPlanet of the Apes 1974 Animated seriesReturn to the Planet of the Apes 1975 1976 GamesVideo game s Planet of the Apes 2001 Revenge of the Apes 2003 Planet of the Apes Last Frontier 2017 Crisis on the Planet of the Apes VR 2018 MiscellaneousCharacter s List of charactersFour sequels followed the original film from 1970 to 1973 Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and Battle for the Planet of the Apes They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original but were commercially successful spawning a live action television series in 1974 and an animated series in 1975 Plans for a film remake stalled in development hell for over 10 years before Tim Burton s Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 A reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 In 2019 Disney acquired the entertainment assets of 21st Century Fox including 20th Century Fox That year Disney announced further sequels to the 2011 reboot series are in production with Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes officially announced for a 2024 release date The films have grossed a total of over US 2 billion worldwide against a combined budget of 567 5 million Franchise tie ins include books comics video games and toys Planet of the Apes has received particular attention among film critics for its treatment of racial issues Cinema and cultural analysts have also explored its Cold War and animal rights themes The series has influenced subsequent films media and art as well as popular culture and political discourse Contents 1 La Planete des singes 2 Original film series 2 1 Planet of the Apes 1968 2 2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes 1970 2 3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes 1971 2 4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 1972 2 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 1973 3 Television series 3 1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3 2 Return to the Planet of the Apes animated series 4 Remake film 4 1 Planned relaunch and development hell 4 2 Planet of the Apes 2001 5 Reboot film series 5 1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 2011 5 2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 2014 5 3 War for the Planet of the Apes 2017 5 4 Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes 2024 6 Other media and merchandise 6 1 Books 6 2 Comics 6 3 Toys and merchandise 6 4 Video games 7 Themes and analysis 7 1 Racial issues 7 2 Cold War and nuclear apocalypse 7 3 Animal rights 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of films 10 Reception 10 1 Box office performance 10 2 Critical and public response 10 3 Accolades 10 3 1 Academy Awards 11 Cast and crew 11 1 Cast 11 1 1 Apes 11 1 2 Humans 11 2 Crew 12 Notes 13 Footnotes 13 1 References 14 External linksLa Planete des singes editMain article Planet of the Apes novel nbsp First American edition of Boulle s novel titled Planet of the ApesThe series began with French author Pierre Boulle s 1963 novel La Planete des singes Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the humanlike expressions of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape La Planete des singes was heavily influenced by 18th and 19th century fantastical travel narratives especially Jonathan Swift s satirical Gulliver s Travels It is one of several of Boulle s works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind s overreliance on technology though Boulle rejected the science fiction label instead terming his genre social fantasy 1 The novel is a satire that follows French journalist Ulysse Merou who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes The ape species are sorted into classes the gorillas are police officers the chimpanzees are scientists and the orangutans are politicians Eventually Merou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them The story s central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted 1 2 Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works though it proved to be a bestseller British author Xan Fielding translated it into English it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes 3 Original film series editBoulle s literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P Jacobs who had come to Paris looking for properties to adapt with his new company APJAC Productions To explain his interests Jacobs would tell agents I wish King Kong hadn t been made so I could make it Bernheim initially approached him about a Francoise Sagan novel which Jacobs turned down Remembering Jacobs earlier comment about King Kong Bernheim mentioned La Planete des singes not expecting he would be interested However the story intrigued Jacobs who bought the film rights immediately 4 Planet of the Apes 1968 edit Main article Planet of the Apes 1968 film nbsp Charlton Heston star of Planet of the Apes nbsp Franklin J Schaffner director of Planet of the ApesAfter optioning the novel s film rights Jacobs spent over three years trying to persuade filmmakers to take on the project He engaged a succession of artists to create test sketches and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling creator of The Twilight Zone to pen the screenplay 5 6 Serling s script changed elements of Boulle s novel introducing Cold War themes notably he devised a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare 7 Production costs were estimated at over 10 million a risk no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J Schaffner The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed 5 Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable 5 81 million 8 The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson who had previously adapted Boulle s novel The Bridge over the River Kwai to rewrite Serling s script 9 10 To save on special effects costs Wilson s script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel 10 11 The new version changed much of the plot and dialogue but retained the Cold War themes and Serling s ending 11 12 John Chambers created the makeup effects 13 Heston played 20th century American astronaut George Taylor who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute primitive humans Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor s love interest Nova Maurice Evans played the villain orangutan Minister of Science Dr Zaius 14 The finale in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along became the defining scene of the series and one of the most iconic images in 1960s films 15 Planet of the Apes was released on February 8 1968 and was a smash success with both critics and audiences It was one of the year s 10 biggest money makers in North America taking in an estimated 22 million nearly four times its budget and earned rave reviews 16 17 John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make up effects the first ever given to a make up artist 13 Jerry Goldsmith s score and Morton Haack s costume design also earned Oscar nominations 18 Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind its success led them to consider the prospect 19 Beneath the Planet of the Apes 1970 edit Main article Beneath the Planet of the Apes Planning for the sequel eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes began two months after the original film s release Jacobs and Abrahams considered several treatments by Serling and Boulle eventually rejecting them 20 In late 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script he would become the primary writer for the franchise 21 22 Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character was killed off and his salary was donated to charity 23 In one of many major rewrites Dehn altered the script to center on a new character Brent played by James Franciscus 24 With Schaffner unavailable owing to his work on Patton the producers hired Ted Post as director on January 8 1969 25 Post struggled with the material especially after the studio cut the budget to 3 4 million 26 The story follows Franciscus s character an astronaut who while searching for Taylor inadvertently follows him into the future After encountering the apes from the first film Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb Kim Hunter Maurice Evans and Linda Harrison returned as Zira Zaius and Nova 27 David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict 28 James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Mendez The film opened on May 26 1970 27 Unlike its predecessor Beneath was poorly reviewed critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the last one Battle for the Planet of the Apes 29 Nonetheless it was a major box office hit nearing the original s numbers Despite a conclusion depicting the planet s nuclear destruction Fox requested another sequel creating a series 30 31 Escape from the Planet of the Apes 1971 edit Main article Escape from the Planet of the Apes nbsp Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes He would go on to star in two more Apes films and the live action television series Following the financial success of Beneath Arthur P Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram Apes exist sequel required Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes The producers hired a new director Don Taylor 31 Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget of 2 5 million which required a tight production schedule 32 To work around the budget as well as Beneath s seemingly definitive ending the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira Kim Hunter and Cornelius Roddy McDowall returning to the role after being absent from Beneath back in time to the contemporary United States reducing the need for expensive sets and ape makeup effects 26 In the film Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society but the humans fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict Jacobs wife Natalie Trundy who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and would play the ape Lisa in the next two sequels was cast as Dr Stephanie Branton 33 Bradford Dillman played Dr Lewis Dixon Ricardo Montalban played Armando and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain the president s science advisor Otto Hasslein 34 Compared to its predecessors Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict which became a primary focus through the rest of the series 35 The film opened on May 21 1971 less than a year after Beneath It was well received by critics 36 From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work Cinefantastique editor Frederick S Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction 37 It also performed well at the box office though not as strongly as its predecessors Fox ordered a third sequel 38 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 1972 edit Main article Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes though it provided a comparatively low budget of 1 7 million 38 Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter and producer Jacobs hired J Lee Thompson to direct Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process 39 For Conquest Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme an ancillary concern in the early films that became a central focus in Escape 40 In particular Dehn associated the apes with African Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement 39 Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar the son of his previous character Cornelius 41 Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando while Don Murray played Governor Breck Severn Darden played Kolp and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald 42 Following Escape Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion The film opened on June 30 1972 42 Reviews were mixed but the ending left the series open to another sequel and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox commissioned another film 43 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 1973 edit Main article Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a 1 2 million budget the lowest of the series 44 The filmmakers went into the project knowing that it would be the end of the series 45 J Lee Thompson returned as director Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay 46 47 Battle continued Conquest s focus on racial conflict and domination but likely based in part on the studio s wishes the Corringtons discarded Dehn s pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful though ambiguous resolution 48 Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet He contends with both an attack by radiation scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans McDowall returned as Caesar and Severn Darden returned as Kolp Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil Austin Stoker played MacDonald the brother of Hari Rhodes character and Claude Akins played the gorilla general Aldo John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative 49 The film opened on May 2 1973 It made a profit over production costs but received poor reviews from critics who regard it as the weakest of the five films 50 Critics have offered various interpretations of the film s message and its significance for the series Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending set over 700 years after the main events the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar s story to an integrated audience of ape and human children By one interpretation the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression giving the series an optimistic finale By another the statue weeps because racial strife still exists implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable 51 Television series editPlanet of the Apes TV series edit Main article Planet of the Apes TV series nbsp The lead cast of the Planet of the Apes television series James Naughton as Burke Ron Harper as Virdon and Roddy McDowall as GalenAs well as their profitable returns at the box office the films earned very high ratings on television after their theatrical runs To capitalize on this success Arthur P Jacobs conceived of an hour long live action television series to follow the films He first had the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest which he then anticipated would be the final film but he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth installment Jacobs died on June 27 1973 bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project titled Planet of the Apes CBS picked up the series for its 1974 autumn lineup 52 Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke two 20th century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans unlike the original film the humans can speak Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko The episodes portray Virdon Burke and Galen as they search for a way home aid downtrodden humans and apes and avoid the authorities 53 The show premiered on September 13 1974 filling CBS s 8 9 pm time slot on Fridays It earned low ratings during its run a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the franchise famous Given the considerable production costs CBS canceled the show after 14 episodes the last airing on December 20 1974 54 55 56 In 1981 Fox reedited 10 of the episodes into five television films Each film combined two episodes and in some markets added new introductory and concluding segments starring McDowall as an aged Galen The films were given what scholar Eric Greene calls the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus Back to the Planet of the Apes Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes Life Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes 57 Greene finds the show s position in the Apes timeline significant set in 3085 it occurs about 900 years before Taylor s crash in the original film and 400 years after the Lawgiver s sermon in Battle By depicting a future where apes dominate humans it implies the Lawgiver s message of equality between man and ape has failed giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle s ending 58 Greene argues that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had though the episodes The Trap and The Liberator made it a central focus 59 Return to the Planet of the Apes animated series edit Main article Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 after the failure of the live action television series NBC and 20th Century Fox agreed to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series The network contracted DePatie Freleng Enterprises to produce a half hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes Doug Wildey co creator of Jonny Quest took on most creative control as associate producer storyboard director and supervising director 60 Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath and thus based his interpretation on them As such the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape Conquest and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films 61 The plot concerns three American astronauts Bill Hudson Tom Williams Jeff Allen Austin Stoker who played MacDonald in Battle and Judy Franklin Claudette Nevins who inadvertently journey to Earth s far future They find the world populated by three groups mute humans who inhabit desert caves subterranean human Underdwellers fashioned after the mutants of Beneath and civilized apes who subjugate the humans Through the show the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet s affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series including Nova Nevins again General Urko Henry Cordin Zira Philippa Harris Cornelius Edwin Mills and Dr Zaius Richard Blackburn 62 NBC broadcast 13 episodes between September 6 and November 29 1975 The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings The network considered producing a second three episode season to complete the storyline but this never materialized 63 Remake film editPlanned relaunch and development hell edit Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s but the project fell into a drawn out and fruitless development phase development hell for over 10 years It began in 1988 when Fox announced that Adam Rifkin then a 21 year old independent film director would develop a new Apes movie At a Fox executive s invitation Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films In Rifkin s initial concept Taylor s descendant Duke launches a Spartacus like uprising against Roman inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan Days before the project was scheduled to enter pre production Fox brought in new studio executives who sent it back to development 64 They commissioned Rifkin to write several redrafts but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project 65 After several years in limbo Fox returned to the Apes concept this time with Oliver Stone as a producer Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes 66 In their script humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity s eventual destruction 67 Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson and Phillip Noyce agreed to direct The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin but other executives were ambivalent about the action script believing that it should be lighter At one point executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his stamp on the film and fired Hayes when he left it out This move caused Noyce to quit as well and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another 66 After the collapse of the Stone Hayes project Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a screenplay taking elements from Boulle s novel and various unused treatments In Hamm s script an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth Scientists go to the astronaut s planet where apes hunt humans they locate a cure but return to find Earth overrun by simians Schwarzenegger remained attached but Fox found the script underwhelming Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother s death and James Cameron stepped in to produce Cameron intended to go in a very different direction with the script but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic he dropped out of the project Fox approached a series of directors to take over without success 68 Planet of the Apes 2001 edit Main article Planet of the Apes 2001 film nbsp Tim Burton director of the 2001 Planet of the ApesIn 1999 Fox hired William Broyles Jr to write a new script Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date but otherwise offered Broyles considerable creative license 68 This prospect attracted director Tim Burton who hoped to do a re imagining of Planet of the Apes Burton found the production arduous largely due to Fox s strict release schedule The studio budgeted the film at 100 million meaning Broyles ambitious script had to be altered to reduce costs Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production The tight schedule meant that all stages of production were rushed 69 The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal Earth primates who had accompanied his mission and had arrived on the planet years before Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari while Tim Roth played the human hating chimpanzee General Thade The film received mixed reviews most critics believed it failed to compare to the original Much of the negative commentary focused on the confusing plot and twist ending though many reviewers praised the special effects 70 71 The film succeeded at the box office taking in 362 million worldwide 72 Fox had initially hoped for a sequel but the difficult production left Burton unenthusiastic about participating and the film failed to generate enough interest for the studio to pursue a follow up 69 Reboot film series editRise of the Planet of the Apes 2011 edit Main article Rise of the Planet of the Apes nbsp Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture actingIn 2005 screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimpanzee raised in a human household He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar the lead character of Conquest and Battle Fox was impressed and bought the pitch but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts writers directors and producers In 2010 producers Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers 73 74 In the final script Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman who raises him After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising 75 The screenplay contains complex connections to other entries in the series causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them Oliver Lindler writes that while the film s premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term instead calling the film a prequel or origin story to the original Planet of the Apes film and or a reboot of the series fans and bloggers were more apt to refer to it as a remake 76 77 78 The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt To portray ape characters realistically the production avoided practical effects in favor of motion capture acting partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar 79 Rise debuted on August 5 2011 Critics reviewed it positively especially praising the visual effects and Serkis s performance 80 It was a major box office hit taking in 482 million globally more than five times its 93 million budget 81 Weta s special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards among other accolades The strength of Serkis s performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration he was not nominated by Academy voters 82 Following the movie s success Fox immediately planned for a sequel 83 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 2014 edit Main article Dawn of the Planet of the Apes nbsp Director and cast of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes from left Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke Keri Russell and Andy SerkisProducers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise s release in 2011 Fox allocated a budget of 40 million although the ultimate budget increased to 170 million 84 85 86 Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues and was replaced by Matt Reeves 84 87 Set 10 years after Rise the film establishes that the simian flu a side effect of the drug that enhanced the apes intelligence has killed most humans Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into violent clashes with nearby human survivors Weta Digital again provided special effects work which combined practical sets digitally manipulated backgrounds and performance capture ape characters 88 The lead human characters were played by Jason Clarke as Malcolm Keri Russell as Ellie and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus 89 Released on July 11 2014 the film was very well received by critics who found it a strong follow up to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects 90 91 It also performed very strongly at the box office taking in 711 million in worldwide grosses 85 Its special effects received several honors including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards 92 War for the Planet of the Apes 2017 edit Main article War for the Planet of the Apes Fox was confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that the studio started planning for the next installment months before the film debuted After Fox and Chernin Entertainment screened Matt Reeves cut of Dawn he was contracted to return as director he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver again served as producers 93 94 Given a 150 million budget War for the Planet of the Apes was released on July 14 2017 95 96 The film depicts the apes and humans in armed conflict and follows Caesar and his followers as they track down the mysterious Colonel a human paramilitary leader and search for a new home Serkis returned as Caesar Woody Harrelson played the villainous Colonel and Steve Zahn played Bad Ape 97 98 It earned widespread critical acclaim reviewers praised the effects and narrative and found the film a fitting conclusion to Caesar s story 99 100 It earned 491 million at the worldwide box office 96 Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes 2024 edit Main article Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes In October 2016 it was reported that a fourth film in the new series was being discussed 101 102 Shortly before the release of War in July 2017 Reeves said that he expressed interest in making more Apes films and that Steve Zahn who played Bad Ape in the film had set up a story for further sequels 103 104 105 Writer Mark Bomback hinted that further films would be possible 106 In April 2019 following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney Disney announced that future Planet of the Apes films are in development 107 108 In August 2019 Disney stated that any future installments would take place in the universe first established in Rise of the Planet of the Apes 109 In February 2020 Wes Ball was announced as director of the next film with Joe Hartwick Jr and David Starke serving as producers Ball explained that the story will take place after the events of War for the Planet of the Apes and continue to follow Caesar s legacy 110 111 In May 2020 it was announced that Josh Friedman will serve as screenwriter alongside Ball while Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will return to the franchise as producers 112 In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter 20th Century Studios president Steve Asbell stated that production would start between the late summer or early fall of 2022 113 In August 2022 Owen Teague was announced to have been cast in a lead role the ape Cornelius 114 In September 2022 Freya Allan and Peter Macon were announced to have been cast and the title was revealed to be Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes 115 116 117 Production for the film began in October 2022 in Sydney New South Wales at Disney Studios Australia 118 Other media and merchandise editBooks edit Pierre Boulle s novel La Planete des singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 119 All four of the original series sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day each of which went through multiple reprints of their own Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 Jerry Pournelle who later co authored Lucifer s Hammer and The Mote in God s Eye wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization in 1974 John Jakes former Science Fiction Writers of America president wrote the Conquest of the Planet of the Apes novelization in 1972 David Gerrold scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode The Trouble with Tribbles wrote the Battle for the Planet of the Apes novelization in 1973 Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced 120 William T Quick wrote the 2001 Planet of the Apes novelization he also wrote two prequel novels Planet of the Apes The Fall 2002 and Planet of the Apes Colony 2003 and several other book tie ins were published 121 Comics edit Main article Planet of the Apes comics Planet of the Apes based comics have been published regularly since 1968 Among the most notable is Marvel Comics Planet of the Apes magazine published from 1974 to 1977 The black and white series featured adaptations of each of the films new Apes stories by Doug Moench series news essays interviews and other material It became one of Marvel s most successful titles attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations 122 In 1990 during a resurgence of interest in the franchise Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black and white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio The debut issue sold 40 000 copies a record for black and white comics leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years The series follows Caesar s grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization The comic s success led Malibu to publish five four issue spinoff miniseries Ape City Planet of the Apes Urchak s Folly the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation Planet of the Apes Blood of the Apes and Planet of the Apes The Forbidden Zone Malibu also published two one shot comics A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet of the Apes Sins of the Fathers a prequel story to the original film a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series titled Monkey Planet and reissues of stories from Marvel s earlier Apes series 123 Gold Key Comics Dark Horse Comics and Boom Studios have also produced Planet of the Apes comic books The Boom releases include crossovers with other properties 2014 s Star Trek Planet of the Apes The Primate Directive 124 and 2017 s King Kong story Kong on the Planet of the Apes 125 In 2018 Boom released a graphic novel Planet of the Apes Visionaries adapted by Dana Gould and Chad Lewis from the original 1968 film s unused screenplay by Rod Serling 126 Toys and merchandise edit The series and particularly the live action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon generated numerous toy and merchandising tie ins During the 1970s Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products including action figures and playsets model building kits coloring books book and record sets trading cards toy weapons costumes apparel branded tableware and lunch boxes This level of merchandising was unusual for the time and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series 127 The action figures sold by Mego beginning in 1973 were the first such toys sold as film tie ins they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises 128 Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes vs humans role playing make believe games that simulated the series conflicts in a manner similar to Cowboys and Indians 127 With the release of the 21st century films Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys including detailed action figures of new and classic characters sold as collectibles 129 Video games edit In 1983 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 which was to be the first computer game based on the series The game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 and it never saw release It was assumed lost until 2002 when collectors identified a prototype found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People as the missing Apes game 130 131 Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 131 In the game the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty 130 A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 Fox Interactive began developing a Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie in to the long gestating remake project Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the project went into limbo creating their own story based on Boulle s novel and the original films 132 133 The game is an action adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape ruled future Earth Fox Interactive s decision to co publish with another company Ubisoft further delayed the game s release Despite its long development the game missed the debut of Tim Burton s Planet of the Apes film by two months 134 it finally appeared on September 20 2001 to mostly negative reviews 135 136 137 Additionally Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color a side scroller following the first two films 133 138 In 2014 Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc Players create and spread a simian flu virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive 139 In 2017 Fox commissioned an adventure game to accompany War for the Planet of the Apes called Planet of the Apes Last Frontier 140 Serkis digital effects company The Imaginarium worked on the game and Serkis performed motion capture 141 It was released on PlayStation 4 on November 21 2017 to mixed reviews 142 In 2018 Fox s virtual reality division FoxNext VR Studio partnered with developers Imaginati Studios on a VR first person shooter Crisis on the Planet of the Apes VR The player controls a chimpanzee attempting to escape a human detention facility 143 144 It was released on PC and PlayStation 4 receiving negative to average reviews 145 146 Themes and analysis editRacial issues edit Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series primary theme 6 Eric Greene author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material writes that when seen as one epic work the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict 37 In Greene s interpretation the franchise s plot arc is rooted in the central conflict in which humans and apes alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle 147 Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans and at other times with the apes 148 According to Greene this arc s central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm 147 Other critics have adopted or echoed Greene s interpretation 149 150 Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film s racial undertones and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr pointed them out in 1968 151 152 153 Subsequently the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments as a result race moves from being a secondary motif in the first two films to becoming the major concern of the last three 154 Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay this theme from the original series removing the racial subtext of conflict between humans and apes These critics generally argue that this is to the films detriment writing that it softens the series edge 155 leaves it thematically shallow 156 and marginalizes non white characters 157 several critics have written that the films appear to invoke a post racial America rather than exploring issues of race 155 156 157 Others write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways but that their presentation oversimplifies a complex message to the point of reinforcing racial norms rather than challenging them 157 158 Cold War and nuclear apocalypse edit The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling s original Planet of the Apes script 7 The films are apocalyptic and dystopian suggesting the era s tensions could well lead to world destruction 159 160 The films critique both sides of the war with the oppressive ape society and the underground mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc 159 161 According to Greene Cold War motifs were central to the first two films and some spinoff media but were less significant in the later sequels which foregrounded racial conflict instead 162 Animal rights edit Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series Greene considers this related to the racial themes 163 The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason 164 The idea of primate rights is much more dominant in the reboot films which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his followers struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons 165 Cultural impact and legacy edit nbsp Fans in costume as Dr Zaius and Dr Zira at a science fiction conventionPlanet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series 18 Fans interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics Planet of the Apes magazine 122 and science fiction conventions where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire apecons conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes in the 1970s 166 The series distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances including by musician Paul Williams Virgil from Battle on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show 18 In the 1970s fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events 167 The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years 168 The live action television series was reformatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 57 and the Sci Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon series in the 1990s 119 Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media In terms of production the series success with sequelization spinoffs and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking in which studios develop films specifically to generate multimedia franchises 169 In terms of content the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and 1980s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations including Alien Nation Enemy Mine and V More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics 1972 1978 series Kamandi The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes which concern human protagonists in post apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals 57 Mel Brooks 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the original Planet s Statue of Liberty ending 170 Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s as plans for a new film and other media circulated Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics as well as a political ferment rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released 171 Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series during this period fans founded new clubs websites and fanzines active in the U S Canada Brazil and other countries 172 Companies began producing new branded merchandise including clothing toys and costumes 173 Especially after the 1990s artists in diverse media referenced incorporated or were otherwise influenced by the series Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians allusions in films comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston The Simpsons parodied the series several times 170 In particular the episode A Fish Called Selma features the washed up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes I Want to Get Off 174 Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira s interrogation from Escape in her installation Global Taste A Meal in Three Courses while Guillermo Gomez Pena and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art 175 The series impact has extended to the political sphere and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse 176 The phrase planet of the apes has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo 177 Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes 178 According to Greene white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films world in which supposed inferiors seize control while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the racial apocalypse in this spirit gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes Greene writes that these uses invert the anti racist message of the films 179 Planet s final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference for example Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing The series themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as 1960s culture urban decay contemporary wars and gun violence 180 List of films editNumber Title Release date Director Continuity1 Planet of the Apes April 3 1968 Franklin J Schaffner Original series2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 1970 Ted Post3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 1971 Don Taylor4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 29 1972 J Lee Thompson5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes June 15 19736 Planet of the Apes July 27 2001 Tim Burton Remake7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 2014 Matt Reeves9 War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 201710 Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes May 24 2024 Wes BallReception editFor more details on the reception of each film see the Reception section in each film s article Box office performance edit Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref s North America Otherterritories Worldwide All timeNorth America All timeworldwidePlanet of the Apes February 8 1968 32 589 624 9 864 32 599 488 2 328 5 8 million 181 Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 1970 18 999 718 18 999 718 3 301 3 4 million 26 182 Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 1971 12 348 905 12 348 905 4 089 2 5 million 32 183 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 1972 9 043 472 9 043 472 4 555 1 7 million 184 Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 1973 8 844 595 8 844 595 4 581 1 2 million 44 185 Planet of the Apes July 27 2001 180 011 740 182 200 000 362 211 740 215 282 100 million 72 Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 2011 176 760 185 305 040 688 481 800 873 235 184 93 million 81 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 2014 208 545 589 502 098 977 710 644 566 167 90 170 million 85 186 War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 2017 146 880 162 343 839 601 490 719 763 343 185 150 million 96 Total 794 023 990 1 333 132 032 2 127 203 256 567 5 million 187 Critical and public response edit Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScorePlanet of the Apes 86 59 reviews 188 79 14 reviews 189 Beneath the Planet of the Apes 37 30 reviews 190 46 9 reviews 191 Escape from the Planet of the Apes 77 30 reviews 192 69 9 reviews 193 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 50 22 reviews 194 49 6 reviews 195 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 36 28 reviews 196 40 5 reviews 197 Planet of the Apes 44 160 reviews 70 50 34 reviews 71 B 198 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 82 272 reviews 199 68 39 reviews 200 A 201 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 91 316 reviews 90 79 48 reviews 91 A 201 War for the Planet of the Apes 94 363 reviews 99 82 50 reviews 100 A 201 Accolades edit Academy Awards edit Award Planet of the Apes 1968 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 2011 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 2014 War for the Planet of the Apes 2017 Costume Design NominatedOriginal Score NominatedVisual Effects Nominated Nominated NominatedCast and crew editCast edit Main article List of Planet of the Apes characters List indicator s This section includes characters who have appeared in primary roles in the nine films to date An empty dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio C indicates a cameo role P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs U indicates an uncredited appearance V indicates a voice only role Character Original series Remake Reboot seriesPlanet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 2024Apes editDr Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowallP Roddy McDowallADr Zira Kim Hunter Kim HunterADr Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton HestonUDr Honorious James DalyDr Maximus Woodrow ParfreyPresident of the Assembly James WhitmoreLucius Lou WagnerGeneral Ursus James GregoryMinister Thomas GomezDr Milo Sal MineoCaesar Walker EdmistonV Roddy McDowall Andy SerkisLisa Natalie TrundyGeneral Aldo Claude AkinsVirgil Paul WilliamsThe Lawgiver John HustonMandemus Lew AyresCornelius II Bobby Porter InfantU Devyn DaltonLimbo Paul GiamattiAri Helena Bonham CarterGeneral Thade Tim RothColonel Attar Michael Clarke DuncanSenator Sandar David WarnerNova Lisa MarieSenator Nado Glenn ShadixGeneral Krull Cary Hiroyuki TagawaRocket Terry NotaryMaurice Karin KonovalBuck Richard RidingsCornelia Devyn Dalton Judy GreerKoba Christopher Gordon Toby KebbellBlue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd JonesAsh Doc ShawGrey Lee RossBad Ape Steve ZahnRed Ty OlssonLake Sara CanningLuca Michael AdamthwaiteWinter Aleks PaunovicHumans editGeorge Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton HestonANova Linda Harrison Amiah MillerLandon Robert Gunner Robert GunnerADodge Jeff BurtonStewart Dianne StanleyBrent James FranciscusMendez XXVI Paul RichardsAlbina Natalie TrundyNegro Don Pedro ColleyCaspay Jeff CoreyFat Man Victor BuonoVerger Gregory SierraSkipper Tod AndrewsDr Lewis Dixon Bradford DillmanDr Stephanie Stevie Branton Natalie TrundyDr Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Eric BraedenAArmando Ricardo MontalbanGovernor Breck Don MurrayMacDonald Hari RhodesKolp Severn DardenMacDonald Austin StokerMutant Captain Richard EasthamMendez Paul StevensAlma France NuyenJake Michael StearnsAbe the Teacher Noah KeenDoctor Heather LoweLeo Davidson Mark WahlbergGrace Alexander Anne RamsayMaria Cooper Andrea GranoFrank Santos Michael JaceDaena Estella WarrenBirn Luke EberlBon Freda Foh ShenKarubi Kris KristoffersonGunnar Evan ParkeTival Erick AvariKarl Vasich Chris EllisWill Rodman James Franco James FrancoUCaroline Aranha Freida PintoSteven Jacobs David OyelowoCharles Rodman John LithgowDodge Landon Tom FeltonJohn Landon Brian CoxDouglas Hunsiker David HewlettRobert Franklin Tyler LabineDreyfus Gary OldmanEllie MacDonald Keri RussellAlexander MacDonald Kodi Smit McPheeMalcolm Jason ClarkeCarver Kirk AcevedoWerner Jocko SimsMcVeigh Kevin RankinFinney Keir O DonnellColonel J Wesley McCullough Woody HarrelsonPreacher Gabriel ChavarriaCaptain Rod Wilson Roger CrossLang Mercedes De La ZerdaBoyle Chad RookTBA Peter MaconEka DarvilleKevin DurandDichen LachmanWilliam H MacyCrew edit Crew detail Original series Remake Reboot seriesPlanet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 2024Director Franklin J Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Wes BallProducer s Arthur P Jacobs Richard D Zanuck Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Joe Hartwick Jr Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Jason ReedStory by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling Paul Dehn and Mort Abrahams Paul Dehn Paul Dehn William Broyles Jr Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Mark Bomback Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Mark Bomback and Matt Reeves Josh Friedman Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver and Patrick AisonScreenwriter s Paul Dehn John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper CorringtonComposer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino John PaesanoCinematographer Leon Shamroy Milton Krasner Joseph Biroc Bruce Surtees Richard H Kline Philippe Rousselot Andrew Lesnie Michael Seresin Gyula PadosEditor s Hugh S Fowler Marion Rothman Alan L Jaggs and Marjorie Fowler Alan L Jaggs and John C Horger Chris Lebenzon and Joel Negron Conrad Buff and Mark Goldblatt Stan Salfas and William Hoy Dan ZimmermanNotes editFootnotes edit a b Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 4 6 Becker 1993 pp 122 124 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 4 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 2 9 10 a b Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 2 3 a b Greene 1998 p 2 a b Greene 1998 pp 25 28 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 35 Greene 1998 p 28 a b Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 33 a b Webb 1998 Greene 1998 pp 27 28 a b Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 29 42 44 Greene 1998 p 215 Greene 1998 pp 52 53 and note Greene 1998 pp 2 3 57 and note Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 138 a b c Greene 1998 p 164 Greene 1998 pp 2 3 57 Greene 1998 pp 57 59 Greene 1998 pp 60 61 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 108 111 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 105 106 117 119 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 117 118 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 108 109 a b c Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 109 110 a b Greene 1998 p 216 Greene 1998 pp 61 62 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 109 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 109 143 a b Greene 1998 p 71 a b Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 145 147 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 153 187 212 Greene 1998 p 217 Greene 1998 pp 71 73 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 170 178 a b Greene 1998 p 1 a b Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 170 178 179 a b Greene 1998 pp 81 82 Greene 1998 pp 81 83 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 186 a b Greene 1998 pp 217 218 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 200 a b Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 216 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 203 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 114 115 Greene 1998 p 208 Greene 1998 pp 115 116 Greene 1998 p 218 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 109 217 220 Greene 1998 pp 143 144 Greene 1998 p 152 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 232 235 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 pp 235 237 Greene 1998 pp 152 158 218 221 Fordham and Bond 2014 p 150 a b c Greene 1998 p 168 Greene 1998 p 153 Greene 1998 p 154 Greene 1998 pp 159 221 Greene 1998 p 159 Greene 1998 pp 159 164 221 222 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 239 Hughes 2004 pp 34 37 Greene 1998 pp 180 181 a b Hughes 2004 pp 38 41 Greene 1998 pp 181 182 a b Hughes 2004 pp 41 43 a b Hughes 2004 pp 44 46 a b Planet of the Apes 2001 www rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes 2014 Retrieved August 23 2014 a b Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2014 Retrieved August 23 2014 a b Planet of the Apes 2001 www boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo 2014 Retrieved August 23 2014 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 188 190 192 Brodesser Akner Claude January 22 2010 Planet of the Apes Re Reboot Is Back On www vulture com the culture and entertainment site from New York magazine Retrieved September 1 2014 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 191 192 Lindner 2015 pp 30 31 35 36 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 192 193 Faraci Devin April 15 2011 So What The Hell Is Rise of the Planet of the Apes birthmoviesdeath com Retrieved July 13 2015 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 194 199 Fordham and Bond 2014 p 209 a b Rise of the Planet of the Apes www boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo 2014 Retrieved August 23 2014 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 209 214 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 216 222 a b Lussier Germain October 1 2012 Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm Dawn of the Planet of the Apes slashfilm com Film Retrieved September 3 2014 a b c Dawn of the Planet of the Apes www boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo 2014 Retrieved August 23 2014 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 2014 www boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo Retrieved August 8 2023 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 222 224 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 227 238 Fordham and Bond 2014 p 225 a b Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 2011 www rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes 2014 Retrieved October 28 2017 a b Dawn of the Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2014 Retrieved September 1 2014 Giardina Carolyn February 4 2015 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Tops Visual Effects Society Awards The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved October 20 2015 Kroll Justin January 7 2014 Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct Planet of the Apes 3 Variety Retrieved October 20 2015 Fleming Mike Jr January 7 2014 Matt Reeves To Helm Planet Of The Apes 3 Deadline Hollywood Retrieved September 3 2014 Goldberg Matt May 14 2015 New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed collider com Collider Retrieved May 14 2015 a b c War for the Planet of the Apes www boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo 2017 Retrieved January 8 2017 Kit Borys September 15 2015 Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New Planet of the Apes Movie The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved October 2 2015 Sneider Jeff October 12 2015 Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next Planet of the Apes Movie thewrap com TheWrap Retrieved October 13 2015 a b War of the Planet of the Apes 2017 www rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes 2017 Retrieved October 28 2017 a b War for the Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2017 Retrieved July 12 2017 Han Angie October 11 2016 War for the Planet of the Apes Director Matt Reeves Absolutely Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next slashfilm com Film Retrieved August 13 2017 Owen Luke October 12 2016 Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed flickeringmyth com Flickering Myth Retrieved October 13 2016 Bianco Julia Matt Reeves talks about the future of the Planet of the Apes franchise Looper com Retrieved April 19 2019 How Bad Ape Sets Up War for the Planet of the Apes Sequels ScreenRant July 6 2017 Retrieved April 19 2019 Davis Erik July 11 2017 Matt Reeves Says He Wants to Make More Planet of the Apes Movies Fandango Retrieved April 19 2019 Britt Ryan Planet of the Apes Screenwriter Explains Where a Sequel Could Go Next Inverse Retrieved April 19 2019 Giardina Carolyn McClintock Pamela April 3 2019 New Avengers Endgame Footage Hits CinemaCon The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved April 5 2019 Disney amp Fox Promise More Alien amp Planet of the Apes Movies ScreenRant April 3 2019 Retrieved April 19 2019 Disney secures the future of Planet of the Apes but when will a sequel arrive yahoo com Retrieved December 9 2019 New Planet of the Apes Movie in the Works With Maze Runner Filmmaker Wes Ball The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved December 3 2019 Fisher Jacob Daniel Dorrance Joins Planet of the Apes Reboot For 20th Century Studios Discussing Film Retrieved February 17 2020 St Lawrence Chris May 26 2020 Wes Ball Gives An Update on His Upcoming Planet of the Apes Continuation Exclusive Interview Discussing Film Kit Borys March 3 2022 10 Plus Movies a Year for Hulu Avatar For Real More Free Guy 20th Century Studios President on Company s Future The Hollywood Reporter MRC and Penske Media Corporation Retrieved March 4 2022 Kroll Justin August 22 2022 Planet of the Apes Owen Teague To Star In New Installment For 20th Century Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on June 22 2022 Retrieved August 23 2022 Couch Aaron September 29 2022 Next Planet of the Apes Cast Title Unveiled The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved September 29 2022 Kroll Justin September 29 2022 New Planet Of The Apes Movie Taps The Witcher s Freya Allan To Star Sets New Title And First Look Deadline Hollywood Retrieved September 29 2022 Zee Michaela September 29 2022 New Planet of the Apes Movie Gets Title and First Look Will Star The Witcher s Freya Allan Variety Retrieved September 29 2022 Tulich Katherine October 9 2022 Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes Starts Shooting at Renamed Disney Studios Australia Variety Retrieved October 9 2022 a b Greene 1998 p 169 Greene 1998 p 166 and note Handley 2008 pp 256 267 a b Greene 1998 pp 164 166 Greene 1998 pp 171 175 Sciretta Peter July 25 2014 Star Trek Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios slashfilm com Film Archived from the original on September 14 2015 Retrieved January 27 2016 Gross Ed August 9 2017 Kong on the Planet of the Apes Exclusive First Look at the Comic Mini Series www empireonline com Empire Retrieved January 12 2018 Scott Collura August 30 2018 Planet of the Apes Visionaries Offers a Glimpse of the Rod Serling Apes Movie That Could ve Been IGN a b Greene 1998 pp 166 168 Scott 2010 pp 3 204 Fordham and Bond 2014 pp 178 184 a b Green Earl 2014 Planet of the Apes Prototype www allgame com AllGame Archived from the original on December 11 2014 a b Weiss 2012 p 99 Adams Tom February 9 2000 IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras www ign com IGN Retrieved August 21 2014 a b Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership bringing Planet of the Apes to video games www bluesnews com September 6 2001 Retrieved August 21 2014 D Alessandro Anthony May 16 2001 Fox s Ape athy Variety Retrieved August 21 2014 Sulic Ivan October 18 2001 Planet of the Apes PC www ign com IGN Retrieved August 20 2014 Planet of the Apes PC www gamerankings com GameRankings 2014 Retrieved August 12 2014 Planet of the Apes PlayStation www gamerankings com GameRankings 2014 Retrieved August 12 2014 Goldstein Hilary December 14 2001 Planet of the Apes GBA www ign com IGN Retrieved August 12 2014 Watts Steve July 2 2014 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc www ign com IGN Retrieved August 21 2014 Mat Paget War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles gamespot com GameSpot Retrieved January 3 2018 Dean Takahashi September 19 2017 How Andy Serkis games studio created Planet of the Apes Last Frontier venturebeat com VentureBeat Retrieved January 3 2018 Planet of the Apes Last Frontier www metacritic com Metacritic 2017 Retrieved January 3 2018 Marsh Calum April 11 2018 Crisis on the Planet of the Apes Review www ign com IGN Retrieved May 3 2018 Bishop Sam April 22 2018 Creating a Crisis Foxnext on Planet of the Apes in VR www gamereactor eu Gamereactor Retrieved May 3 2018 Crisis on the Planet of the Apes PlayStation 4 www metacritic com Metacritic 2018 Retrieved May 3 2018 Crisis on the Planet of the Apes PC www metacritic com Metacritic 2018 Retrieved May 3 2018 a b Greene 1998 p 23 Greene 1998 pp 9 21 33 Von Busack 2004 pp 171 173 Davis 2013 pp 246 247 Greene 1998 pp 2 3 16 19 20 Russo Landsman and Gross 2001 p 89 Davis 2013 pp 245 246 Greene 1998 pp 19 20 71 73 a b Gonzalez Ed August 4 2011 Rise of the Planet of the Apes Slant Retrieved January 30 2017 a b Emerson Jim August 12 2011 Apes and allegories What is the meaning of this rogerebert com Retrieved January 30 2017 a b c Goodkind Seth December 19 2011 Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes Paracinema Retrieved January 30 2017 Chidester 2015 pp 7 10 a b Kirshner 2001 pp 43 44 Greene 1998 pp 8 9 22 23 Greene 1998 pp 65 67 Greene 1998 pp 72 159 Greene 1998 pp 3 7 Greene 1998 pp 27 78 79 86 Hamilton 2016 pp 300 301 Southard 1982 p 23 Greene 1998 pp 164 167 Greene 1998 pp 152 169 Von Busack 2004 p 165 a b Greene 1998 pp 169 170 Greene 1998 pp 169 170 171 Greene 1998 p 175 Greene 1998 pp xv 169 Kassabian 2013 p 55 Greene 1998 p 170 Greene 1998 pp 176 179 Greene 1998 p 176 Greene 1998 p 177 Greene 1998 pp 176 177 Greene 1998 pp 177 179 Planet of the Apes boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo Retrieved March 18 2015 Beneath the Planet of the Apes boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo Retrieved March 18 2015 Escape from the Planet of the Apes boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo Retrieved March 18 2015 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo Retrieved March 18 2015 Battle for the Planet of the Apes boxofficemojo com Box Office Mojo Retrieved March 18 2015 2014 Feature Film Study PDF filmla com Film L A June 15 2016 Retrieved July 9 2017 Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office Box Office Mojo Retrieved July 15 2014 Planet of the Apes 1968 rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved August 5 2022 Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2017 Retrieved November 27 2017 Beneath the Planet of the Apes rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved August 5 2022 Beneath the Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2017 Retrieved November 27 2017 Escape from the Planet of the Apes rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved August 5 2022 Escape from the Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2017 Retrieved November 27 2017 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved August 5 2022 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2017 Retrieved November 27 2017 Battle for the Planet of the Apes rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved August 5 2022 Battle for the Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2017 Retrieved November 27 2017 Cinemascore CinemaScore Archived from the original on August 9 2019 Retrieved August 9 2019 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 2011 www rottentomatoes com Rotten Tomatoes 2014 Retrieved August 5 2022 Rise of the Planet of the Apes www metacritic com Metacritic 2014 Retrieved September 1 2014 a b c D Alessandro Anthony July 16 2017 War For The Planet Of The Apes Loots 56 5M In Box Office Spoils Sunday AM Update Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on April 13 2022 Retrieved May 7 2022 References edit Becker Lucille Frackman 1993 Science and Detective Fiction Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature In Henry Freeman G ed French Literature Series On The Margins of French Literature Vol XX Ropodi pp 119 126 ISBN 9051834268 Chidester Phil January 1 2015 The Simian That Screamed No Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory Visual Communication Quarterly 22 1 3 14 doi 10 1080 15551393 2015 1026597 S2CID 142599451 Davis Jason 2013 Aping Race Racing Apes In Huss John ed Planet of the Apes and Philosophy Great Apes Think Alike Open Court Publishing ISBN 978 0 8126 9822 0 Fordham Joe Bond Jeff 2014 Planet of the Apes The Evolution of a Legend Titan Books ISBN 978 1 78329 198 4 Greene Eric 1998 Planet of the Apes as American Myth Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series Wesleyan University Press ISBN 978 0 8195 6329 3 Hamilton Sheryl N November 2016 Human no like smart ape figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes Law and Humanities Routledge 10 2 300 321 doi 10 1080 17521483 2016 1233744 S2CID 151901820 Handley Rich 2008 Timeline of the Planet of the Apes The Definitive Chronology Hasslein Books ISBN 978 0 615 25392 3 Hughes David 2004 Tales from Development Hell London Titan Books pp 34 37 ISBN 1 84023 691 4 Kassabian Anahid 2013 Ubiquitous Listening Affect Attention and Distributed Subjectivity University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 27515 7 Kirshner Jonathan 2001 Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s Dr Strangelove The Manchurian Candidate and The Planet of the Apes Film amp History An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies 31 2 40 44 Lindner Oliver 2015 The Remade Prequel Rise of the Planet of the Apes 2011 Remakes and Remaking Concepts Media Practices Transcript Verlag pp 23 39 ISBN 978 3 8394 2894 8 Russo Joe Landsman Larry Gross Edward 2001 Planet of the Apes Revisited Thomas Dunne Books ISBN 0 312 25239 0 Scott Sharon M 2010 Toys and American Culture An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 313 35111 2 Southard Bruce March 1 1982 The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines American Speech Duke University Press 57 1 19 31 doi 10 2307 455177 ISSN 0003 1283 JSTOR 455177 Von Busack Richard 2004 Signifying Monkeys Politics and Story Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series In Rickman Gregg ed The Science Fiction Film Reader Limelight Editions pp 165 177 ISBN 0 87910 994 7 Webb Gordon C July August 1998 30 Years Later Rod Serling s Planet of the Apes Creative Screenwriting Archived from the original on December 13 2017 Retrieved November 10 2014 Weiss Brett 2012 Classic Home Video Games 1972 1984 A Complete Reference Guide McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 8755 4 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes Dale Winogura Summer 1972 Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue Interviews amp Set Visit PDF Cinefantastique Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Planet of the Apes amp oldid 1186055481, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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