Perfect Dark

This article is about the Nintendo 64 video game. For other uses, see Perfect Dark (disambiguation).

Perfect Dark is a 2000 first-person shooter developed and published by Rare for the Nintendo 64. The first game of the Perfect Dark series, it follows Joanna Dark, an agent of the Carrington Institute research centre, as she attempts to stop an extraterrestrial conspiracy by rival corporation dataDyne. The game features a campaign mode where the player must complete a series of levels to progress through the story, as well as a range of multiplayer options, including a co-operative mode and traditional deathmatch settings with computer-controlled bots.

Perfect Dark
North American box art
Developer(s)	Rare
Publisher(s)	Rare
Designer(s)	Duncan Botwood David Doak
Programmer(s)	Mark Edmonds
Composer(s)	Grant Kirkhope Graeme Norgate David Clynick
Series	Perfect Dark
Platform(s)	Nintendo 64
Release	NA: 22 May 2000 EU: 30 June 2000
Genre(s)	First-person shooter, stealth
Mode(s)	Single-player, multiplayer

As a spiritual successor to Rare's 1997 first-person shooter GoldenEye 007, Perfect Dark shares many features with its predecessor and runs on an upgraded version of its game engine. GoldenEye 007 director Martin Hollis led the game's production for the first fourteen months of its near three-year development cycle before he left Rare to pursue other interests. The game is one of the most technically-advanced titles for the Nintendo 64, and requires an Expansion Pak to access the campaign mode and most of the multiplayer features. Shortly before the game's release, a feature that would have allowed players to place a photograph of their choice onto the face of their multiplayer character was cut due to sensitive issues surrounding the ability for players to attack images of real people.

Upon release, Perfect Dark received critical acclaim and sold relatively well, eventually joining Nintendo's "Player's Choice" game selection. Critics widely praised its graphics, artificial intelligence, and number of multiplayer options, but some criticised its inconsistent frame rate. The game received the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Moving Images Award for 2000 and the Golden Satellite Award for Best Interactive Product in 2001. The game is occasionally cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. It was supplemented by a Game Boy Color counterpart, which allows some gameplay options to alternatively be unlocked via a Transfer Pak. A remaster, also titled Perfect Dark, featuring enhanced graphics and online multiplayer, was released in 2010 for the Xbox 360.

Gameplay

Perfect Dark is a first-person shooter where players complete levels to unlock content and progress through the game's storyline.^[1] Players manoeuvre their character from a first-person perspective and have the ability to lean left or right, look up or down, crouch, crawl, and drop from most ledges;^[2] there is no jump ability.^[3] Interaction with the environment is via a single context-sensitive button, which can activate computers, operate lifts, and open doors.^[2] Players can carry an unlimited number of weapons, ranging from handguns to assault rifles, rocket launchers, a shotgun, a sniper rifle, and combat knives.^[4] Besides their primary mode of fire, weapons have a secondary function that enables an alternate fire mode or grants players special abilities.^[3] For example, the secondary function of the K7 Avenger assault rifle detects threats like explosive devices.^[4] Most weapons have a finite magazine and must be reloaded after a certain number of shots.^[2] Some can be used in duplicate, one in each hand.^[4]

Players have a certain amount of health which decreases when attacked by opponents. Although the game does not feature health recovery items, players can pick up shields that protect them with a secondary health bar.^[5] Players and opponents can disarm each other at close range, and players may use this feature to steal weapons or knock foes unconscious.^[4] Damage taken during combat is location-based, with a shot to the torso causing more damage than a shot to a limb.^[6] A number of tutorials and training activities can be taken in the game's home level.^[3] The most notable of these is the shooting range, where players can test their proficiency with the game's weapons in individual challenges.^[7] In addition to training activities, players can find information about the game's locations and characters, which are gradually unlocked as they complete levels.^[7]

Campaign

 

In this level, the player is aiming at an opponent. The game's HUD at the bottom right corner shows the player's remaining ammunition and the weapon's selected function.

Perfect Dark features a campaign mode where a single player controls the game's protagonist, Joanna Dark, through a series of levels collected together into missions.^[3] In each level, the player must complete a set of objectives while opponents controlled by the game's artificial intelligence try to hinder the player's progress.^[8] Objectives generally require the recovery and use of high-tech gadgets like night-vision goggles or door decoders.^[3] The player has freedom as to how to approach encounters and many objectives can be completed in a nonlinear order.^[9] Stealth is an important element of the gameplay because the player can kill opponents without being seen or remain undetected by using disguises.^[2][3] If Joanna fails an objective or her health is fully depleted, the player must start the level again from the beginning.^[8]

Each level can be played on three distinct difficulty settings.^[8] These affect aspects such as the number of objectives that must be completed, damage taken from opponents, the effectiveness of the game's optional aiming assistance, and the availability of ammunition and protective shields.^[10] Four bonus levels may be unlocked by completing the campaign on each difficulty setting and all the challenges in the firing range.^[11] Some of these bonus levels allow the player to assume the role of a different character.^[3] If all the levels have been completed on the highest difficulty, an additional setting becomes available, allowing the player to customise various aspects of the game's opponents, such as their health, aiming accuracy, and the damage they inflict.^[10] The player may unlock cheats by completing levels within a certain time limit.^[3]

The campaign includes a co-operative mode, allowing either two players, or one player and up to four computer-controlled bots, to tackle a level together.^[8] If two players play, the game splits the screen horizontally or vertically.^[12] Options such as friendly fire can be disabled and only one player is required to survive a level.^[8] A "Counter-Operative" mode is included, allowing one player to play a level as Joanna while another takes the role of an opponent while attempting to stop her.^[13] The player-controlled opponent has less health than Joanna but will reappear as another opponent when defeated. The opposing player may choose to take control of another opponent at any time by swallowing a suicide pill.^[8]

Multiplayer

Perfect Dark features a multiplayer mode where up to four players and eight computer-controlled bots can compete against each other in different arenas.^[13] A split-screen is used for multiple players. Players start a game unarmed and with a certain amount of health. Weapons and ammunition are placed around the arena in preset positions. Once a player is killed, they are regenerated unarmed elsewhere in the arena. The objective of each game is determined by the scenario being played.^[14] Scenarios range from the traditional deathmatch mode, where players score points by killing opponents, to objective-based modes such as Capture the Flag and King of the Hill.^[14] Other scenarios include Hold the Briefcase, where players must take a briefcase and survive with it for as long as possible, and Hacker Central, a game type where players score points by hacking a computer system using a data uplink device.^[14]

Aspects of a multiplayer game can be highly customised,^[15] including the chosen arena, the winning conditions, and the ability to choose what weapons and items appear where in the arena.^[14] Players can be grouped into teams or compete individually, and they can optionally be shown coloured according to their team.^[14] The appearance, team affiliation, skill level and pre-set behaviours of each computer-controlled bot can be customised.^[14] Pre-set behaviours range from them pursuing the highest-scoring player to exclusively chasing the player who killed them last. Other behaviours restrict bots to only attack players using fists and disarming moves.^[14] On higher skill levels, bots perform actions at a superhuman level.^[14] Players may issue commands to bots of their team to perform certain tasks. For example, a player can order an allied bot to defend an area or attack a designated opponent.^[14]

The multiplayer mode includes 30 pre-set challenges against bots that may be tackled by one or more players.^[14] These challenges cover a variety of game types, weapon arrangements, and level setups.^[3] By completing challenges, additional features such as new weapons, player models, and bot behaviours are unlocked.^[14][16] At the end of a match, the overall results are shown, alongside information about the individual players' performance. The game keeps track of player statistics such as damage dealt and distance travelled, and awards players with medals based on how well they performed.^[16] Players are ranked according to their performance; the better the performance, the higher the grade.^[17] The player's overall progress, multiplayer setups, and character profiles can be saved to the Nintendo 64 game cartridge or a Controller Pak.^[12][17] The game also supports the Rumble Pak.^[1]

Plot

Perfect Dark is set in an alternate 2023 against the backdrop of an interstellar war between two alien races:^[18] the Maians, who resemble the archetypal Grey alien, and the Skedar, reptile-like creatures who use a cloaking device to appear human. On Earth, there is an ongoing rivalry between two companies: The Carrington Institute, a research centre founded by Daniel Carrington that secretly operates an espionage group in league with the Maians; and dataDyne, a defence contractor corporation headed by Cassandra de Vries. In exchange for creating an AI with code-breaking abilities to access an ancient alien spacecraft at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, the Skedar agree to supply dataDyne with enough alien technology to become the biggest corporation on Earth.^[19]

The player is cast as Joanna Dark, an agent of the Carrington Institute whose excellent scores in training have earned her the codename "Perfect Dark".^[20] On her first mission, she is sent to extract a defector known as Dr. Caroll from a dataDyne laboratory. Dr. Caroll is revealed to be the AI created by dataDyne, and is worried about the mission for which it had been designed. After the extraction, Carrington is held captive at his private villa by dataDyne soldiers. When Joanna rescues him, she is informed that Dr. Caroll has been taken to a dataDyne front in Chicago. There, Joanna learns that Cassandra, NSA director Trent Easton, and a mysterious man known as Mr. Blonde plan to kidnap the President of the United States to get access to a deep sea research vessel called the Pelagic II. Although the President is in danger, Carrington alerts Joanna that a Maian craft was shot down near Area 51 and sends her to rescue a Maian protector named Elvis.^[19]

Because the President of the United States refuses to loan dataDyne the Pelagic II, the NSA sends a strike team to kill and replace him with a dataDyne-grown clone. The strike team invades the air base from which the Air Force One will depart. When Joanna foils this strike, the NSA and a group of cloaked Skedar take over the plane itself, which crashes after Joanna attempts to detach a craft attached to it. Having survived the crash, Joanna eliminates the President's clone and rescues the real President. Trent's incompetence angers Mr. Blonde, who kills him after disabling his cloaking device. With no other options, dataDyne hijacks the Pelagic II to reach the ancient spacecraft. However, unbeknownst to dataDyne, the spacecraft contains a powerful weapon capable of destroying a planet and the Skedar intend to test it on Earth before using it against the Maian homeworld.^[19]

Joanna and Elvis follow dataDyne to the ancient spacecraft, where they find a reprogrammed Dr. Caroll cracking the weapon. Joanna replaces its current personality with a backup of the original, and the restored Dr. Carroll sets the weapon to self-destruct. As Carrington and Joanna prepare for a Presidential reception, the Skedar assault the Carrington Institute and capture Joanna. In space, aboard an alien spaceship on course to the Skedar homeworld, Joanna finds herself in a holding cell with Cassandra. Feeling that she has been used, Cassandra redeems herself by making a distraction and sacrificing herself, freeing Joanna and therefore giving herself a chance for revenge. With the help of Elvis, Joanna takes control of the spaceship and lands on the Skedar homeworld, where she ultimately defeats the Skedar leader, leaving the Skedar in disarray. The game ends with Elvis and Joanna leaving the planet just prior to an orbital bombardment from the Maian navy.^[19]

Development

Concept and design

Perfect Dark was developed by Rare and originally directed by Martin Hollis as a spiritual successor to the company's 1997 first-person shooter GoldenEye 007.^[21][22] Shortly after GoldenEye 007 was released,^[22] Rare was planning to work on a game based on the GoldenEye sequel Tomorrow Never Dies, but the company was outbid by Electronic Arts, which would release their video game adaptation in 1999.^[23] The result did not upset the developers,^[23] who felt they had already spent too much time immersed in the James Bond universe.^[24] Working titles for the new project included "Covert Ops" and "Alien Intelligence" before the words "Perfect Dark" were decided on.^[25] The word "Dark" was chosen for its association with the game's bleak focus on killing.^[26] Hollis noted naming similarities to the 2006 first-person shooter Black by Criterion Games: "Game developers just like black, nihilism, dystopian futures, the number zero, infinity, spheres, perfection—all that kind of stuff".^[26] The double slash symbol in the game's logo was inspired by the Japanese writing system,^[27] while the bad grammar of the phrase "Perfect Dark" partially alludes to Hollis' affection for the way Japanese developers use English words in their own games and products.^[24]

The game's science fiction setting was chosen due to the developers' interest in the genre.^[21] The X-Files television series inspired the incorporation of a gray alien character and the premise of aliens being investigated.^[28] Other influences on the setting, theme and plot included conspiracy theories and works such as the Ghost in the Shell manga, Elektra comic books,^[28] the films Blade Runner and Judge Dredd,^[25] and the writing of author Philip K. Dick.^[26] Hollis and designer David Doak picked architectural and impressive sci-fi dystopian settings; the plot was then constructed around these locations.^[26] For example, the first level takes place in a skyscraper that lead artist Karl Hilton had always wanted to build, and features realistic environments like service stairs and an exterior area that can be explored.^[29] Although the game features a new fictional universe, it was still envisioned as a spy shooter like GoldenEye 007.^[25] The developers' desires to expand upon its stealth mechanics, along with their admiration for the 1998 stealth game Metal Gear Solid, led to the creation of gadgets such as the CamSpy and the data uplink device.^[25]

The decision to make the central character a woman was part of Hollis' belief that there should be more games starring women, considering the fact that GoldenEye 007 already starred a man.^[26] To this end, the team created Joanna Dark, influenced by a number of fictional heroines: Kim Kimberly from the 1983 interactive fiction game Snowball, the seductive spy Agent X-27 in the 1931 film Dishonored, the eponymous femme fatale of the 1990 film La Femme Nikita, and FBI agent Dana Scully from The X-Files.^[26] The name "Joanna Dark" was taken from the French pronunciation of Joan of Arc as "Jeanne d'Arc", while the name of the in-game company dataDyne was inspired by Yoyodyne from the 1965 novella The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon.^[24] The layout of the Air Force One level was inspired by the 1997 film of the same name because it was the only reference material the team had.^[25] In the game's Counter-Operative mode, the idea that the opposing player can take control of another opponent at any time was inspired by the 1999 film The Matrix, where agents can reappear as another person in the film's simulated reality.^[25]

Production

 

The Expansion Pak is required to access the game's campaign and most of the multiplayer features.

When production of the game started, the developers upgraded the GoldenEye 007 game engine with new features and enhancements such as real-time lighting and support for bigger environments and more textures.^[30] According to Rare, only 30% of the original engine remained, providing a basic framework to construct levels and animate characters.^[31] A new movement system was constructed, allowing players to fall off edges.^[22] Other incremental improvements included better shattering glass effects, which would allow players to shoot out objects such as bottles of wine, and the inclusion of computer-controlled bots in multiplayer matches.^[25] The artificial intelligence was improved so that opponents could work as a team and draw a secondary weapon when disarmed.^[32][33] Death cries and more elaborate gore effects, which allow gunshots to disperse and stain enemies' blood onto nearby walls and objects, were also added.^[34]

Originally, Hollis hoped that the difference between light and dark would be a significant feature of the gameplay, and the title was intended to reflect this focus.^[26] A flashlight was implemented by software engineer Steve Ellis,^[26] who had been responsible for much of the multiplayer mode of GoldenEye 007,^[35] but was ultimately not included in the game due to limitations of the Nintendo 64 hardware. In 2006, Hollis remarked that such aims were overambitious, stating that "even today, you can see game developers struggle to make light and dark foundational from a gameplay perspective".^[26] Nevertheless, the game features more advanced lighting than its predecessor.^[3] For example, lights can be shot out to create darkened areas, gunfire and explosions illuminate rooms dynamically,^[1] and the player can use infrared or night-vision goggles.^[3]

Hollis was involved with Perfect Dark for the first 14 months of its near three-year development cycle, during which progress was unsatisfactory.^[21][26] As he explained, "each of us was asking for more than the other could give. This situation ended with my departure, and with very deep regret I was unable to see Perfect Dark to completion".^[36] Hollis' decision came after his four-year contract with Rare was about to expire, which he chose not to renew as he wanted to pursue other interests.^[37] Shortly after his exit in September 1998, four additional members—Doak, Hilton, Ellis and composer Graeme Norgate—left Rare to form Free Radical Design, partially because they were unsatisfied with the working environment.^[37] This resulted in a loss of half of the workforce and led Rare to assign more people to the team remaining on the project, which eventually became three times bigger than GoldenEye 007's.^[38] Programmer Mark Edmonds was promoted to team leader because of his knowledge of the game engine.^[25] Although the story and ideas for the game were kept intact, the new team contributed so much to development that it was seen as a fresh start.^[38] The team worked in a very isolated and free environment and did not have a production manager, a schedule, meetings, commercial pressure, or any sort of deadlines. According to artist Brett Jones: "People would just do things they thought were cool and would work".^[38]

In spring 1999, Rare moved its headquarters from a country farmhouse in Twycross, Leicestershire to its current multi-million office complex.^[37] Although the locations are a few minutes away from each other, the move caused minor disruptions for some.^[25] Rare installed an in-house motion capture studio,^[22] which was used to capture hit animations and full walk cycles.^[39] Game designer Duncan Botwood wore a pair of heels to portray Joanna Dark in some sessions, but motion capture artist Laurie Sage performed most of her moves.^[25] Many of the game opponents were based on members of the development team, who also performed the motion capture required for their animation.^[25] Numerous secrets were added to the game to fuel the exploration efforts of players,^[40] including a piece of cheese hidden in every level.^[41] These were deliberately placed by one of the level editors as a graphical oddity for the player's confusion.^[27] The game has two hidden passwords: one found by picking up a necklace in one level and another by reaching the highest rank in the multiplayer mode.^[40] Rare had originally intended these details to access password-protected sections of promotional websites and use them for an alternate reality game.^[42]

As developers kept adding features, the game ended up using all the extra memory on their debug consoles and became too big to fit into the Nintendo 64's standard 4 MB of random-access memory (RAM).^[37] Because the developers were unable to optimise it, they made use of the Nintendo 64 Expansion Pak, which increases the Nintendo 64's RAM from 4 MB to 8 MB.^[37] Although the Expansion Pak is required to access the game's campaign and most of the multiplayer features, a limited subset of deathmatch options are available without the device—around 35% of the game is playable without an Expansion Pak, as estimated on the game's instruction booklet.^[43] The Expansion Pak allows the game to optionally be played in a 480i "high-resolution" mode.^[44][45] The Counter-Operative mode proved to be difficult to implement and led the game to be delayed.^[46] The iterative nature of the game's development led Hollis to describe the ultimate number of multiplayer options as "a vast array of features I [had] never planned".^[26]

Cut from the game was a feature that allowed players to place a photograph of their choice onto the face of their multiplayer character.^[47][48] The photos would have been taken by the Game Boy Camera accessory and directly transferred to the game via a Nintendo 64 Transfer Pak.^[49] They could then be cropped or manipulated with an in-game editor and mapped onto the polygonal head of a multiplayer character.^[47] The photos could also be saved to the game cartridge or a Controller Pak for cross-game sharing.^[47] Although Rare's Nintendo-side producer Ken Lobb originally stated that the feature was removed due to technical difficulties, the actual reason was revealed to be sensitive issues surrounding the ability for players to attack images of real people.^[48] Rare's decision came after then-recent attacks such as the Columbine High School massacre,^[50] when new censorship laws were being introduced in the United States.^[51]

The soundtrack was primarily composed by Grant Kirkhope, who replaced Norgate after his departure. Writing sci-fi music was a new and enjoyable experience for Kirkhope, as he had mainly worked on Banjo-Kazooie at the time.^[25] While he took inspiration from Blade Runner and the whistling sound of "The X-Files" theme song,^[37] he reused much of Norgate's sample set, especially peculiar sci-fi noises he had created.^[25] One of Norgate's few contributions to the final Perfect Dark score was the theme of the first level.^[25] A third composer, David Clynick, composed the game's cinematic sequence while Kirkhope was working on Donkey Kong 64 and Banjo-Tooie.^[52] The game supports 16x9 widescreen and Dolby surround sound, and features voice acting for all in-game and cutscene dialogue.^[1][22] Nintendo wanted an American actress to voice Joanna Dark, but the role ultimately went to composer Eveline Fischer.^[53] Because Perfect Dark features more than 45 minutes of voiced cutscenes, the game was shipped in a 32 MB cartridge.^[54]

Marketing and release

 

While the localised title of "Red and Black" was ultimately dropped, Japanese advertisements and box art still kept its dual colour theme.

Although a follow-up to GoldenEye 007 was confirmed to be in development in early 1998,^[55] Perfect Dark was formally presented as Nintendo's lead game at E3 1998 in Atlanta, Georgia.^[56] Originally scheduled for a release in summer 1999 and later in December 1999,^[57][58][59] Perfect Dark was heavily trailed in video game magazines, with Nintendo Official Magazine predicting that it would be "the best shooting game this century".^[60] A working version of the game appeared at the European Computer Trade Show in September 1998;^[61] N64 Magazine described the preview as having "the kind of attention to detail that had everyone who saw [it] drooling".^[62] A more complete version was presented at E3 in May 1999, where the game's compatibility with the Game Boy Camera was announced,^[63] and at Nintendo Space World in August 1999, alongside Rare's Donkey Kong 64 and Jet Force Gemini.^[64] Shortly before release, Rare unveiled a website for the in-game company dataDyne to promote interest in the game's storyline.^[65][66] The game had a marketing budget of $10 million.^[67]

Perfect Dark was first released in North America on 22 May 2000.^[34] Nintendo arranged a number of publicity stunts, including hiring model Michele Merkin, who appeared as Joanna Dark in commercials and in-store promotions for the game.^[68][69] The game received a Mature rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board, particularly for its graphic content and adult language.^[34] This generated some controversy because Nintendo has a reputation for family-friendly games.^[70] The European release followed on 30 June 2000.^[9] To supplement the game, Rare released a Game Boy Color counterpart, also titled Perfect Dark, shortly afterwards.^[71] The Game Boy Color game features a compatibility mode that allows certain cheats within the Nintendo 64 game to alternatively be unlocked via the Transfer Pak.^[72] In Japan, Perfect Dark was released on 21 October 2000.^[73]

Perfect Dark features a different box art for each regional release.^[74] Rare's art director Kev Bayliss, who created the North American and European artworks, designed the North American version in one day because Rare needed it very quickly.^[74] He then created a more suitable Joanna Dark model for the European version and all the promotional material at the time.^[74] For the Japanese release, a completely different image was requested by Nintendo,^[74] who originally considered releasing the game in Japan under the title "Aka to Kuro" (赤と黒, lit. "Red and Black").^[75] "Perfect Dark" does not translate well into Japanese, and the title "Aka to Kuro" was considered sufficiently edgy.^[76] The game was ultimately released as パーフェクト・ダーク (Pāfekuto Dāku), a transliteration of the Western title.^[77]

According to NPD's Toy Retail Survey Tracking system, Perfect Dark was the second best-selling game of May 2000 in North America, behind Pokémon Trading Card Game.^[78] The Japanese launch saw sales totalling 35,000 units in its first week.^[73] As a bestseller, Perfect Dark joined Nintendo's "Player's Choice" game selection on 21 December 2000.^[79] The game sold relatively well through the year's holiday season, reaching No. 23 on the all formats chart for the week of 24 December 2000.^[80] As of March 2003, Perfect Dark had sold almost 1.3 million copies in the United States and 77,000 copies in Japan.^[73] Total sales in the United States reached 1.5 million by December 2007.^[81] In a 2011 interview with Eurogamer, game designer Chris Tilston revealed that lifetime sales for the game reached 3.2 million, but did not clarify if the figure accounted for units shipped to retailers.^[82]

Reception

Reception

Aggregate scores

Aggregator	Score
GameRankings	95%^[83]
Metacritic	97/100^[84]

Review scores

Publication	Score
AllGame	^[85]
Edge	9/10^[9]
Electronic Gaming Monthly	29.5/30^[86]
EP Daily	10/10^[87]
GamePro	^[88]
GameRevolution	A−^[89]
GameSpot	9.9/10^[15]
IGN	9.8/10^[1]
N64 Magazine	96%^[3]
Next Generation	^[13]
Nintendo Power	9.6/10^[90]

Perfect Dark received critical acclaim from video game publications.^[84] The most praised aspects of the game were its graphics, artificial intelligence, and number of multiplayer options.^{[1][9][15][86]} GameSpot claimed that, as a console first-person shooter, Perfect Dark is "unparalleled",^[15] while IGN journalist Matt Casamassina remarked that its extensive features set the game apart from its peers.^[1] Similarly, N64 Magazine described Perfect Dark as "dauntingly huge", stating that it "takes everything that made its predecessor such an enduring favourite and does it bigger, better and more often".^[3] Edge concluded that, although the game fails to be as revolutionary as its predecessor, it refines its "phenomenal gameplay while massively developing its multiplayer components".^[9] Nintendo Power editors called the game "undeniably a work of art", suspenseful, "more compelling than most action movies and much deeper than any video game of its type".^[90]

The graphics were praised for their dynamic lighting, complex geometry, varied textures, and smooth animations.^{[1][13][87][85]} IGN remarked that levels were more detailed than in GoldenEye 007, and that character models and weapons were well-animated.^[1] GameRevolution highlighted the game's semi-realistic look, saying that it "adds to the depth and addiction of the game".^[89] The game's voiced cutscenes, surround sound effects, and atmospheric score, which was described as a mixture between the Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis and GoldenEye 007's, were said to effectively bring the game to life.^{[1][3][90][88]} The Electric Playground credited Rare for being able to fit such a clear-sounding experience into the limited space of a Nintendo 64 cartridge.^[87]

The gameplay was praised for the challenging artificial intelligence of enemies and varied level design.^[9][13][15] The enemies were admired for their use of squad tactics, ability to wait for players to come back instead of obediently chasing after them, and for ducking around a corner for cover.^[15] As with GoldenEye 007, the game's nonlinear approach to completing mission objectives was highlighted positively, giving players freedom to deal with situations as they see fit.^[9] The multiplayer mode was seen as the strongest aspect of the game. Reviewers noted that the flexibility of options, number of gameplay modes, "clever" weapons, number of unlockable features, and customisable computer-controlled bots give the game an unprecedented amount of replay value.^{[1][15][86][87][89]} GamePro called the game's Counter-Operative mode one of the "coolest multiplayer modes ever", stating that the player playing as Joanna never knows which enemy the opposing player controls.^[88]

The game's inconsistent frame rate was frequently criticised.^{[9][13][15][86][87]} According to Trigger Happy author Steven Poole, the game's "inadequate temporal resolution—owing to a wrongheaded choice to privilege visual detail over frame-rate—made it unplayable at higher difficulty levels".^[91] IGN editors observed that the frame rate can be choppy in large areas or environments with many characters on screen, but felt they were too frequently caught up in the game to notice it, or else were willing to forgive it.^[1] Poole described the "lazy sci-fi fetishism" of Joanna Dark's character design as "a blatant and doomed attempt to steal the thunder of Lara Croft",^[91] and argued that she illustrated the challenges of characterising the protagonists of first-person shooters, a problem that GoldenEye 007 had avoided by using the already well-known character James Bond.^[92]

At their Best and Worst of 2000 awards, GameSpot editors awarded Perfect Dark Best Nintendo 64 Game and Best Shooting Game,^[93][94] and nominated it in the Best Multiplayer Game category.^[95] Rare was recognised for its work on the game and received the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Moving Images Award for 2000,^[96] and the Golden Satellite Award for Best Interactive Product in 2001.^[97]

Legacy

Shortly after Perfect Dark was released, Rare planned to develop a "sister" title, called Velvet Dark, for either the Nintendo 64 or its successor, the GameCube, but the project was ultimately abandoned.^[98] The name "Velvet Dark" references Joanna Dark's alleged sister, the character players assume the role of in the game's co-operative mode.^[98] Meanwhile, Free Radical Design released TimeSplitters for the PlayStation 2 in October 2000, a first-person shooter based around a completely new engine.^[99] TimeSplitters bears several gameplay and presentational similarities to GoldenEye 007 and Perfect Dark, including a similar aiming system and unlockable options through quick level completions.^[99][100] After Rare was purchased by Microsoft in 2002,^[101] the company released a prequel, Perfect Dark Zero, as a launch title for the Xbox 360 in 2005. Although the game received generally positive reviews from critics,^[102] some publications felt it did not meet their expectations.^[103][104]

In a retrospective analysis, Edge acknowledged that the game's frame rate and other dated elements of its design rendered it "nigh-on unplayable".^[105] The magazine found the ambitious mentality which resulted in weapons and computer-controlled players being "designed for possibilities rather than balance", both one of Perfect Dark's most interesting aspects and the cause of its biggest problem: "Restraint [...] would have made Perfect Dark a tighter, more focused experience, helped with those framerate issues, and removed almost all of the fun".^[105] The magazine concluded that despite Perfect Dark not standing up as a good game to play in 2009, "its currency of ideas and provocation [...] remains sound".^[105] In 2015, Den of Geek considered Perfect Dark "a game that's done more for the shooter genre than often credited for", and said that the game was still ahead of time because no game had revitalised its ideas.^[106]

Since its release, the game has attracted a following of elite players who constantly try to speedrun its levels and break world records.^[107] These records are managed by their website and involve highly skilled players exploiting tiny gameplay inconsistencies.^[107][108] The game is occasionally cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. In 2001, Electronic Gaming Monthly editors ranked Perfect Dark 65th on their list of Top 100 Games of All Time,^[109] while Nintendo Power included it in their 2006 list of Top 200 Nintendo games.^[110] In 2007, IGN editors placed the game at No. 86 on their list of Top 100 Games of All Time, noting that "Everything that GoldenEye made great, Perfect Dark did too, and then some."^[111] Similarly, Edge placed the title at No. 28 on their 2007 list of 100 Best Videogames (a list voted for by readers, Edge staff and gaming industry professionals),^[112] claiming that the game brought the Nintendo 64 era to a satisfying close.^[112] In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine ranked it 37th on a list of 100 Best Nintendo Games.^[113]

In 2022, a fan by the name of Ryan Dwyer fully decompiled the original ROM image into C source code, allowing the game to be ported unofficially to various platforms.^[114] A reboot, also titled Perfect Dark, is being developed by The Initiative.^[115]

Remaster

Main article: Perfect Dark (2010 video game)

A remaster of the game, also titled Perfect Dark, was released in 2010 for the Xbox 360 through its Xbox Live Arcade download service, featuring improved frame rate, enhanced graphics and an online multiplayer.^[116] The remaster was developed by 4J Studios, the same studio that previously handled the Xbox 360 ports of Rare's platform games Banjo-Kazooie and Banjo-Tooie.^[117] The game received generally favorable reviews from gaming publications. Some critics considered the relatively unchanged game to be outdated, but most agreed that the title was a solid revival of a classic.^[118][116] In 2015, the remaster was included in the Rare Replay video game compilation for Xbox One.^[119]

References

1. Casamassina, Matt (19 May 2000). "Perfect Dark Review". IGN. from the original on 9 August 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
2. "Perfect Preface: Controls and Techniques". Perfect Dark: The Official Nintendo Player's Guide. Nintendo Power. December 2000. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-1-93-020602-1.
3. Kitts, Martin (June 2000). "Perfect Dark". N64 Magazine. No. 42. Future plc. pp. 47–62.
4. "Perfect Preface: Weapons". Perfect Dark: The Official Nintendo Player's Guide. Nintendo Power. December 2000. pp. 14–21. ISBN 978-1-93-020602-1.
5. Carle, Chris. . IGN. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
6. Eddie Parker; Bart G. Farkas. . GameSpot. Archived from the original on 24 November 2004. Retrieved 24 November 2004.
7. "Perfect Preface: Agent Training". Perfect Dark: The Official Nintendo Player's Guide. Nintendo Power. December 2000. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-93-020602-1.
8. "Perfect Preface: Mission Modes". Perfect Dark: The Official Nintendo Player's Guide. Nintendo Power. December 2000. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1-93-020602-1.
9. . Edge. No. 85. Future plc. June 2000. pp. 72–73. ISSN 1350-1593. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
10. Carle, Chris. . IGN. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
11. Carle, Chris. . IGN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
12. "Getting Started". Perfect Dark (Instruction booklet). Redmond, Washington: Nintendo of America. 2000. pp. 10–13. U/NUS-NPDE-USA.
13. Wolf, Michael (June 2000). "Perfect Dark". Next Generation. No. 66. Imagine Media. pp. 98–99.
14. "Combat Simulator: Prepare for Combat". Perfect Dark: The Official Nintendo Player's Guide. Nintendo Power. December 2000. pp. 144–150. ISBN 978-1-93-020602-1.
15. Fielder, Joe (22 May 2000). "Perfect Dark Review". GameSpot. from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
16. "Combat Simulator: Getting Personal". Perfect Dark: The Official Nintendo Player's Guide. Nintendo Power. December 2000. pp. 151–156. ISBN 978-1-93-020602-1.
17. "Multiplayer Options". Perfect Dark (Instruction booklet). Redmond, Washington: Nintendo of America. 2000. pp. 14–18. U/NUS-NPDE-USA.
18. "Perfect Preface: Dark Profiles". Perfect Dark: The Official Nintendo Player's Guide. Nintendo Power. December 2000. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-93-020602-1.
19. Carle, Chris. . IGN. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
20. "Background". Perfect Dark (Instruction booklet). Redmond, Washington: Nintendo of America. 2000. p. 5. U/NUS-NPDE-USA.
21. "The Restless Vision Of Martin Hollis, The Man With The GoldenEye"
    • Jordan, Jon (8 June 2007). "Page 1". Gamasutra. from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
    • Jordan, Jon (8 June 2007). "Page 2". Gamasutra. from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
    • Jordan, Jon (8 June 2007). "Page 3". Gamasutra. from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
    • Jordan, Jon (8 June 2007). "Page 4". Gamasutra. from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
22. . IGN. 14 May 1999. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
23. Makuch, Eddie (26 December 2015). "Learn How Perfect Dark Came to Be in this Behind-the-Scenes Video". GameSpot. from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021. See video at 0:06 here 3 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
24. Jones, Darran (29 March 2010). . NowGamer. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
25. "Feature: Perfect Dark Turns 20 – The Definitive Story Behind The N64 Hit That Outclassed James Bond"
    • Batchelor, James (16 May 2020). "Page 1". Nintendo Life. from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
    • Batchelor, James (16 May 2020). "Page 2". Nintendo Life. from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
    • Batchelor, James (16 May 2020). "Page 3". Nintendo Life. from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
    • Batchelor, James (16 May 2020). "Page 4". Nintendo Life. from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
26. "The Legacy of Perfect Dark: Martin Hollis Q&A". Retro Gamer. No. 19. Imagine Publishing. January 2006. p. 79. ISSN 1742-3155.
27. "Perfect Dark Rumour Mill". Raregamer.co.uk. from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
28. Makuch, Eddie (26 December 2015). "Learn How Perfect Dark Came to Be in this Behind-the-Scenes Video". GameSpot. from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021. See video at 1:42 here 7 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
29. "Perfect Dark". Edge. No. 60. Future plc. July 1998. p. 30. ISSN 1350-1593.
30. Makuch, Eddie (26 December 2015). "Learn How Perfect Dark Came to Be in this Behind-the-Scenes Video". GameSpot. from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021. See video at 10:46 here 7 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
31. "Perfect Dark". N64 Magazine. No. 39. Future plc. March 2000. pp. 44–51.
32. . IGN. 13 January 2000. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
33. . IGN. 17 April 2000. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
34. . IGN. 7 April 2000. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
35. "Desert Island Disks: David Doak". Retro Gamer. No. 6. Live Publishing. July 2004. pp. 41–45. ISSN 1742-3155.
36. "Feature: Ex-Rare man Martin Hollis talks games"
    • Walbank, Mark (2 August 2007). . Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
    • Walbank, Mark (2 August 2007). . Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
    • Walbank, Mark (2 August 2007). . Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
37. Yin-Poole, Wesley (22 May 2020). "Perfect Dark: the oral history of an N64 classic". Eurogamer. from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
38. Makuch, Eddie (26 December 2015). "Learn How Perfect Dark Came to Be in this Behind-the-Scenes Video". GameSpot. from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021. See video at 4:37 here 7 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
39. Makuch, Eddie (26 December 2015). "Learn How Perfect Dark Came to Be in this Behind-the-Scenes Video". GameSpot. from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021. See video at 6:42 here 7 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
40. Green, Mark (February 2001). "How to See Things You Shouldn't in Perfect Dark". N64 Magazine. No. 51. Future plc. pp. 58–63.
41. . IGN. 25 May 2000. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
42. Alexandra, Heather (24 April 2017). "Solving The Mystery Of Perfect Dark's Hidden Passwords". Kotaku. from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
43. "About the Controller". Perfect Dark (Instruction booklet). Redmond, Washington: Nintendo of America. 2000. pp. 2–4. U/NUS-NPDE-USA.
44. "Expansion Recommended". IGN. 3 February 2000. from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
45. Makuch, Eddie (26 December 2015). "Learn How Perfect Dark Came to Be in this Behind-the-Scenes Video". GameSpot. from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021. See video at 11:47 here 7 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
46. . IGN. 13 March 2000. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
47. . IGN. 12 May 1999. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
48. Hiranand, Ravi (10 February 2000). "Rare Cleans Up Perfect Dark". GameSpot. from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
49. "Perfect Dark". Nintendo Official Magazine. No. 82. EMAP. March 2000. pp. 7–19.
50. . Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
51. "Perfect Dark: Golden Girl". N64 Magazine. No. 31. Future plc. August 1999. pp. 6–9.
52. Kirkhope, Grant. . Grantkirkhope.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
53. Makuch, Eddie (26 December 2015). "Learn How Perfect Dark Came to Be in this Behind-the-Scenes Video". GameSpot. from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021. See video at 3:09 here 7 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
54. Boyer, Crispin (April 2000). "Woman with the Golden Gun". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 129. Ziff Davis. pp. 140–149.
55. . IGN. 29 January 1998. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
56. "GoldenEye 007 sequel at E3!". N64 Magazine. No. 16. Future plc. June 1998. p. 21.
57. "Perfect Dark". N64 Magazine. No. 22. Future plc. December 1998. pp. 34–39.
58. "Perfect Dark". N64 Magazine. No. 30. Future plc. July 1999. pp. 46–51.
59. "Perfect Dark: 21st Century Girl". N64 Magazine. No. 33. Future plc. October 1999. pp. 8–9.
60. "Perfect Dark". Nintendo Official Magazine. No. 82. EMAP. July 1999. pp. 82–83.
61. . IGN. 8 September 1998. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
62. "Perfect Dark: James Who?". N64 Magazine. No. 21. Future plc. November 1998. pp. 6–9.
63. "Perfect Dark". Edge. No. 73. Future plc. July 1999. p. 60. ISSN 1350-1593.
64. "Rare Brings E3 to Spaceworld". IGN. 17 August 1999. from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
65. . IGN. 2 March 2000. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
66. . IGN. 3 March 2000. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
67. Poletti, Therese (15 May 2000). "Women characters rule videogames". New York Daily News. p. 40. from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
68. . IGN. 10 April 2000. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
69. . IGN. 24 May 2000. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
70. . IGN. 5 June 2000. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
71. Harris, Craig (5 September 2000). . IGN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
72. . IGN. 31 August 2000. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
73. . Biglobe. 7 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 August 2003. Retrieved 3 August 2003.
74. McFerran, Damien (1 June 2019). "Feature: Here's Why Perfect Dark Has Three Different Covers". Nintendo Life. from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
75. . IGN. 7 July 2000. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
76. . IGN. 24 July 2000. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
77. Sato, Yukiyoshi Ike (27 July 2000). "Perfect Dark Returns". GameSpot. from the original on 26 June 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
78. "Top Selling Games". IGN. 9 June 2000. from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
79. . IGN. 21 December 2000. Archived from the original on 24 January 2001. Retrieved 24 January 2001.
80. "Player's Choice Titles Sell Strong". IGN. 17 January 2001. from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
81. "US Platinum Videogame Chart". The-magicbox.com. 27 December 2007. from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
82. Yin-Poole, Wesley (13 October 2011). "Ex-Rare devs talk Killer Instinct, Perfect Dark". Eurogamer. from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
83. "Perfect Dark". GameRankings. from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
84. "Perfect Dark". Metacritic. from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
85. McCall, Scott. . AllGame. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
86. Crispin Boyer; Kraig Kujawa; Mark MacDonald (June 2000). "Perfect Dark". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 131. Ziff Davis. p. 165.
87. Lucas, Victor (28 May 2000). . The Electric Playground. Archived from the original on 16 May 2003. Retrieved 16 May 2003.
88. The Freshman (22 May 2000). . GamePro. Archived from the original on 13 December 2004. Retrieved 13 December 2004.
89. Colin (1 June 2000). . GameRevolution. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
90. "Perfect Dark". Nintendo Power. No. 132. Nintendo of America. May 2000. p. 122.
91. Poole, Steven (March 2001). Trigger Happy: The Inner Life of Videogames. Fourth Estate. p. 254. ISBN 978-1841151212.
92. Poole, Steven (September 2000). "Characterisation: Designing a believable virtual skin". Edge. No. 88. Future plc. p. 26. ISSN 1350-1593.
93. . GameSpot. Archived from the original on 24 February 2003. Retrieved 24 February 2003.
94. . GameSpot. Archived from the original on 13 November 2004. Retrieved 13 November 2004.
95. . GameSpot. Archived from the original on 8 October 2002. Retrieved 8 October 2002.
96. "Interactive – Moving Images in 2000". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
97. . International Press Academy. Archived from the original on 3 February 2001. Retrieved 3 February 2001.
98. Pereira, Chris (30 July 2015). "N64's Perfect Dark Was Meant to Have a Sister Game, Velvet Dark". GameSpot. from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
99. Gerstmann, Jeff (25 October 2000). "TimeSplitters Review". GameSpot. from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
100. . IGN. 24 July 2000. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
101. . Microsoft. Redmond, Washington. 24 September 2002. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
102. "Perfect Dark Zero". Metacritic. from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
103. Reed, Kristan (1 December 2005). "Perfect Dark Zero Review". Eurogamer. from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
104. Zoss, Jeremy. . Game Informer. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
105. . Edge. No. 197. Future plc. January 2009. pp. 98–101. ISSN 1350-1593. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
106. Hill, Daniel (15 June 2015). "Why Perfect Dark Was Ahead of Its Time Then and Still Is Now". Den of Geek. from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
107. Gach, Ethan (15 August 2018). "Speedrunner Finally Ties Perfect Dark World Record, Screams His Head Off". Kotaku. from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
108. Alexandra, Heather (31 December 2018). "Top Speedrunner Outlines Perfect Dark's Wildest Skips". Kotaku. from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
109. . Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on 20 December 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2001.
110. "NP Top 200". Nintendo Power. No. 200. Nintendo of America. February 2006. pp. 58–66.
111. . IGN. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
112. "Edge's Top 100 Games of All Time". Edge-Online. 2 July 2007. from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
113. East, Tom (24 February 2009). . Official Nintendo Magazine. Future plc. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
114. Scullion, Chris (17 October 2022). "Perfect Dark has been fully decompiled, making PC ports and mods possible". VGC. from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
115. Goslin, Austen (10 December 2020). "A new Perfect Dark game is on the way from The Initiative". Polygon. from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
116. Hatfield, Daemon (16 March 2010). . IGN. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
117. Ransom-Wiley, James (17 March 2010). "Review: Perfect Dark (XBLA)". Engadget. from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
118. Mc Shea, Tom (17 March 2010). "Perfect Dark Review". GameSpot. from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
119. McWhertor, Michael (15 June 2015). "Rare Replay for Xbox One includes 30 Rare games for $30 (update)". Polygon. from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

External links

Listen to this article (33 minutes)

 

This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 4 February 2007 (2007-02-04), and does not reflect subsequent edits.

(Audio help · More spoken articles)

• . Archived from the original on 23 August 2000.