Nuclear-weapon-free zone

A nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) is defined by the United Nations as an agreement that a group of states has freely established by treaty or convention that bans the development, manufacturing, control, possession, testing, stationing or transporting of nuclear weapons in a given area, that has mechanisms of verification and control to enforce its obligations, and that is recognized as such by the General Assembly of the United Nations.^[4] NWFZs have a similar purpose to, but are distinct from, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to which most countries including five nuclear weapons states are a party. Another term, nuclear-free zone, often means an area that has banned both nuclear power and nuclear weapons, and sometimes nuclear waste and nuclear propulsion, and usually does not mean a UN-acknowledged international treaty.

     Nuclear-weapon-free zones      NW states      Nuclear sharing      NPT only

Treaty	Region	Land km^2	States	Date in force
Antarctic	Antarctica	14,000,000		1961-06-23
Space	Outer space			1967-10-10
Tlatelolco	Latin America and the Caribbean	21,069,501	33	1969-04-25
Seabed	Seabed			1972-05-18
Rarotonga	South Pacific	9,008,458	13	1986-12-11^[1]
Bangkok	ASEAN	4,465,501	10	1997-03-28^[2]
Semei	Central Asia	4,003,451	5	2009-03-21^[3]
Pelindaba	Africa	30,221,532	53	2009-07-15
All NWFZs combined:		84,000,000	114	39% of the world population
Nuclear weapons states		41,400,000	9	47% of the world population
Neither NWS nor NWFZ		24,000,000	74	14% of the world population

The NWFZ definition does not count countries or smaller regions that have outlawed nuclear weapons simply by their own law, like Austria with the Atomsperrgesetz in 1999. Similarly the 2+4 Treaty, which led to German reunification, banned nuclear weapons in the new states of Germany (Berlin and former East Germany), but was an agreement only among the six signatory countries, without formal NWFZ mechanisms.

Geographic scope

See also: Nuclear-free zone § Nuclear-free zone by geographical areas

 

Area in dark blue is outside exclusive economic zones. Some NWFZs are defined in terms of EEZ areas, some in terms of territorial waters which extend only 12 nautical miles.

Today there are five zones covering continental or subcontinental groups of countries (including their territorial waters and airspace), and three governing Antarctica, the seabed, and outer space which are not part of any state. The Antarctic, seabed, and space zones preceded all but one of the zones on national territories. Most of the Earth's oceans above the seabed are not covered by NWFZs since freedom of the seas restricts restrictions in international waters. The UN has also recognized one additional country, Mongolia, as having nuclear-weapon-free status.

NWFZs do not cover international waters (where there is freedom of the seas) or transit of nuclear missiles through space (as opposed to deployment of nuclear weapons in space).

As of 15 July 2009^[update] when the African NWFZ came into force, the six land zones cover 56% of the Earth's land area of 149 million square kilometers and 60% of the 195 states on Earth, up from 34% and 30% the previous year; however, only 39% of the world's population lives in NWFZs, while the nine nuclear weapons states have 28% of the world's land area and 46% of the world population.

The Antarctic, Latin American, and South Pacific zones are defined by lines of latitude and longitude, except for the northwestern boundary of the South Pacific zone which follows the limit of Australian territorial waters, and these three zones form a contiguous area, though treaty provisions do not apply to international waters within that area. In contrast, the Southeast Asian zone is defined as the territories of its members including their Exclusive Economic Zones, and the African zone is also defined as the countries and territories considered part of Africa by the OAU (now the African Union) which include islands close to Africa and Madagascar. An AU member, Mauritius, claims the British Indian Ocean Territory where Diego Garcia is currently a US military base.

Nuclear power in NWFZ states

Nuclear power

Country	Plants
Argentina	3
Brazil	2
Mexico	2
South Africa	2

Further information: nuclear power by country

See also: Enriched uranium § Global enrichment facilities

Four NWFZ countries have nuclear plants to generate electricity. South Africa formerly had a nuclear weapons program which it terminated in 1989.

Argentina and Brazil are known to operate uranium enrichment facilities. Countries that had enrichment programs in the past include Libya and South Africa, although Libya's facility was never operational. Australia has announced its intention to pursue commercial enrichment, and is actively researching laser enrichment.

Argentina and Brazil also have plans to build nuclear submarines.

Protocols for non-member states

Territories of outside states within NWFZs

Treaty	British	French	American	Dutch
Tlatelolco	Anguilla, British Virgin Islands Caymans, Turks&Caicos Falklands, S. Georgia	Guyane Guadeloupe, Martinique St. Barthélemy, St. Martin	Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands USMOI	Aruba, Curaçao Sint Maarten Caribbean Netherlands
Rarotonga	Pitcairn Island	Polynésie, Wallis&Futuna Nouvelle-Calédonie	Samoa, Jarvis Island
Pelindaba	Indian Ocean Territory	Réunion, Mayotte Îles Éparses

Several of the NWFZ treaties have protocols under which states outside the zone that have territories within the zone can bring the provisions of the NWFZ into force for those territories. All these territories are small islands except for French Guiana. The United States has signed but not ratified Protocol I to the Treaty of Rarotonga which would apply to American Samoa and Jarvis Island. The United Kingdom does not accept that African NWFZ is applicable to the Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia which has a U.S. military base.

Southern Hemisphere

 

The area between the Equator and 60°S, and between 20°W and 115°E, excluding Africa, Australia and Indonesia and their neighboring islands and waters, is outside the five southern NWFZs. A small area of ocean outside the upper right corner of the map, between Indonesia and Australia, is also not in any NWFZ.
Australian islands are part of the South Pacific NWFZ but the other oceanic islands in this area are owned by Britain, France, Norway, and Maldives and are the only Southern Hemisphere lands other than East Timor that are not in a NWFZ.

Few prevailing winds cross the Equator and effects of nuclear explosions in the Northern Hemisphere might send less fallout to the Southern Hemisphere.

The five southern NWFZs together cover all land in the Southern Hemisphere except East Timor, still in the process of joining ASEAN, and Atlantic and Indian Ocean islands belonging to non-NWFZ countries in the box (map) bounded by 60° S, 20° W, and 115° E, which combined have less than 8000 km² of land area:

• St. Helena and its dependencies Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha, a British overseas territory
• Bouvet Island, a Norwegian territory
• Kerguelen, Crozet, Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands, some of the French Southern Territories
• Chagos Islands (British Indian Ocean Territory) including Diego Garcia (disputed by Mauritius)
• Addu and Fuvahmulah, southernmost atolls of the Maldives

In 1994 states of the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone issued a "Declaration on the Denuclearization of the South Atlantic" which the U.N. General Assembly endorsed but the U.S., U.K., and France still opposed.^[5]

Tropics

Northern Hemisphere tropical lands not in a NWFZ

Region	All of	Parts of
Pacific	Marianas, FSM, Marshalls, Palau	Hawaii (all but NW), USMOI
Arabia	Yemen	Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman
South Asia	Maldives, Sri Lanka	Peninsular India, Bangladesh
East Asia	Hainan	Yunnan, Guangdong/Xi, Taiwan

The Latin American, African, South Pacific and Southeast Asian zones also cover most land in the tropics, but not some Northern Hemisphere areas south of the Tropic of Cancer. Most tropical land outside of NWFZs is in India and the Arabian Peninsula.

Little of the land area covered by the five southern Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones extends north of the Tropic of Cancer: only northern Mexico, northern Bahamas, northern Myanmar, and North Africa. However, the Central Asian and Mongolian zones are entirely in the North Temperate Zone.

Northern Hemisphere

 

  Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones

  States with nuclear weapons

  Neither, but NATO member

  Neither, but uses nuclear power

  Neither, but NATO and nuclear power

  Just party to Non-Proliferation Treaty

 

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a geostrategic military alliance concerned with most of Europe and North America.

The majority of non-NWS non-NWFZ states are in Europe and the North Pacific and are members of (or surrounded by) collective security alliances with nuclear weapons states dating from the Cold War and predating the NWFZ movement.

Twenty-two states are not part of a NWFZ or a collective security bloc nor nuclear weapons states, twelve in the Middle East, six in South Asia, and four in the former Soviet Union. There have been NWFZ proposals for the Middle East (e.g. Nuclear program of Iran#Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in the Middle East, 2009 UN proposal,^[6] 2011 IAEA forum^[7]),^[8] the Korean Peninsula, Central Europe, South Asia, South-east Asia, and the Arctic.^[9]

All countries without nuclear weapons, except South Sudan, are parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, as are the five NPT-sanctioned nuclear weapon states.

Europe

The UK, France, and the USA share a nuclear umbrella with the 25 other members of NATO, and the 6 European Union states not part of NATO (Austria, Cyprus, Ireland, Malta, Sweden) are part of the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy.

The other European countries west of the former Soviet Union are small Western European states and surrounded by and aligned with the EU and NATO but not members (Switzerland and European microstates Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican, Andorra), or Balkan states that have not yet joined the EU (Albania, Bosnia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia and Kosovo).

NATO also extends to Turkey and Canada.

Former Soviet Union

Belarus and Armenia, along with some members of the Central Asian NWFZ, are allies of Russia in CSTO, the three Baltic states have joined NATO, and the GUAM states (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Moldova) are not party to either security treaty.

North Pacific

South Korea and Japan are American allies under its nuclear umbrella, while the three Micronesian states (Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau) are in a Compact of Free Association with the US.

South Asia

India and Pakistan are nuclear-armed states and the six other South Asian states (Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan) are not part of a NWFZ or security bloc.

Middle East

Main article: Middle East nuclear weapon free zone

The six Gulf Cooperation Council states, the 5 other Arab League states outside Africa (Yemen, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq), and Iran (see Nuclear program of Iran) are not nuclear weapons states and not part of a NWFZ. The UN General Assembly has urged establishment of a Middle East NWFZ,^[10] and NPT Review Conferences in 1995 and 2010 called for a zone free of all weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East.^[11][12][13] An International Conference For A WMD-Free Middle East was held in Haifa in December 2013 attended by citizens from all over the world concerned about the lack of progress in the official talks.

See also

• Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
• Nuclear disarmament
• Prevention of nuclear catastrophe
•   Nuclear technology portal

References

1. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011.
2. SEANWFZ Enters Into Force; U.S. Considers Signing Protocol Arms Control Association, April 1997
3. Nuclear free zone in Central Asia enters into force Saturday The Earth Times, 20 March 2009
4. Report of the Disarmament Commission, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42), United Nations, 1999.]
5. Jan·Osma鈔czyk, Edmund; Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (February 19, 2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415939218 – via Google Books.
6. A/RES/64/26 - Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East United Nations General Assembly Sixty-fourth session, 14 January 2010
7. "Middle East nuke talks "positive" despite Iran boycott". Reuters. 2011-11-22.
8. http://inteliprojects.com/wp-content/uploads//NWFZ2009.pdf^{[permanent dead link]}
9. "Speech: Robson - Arctic Nuclear Weapons Free Zone". Scoop News. 12 August 2009.
10. "Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East". A/RES/67/28. United Nations. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
11. Davenport, Kelsey (November 2012). "WMD-Free Middle East Proposal at a Glance". Arms Control Association. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
12. "Resolution on the Middle East" (PDF). NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I), Annex. United Nations. 11 May 1995. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
13. "Final Document: 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons". NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I). Section IV: United Nations. May 2010. pp. 29–31. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

External links

• site about NWFZs run by OPANAL, the organization which monitors the Treaty of Tlatelolco
• from the Law of the Sea Institute at Boalt School of Law (University of California, Berkeley). Includes treaty texts.
• from Atomic Mirror
• UN Pages on Nuclear Weapon Free Zones
• Nuclear Weapon-Free Zones Social Science Research Network, Marco Rossini, 2003
• Arctic Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Canadian Pugwash Group's initiative for an Arctic NWFZ