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World War II evacuation and expulsion

January 07, 2023

Mass evacuation, forced displacement, expulsion, and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in World War II. A number of these phenomena were categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms by the Nuremberg Tribunal after the war ended. The mass movement of people – most of them refugees – had either been caused by the hostilities, or enforced by the former Axis and the Allied powers based on ideologies of race and ethnicity, culminating in the postwar border changes enacted by international settlements. The refugee crisis created across formerly occupied territories in World War II provided the context for much of the new international refugee and global human rights architecture existing today.[1]

Belligerents on both sides engaged in forms of expulsion of people perceived as being associated with the enemy. The major location for the wartime displacements was the East-Central and Eastern Europe, although Japanese people were expelled during and after the war by Allied powers from locations in Asia including India. The Holocaust also involved deportations and expulsions of Jews preliminary to the subsequent genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany under the auspices of Aktion Reinhard.[1]

World War II deportations, expulsions and displacements

Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939 which marked the beginning of World War II, the campaign of ethnic "cleansing" became the goal of military operations for the first time since the end of World War I. After the end of the war, between 13.5 and 16.5 million German-speakers lost their homes in formerly German lands and all over Eastern Europe.

 
Origin of German colonisers settled in annexed Polish territories in action "Heim ins Reich"
 
Expulsion of Poles from Reichsgau Wartheland following the German invasion of 1939
 
Germans leaving Silesia for Allied-occupied Germany in 1945. Courtesy of the German Federal Archives (Deutsches Bundesarchiv).

Aftermath of the invasion of Poland

Main articles: Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany and Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

World War II

Defeat of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan

Main article: Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)

Establishment of refugee organisations

The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was set up in 1943, to provide humanitarian relief to the huge numbers of potential and existing refugees in areas facing Allied liberation. UNRRA provided billions of US dollars of rehabilitation aid, and helped about 8 million refugees. It ceased operations in Europe in 1947, and in Asia in 1949, upon which it ceased to exist. It was replaced in 1947 by the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which in turn evolved into United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Neil Durkin, Amnesty International (9 December 1998). . On the 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2015 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ^ Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, Poland Under Nazi Occupation, (Warsaw, Polonia Publishing House, 1961) pp. 7-33, 164-178. 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on 2005-11-28. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  4. ^ a b "Zwangsumsiedlung, Flucht und Vertreibung 1939 - 1959 : Atlas zur Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas", Witold Sienkiewicz, Grzegorz Hryciuk, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-83-7427-391-6
  5. ^ Davies (1986), p. 451.
  6. ^ a b Polian (2004), p. 119.
  7. ^ Hope (2005), p. 29.
  8. ^ "Holocaust Victims: Five Million Forgotten - Non Jewish Victims of the Shoah".
  9. ^ Malcher (1993), pp. 8-9.
  10. ^ a b c d e Piesakowski (1990), pp. 50-51.
  11. ^ Mikolajczyk (1948).
  12. ^ a b Piotrowski (2004).
  13. ^ Gross (2002), p. xiv.
  14. ^ a b c d Cienciala (2007), p. 139.
  15. ^ a b Polian (2004), p. 118.
  16. ^ http://people.brandeis.edu/~nika/schoolwork/Poland%20Lectures/Lecture%252017.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  17. ^ Applebaum (2004), p. 407.
  18. ^ Krupa (2004).
  19. ^ Rees (2008), p. 64.
  20. ^ Jolluck (2002), pp. 10-11.
  21. ^ Hope (2005), p. 23.
  22. ^ Ferguson (2006), p. 419.
  23. ^ a b c Malcher (1993), p. 9.
  24. ^ Hope (2005), p. 25.
  25. ^ Hope (2005), p. 27.
  26. ^ Article about expulsions from Oświęcim in Polish 2008-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Deletant, Dennis (2006). Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–376. ISBN 9781403993410.
  28. ^ Costea, Maria (2009). "Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)". Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române (in Romanian) (12): 267–275.
  29. ^ Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). "Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania" (PDF). Memoria Ethnologica. 14 (52–53): 12–29.
  30. ^ Joseph Poprzeczny, Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East, McFarland, 2004, ISBN 0-7864-1625-4, Google Print, p. 110–111
  31. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 335 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  32. ^ Lukas, Richard C (2001). "2, 3". Germanization. New York: Hippocrene Books. http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/lucas3.htm. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  33. ^ Gitta Sereny "Stolen children" Jewish virtual library https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html
  34. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 334-5 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
  35. ^ Sybil Milton (1997). "Non-Jewish Children in the Camps". Multimedia Learning Center Online (Annual 5, Chapter 2). The Simon Wiesenthal Center. http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=395115. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  36. ^ a b c Krizman.
  37. ^ a b Nikolić et al. (2002), p. 182.
  38. ^ Annexe I 2003-03-01 at the Wayback Machine, by the Serbian Information Centre-London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  39. ^ Ustasa, Croatian nationalist, fascist, terrorist movement created in 1930.
  40. ^ "World War II -- 60 Years After: For Victims Of Stalin's Deportations, War Lives On". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  41. ^ Raoul Pupo, Il lungo esodo. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe, l'esilio, Rizzoli, Milano 2005.
  42. ^ Lapin sodan ja evakoitumisen muistojuhlassa Pudasjärvellä 3.10.2004. Hannes Manninen. Retrieved 2009-9-7-(in Finnish)
  43. ^
  44. ^ Mazower, Mark (2000). After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943-1960. Princeton University Press. pp. 155, 181. ISBN 978-0-691-05842-9.
  45. ^ Close, David H. (1995), The Origins of the Greek Civil War, p. 248, ISBN 9780582064720, retrieved 2008-03-29, p. 161: "EDES gangs massacred 200-300 of the Cham population, who during the occupation totalled about 19,000 and forced all the rest to flee to Albania"
  46. ^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). (PDF). Warsaw: Didactica. ISBN 9781536110357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-26.
  47. ^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939-1950) (PDF). Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-83-61590-46-0.
  48. ^ The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War 2009-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, p. 4.
  49. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ^ Horvat, Andrew (1986-02-02). "Exiled Sakhalin Koreans Yearn to Go Home Again". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-07-22. Lee, Jin-woo (2005-02-18). . The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2005-03-15. Excluding 100,000 Koreans who were subsequently sent to the mainland of Japan, about 43,000 forced laborers had to remain on the island with no nationality for up to three decades ... So far, some 1,600 returnees have been able to return to South Korea for permanent settlement since 1992.
  51. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  52. ^ Jozo Tomasevich War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: occupation and collaboration, Stanford University Press, 2001 p.165

External links

  • Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era (USHMM) 2019-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
  • The Expulsion of the Citizens of Skierbieszów

Further reading

  • Applebaum, A. (2004). GULAG A History, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-028310-2.
  • Cienciala, M. (2007). Katyn A Crime Without Punishment, Yale University, ISBN 978-0-300-10851-4.
  • Davies, N. (1986). God's Playground A History of Poland Volume II, Clarendon, ISBN 0-19-821944-X.
  • Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0300166606.
  • Feferman Kiril, "A Soviet Humanitarian Action?: Centre, Periphery and the Evacuation of Refugees to the North Caucasus, 1941-1942." In Europe-Asia Studies 61, 5 (July 2009), 813-831.
  • Ferguson, N. (2006). The War of the World, Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9708-7.
  • Gross, J. T. (2002). Revolution from Abroad, Princeton, ISBN 0-691-09603-1.
  • Hope, M. (2005). Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas, ISBN 0-948202-76-9.
  • Jolluck, K. (2002). Exile & Identity, University of Pittsburgh, ISBN 0-8229-4185-6.
  • Krizman, Serge. Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.
  • Krupa, M. (2004). Shallow Graves in Siberia, Birlinn, ISBN 1-84341-012-5.
  • Malcher, G. C. (1993). Blank Pages, Pyrford, ISBN 1-897984-00-6.
  • Mikolajczyk, S. (1948). The Pattern of Soviet Domination, Sampsons, low, Marston & Co.
  • Naimark, Norman: Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.
  • Nikolić, Kosta; Žutić, Nikola; Pavlović, Momčilo; Špadijer, Zorica (2002): Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, ISBN 86-17-09287-4.
  • Piesakowski, T. (1990). The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989, Gryf, ISBN 0-901342-24-6.
  • Piotrowski, T. (2004). The Polish Deportees of World War II, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-3258-5.
  • Polian, P. (2004). Against their Will, CEU Press, ISBN 963-9241-73-3.
  • Prauser, Steffen and Rees, Arfon: The Expulsion of the "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Florence, Italy, Europe, University Institute, 2004.
  • Rees, L. (2008). World War Two Behind Closed Doors, BBC Books, ISBN 978-0-563-49335-8.
  • Roudometof, Victor. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question.

January 07, 2023
world, evacuation, expulsion, mass, evacuation, forced, displacement, expulsion, deportation, millions, people, took, place, across, most, countries, involved, world, number, these, phenomena, were, categorised, violations, fundamental, human, values, norms, n. Mass evacuation forced displacement expulsion and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in World War II A number of these phenomena were categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms by the Nuremberg Tribunal after the war ended The mass movement of people most of them refugees had either been caused by the hostilities or enforced by the former Axis and the Allied powers based on ideologies of race and ethnicity culminating in the postwar border changes enacted by international settlements The refugee crisis created across formerly occupied territories in World War II provided the context for much of the new international refugee and global human rights architecture existing today 1 Belligerents on both sides engaged in forms of expulsion of people perceived as being associated with the enemy The major location for the wartime displacements was the East Central and Eastern Europe although Japanese people were expelled during and after the war by Allied powers from locations in Asia including India The Holocaust also involved deportations and expulsions of Jews preliminary to the subsequent genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany under the auspices of Aktion Reinhard 1 Contents 1 World War II deportations expulsions and displacements 1 1 Aftermath of the invasion of Poland 1 2 World War II 1 3 Defeat of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan 2 Establishment of refugee organisations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 Further readingWorld War II deportations expulsions and displacements EditFollowing the invasion of Poland in September 1939 which marked the beginning of World War II the campaign of ethnic cleansing became the goal of military operations for the first time since the end of World War I After the end of the war between 13 5 and 16 5 million German speakers lost their homes in formerly German lands and all over Eastern Europe Origin of German colonisers settled in annexed Polish territories in action Heim ins Reich Expulsion of Poles from Reichsgau Wartheland following the German invasion of 1939 Germans leaving Silesia for Allied occupied Germany in 1945 Courtesy of the German Federal Archives Deutsches Bundesarchiv Aftermath of the invasion of Poland Edit Main articles Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany and Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 1939 to 1945 The Nazis planned to ethnically cleanse the whole Polish population apparently to a germanisation Master Plan called Generalplan Ost 2 Eventually in the course of Nazi occupation up to 1 6 to 2 million Poles were expelled not counting millions of slave labourers deported from Poland to the Reich 3 1939 to 1940 Expulsions of 680 000 4 Poles from German occupied Wielkopolska German Reichsgau Wartheland From the city of Poznan Germans expelled to General Government 70 000 Poles By 1945 half a million Volksdeutsche Germans from Soviet Union Bessarabia Romania and the Baltic Germans had been resettled during action Heim ins Reich by German organisations like Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and Resettlement departament of RKFDV Stabshauptamt Reichkomissar fur die Festigung deutsches Volkstums from Eastern Europe 1939 to 1940 Expulsions of 121 765 Poles 4 from German occupied Pomerania On Polish places 130 000 Volksdeutsche was settled including 57 000 Germans from East Europe countries Soviet Union Bessarabia Romania and the Baltic states Deportation was a part of German Lebensraum policy ordered by German organisations like Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and Resettlement departament of RKFDV 1939 to 1940 The first evacuation of Finnish Karelia was the resettlement of the population of Finnish Karelia and other territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union after and during the Winter War into the remaining parts of Finland Some of the territories were evacuated during the war or before it as part of the course of the war Most of the territory was evacuated after the Soviet Union gained it as a part of the Moscow peace treaty In total 410 000 people were transferred 1940 to 1941 The Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens most in four mass waves The accepted figure was over 1 5 million 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The most conservative figures 12 13 use recently found NKVD documents showing 309 000 14 15 16 to 381 220 16 17 The Soviets didn t recognise ethnic minorities as Polish citizens 15 18 some of the figures are based on those given an amnesty rather than deported 6 15 and not everyone was eligible for the amnesty 19 therefore the new figures are considered too low 13 15 20 21 The original figures were February 1940 22 23 over 220 000 10 24 April around 315 000 10 24 25 June July between 240 000 10 to 400 000 24 June 1941 200 000 26 to 300 000 10 1940 to 1941 Expulsions of 17 000 Polish and Jewish residents from the western districts of city Oswiecim from places located directly adjacent to Auschwitz Concentration Camp and also from the villages of Broszkowice Babice Brzezinka Rajsko Plawy Harmeze Bor and Budy 27 The Expulsion of Polish civilians was a step towards establishing the Camp Interest Zone which was set up in order to isolate the camp from the outside world and to carry out business activity to meet the needs of the SS German and Volksdeutsche settlers move in This was one of the numerous forced migrations associated with the Holocaust World War II Edit 1940 A population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania is carried out 103 711 Romanians Aromanians and Megleno Romanians are transferred to Romania and 62 278 Bulgarians are evacuated to Bulgaria 28 29 30 1940 to 1941 The deportation of Volga Germans by Soviet Union to Kazakhstan Altai Krai Siberia and other remote areas 1941 The deportation of Estonians Latvians and Lithuanians by Soviet Union 1941 The deportation and massacres of prisoners in Western Soviet Union 1941 to 1944 During the Finnish occupation of East Karelia during World War II the Russian speaking population was held in East Karelian concentration camps 1941 to 1944 Expulsion of Poles from Zamosc region 31 was performed in November 1941 and continued by June July 1943 which was code named Wehrwolf Action I and II to make room for German and to a lesser extent Ukrainian settlers as part of Nazi plans for establishment of German colonies in the conquered territories Around 110 000 people from 297 villages were expelled 32 Around 30 000 victims were children 33 who if racially clean i e had physical characteristics deemed Germanic were planned for germanisation in German families in the Third Reich 34 35 Most of the people expelled were sent as slave labour in Germany or to concentration camps 36 1941 to 1944 in Kosovo and Metohija some 10 000 Serbs lost their lives 37 38 and about 80 000 37 to 100 000 37 39 or more 38 were ethnically cleansed 1941 to 1945 More than 250 000 Serbs were expelled from Croatia and Bosnia by the extreme nationalist Ustase regime during the Serbian Genocide 40 1941 to 1949 During World War II Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians were interned in camps 1942 Deportation of the Ingrian Finns from Soviet controlled territory of the Leningrad Blockade 1943 to 1944 The Deportation of Crimean Tatars Kalmyks Chechens Ingush Balkars Karachays and Meskhetian Turks by Soviet Union to Central Asia and Siberia 41 1943 to 1944 The ethnic cleansing and Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the nationalist UPA with the bulk of victims reported in summer and autumn 1944 1943 to 1960 The Istrian Dalmatian exodus involved the diaspora of 350 000 mostly ethnic Italians Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians together with anti communist Slovene and Croat people from Istria Fiume and Dalmatian lands mainly from the city of Zara after the collapse of Italian fascist regime 42 1944 The displacement of the majority ethnic Estonian population from the Estonian city of Narva by Soviet occupation authorities 1944 The second Evacuation of Finnish Karelia Some 280 000 Finns had returned to areas ceded in 1940 to the Soviet Union and subsequently re conquered by Finland in 1941 During summer and autumn 1944 Finland re ceded these areas back to the Soviet Union and re evacuated the Finnish population 1944 The evacuation of almost total civilian population of Finnish Lapland as a joint Finnish German effort before Finnish and German troops commenced hostilities The evacuees numbering 168 000 were able to return home within a year 43 1944 to 1945 The ethnic cleansing of Hungarians or the massacres in Backa by Titoist partisans during the winter of 1944 45 about 40 000 massacred 44 Afterwards between 45 48 internment camps were set which led directly to the death of 70 000 more of famine frost plagues tortures and executions 1944 to 1945 Between 16 000 and 20 000 Cham Albanians fled from Thesprotia Prefecture to Albania Between 200 and 300 were killed 45 46 Defeat of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan Edit Main article Flight and expulsion of Germans 1944 50 1944 to 1947 amp 1951 The mass deportation of Ukrainian speaking ethnic minorities from the territory of Poland after World War II culminating in 1947 with the start of Operation Vistula 1944 to 1947 amp 1951 1 5 million Poles were deported from the eastern territories annexed by the Soviet Union into the western territories which Soviets transferred from Germany to Poland By 1950 1 6 million Poles from the eastern territories annexed by the Soviet Union had been settled in what the government called the Regained Territories 1944 to 1948 Flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II Between 13 5 and 16 5 million German speakers fled were evacuated or later expelled from Central and Eastern Europe 47 48 making this the largest single instance of ethnic cleansing in recorded history Estimated number of those who died in the process is being debated by historians and estimated between 500 000 and 3 000 000 49 November and December 1944 more than 200 000 Danube Swabians in Yugoslavia were expelled from their homes and interned in starvation and Nazi concentration camps for the old young and disabled Some 30 000 workers were expelled to Russia as slave laborers for war reparations 50 Tens of thousands of the refugees were repatriated to Yugoslavia and massacred in the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II In 1945 American and Republican Chinese forces returned Japanese colonizers from northeast China in what was termed the Japanese repatriation from Huludao In those areas liberated by the Soviets and not the Americans these Japanese became Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union After Japan surrendered the Soviet Union occupied northern Korea and southern Sakhalin These had been Japanese territories before the war and had millions of Japanese residents who were now to be expelled Roughly two thirds of the Korean residents of Sakhalin were also expelled to Japan but the others remained stranded in Sakhalin 51 Taiwan was ceded to Japan in 1895 as a consequence of the First Sino Japanese War and by the beginning of World War II many Japanese civilians had settled there Between the Japanese surrender of Taiwan in 1945 and 25 April 1946 the occupying Republic of China forces expelled 90 of the Japanese living in Taiwan 52 More than 30 000 Serbs colonists were expelled from Bulgarian occupied Macedonia and south eastern Serbia 53 Aliyah Bet was the code name for illegal immigration of Jews to the Levant in the 1930s and 1940s while the Holocaust was occurring and the existence of numerous displaced people of Jewish identity was a major reason for the birth of the state of Israel Those migrants were helped by an underground group called Bricha After Israel was born European Jewish migration to Israel continued contributing to Israel s population growth The Kielce pogrom and other anti Semitic incidents were contributing factors This migration could be seen as an expulsion given the conditions faced by European Jews at the time citation needed Establishment of refugee organisations EditThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was set up in 1943 to provide humanitarian relief to the huge numbers of potential and existing refugees in areas facing Allied liberation UNRRA provided billions of US dollars of rehabilitation aid and helped about 8 million refugees It ceased operations in Europe in 1947 and in Asia in 1949 upon which it ceased to exist It was replaced in 1947 by the International Refugee Organization IRO which in turn evolved into United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR in 1950 See also EditThe March 1945 References Edit a b Neil Durkin Amnesty International 9 December 1998 Our century s greatest achievement On the 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights BBC News Archived from the original on November 11 2013 Retrieved 30 November 2015 via Internet Archive Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Poland Under Nazi Occupation Warsaw Polonia Publishing House 1961 pp 7 33 164 178 Archived 2012 04 13 at the Wayback Machine Poles Victims of the Nazi Era Archived from the original on 2005 11 28 Retrieved 2022 02 16 a b Zwangsumsiedlung Flucht und Vertreibung 1939 1959 Atlas zur Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas Witold Sienkiewicz Grzegorz Hryciuk Bonn 2009 ISBN 978 83 7427 391 6 Davies 1986 p 451 a b Polian 2004 p 119 Hope 2005 p 29 Holocaust Victims Five Million Forgotten Non Jewish Victims of the Shoah Malcher 1993 pp 8 9 a b c d e Piesakowski 1990 pp 50 51 Mikolajczyk 1948 Magdeburg Sting 1936 a b Piotrowski 2004 Gross 2002 p xiv a b c d Cienciala 2007 p 139 a b Polian 2004 p 118 http people brandeis edu nika schoolwork Poland 20Lectures Lecture 252017 pdf bare URL PDF Applebaum 2004 p 407 Krupa 2004 Rees 2008 p 64 Jolluck 2002 pp 10 11 Hope 2005 p 23 Ferguson 2006 p 419 a b c Malcher 1993 p 9 Hope 2005 p 25 Hope 2005 p 27 Article about expulsions from Oswiecim in Polish Archived 2008 10 03 at the Wayback Machine Deletant Dennis 2006 Hitler s forgotten ally Ion Antonescu and his regime Romania 1940 1944 Palgrave Macmillan pp 1 376 ISBN 9781403993410 Costea Maria 2009 Aplicarea tratatului romano bulgar de la Craiova 1940 Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio Umane Gheorghe Șincai al Academiei Romane in Romanian 12 267 275 Țircomnicu Emil 2014 Historical aspects regarding the Megleno Romanian groups in Greece the FY Republic of Macedonia Turkey and Romania PDF Memoria Ethnologica 14 52 53 12 29 Joseph Poprzeczny Odilo Globocnik Hitler s Man in the East McFarland 2004 ISBN 0 7864 1625 4 Google Print p 110 111 Lynn H Nicholas Cruel World The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 335 ISBN 0 679 77663 X Lukas Richard C 2001 2 3 Germanization New York Hippocrene Books http www projectinposterum org docs lucas3 htm Retrieved September 15 2008 Gitta Sereny Stolen children Jewish virtual library https www jewishvirtuallibrary org jsource Holocaust children html Lynn H Nicholas Cruel World The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 334 5 ISBN 0 679 77663 X Sybil Milton 1997 Non Jewish Children in the Camps Multimedia Learning Center Online Annual 5 Chapter 2 The Simon Wiesenthal Center http motlc wiesenthal com site pp asp c gvKVLcMVIuG amp b 395115 Retrieved 2008 09 25 a b c Krizman a b Nikolic et al 2002 p 182 Annexe I Archived 2003 03 01 at the Wayback Machine by the Serbian Information Centre London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Ustasa Croatian nationalist fascist terrorist movement created in 1930 World War II 60 Years After For Victims Of Stalin s Deportations War Lives On RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty Raoul Pupo Il lungo esodo Istria le persecuzioni le foibe l esilio Rizzoli Milano 2005 Lapin sodan ja evakoitumisen muistojuhlassa Pudasjarvella 3 10 2004 Hannes Manninen Retrieved 2009 9 7 in Finnish Tibor Cseres Serbian vendetta in Bacska Mazower Mark 2000 After The War Was Over Reconstructing the Family Nation and State in Greece 1943 1960 Princeton University Press pp 155 181 ISBN 978 0 691 05842 9 Close David H 1995 The Origins of the Greek Civil War p 248 ISBN 9780582064720 retrieved 2008 03 29 p 161 EDES gangs massacred 200 300 of the Cham population who during the occupation totalled about 19 000 and forced all the rest to flee to Albania Eberhardt Piotr 2006 Political Migrations in Poland 1939 1948 8 Evacuation and flight of the German population to the Potsdam Germany PDF Warsaw Didactica ISBN 9781536110357 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 06 26 Eberhardt Piotr 2011 Political Migrations On Polish Territories 1939 1950 PDF Warsaw Polish Academy of Sciences ISBN 978 83 61590 46 0 The Expulsion of German Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War Archived 2009 10 01 at the Wayback Machine European University Institute Florense EUI Working Paper HEC No 2004 1 edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees p 4 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2011 07 19 Retrieved 2011 05 18 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Horvat Andrew 1986 02 02 Exiled Sakhalin Koreans Yearn to Go Home Again Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2020 07 22 Lee Jin woo 2005 02 18 3 100 Koreans in Sakhalin Yearn to Return Home The Korea Times Archived from the original on 2005 03 15 Excluding 100 000 Koreans who were subsequently sent to the mainland of Japan about 43 000 forced laborers had to remain on the island with no nationality for up to three decades So far some 1 600 returnees have been able to return to South Korea for permanent settlement since 1992 Taiwan history Chronology of important events Archived from the original on 2016 04 16 Retrieved 2016 04 20 Jozo Tomasevich War and revolution in Yugoslavia 1941 1945 occupation and collaboration Stanford University Press 2001 p 165External links EditPoles Victims of the Nazi Era USHMM Archived 2019 06 22 at the Wayback Machine The Expulsion of the Citizens of SkierbieszowFurther reading EditApplebaum A 2004 GULAG A History Penguin ISBN 0 14 028310 2 Cienciala M 2007 Katyn A Crime Without Punishment Yale University ISBN 978 0 300 10851 4 Davies N 1986 God s Playground A History of Poland Volume II Clarendon ISBN 0 19 821944 X Douglas R M Orderly and Humane The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War Yale University Press 2012 ISBN 978 0300166606 Feferman Kiril A Soviet Humanitarian Action Centre Periphery and the Evacuation of Refugees to the North Caucasus 1941 1942 In Europe Asia Studies 61 5 July 2009 813 831 Ferguson N 2006 The War of the World Allen Lane ISBN 0 7139 9708 7 Gross J T 2002 Revolution from Abroad Princeton ISBN 0 691 09603 1 Hope M 2005 Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Jolluck K 2002 Exile amp Identity University of Pittsburgh ISBN 0 8229 4185 6 Krizman Serge Maps of Yugoslavia at War Washington 1943 Krupa M 2004 Shallow Graves in Siberia Birlinn ISBN 1 84341 012 5 Malcher G C 1993 Blank Pages Pyrford ISBN 1 897984 00 6 Mikolajczyk S 1948 The Pattern of Soviet Domination Sampsons low Marston amp Co Naimark Norman Fires of Hatred Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe Cambridge Harvard University Press 2001 Nikolic Kosta Zutic Nikola Pavlovic Momcilo Spadijer Zorica 2002 Istoriјa za treћi razred gimnaziјe prirodno matematichkog smera i chetvrti razred gimnaziјe opshteg i drushtveno јezichkog smera Belgrade ISBN 86 17 09287 4 Piesakowski T 1990 The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939 1989 Gryf ISBN 0 901342 24 6 Piotrowski T 2004 The Polish Deportees of World War II McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 3258 5 Polian P 2004 Against their Will CEU Press ISBN 963 9241 73 3 Prauser Steffen and Rees Arfon The Expulsion of the German Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War Florence Italy Europe University Institute 2004 Rees L 2008 World War Two Behind Closed Doors BBC Books ISBN 978 0 563 49335 8 Roudometof Victor Collective Memory National Identity and Ethnic Conflict Greece Bulgaria and the Macedonian Question Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title World War II evacuation and expulsion amp oldid 1122772534, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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