Muher (Muxar) is an Ethiopian Semitic language belonging to the Gurage group. It is spoken in the mountains north of Cheha and Ezhana Wolene in Ethiopia. The language has two dialects, which are named after the first-person singular pronoun "I" they use: Ana uses əni/anä, Adi uses adi/ädi (similar to the related language Soddo). The language is sometimes written in a modified Arabic (Ajam) or Amharic script.[2][3] It has approximately 90,000 speakers.[1]
The basic word order of Muher is SOV. However, a known argument always has to precede a new argument, regardless of their function. Primary conjugations differentiate between the perfective and imperfective aspects. The subject and object are marked on the verb. Object markers are divided into the categories Light and Heavy. Heavy object markers are those who occur with impersonal and plural subjects. Light markers are any others. Light markers may differ based on if the aspect is perfective or non-perfective.
^ abShumneka Nurga, Awlachew (2021-04-23), Ado, Derib; Gelagay, Almaz Wasse; Johannessen, Janne Bondi (eds.), "Language contact and its effects on language use of the Gurage varieties of Muher", Grammatical and Sociolinguistic Aspects of Ethiopian Languages, IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 65–90, doi:10.1075/impact.48.03shu, ISBN978-90-272-0833-0, retrieved 2024-02-26
^Meyer, Ronny (2017-02-10). "The Ethiopic Script: Linguistic Features and Socio-cultural Connotations". Oslo Studies in Language. 8 (1). doi:10.5617/osla.4422. ISSN 1890-9639.
^Goldenberg, G. (2009). From Speech to Writing in Gurage-Land: First Attempts to Write in the Vernacular. In Egyptian, Semitic and General Grammar: Workshop in Memory of HJ Polotsky (8-12 July 2001), edited by Gideon Goldenberg and Ariel Shisha-Halevy (Vol. 184, p. 196).
^Meyer, Ronny (2011-12-23), "72. Gurage", 72. Gurage, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 1220–1257, doi:10.1515/9783110251586.1220, ISBN978-3-11-025158-6, retrieved 2024-02-26
^Leslau, Wolf (1996). Essays on Gurage Language and Culture: Dedicated to Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of His 90th Birthday, November 14th, 1996. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN978-3-447-03830-0.
Hetzron, Robert (1977). The Gunnan-Gurage languages. Napoli : Istituto Orientale di Napoli.
Leslau, Wolf (1979). Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. (ISBN3-447-02041-5)
Leslau, Wolf (1981). Ethiopians Speak: Studies in Cultural Background, Part IV : Muher. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. (ISBN3-515-03657-1)
Meyer, Ronny (2005). "The morpheme yä- in Muher", in: Lissan - Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 19/1, pp. 40–63.
Polotsky, Hans Jakob (1939). "L labialisé en gouragué mouher", in: GLECS 3, pp. 66–68 [=Collected Papers by H. J. Polotsky (Jerusalem: Magnes press 1971), pp. 516–518].
Rose, Sharon (1996). "Allomorphy and Morphological Categories in Muher", in: G. Hudson (ed.), Essays in Gurage Language and Culture (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag), pp. 205–227.
Rose, Sharon (2000). "Velar Lenition in Muher Gurage", in: Lingua Posnaniensis 42, pp. 107–116.
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muher, language, confused, with, mehri, language, muher, muxar, ethiopian, semitic, language, belonging, gurage, group, spoken, mountains, north, cheha, ezhana, wolene, ethiopia, language, dialects, which, named, after, first, person, singular, pronoun, they, . Not to be confused with Mehri language Muher Muxar is an Ethiopian Semitic language belonging to the Gurage group It is spoken in the mountains north of Cheha and Ezhana Wolene in Ethiopia The language has two dialects which are named after the first person singular pronoun I they use Ana uses eni ana Adi uses adi adi similar to the related language Soddo The language is sometimes written in a modified Arabic Ajam or Amharic script 2 3 It has approximately 90 000 speakers 1 MuherRegionEthiopiaNative speakers undated figure of 90 000 1 Language familyAfro Asiatic SemiticWest SemiticSouth SemiticEthiopicSouthWest GurageMuherLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code sgw class extiw title iso639 3 sgw sgw a Linguist ListGlottologseba1251 Contents 1 Phonology 2 Grammar 2 1 Verbs 3 References 3 1 Citations 3 2 Further readingPhonology editConsonant Phonemes in Muher 4 Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalPrevelarStop Voiceless t c k kʷVoiced b bʷ d ɟ g gʷEjective tʼ cʼ kʼ kʼʷAffricate t ʃ d ʒFricative Voiceless f fʷ s ʃ c h hʷVoiced z ʒNasal m mʷ n ɲLiquid r lGlide j wThe phonemic status of the glottal stop is uncertain 5 In some cases kʼ or kʷ may be reduced to ʔ or ʔʷ respectively postvocalically Vowel Phonemes in Muher 4 Front Central BackClose i uMid e ɨ e ɑ ɜ oOpen ɑThe basic syllable structure of Muher is C C V C C Grammar editLike many Semetic languages Muher has triconsonantal roots for verbs and nominals Personal pronouns both substitute for subjects and function as possessive suffixes on nominals Gender Singular PluralPronoun Possessive Pronoun Possessive1 Common ɑ di ddi ɨɲɲɑ nnɑ2 Male dɑ hɑ dɑ hɨmʷFemale da c lt dahʲ dɑ hmɑ3 Male hʷɑ hʷt ɑ hinnɑ mʷFemale cɑ hijɑ hinnɑ mɑDefiniteness is marked by the definite suffix we Muher has a decimal number system The teens are formed by ɑsrɑ plus the digits usually preceded by m Numerals 4 Digit Glossɑtt kʼunɑ one hʷett two sɔɑst sost three ɑrbɑ tt four ɑmmɨst five sɨddɨst six sɑ bɑ tt sɑ bɑtt seven simmutt eight ʒɑ tʼɑ nine ɑssir ɑsrɑ ten Verbs edit The basic word order of Muher is SOV However a known argument always has to precede a new argument regardless of their function Primary conjugations differentiate between the perfective and imperfective aspects The subject and object are marked on the verb Object markers are divided into the categories Light and Heavy Heavy object markers are those who occur with impersonal and plural subjects Light markers are any others Light markers may differ based on if the aspect is perfective or non perfective Object Markers 6 Object Marker Light HeavyPerfective Non perfective1SG e e rɨ2SG Masc nnɑhɑ hɑ kkɑ 2SG Fem nnɑc c kc3SG Masc nn ʷ nn ʲ ʷ c 3SG Fem nnɑ ːɑ nnɑ jɑ wɑ cɑ 1PL ɑ nɑ ɑ nɑ nnɑ 2PL Masc nnɑhmʷ hɨmʷ kkɨmʷ2PL Fem nnɑhmɑ hmɑ kkimɑ3PL Masc nnɑ mʷ ːɑ mʷ nnɑ mʷ jɑ mʷ wɑ mʷ cɑ mʷ 3PL Fem nnɑ mɑ ːɑ mɑ nnɑ mɑ jɑ mɑ wɑ mɑ cɑ mɑ References editCitations edit a b Shumneka Nurga Awlachew 2021 04 23 Ado Derib Gelagay Almaz Wasse Johannessen Janne Bondi eds Language contact and its effects on language use of the Gurage varieties of Muher Grammatical and Sociolinguistic Aspects of Ethiopian Languages IMPACT Studies in Language Culture and Society John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 65 90 doi 10 1075 impact 48 03shu ISBN 978 90 272 0833 0 retrieved 2024 02 26 Meyer Ronny 2017 02 10 The Ethiopic Script Linguistic Features and Socio cultural Connotations Oslo Studies in Language 8 1 doi 10 5617 osla 4422 ISSN 1890 9639 Goldenberg G 2009 From Speech to Writing in Gurage Land First Attempts to Write in the Vernacular In Egyptian Semitic and General Grammar Workshop in Memory of HJ Polotsky 8 12 July 2001 edited by Gideon Goldenberg and Ariel Shisha Halevy Vol 184 p 196 a b c Huehnergard John Pat El Na ama 2019 02 18 The Semitic Languages Routledge ISBN 978 0 429 65538 8 Meyer Ronny 2011 12 23 72 Gurage 72 Gurage De Gruyter Mouton pp 1220 1257 doi 10 1515 9783110251586 1220 ISBN 978 3 11 025158 6 retrieved 2024 02 26 Leslau Wolf 1996 Essays on Gurage Language and Culture Dedicated to Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of His 90th Birthday November 14th 1996 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 03830 0 Further reading edit Cohen Marcel 1936 Etudes d ethiopien meridional Paris Geuthner Hetzron Robert 1977 The Gunnan Gurage languages Napoli Istituto Orientale di Napoli Leslau Wolf 1979 Etymological Dictionary of Gurage Ethiopic 3 vols Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz ISBN 3 447 02041 5 Leslau Wolf 1981 Ethiopians Speak Studies in Cultural Background Part IV Muher Wiesbaden Franz Steiner ISBN 3 515 03657 1 Meyer Ronny 2005 The morpheme ya in Muher in Lissan Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 19 1 pp 40 63 Polotsky Hans Jakob 1939 L labialise en gourague mouher in GLECS 3 pp 66 68 Collected Papers by H J Polotsky Jerusalem Magnes press 1971 pp 516 518 Rose Sharon 1996 Allomorphy and Morphological Categories in Muher in G Hudson ed Essays in Gurage Language and Culture Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag pp 205 227 Rose Sharon 2000 Velar Lenition in Muher Gurage in Lingua Posnaniensis 42 pp 107 116 nbsp This Ethiopia related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muher language amp oldid 1215639894, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
