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Monkeys and apes in space

March 12, 2023

Before humans went into space in the 1960s, several other animals were launched into space, including numerous other primates, so that scientists could investigate the biological effects of spaceflight. The United States launched flights containing primate passengers primarily between 1948 and 1961 with one flight in 1969 and one in 1985. France launched two monkey-carrying flights in 1967. The Soviet Union and Russia launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996. Most primates were anesthetized before lift-off.

Ham, a chimpanzee, became the first great ape in space during his January 31, 1961, suborbital flight aboard Mercury-Redstone 2

Overall, thirty-two non-human primates flew in the space program; none flew more than once. Numerous backup primates also went through the programs but never flew. Monkeys and non-human apes from several species were used, including rhesus macaque, crab-eating macaque, squirrel monkeys, pig-tailed macaques, and chimpanzees.

United States

 
Enos, the third great ape and only chimpanzee to orbit the Earth, being prepared for launch on Mercury-Atlas 5 (November 29, 1961)
 
Able, who flew on the first two monkey space mission in May, 1959, on display at the National Air and Space Museum
 
Sam, a rhesus macaque, flew to an altitude of 88 km (55 mi) on December 4, 1959, on a NASA rocket, Little Joe 2

The first primate launched into high subspace, although not a space flight, was Albert, a rhesus macaque, who on June 11, 1948, rode a rocket flight to over 63 km (39 mi) in Earth's atmosphere on a V-2 rocket. Albert died of suffocation during the flight and may actually have died in the cramped space capsule before launch.[1][2][3]

On June 14, 1949, Albert II survived a sub-orbital V-2 flight into space (but died on impact after a parachute failure)[2] to become the first monkey, first primate, and first mammal in space. His flight reached 134 km (83 mi) – past the Kármán line of 100 km which designates the beginning of space.[4]

On September 16, 1949, Albert III died below the Kármán line, at 35,000 feet (10.7 km), in an explosion of his V2. On December 8, Albert IV, the second mammal in space, flew on the last monkey V-2 flight and died on impact after another parachute failure[2] after reaching 130.6  km. Alberts, I, II, and IV were rhesus macaques while Albert III was a crab-eating macaque.

Monkeys later flew on Aerobee rockets. On April 18, 1951, a monkey, possibly called Albert V, died due to parachute failure. Yorick, also called Albert VI, along with 11 mouse crewmates, reached 236,000 ft (72 km, 44.7 mi) and survived the landing, on September 20, 1951, the first monkey to do so (the dogs Dezik and Tsygan had survived a trip to space in July of that year), although he died two hours later. Two of the mice also died after recovery; all of the deaths were thought to be related to stress from overheating in the sealed capsule in the New Mexico sun while awaiting the recovery team.[2] Albert VI's flight surpassed the 50-mile boundary the U.S. used for spaceflight but was below the international definition of space. Patricia and Mike, two cynomolgus monkeys, flew on May 21, 1952, and survived, but their flight was only to 26 kilometers.[citation needed]

On December 13, 1958, Gordo, also called Old Reliable, a squirrel monkey, survived being launched aboard Jupiter AM-13 by the US Army.[4] After flying for over 1,500 miles and reaching a height of 310 miles (500 km) before returning to Earth, Gordo landed in the South Atlantic and was killed due to mechanical failure of the parachute recovery system in the rocket nose cone.[4]

On May 28, 1959, aboard the JUPITER AM-18, Able, a rhesus macaque, and Miss Baker, a squirrel monkey from Peru, flew a successful mission. Able was born at the Ralph Mitchell Zoo in Independence, Kansas. They travelled in excess of 16,000 km/h, and withstood 38 g (373 m/s2). Able died June 1, 1959, while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode, from a reaction to the anesthesia. Baker became the first monkey to survive the stresses of spaceflight and the related medical procedures. Baker died November 29, 1984, at the age of 27 and is buried on the grounds of the United States Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Able was preserved, and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum. Their names were taken from the 1943–1955 US military phonetic alphabet.[5]

On December 4, 1959, from Wallops Island, Virginia, Sam, a rhesus macaque, flew on the Little Joe 2 in the Mercury program to 53 miles high.[4] On January 21, 1960, Miss Sam, also a rhesus macaque, followed, on Little Joe 1B although her flight was only to 8 mi (13 km) in a test of emergency procedures.[6]

Chimpanzees Ham and Enos also flew in the Mercury program, with Ham becoming the first great ape or Hominidae in space.[7] The names "Sam" and "Ham" were acronyms. Sam was named in homage to the School of Aerospace Medicine at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, and the name "Ham" was taken from Holloman Aerospace Medicine at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico.[8] Ham and Enos were among 60 chimpanzees brought to New Mexico by the U.S. Air Force for space flight tests. Six were selected to be trained at Cape Canaveral by Tony Gentry et al.[9]

Goliath, a squirrel monkey, died in the explosion of his Atlas rocket on November 10, 1961. A rhesus macaque called Scatback flew a sub-orbital flight on December 20, 1961, but was lost at sea after landing.[10]

Bonny, a pig-tailed macaque, flew on Biosatellite 3, a mission which lasted from June 29 to July 8, 1969. This was the first multi-day monkey flight but came after longer human spaceflights were common. He died within a day of landing.[11]

Spacelab 3 on the Space Shuttle flight STS-51-B featured two squirrel monkeys named No. 3165 and No. 384-80. The flight was from April 29 to May 6, 1985.[12]

France

France launched a pig-tailed macaque named Martine on a Vesta rocket on March 7, 1967, and another named Pierette on March 13. These suborbital flights reached 243 km (151 mi) and 234 km (145 mi), respectively. Martine became the first monkey to survive more than a couple of hours after flying above the international definition of the edge of space. (Ham and Enos, launched earlier by the United States, were chimpanzees).[13]

Soviet Union and Russia

The Soviet /Russian space program used only rhesus macaques in its Bion satellite program in 1980s and 1990s.[14] The names of the monkeys began with sequential letters of the Russian alphabet (А, Б, В, Г, Д, Е, Ё, Ж, З...). The animals all survived their missions but for a single fatality in post-flight surgery, after which the program was cancelled.

  1. The first monkeys launched by Soviet space program, Abrek and Bion, flew on Bion 6. They remained aloft from December 14, 1983 – December 20, 1983.[15]
  2. Next came Bion 7 with monkeys Verny and Gordy from July 10, 1985 – July 17, 1985.[16]
  3. Then Dryoma and Yerosha on Bion 8 from September 29, 1987 – October 12, 1987.[17] After returning from space Dryoma was presented to Cuban leader Fidel Castro.[citation needed]
  4. Bion 9 with monkeys Zhakonya and Zabiyaka followed from September 15, 1989 to September 28, 1989.[18] The two took the space endurance record for monkeys at 13 days, 17 hours in space.
  5. Monkeys Ivasha and Krosh flew on Bion 10 from December 29, 1992 to January 7, 1993.[19] Krosh produced offspring, after rehabilitation upon returning to Earth.
  6. Lapik and Multik were the last monkeys in space until Iran launched one of its own in 2013. The pair flew aboard Bion 11 from December 24, 1996, to January 7, 1997.[20] Upon return, Multik died while under anesthesia for US biopsy sampling on January 8. Lapik nearly died while undergoing the identical procedure. No follow-up research has been conducted to determine whether these two incidents, together with the 1959 loss of the US monkey Able in post-flight surgery, contraindicate the administration of anesthesia during or shortly after spaceflights. Further US support of the Bion program was cancelled.[20]

Argentina

On December 23, 1969, as part of the 'Operación Navidad' (Operation Christmas), Argentina launched Juan (a tufted capuchin, native to Argentina's Misiones Province) using a two-stage Rigel 04 rocket. It ascended perhaps up to 82 kilometers and then was recovered successfully.[21][22][23] Other sources give 30, 60 or 72 kilometers.[24][25] All of these are below the international definition of space (100 km). Later, on February 1, 1970, the experience was repeated with a female monkey of the same species using an X-1 Panther rocket. Although it reached a higher altitude than its predecessor, it was lost after the capsule's parachute failed.[citation needed]

China

The PRC spacecraft Shenzhou 2 launched on January 9, 2001. It is rumoured that inside the reentry module (precise information is lacking due to the secrecy surrounding China's space program) a monkey, dog, and rabbit rode aloft in a test of the spacecraft's life support systems. The SZ2 reentry module landed in Inner Mongolia on January 16. No images of the recovered capsule appeared in the press, leading to the widespread inference that the flight ended in failure. According to press reports citing an unnamed source, a parachute connection malfunction caused a hard landing.[26]

Iran

On January 28, 2013, AFP and Sky News reported that Iran had sent a monkey in a "Pishgam" rocket to a height of 72 miles (116 km) and retrieved "shipment".[27][28] Iranian media gave no details on the timing or location of the launch, while details that were reported raised questions about the claim. Pre-flight and post-flight photos clearly showed different monkeys.[29] The confusion was due to the publishing of an archive photo from 2011 by the Iranian Student News Agency (ISNA). According to Jonathan McDowell, a Harvard astronomer, "They just mixed that footage with the footage of the 2013 successful launch."[30]

On December 14, 2013, AFP and BBC reported that Iran again sent a monkey to space and safely returned it.[31][32] Rhesus macaque Aftab (2013.01.28) and Fargam (2013.12.14) were each launched separately into space and safely returned. Researchers continue to study the effects of the space trip on their offspring.[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ , Encyclopedia Astronautica.
  2. ^ a b c d "The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952". History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. ^ . White Sands Missile Range. Archived from the original on January 25, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962). "Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960". US Naval School of Aviation Medicine. ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581). Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^ "Kansan among first to go to space" October 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Wichita Eagle and Kansas.com, March 22, 2010.
  6. ^ "NASA Space Monkey Training". Texas Archive of the Moving Image. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  7. ^ "Benchmarks: January 31, 1961: Ham the chimpanzee, first hominid in space". www.earthmagazine.org. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  8. ^ Hanser, Kathleen (November 10, 2015). "Mercury Primate Capsule and Ham the Astrochimp". airandspace.si.edu. Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  9. ^ Herzfeld, Chris (2017). The great apes : a short history. Kevin Frey, Jane Goodall. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 161–163. ISBN 978-0-300-22137-4. OCLC 982651819.
  10. ^ Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris (July 5, 2007). Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 272–273. ISBN 9780387496788. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  11. ^ "Mission information: Biosatellite III". NASA. Retrieved May 25, 2016.[dead link]   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ PROGRAMS, MISSIONS, AND PAYLOADS STS-51B/Spacelab 3 July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, NASA
  13. ^ Burgess & Dubbs (2007), p. 387.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on February 15, 2013.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on September 29, 2006.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on September 29, 2006.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on February 15, 2013.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on September 29, 2006.
  19. ^ . Archived from the original on June 16, 2011.
  20. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2014-12-31.
  21. ^ (in Spanish) Documentary on Argentine monkey Juan: ARGENTINA – 4TO PAIS EN LLEGAR AL ESPACIO (Youtube), Trailer del documental "Juan, el primer astronauta argentino" (Youtube)
  22. ^ (in Spanish) La Voz Del Interior: Hace 40 años, el primer "argentino" llegaba al espacio, Lucas Viano, December 19, 2009
  23. ^ (in Spanish) Pagina 12: Un pequeño salto para el mono, Leonardo Moledo, December 30, 2009
  24. ^ "Argentina y la Conquista del Espacio". Taringa!. 3 June 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  25. ^ . Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  26. ^ Cheng, Ho (February 27, 2001). "Confusion and Mystery of Shenzhou 2 Mission Deepens". SpaceDaily. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  27. ^ Gizmodo: Iran Just Sent a Monkey Into Space, Jamie Condliffe, January 28, 2013
  28. ^ Sky News: Iran Space Monkey: Primate 'Sent Into Orbit', January 28, 2013
  29. ^ Rob Williams (February 1, 2013). "Was Iran's monkey in space launch faked? Before and after pictures of space-travelling simian appear to show different animals – Middle East – World". The Independent. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  30. ^ Kamali, Saeed (February 3, 2013). "Let's get the facts straight about Iran's space monkey | World news". theguardian.com. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  31. ^ "International News | World News – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. July 13, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  32. ^ "BBC News – Iran 'sends monkey to space for second time'". Bbc.co.uk. December 14, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  33. ^ "'Iran plans manned space mission'". The Straitstimes. September 16, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  34. ^ "'Полёты животных'". ASTROnote. March 31, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2017.

Further reading

  • Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle, Chris Dubbs and Colin Burgess, Springer-Praxis Books, 2007

External links

  • ape-o-naut
  • NPR article on the 50th anniversary of Able and Baker's flight
  • Monkey astronauts
  • One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps Official Documentary Site
  • Argentina and the Conquest of Space (Spanish)

March 12, 2023
monkeys, apes, space, before, humans, went, into, space, 1960s, several, other, animals, were, launched, into, space, including, numerous, other, primates, that, scientists, could, investigate, biological, effects, spaceflight, united, states, launched, flight. Before humans went into space in the 1960s several other animals were launched into space including numerous other primates so that scientists could investigate the biological effects of spaceflight The United States launched flights containing primate passengers primarily between 1948 and 1961 with one flight in 1969 and one in 1985 France launched two monkey carrying flights in 1967 The Soviet Union and Russia launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996 Most primates were anesthetized before lift off Ham a chimpanzee became the first great ape in space during his January 31 1961 suborbital flight aboard Mercury Redstone 2 Overall thirty two non human primates flew in the space program none flew more than once Numerous backup primates also went through the programs but never flew Monkeys and non human apes from several species were used including rhesus macaque crab eating macaque squirrel monkeys pig tailed macaques and chimpanzees Contents 1 United States 2 France 3 Soviet Union and Russia 4 Argentina 5 China 6 Iran 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksUnited States Edit Enos the third great ape and only chimpanzee to orbit the Earth being prepared for launch on Mercury Atlas 5 November 29 1961 Able who flew on the first two monkey space mission in May 1959 on display at the National Air and Space Museum Sam a rhesus macaque flew to an altitude of 88 km 55 mi on December 4 1959 on a NASA rocket Little Joe 2 The first primate launched into high subspace although not a space flight was Albert a rhesus macaque who on June 11 1948 rode a rocket flight to over 63 km 39 mi in Earth s atmosphere on a V 2 rocket Albert died of suffocation during the flight and may actually have died in the cramped space capsule before launch 1 2 3 On June 14 1949 Albert II survived a sub orbital V 2 flight into space but died on impact after a parachute failure 2 to become the first monkey first primate and first mammal in space His flight reached 134 km 83 mi past the Karman line of 100 km which designates the beginning of space 4 On September 16 1949 Albert III died below the Karman line at 35 000 feet 10 7 km in an explosion of his V2 On December 8 Albert IV the second mammal in space flew on the last monkey V 2 flight and died on impact after another parachute failure 2 after reaching 130 6 km Alberts I II and IV were rhesus macaques while Albert III was a crab eating macaque Monkeys later flew on Aerobee rockets On April 18 1951 a monkey possibly called Albert V died due to parachute failure Yorick also called Albert VI along with 11 mouse crewmates reached 236 000 ft 72 km 44 7 mi and survived the landing on September 20 1951 the first monkey to do so the dogs Dezik and Tsygan had survived a trip to space in July of that year although he died two hours later Two of the mice also died after recovery all of the deaths were thought to be related to stress from overheating in the sealed capsule in the New Mexico sun while awaiting the recovery team 2 Albert VI s flight surpassed the 50 mile boundary the U S used for spaceflight but was below the international definition of space Patricia and Mike two cynomolgus monkeys flew on May 21 1952 and survived but their flight was only to 26 kilometers citation needed On December 13 1958 Gordo also called Old Reliable a squirrel monkey survived being launched aboard Jupiter AM 13 by the US Army 4 After flying for over 1 500 miles and reaching a height of 310 miles 500 km before returning to Earth Gordo landed in the South Atlantic and was killed due to mechanical failure of the parachute recovery system in the rocket nose cone 4 On May 28 1959 aboard the JUPITER AM 18 Able a rhesus macaque and Miss Baker a squirrel monkey from Peru flew a successful mission Able was born at the Ralph Mitchell Zoo in Independence Kansas They travelled in excess of 16 000 km h and withstood 38 g 373 m s2 Able died June 1 1959 while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode from a reaction to the anesthesia Baker became the first monkey to survive the stresses of spaceflight and the related medical procedures Baker died November 29 1984 at the age of 27 and is buried on the grounds of the United States Space amp Rocket Center in Huntsville Alabama Able was preserved and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution s National Air and Space Museum Their names were taken from the 1943 1955 US military phonetic alphabet 5 On December 4 1959 from Wallops Island Virginia Sam a rhesus macaque flew on the Little Joe 2 in the Mercury program to 53 miles high 4 On January 21 1960 Miss Sam also a rhesus macaque followed on Little Joe 1B although her flight was only to 8 mi 13 km in a test of emergency procedures 6 Chimpanzees Ham and Enos also flew in the Mercury program with Ham becoming the first great ape or Hominidae in space 7 The names Sam and Ham were acronyms Sam was named in homage to the School of Aerospace Medicine at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio Texas and the name Ham was taken from Holloman Aerospace Medicine at Holloman Air Force Base New Mexico 8 Ham and Enos were among 60 chimpanzees brought to New Mexico by the U S Air Force for space flight tests Six were selected to be trained at Cape Canaveral by Tony Gentry et al 9 Goliath a squirrel monkey died in the explosion of his Atlas rocket on November 10 1961 A rhesus macaque called Scatback flew a sub orbital flight on December 20 1961 but was lost at sea after landing 10 Bonny a pig tailed macaque flew on Biosatellite 3 a mission which lasted from June 29 to July 8 1969 This was the first multi day monkey flight but came after longer human spaceflights were common He died within a day of landing 11 Spacelab 3 on the Space Shuttle flight STS 51 B featured two squirrel monkeys named No 3165 and No 384 80 The flight was from April 29 to May 6 1985 12 France EditFrance launched a pig tailed macaque named Martine on a Vesta rocket on March 7 1967 and another named Pierette on March 13 These suborbital flights reached 243 km 151 mi and 234 km 145 mi respectively Martine became the first monkey to survive more than a couple of hours after flying above the international definition of the edge of space Ham and Enos launched earlier by the United States were chimpanzees 13 Soviet Union and Russia EditThe Soviet Russian space program used only rhesus macaques in its Bion satellite program in 1980s and 1990s 14 The names of the monkeys began with sequential letters of the Russian alphabet A B V G D E Yo Zh Z The animals all survived their missions but for a single fatality in post flight surgery after which the program was cancelled The first monkeys launched by Soviet space program Abrek and Bion flew on Bion 6 They remained aloft from December 14 1983 December 20 1983 15 Next came Bion 7 with monkeys Verny and Gordy from July 10 1985 July 17 1985 16 Then Dryoma and Yerosha on Bion 8 from September 29 1987 October 12 1987 17 After returning from space Dryoma was presented to Cuban leader Fidel Castro citation needed Bion 9 with monkeys Zhakonya and Zabiyaka followed from September 15 1989 to September 28 1989 18 The two took the space endurance record for monkeys at 13 days 17 hours in space Monkeys Ivasha and Krosh flew on Bion 10 from December 29 1992 to January 7 1993 19 Krosh produced offspring after rehabilitation upon returning to Earth Lapik and Multik were the last monkeys in space until Iran launched one of its own in 2013 The pair flew aboard Bion 11 from December 24 1996 to January 7 1997 20 Upon return Multik died while under anesthesia for US biopsy sampling on January 8 Lapik nearly died while undergoing the identical procedure No follow up research has been conducted to determine whether these two incidents together with the 1959 loss of the US monkey Able in post flight surgery contraindicate the administration of anesthesia during or shortly after spaceflights Further US support of the Bion program was cancelled 20 Argentina EditOn December 23 1969 as part of the Operacion Navidad Operation Christmas Argentina launched Juan a tufted capuchin native to Argentina s Misiones Province using a two stage Rigel 04 rocket It ascended perhaps up to 82 kilometers and then was recovered successfully 21 22 23 Other sources give 30 60 or 72 kilometers 24 25 All of these are below the international definition of space 100 km Later on February 1 1970 the experience was repeated with a female monkey of the same species using an X 1 Panther rocket Although it reached a higher altitude than its predecessor it was lost after the capsule s parachute failed citation needed China EditThe PRC spacecraft Shenzhou 2 launched on January 9 2001 It is rumoured that inside the reentry module precise information is lacking due to the secrecy surrounding China s space program a monkey dog and rabbit rode aloft in a test of the spacecraft s life support systems The SZ2 reentry module landed in Inner Mongolia on January 16 No images of the recovered capsule appeared in the press leading to the widespread inference that the flight ended in failure According to press reports citing an unnamed source a parachute connection malfunction caused a hard landing 26 Iran EditOn January 28 2013 AFP and Sky News reported that Iran had sent a monkey in a Pishgam rocket to a height of 72 miles 116 km and retrieved shipment 27 28 Iranian media gave no details on the timing or location of the launch while details that were reported raised questions about the claim Pre flight and post flight photos clearly showed different monkeys 29 The confusion was due to the publishing of an archive photo from 2011 by the Iranian Student News Agency ISNA According to Jonathan McDowell a Harvard astronomer They just mixed that footage with the footage of the 2013 successful launch 30 On December 14 2013 AFP and BBC reported that Iran again sent a monkey to space and safely returned it 31 32 Rhesus macaque Aftab 2013 01 28 and Fargam 2013 12 14 were each launched separately into space and safely returned Researchers continue to study the effects of the space trip on their offspring 33 34 See also Edit Spaceflight portalLaika Soviet space dogs Ham chimpanzee Human spaceflight Animals in space Space exploration List of individual apes List of individual monkeys Alice King Chatham sculptor who designed oxygen masks and safety gear for animals in the U S space program Captain Simian amp the Space Monkeys 1996 television series Space Chimps 2008 film One Small Step The Story of the Space Chimps 2008 documentary References Edit V2 Chronology Encyclopedia Astronautica a b c d The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center 1946 1952 History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics NASA Retrieved January 31 2008 V 2 Firing Tables White Sands Missile Range Archived from the original on January 25 2008 Retrieved January 31 2008 a b c d Beischer DE Fregly AR 1962 Animals and man in space A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960 US Naval School of Aviation Medicine ONR TR ACR 64 AD0272581 Archived from the original on December 4 2012 Retrieved June 14 2011 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unfit URL link Kansan among first to go to space Archived October 15 2013 at the Wayback Machine Wichita Eagle and Kansas com March 22 2010 NASA Space Monkey Training Texas Archive of the Moving Image Retrieved December 1 2019 Benchmarks January 31 1961 Ham the chimpanzee first hominid in space www earthmagazine org Retrieved 3 February 2022 Hanser Kathleen November 10 2015 Mercury Primate Capsule and Ham the Astrochimp airandspace si edu Smithsonian National Air amp Space Museum Archived from the original on May 20 2018 Retrieved May 20 2018 Herzfeld Chris 2017 The great apes a short history Kevin Frey Jane Goodall New Haven Yale University Press pp 161 163 ISBN 978 0 300 22137 4 OCLC 982651819 Burgess Colin Dubbs Chris July 5 2007 Animals in Space From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle Springer Science amp Business Media pp 272 273 ISBN 9780387496788 Retrieved June 12 2018 Mission information Biosatellite III NASA Retrieved May 25 2016 dead link This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain PROGRAMS MISSIONS AND PAYLOADS STS 51B Spacelab 3 Archived July 19 2011 at the Wayback Machine NASA Burgess amp Dubbs 2007 p 387 The Cosmos Biosatellite Program Archived from the original on February 15 2013 Bion 6 Cosmos 1514 Archived from the original on September 29 2006 Bion 7 Cosmos 1667 Archived from the original on September 29 2006 Bion 8 Cosmos 1887 Archived from the original on February 15 2013 Bion 9 Cosmos 2044 Archived from the original on September 29 2006 Cosmos 2229 Bion 10 Archived from the original on June 16 2011 a b Life Sciences Data Archive Bion 11 Archived from the original on 2014 12 31 in Spanish Documentary on Argentine monkey Juan ARGENTINA 4TO PAIS EN LLEGAR AL ESPACIO Youtube Trailer del documental Juan el primer astronauta argentino Youtube in Spanish La Voz Del Interior Hace 40 anos el primer argentino llegaba al espacio Lucas Viano December 19 2009 in Spanish Pagina 12 Un pequeno salto para el mono Leonardo Moledo December 30 2009 Argentina y la Conquista del Espacio Taringa 3 June 2008 Retrieved July 31 2014 Cronicas y testimonios Archived from the original on February 8 2013 Retrieved April 6 2013 Cheng Ho February 27 2001 Confusion and Mystery of Shenzhou 2 Mission Deepens SpaceDaily Retrieved December 13 2010 Gizmodo Iran Just Sent a Monkey Into Space Jamie Condliffe January 28 2013 Sky News Iran Space Monkey Primate Sent Into Orbit January 28 2013 Rob Williams February 1 2013 Was Iran s monkey in space launch faked Before and after pictures of space travelling simian appear to show different animals Middle East World The Independent Retrieved July 31 2014 Kamali Saeed February 3 2013 Let s get the facts straight about Iran s space monkey World news theguardian com Retrieved July 31 2014 International News World News ABC News Abcnews go com July 13 2014 Retrieved July 31 2014 BBC News Iran sends monkey to space for second time Bbc co uk December 14 2013 Retrieved July 31 2014 Iran plans manned space mission The Straitstimes September 16 2017 Retrieved October 3 2017 Polyoty zhivotnyh ASTROnote March 31 2014 Retrieved October 3 2017 Further reading EditAnimals in Space From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle Chris Dubbs and Colin Burgess Springer Praxis Books 2007External links Editape o naut NPR article on the 50th anniversary of Able and Baker s flight A humorous look at monkey astronaut names Monkey astronauts One Small Step The Story of the Space Chimps Official Documentary Site Argentina and the Conquest of Space Spanish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Monkeys and apes in space amp oldid 1144157925, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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