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List of gray wolf populations by country

November 26, 2023

As of 2018, the global grey wolf population is estimated to be 200,000–250,000.[1] Once abundant over much of North America and Eurasia, the grey wolf inhabits a smaller portion of its former range because of widespread human encroachment and destruction of its habitat, and the resulting human-wolf encounters that sparked broad extirpation. Wolf reintroduction programs have been instituted where there is suitable wilderness. Considered as a whole, however, the grey wolf is regarded as being of least concern for extinction according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Today, wolves are protected in some areas, hunted for sport in others, or may be subject to extermination as perceived threats to people, livestock, and pets.

Wolves tend to quickly adapt to change, and are often referred to as an indicator species; a species delineating an ecoregion or indicating an environmental condition such as a disease outbreak, pollution, species competition or climate change. Wolves do not seem to be able to adapt as readily to expanding civilisation the way coyotes do. While human expansion has seen an increase in the latter's numbers, it has caused a drop in those of the former.[2]

  present
  extirpated

Europe edit

 
All populations, except that of Italy, are made up of the Eurasian wolf. Canis lupus italicus has been defined as a separate subspecies.
 
Wolves in the Iberian Peninsula
 
A wolf in Italy
 
A wolf in Belarus
 
A wolf in Turkey

Europe as of 2018 – excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine – has 17,000 wolves in over 28 countries.[3][4][5]

Austria has an increasing population of at least 56 wolves.[6]

Portugal has a stable wolf population of 200–300, which is afforded full protection. Compensation is paid for livestock damage.[7]

Spain's wolf population is estimated at 2,000–3,000 and growing. Their population is concentrated in two autonomous communities: around 700 in Galicia[8] and 1,600 in Castille and León.[9] Wolves are considered a game species, though they are protected in the southern regions of the country, and in February 2021, a hunting ban was enacted in the rural North as well.[10] Compensation is paid for livestock damage, though this varies according to region. The population is expanding southwards and eastwards from the northwest, having recently reached Madrid, Ávila, Guadalajara and Salamanca. A southern relict population has survived in Andalusia, although contrary to the populations in the northwest and centre of the country, it is not doing well.[11][7]

Italy's wolves are a protected species with current estimates indicating that there are approximately 3300 wolves living in the wild.[12] The population is steady.[13] The largest concentrations of wolves occur in the Italian national parks in Abruzzo, mostly in the Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise, in Calabria, in the Pollino and Sila, on Appennino Tosco-Emiliano, and, more recently, on the Alps. Isolated individuals have been sighted in the vicinity of human populated areas such as Tuscany, Bologna, Parma and Tarquinia.[14] Wolves have also been sighted denning 25 miles from Rome, with one small population living in the regional park of Castelli Romani.[15][16] Currently, Italian wolf populations are said to have been increasing at a rate of 6% a year since the 1970s, though 15% of the total Italian wolf population is reported to succumb annually to illegal poaching and road accidents.[14] Compensation is paid by regional governments for livestock damage.[7] Italy's leading wolf biologist, professor Luigi Boitani of the Sapienza University of Rome, expressed concern that the Italian wolf recovery may have been too successful, due to a large portion of the public refusing to concede to the possibility of rising wolf populations requiring management in the future.[16]

France's population as of 2021 is 580 individuals, with most packs residing in the forested areas of the Jura and the Alps region.[17] Wolves crossed over into Southern France from Italy through the Alps in the 1990s. Under the Berne Convention, wolves are listed as an endangered species and killing them is illegal. Official culls are permitted to protect farm animals so long as there is no threat to the national population as a whole.[18]

Germany's wolves were first spotted in 1998, and are thought to have migrated from western Poland.[19] In 2007, there were around 200 wolves in 36 packs roaming in Germany, most of them in the eastern German region of Lusatia.[20] In July 2012, for the first time in 150 years, wolves were born in Heidekreis in Lower Saxony, which confirms the spread of wolves from the eastern part of Germany.[21][22] In October 2014 Lower Saxony already had a wolf population of circa 50 animals: 5 packs, all with confirmed pups in 2014, 2 confirmed mated pairs and one territorial unpaired female.[23][24] By August 2020 the number of packs in Lower Saxony had already risen to 35.[25] By 2020, Germany's total wolf population had grown to about 128 packs, most of them living in Brandenburg, Saxony and Lower Saxony.[26] Under German law wolves are a protected species; in several regions livestock damage compensation programs exist.[7]

In Belgium and the Netherlands wolves were spotted in several locations in 2011. The different lone wolves are probably from the French or Italian populations.[27][28] Since wildlife corridors and wildlife crossings over highways are being created that connect wildlife areas in the Netherlands, such as the Veluwezoom National Park and the Oostvaardersplassen with the Klever Reichswald in Germany, nature conservation organisations expect wolves to migrate to the low countries in the near future.[29][30][31] In 2018, a wolf was recorded in Flanders, Belgium for the first time in over a century. The wolf's radio collar showed that it had come from Germany through the Netherlands, and that it had covered 500 km in just 10 days.[32] In 2022, there were an estimated 15 wolves in four wolf packs living in the Netherlands.[33] As of 2022, Belgium was home to at least 9 wolves in two packs.[6]

In 2020, DNA analysis of sheep killed in Luxembourg confirmed presence of wolves in the country after over a century.[34][35]

The first wolf returned to Switzerland in 1995. In 2012, the first pack was established in the canton of Grisons. By January 2023, the number of packs has grown to 18 Swiss and 5 cross-border packs.[36] Swiss authorities gave permission to shoot 42 wolves between the years 2000 and 2022.[37]

Liechtenstein has reported one wolf, possibly dispersing from Switzerland.[38]

Norway's wolf population is located in the south-east, close to the Swedish border, and consists of around 100 wolves (roughly a third of which cross the border into Sweden).[39] Wolves are hunted in Norway and the Norwegian Parliament approved an amendment in June 2020 that further reduced protections for wolves.[40]

The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency estimated there were between 289 and 474 in Sweden in the winter of 2019–2020, which is an increase.[41] Wolves are hunted in Sweden, with an aim to keep a sustainable population. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency states that a minimum of 300 wolves is necessary in order to keep a genetic diversity that ensures long-term sustainability.[42] A total of 24 wolves are planned to be killed by hunters during the winter of 2020–2021, in the regions of Värmland, Örebro, Västmanland and Gävleborg.[43]

In Denmark the last wolf had been shot in 1813, but beginning in 2009 there was speculation that a wolf had crossed the border from Germany due to numerous observations.[44][45] A wolf that had died from a cancerous tumor was found in 2012; it was the first confirmed in the country in 199 years.[46] In 2013, three different lone wolves were observed in Denmark.[47] According to local biologists, one pair had pups in 2013 based on sound recordings, but the first definite confirmation came in 2017 when an adult wolf with eight pups was filmed.[48] In 2022, 16 adult wolves were known from Denmark (all living in Jutland), including three pairs and two of them had pups that year.[49][50] Wolves are fully protected and compensation is paid for livestock damage.[51] While the small Danish population originated from wolves that immigrated from Germany, DNA evidence has revealed that Danish-born wolves have also moved to Germany.[52] In 2018, it was estimated that the total population of Greenland wolves was about 200, but with significant uncertainty due to their very remote range.[53] They have been fully protected in Greenland since 1988.[54]

Finland was estimated in 2020 by the National Resources Institute of Finland to contain 216-246 wolves in up to 30 packs.[55] Wolves are legally hunted only in areas with high reindeer densities. Compensation for livestock losses are paid by the state and insurance companies.[7] The population is connected to the large Russian wolf population.[56]

Poland has a population of approximately 2,500 wolves and increasing. Since 1995, they have been a protected species, and compensation is paid for livestock losses.[57]

Estonia has a quite stable wolf population of around 200, down from around 500 in the middle of the 1990s. The official standpoint considers the optimal population to be 100–200.[58] At rough scale the distribution range includes the whole country.[59] In 2007, new version of the law on nature conservation introduced compensation for livestock damage, paid by the state.[60]

Latvia has an unprotected population of 600 wolves, down from 900 in the middle of the 1990s.[61] No compensation is paid for livestock damage.

Lithuania has a population of at least 500,[62][6] which are increasing in number. The species is not protected, and only insured livestock receives compensation.[7]

Belarus is home to a population of 1,500–2,000 wolves.[63] With the exception of specimens in nature reserves, wolves in Belarus are largely unprotected. They are designated a game species, and bounties ranging between €60 and €70 are paid to hunters for each wolf killed. This is a considerable sum in a country where the average monthly wage is €230.[64] No compensation is paid for livestock losses.[7]

Ukraine has an unprotected, yet stable population of 2,000 wolves. In May 2007, the killing of pregnant females and pups was banned.[65] No compensation is paid for livestock losses.[7] Many of the wolves live in the Zone of alienation north of Chernobyl, where they face few natural threats. This applies equally to the Belarusian part of the zone.[66]

Czech Republic has an increasing and protected population of 100 wolves as of 2021,[6] the livestock damage compensation programme is in place.[7]

Slovakia has a stable population of 350-400 wolves. As of 1 June 2021 they are legally protected and can't be hunted.[67] Compensation is paid for livestock losses.[7]

Slovenia has an increasing population of approximately 600 wolves.[68][6] Since 1991, they have been a protected species, and compensation is paid for livestock losses.[citation needed]

Croatia has a stable population of around 200 wolves.[69] Since May 1995, they have been a protected species, and the deliberate killing of wolves can result in a fine equivalent to $6,000. However, according to Dr. Djuro Huber of the University of Zagreb, illegal wolf killings increased after the protection scheme began, resulting in the deaths of 40 wolves.[16] Compensation is paid for livestock losses.[7]

Bosnia and Herzegovina is thought to have a population of 400 wolves, though they are decreasing in number and are afforded no legal protection. Compensation for livestock losses is not paid.[7]

The former State Union of Serbia and Montenegro has a stable population of 500 wolves, though it is unknown if they are afforded any protection and no compensation is paid for livestock damage.[7]

Hungary has a stable population of 50-100 wolves, which are protected, though with some exceptions.[6] No compensation is paid for livestock damage.[70]

Romania has an increasing population of 2,500 wolves, which are granted legal protection.[7] No compensation is paid for livestock damage.[7]

Bulgaria has a stable population of 1,000–1,200 wolves, which are granted no legal protection.[7] Wolves are considered a nuisance and have an active bounty on them. No compensation is paid for livestock damage.[7]

Greece has a population of approximately 1,020 wolves, which are legally protected. Compensation is paid for livestock losses, with over 80% of it from insurance.[7][71]

North Macedonia has an increasing, yet unprotected population of 1,000 wolves, with no livestock compensation programmed.[7]

Albania has a protected population of 250 wolves, which are increasing in number, though no compensation is paid for livestock losses.[7]

Russian wolves have no legal protection and number 25,000–30,000, and are probably increasing in number[7] in some regions, such as Koryak Okrug and Kalmykia.[7][72] Some villages in Chechnya's Nadterechny district have been reporting increasing wolf numbers since the decrease of military activities.[73] On the other hand, in more populated regions of Central and Southern Russia the number of wolves is very small.[74] In some regions, bounties are paid for the destruction of wolves and dens.[75] Wolves live in comparatively few numbers in the Sikhote-Alin region due to competition with a growing tiger population.[76] This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they are less harmful to livestock, and are effective in controlling the latter's numbers.[77] No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Asia edit

In Bangladesh, an Indian wolf appeared after no sightings for 70 years and 450 km eastwards from the nearest population. Another wolf was sighted in 2017 in the same region but on the Indian side of the border. Vast tidal estuaries exist in this area that have not been surveyed for wildlife.[78]

China's wolf population largely lives in areas where little human-influenced change has occurred - the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the Mongolia Plateau, and the northeast Plain. In 2003, an estimated 12,500 wolves were living in China. In 2015, wolves were listed as a vulnerable species in the Red List of China's Vertebrates, with all hunting being banned for this legally protected animal.[79][80]

Egypt's Sinai Peninsula has a confirmed, but rare, presence of Arabian wolves around St. Katherine, Sheikh Awad, and the Blue Desert, although there are no accurate population estimates available.[81][82]

India has a decreasing population of roughly 1,000 wolves, which are legally protected. Populations are decreasing due to hunting from farmers. No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Iran has a population of 1,500 wolves. As of 2015 the government pays for livestock killed by wolves. There is also a $3,000 fine for hunting wolves.[citation needed]

Iraq has a stable population of around 115 wolves; no livestock compensation is paid.[citation needed]

 
A wolf in Southern Israel

Israel has a stable population of approximately 180 - 250 wolves: at least 80 - 100 Indian wolves in the north (Carmel, Galilee, and Golan Heights), and 100-150 Arabian wolves in the south (Negev Highlands, Arava Valley, and Eilat Mountains).[83][84][85] Some livestock damage compensation is paid.[86] Israel's wolves are legally protected under the 1955 Wildlife Protection Law.[87]

Jordan has an unprotected, unknown number of wolves, thought to be roughly numbering 200. The population is decreasing due to hunting. No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Kazakhstan has a stable population of about 30,000 wolves.[7] About 2,000 are killed yearly for a $40 bounty, though the animal's numbers have risen sharply.[88] No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Kyrgyzstan has a stable population of 4,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Lebanon has a population of about 50 wolves. Wolves are afforded no legal protection, nor is livestock damage compensation paid.[7]

Mongolia has a stable population of 10,000–20,000 wolves, which are given no legal protection, nor is livestock damage compensation paid.[7]

Nepal had at least 40 instances of wolf presence in the 2010s, with evidence that they are recovering.[89]

Pakistan has an estimated population of at least 365-415 wolves: 350 - 400 across Gilgit-Baltistan, and at least 15 in South Waziristan.[90][91]

The Palestinian Territories have an unknown number of Arabian and Indian wolves,[82] but their presence is confirmed in the West Bank and Gaza.[92][93] As of 2022, population surveys are ongoing.[82]

Saudi Arabia has a stable population of 250 to 700 wolves, which are given no legal protection. No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Syria has an unprotected, unknown number of wolves, thought to be roughly numbering 200. No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Tajikistan has a population of 1,700 wolves in 2016, which are stable and unprotected.[94]

Turkey has a population of about 7,000.[citation needed] The wolf can be found in central, northern, and eastern Anatolia away from coastal areas and at altitudes above 900 metres. It has recently begun to re-establish itself in western Anatolia.[95]

Turkmenistan has a stable population of 1,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

Uzbekistan has a stable population of 2,000 wolves, which are unprotected. No livestock damage compensation is paid.[7]

There are currently no recent or reliable estimates on wolf populations in Afghanistan or Bhutan.[7]

North America edit

 
A radio collared wolf in Yellowstone National Park

Canada has over 60,000 wolves, which are legally considered a big game species, though they are afforded protection in 3% of Canada's territory. The Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon have 5,000 wolves each, British Columbia has 8,500 wolves,[96] Alberta 7,000, Saskatchewan 4,300, Manitoba 4,000-6,000, Ontario 9,000, Quebec 5,000 and Labrador 2,000.[7] In the fall of 2012, the government of British Columbia was considering a cull of the wolf population in some areas.[96] In the winter of 2015 the government of British Columbia began undertaking a cull of up to 184 wolves in an effort to combat dwindling caribou populations in the South Selkirk Mountains and the South Peace region. The cull, like ones before it, was opposed by certain environmental groups.[97]

On 12 March 2012, a Labrador wolf, mistakenly thought to be a coyote, was shot in Newfoundland. It was the first confirmed Labrador wolf in Newfoundland since c. 1930.[98]

As of 2017, the United States has up to 18,000 wolves, about two thirds of which are in Alaska.[99] They are increasing in number in all their ranges. Usually, however, wolves in the United States are mostly seen during the winter months in northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, Michigan's Upper Peninsula, and portions of Washington, Idaho, northern Oregon, northwest Wyoming, California, and Montana, as the majority of wolf populations migrate from Canada to the Northwestern states and some of the Midwestern and Great Lakes States during the winter months for the competition over eating bison, elk, white tailed deer and other large ungulates, disputed between other carnivores such as grizzly bear, cougar, and coyote.[citation needed] Wolf recovery has been so successful that the United States Fish & Wildlife Service removed the western gray wolf from the federal endangered species list on March 28, 2008.[7][100] Due to the controversy over wolf shootings, a coalition of environmental groups sued the federal government to put the gray wolf back on the Endangered Species list.[101] On July 18, 2008, a federal judge ruled in favor of renewed endangered species protection.[102] Alaska has a stable population of 10,500-12,000 wolves, which are legally hunted from August to April (in deer-rich areas) as a big game species.[7][103]

Minnesota has a population of 4,100[104] wolves, which are legally protected, though they are occasionally culled for depredation control.[7] Minnesota used to have control over its wolf population,[105] but this was revoked by a federal appellate court on August 1, 2017, making wolf management the charge of the federal government.[106] The court decided to retain the state's minimum population of 1,600 animals. It has been argued by state officials that management should remain in the hands of the state, allowing for the wolf to be removed from protected status, since the population has exceeded recovery goals for more than 25 years.[106]

Both Wisconsin and Michigan have healthy populations of 750 each.[107][108] On December 19, 2014, all wolves in states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota became protected again under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.[109]

The Northern Rocky Mountain states (Wyoming, Idaho and Montana) have an approximate population of 1,657 wolves in 282 packs (including 85 breeding pairs).[110] In 1995, wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.

Two gray wolves were captured in north-central Washington state in July 2008, one of which was a nursing female. This was the first evidence of reproducing wolves in the state since the 1930s.[111] As of the end of 2022, Washington has at least 216 wolves in 37 packs with 5 breeding pairs.[112]

In northeast Oregon, also in July 2008, wolf howls were heard by biologists who identified at least two adults and two pups. This was the first confirmed breeding pair in Oregon.[113] By December 2011, Oregon's gray wolf population had grown to 24. One of the Oregon gray wolves, known as OR-7, traveled more than 700 miles (1,100 km) to the Klamath Basin and crossed the border into California.[114] Wolf OR-7 became the first wolf west of the Cascades in Oregon since the last bounty was claimed in 1947.[115] Oregon's wolf population increased to 77 wolves in 15 packs with 8 breeding pairs as of the end of 2015.[110] As a result, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife proposed to delist wolves from their protected species list.[116] As of 2022, Oregon had 178 wolves in 24 packs.[117]

On January 14, 2009, the United States Department of the Interior removed the gray wolf from the Endangered Species List in every American state except Wyoming.[118] This move was blocked by lawsuits filed by conservation groups, but was successfully delisted on April 15, 2011, by the US Congress as part of a budget bill.[119] On August 31, 2012, Governor Matt Mead of Wyoming announced that wolves were no longer on the endangered species list in the state of Wyoming; therefore, they no longer need special protections from the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The wolf population in Wyoming was then controlled by the state. But on September 23, 2014, wolves in Wyoming were again listed as nonessential experimental population under the Endangered Species Act.[120]

In 2011, Wolf OR-7 became the first wolf to return to California. As of 2023, the state has at least four breeding packs: the Lassen Pack, Beckwourth Pack, the Whaleback Pack, and a newly discovered, unnamed pack in Tulare County. A fifth pack, the Shasta Pack, was last detected in 2015.[121][122]

Wolves from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem have dispersed into Colorado several times in the 21st Century. In 2021, scientists documented the first litter of pups born to wolves in the state since the wolves' original extirpation. This resident wolf pack is monitored by Colorado Parks & Wildlife. In 2020, voters narrowly approved wolf reintroduction into the state. The reintroduction plan is underway.[123]

Occasionally, wolves from Canada disperse into Upstate New York. This has been officially confirmed three times in the 21st Century. The most recent wolf to enter New York was killed by a hunter who mistook it for a coyote.[124]

As of 2014, the Northwestern United States, with the exception of Alaska, has an estimated population of 1,802 wolves.[110]

 
Captive Mexican wolf at Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico

On October 27, 2014, a collared wolflike canid was seen in north of Grand Canyon, and in November 2014, the same animal was videoed.[125] It was later confirmed to be a northwestern wolf from the Northern Rocky Mountains on November 21, 2014.[126] On December 28, 2014, it was shot dead in southwestern Utah near the Arizona border.[127]

On October 29, 2020, it was announced that the gray wolf would be delisted from the Endangered Species Act. Wildlife advocates worried that this action will jeopardize the recovery of the species throughout the United States.[128] President Joe Biden said he would review the decision by President Donald Trump. Noting that the delisting had been in the works for many years, the Biden administration supported the removal of protections.[129] As part of the 2020 elections, voters in Colorado narrowly voted to deliberately reintroduce wolves to the state.[130][131]

The wolf was extirpated from Mexico in the 1970s, when the U.S. and Mexican governments cooperated to capture all remaining wild Mexican wolves and initiate a captive-breeding program in an attempt to save the local subspecies.[132] The Mexican Wolf was reintroduced into the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona in 1998 as part of a captive breeding program.[103] There were at least 42 wild Mexican wolves in the southwest United States in 2008.[103][132] In 2014, there were around 83 Mexican wolves in the wild.[133] In 2021, there were an estimated 196 wolves in the wild, distributed across western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.[134]

On March 9, 2022, two new breeding pairs of Mexican gray wolves were released into the wild in the state of Chihuahua in northern Mexico, bringing the total number of Mexican gray wolves in the country to around 45 wild individuals.[135] As of March 2023, the Mexican wolf population numbered at least 241 individuals across New Mexico and Arizona.[136]

See also edit

References edit

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Bibliography edit

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November 26, 2023
list, gray, wolf, populations, country, this, article, factual, accuracy, compromised, date, information, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, september, 2019, thi. This article s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2019 This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message As of 2018 the global grey wolf population is estimated to be 200 000 250 000 1 Once abundant over much of North America and Eurasia the grey wolf inhabits a smaller portion of its former range because of widespread human encroachment and destruction of its habitat and the resulting human wolf encounters that sparked broad extirpation Wolf reintroduction programs have been instituted where there is suitable wilderness Considered as a whole however the grey wolf is regarded as being of least concern for extinction according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Today wolves are protected in some areas hunted for sport in others or may be subject to extermination as perceived threats to people livestock and pets Wolves tend to quickly adapt to change and are often referred to as an indicator species a species delineating an ecoregion or indicating an environmental condition such as a disease outbreak pollution species competition or climate change Wolves do not seem to be able to adapt as readily to expanding civilisation the way coyotes do While human expansion has seen an increase in the latter s numbers it has caused a drop in those of the former 2 present extirpated Contents 1 Europe 2 Asia 3 North America 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyEurope edit nbsp All populations except that of Italy are made up of the Eurasian wolf Canis lupus italicus has been defined as a separate subspecies nbsp Wolves in the Iberian Peninsula nbsp A wolf in Italy nbsp A wolf in Belarus nbsp A wolf in TurkeyEurope as of 2018 excluding Russia Belarus and Ukraine has 17 000 wolves in over 28 countries 3 4 5 Austria has an increasing population of at least 56 wolves 6 Portugal has a stable wolf population of 200 300 which is afforded full protection Compensation is paid for livestock damage 7 Spain s wolf population is estimated at 2 000 3 000 and growing Their population is concentrated in two autonomous communities around 700 in Galicia 8 and 1 600 in Castille and Leon 9 Wolves are considered a game species though they are protected in the southern regions of the country and in February 2021 a hunting ban was enacted in the rural North as well 10 Compensation is paid for livestock damage though this varies according to region The population is expanding southwards and eastwards from the northwest having recently reached Madrid Avila Guadalajara and Salamanca A southern relict population has survived in Andalusia although contrary to the populations in the northwest and centre of the country it is not doing well 11 7 Italy s wolves are a protected species with current estimates indicating that there are approximately 3300 wolves living in the wild 12 The population is steady 13 The largest concentrations of wolves occur in the Italian national parks in Abruzzo mostly in the Abruzzo Lazio e Molise in Calabria in the Pollino and Sila on Appennino Tosco Emiliano and more recently on the Alps Isolated individuals have been sighted in the vicinity of human populated areas such as Tuscany Bologna Parma and Tarquinia 14 Wolves have also been sighted denning 25 miles from Rome with one small population living in the regional park of Castelli Romani 15 16 Currently Italian wolf populations are said to have been increasing at a rate of 6 a year since the 1970s though 15 of the total Italian wolf population is reported to succumb annually to illegal poaching and road accidents 14 Compensation is paid by regional governments for livestock damage 7 Italy s leading wolf biologist professor Luigi Boitani of the Sapienza University of Rome expressed concern that the Italian wolf recovery may have been too successful due to a large portion of the public refusing to concede to the possibility of rising wolf populations requiring management in the future 16 France s population as of 2021 update is 580 individuals with most packs residing in the forested areas of the Jura and the Alps region 17 Wolves crossed over into Southern France from Italy through the Alps in the 1990s Under the Berne Convention wolves are listed as an endangered species and killing them is illegal Official culls are permitted to protect farm animals so long as there is no threat to the national population as a whole 18 Germany s wolves were first spotted in 1998 and are thought to have migrated from western Poland 19 In 2007 there were around 200 wolves in 36 packs roaming in Germany most of them in the eastern German region of Lusatia 20 In July 2012 for the first time in 150 years wolves were born in Heidekreis in Lower Saxony which confirms the spread of wolves from the eastern part of Germany 21 22 In October 2014 Lower Saxony already had a wolf population of circa 50 animals 5 packs all with confirmed pups in 2014 2 confirmed mated pairs and one territorial unpaired female 23 24 By August 2020 the number of packs in Lower Saxony had already risen to 35 25 By 2020 Germany s total wolf population had grown to about 128 packs most of them living in Brandenburg Saxony and Lower Saxony 26 Under German law wolves are a protected species in several regions livestock damage compensation programs exist 7 In Belgium and the Netherlands wolves were spotted in several locations in 2011 The different lone wolves are probably from the French or Italian populations 27 28 Since wildlife corridors and wildlife crossings over highways are being created that connect wildlife areas in the Netherlands such as the Veluwezoom National Park and the Oostvaardersplassen with the Klever Reichswald in Germany nature conservation organisations expect wolves to migrate to the low countries in the near future 29 30 31 In 2018 a wolf was recorded in Flanders Belgium for the first time in over a century The wolf s radio collar showed that it had come from Germany through the Netherlands and that it had covered 500 km in just 10 days 32 In 2022 there were an estimated 15 wolves in four wolf packs living in the Netherlands 33 As of 2022 Belgium was home to at least 9 wolves in two packs 6 In 2020 DNA analysis of sheep killed in Luxembourg confirmed presence of wolves in the country after over a century 34 35 The first wolf returned to Switzerland in 1995 In 2012 the first pack was established in the canton of Grisons By January 2023 the number of packs has grown to 18 Swiss and 5 cross border packs 36 Swiss authorities gave permission to shoot 42 wolves between the years 2000 and 2022 37 Liechtenstein has reported one wolf possibly dispersing from Switzerland 38 Norway s wolf population is located in the south east close to the Swedish border and consists of around 100 wolves roughly a third of which cross the border into Sweden 39 Wolves are hunted in Norway and the Norwegian Parliament approved an amendment in June 2020 that further reduced protections for wolves 40 The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency estimated there were between 289 and 474 in Sweden in the winter of 2019 2020 which is an increase 41 Wolves are hunted in Sweden with an aim to keep a sustainable population The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency states that a minimum of 300 wolves is necessary in order to keep a genetic diversity that ensures long term sustainability 42 A total of 24 wolves are planned to be killed by hunters during the winter of 2020 2021 in the regions of Varmland Orebro Vastmanland and Gavleborg 43 In Denmark the last wolf had been shot in 1813 but beginning in 2009 there was speculation that a wolf had crossed the border from Germany due to numerous observations 44 45 A wolf that had died from a cancerous tumor was found in 2012 it was the first confirmed in the country in 199 years 46 In 2013 three different lone wolves were observed in Denmark 47 According to local biologists one pair had pups in 2013 based on sound recordings but the first definite confirmation came in 2017 when an adult wolf with eight pups was filmed 48 In 2022 16 adult wolves were known from Denmark all living in Jutland including three pairs and two of them had pups that year 49 50 Wolves are fully protected and compensation is paid for livestock damage 51 While the small Danish population originated from wolves that immigrated from Germany DNA evidence has revealed that Danish born wolves have also moved to Germany 52 In 2018 it was estimated that the total population of Greenland wolves was about 200 but with significant uncertainty due to their very remote range 53 They have been fully protected in Greenland since 1988 54 Finland was estimated in 2020 by the National Resources Institute of Finland to contain 216 246 wolves in up to 30 packs 55 Wolves are legally hunted only in areas with high reindeer densities Compensation for livestock losses are paid by the state and insurance companies 7 The population is connected to the large Russian wolf population 56 Poland has a population of approximately 2 500 wolves and increasing Since 1995 they have been a protected species and compensation is paid for livestock losses 57 Estonia has a quite stable wolf population of around 200 down from around 500 in the middle of the 1990s The official standpoint considers the optimal population to be 100 200 58 At rough scale the distribution range includes the whole country 59 In 2007 new version of the law on nature conservation introduced compensation for livestock damage paid by the state 60 Latvia has an unprotected population of 600 wolves down from 900 in the middle of the 1990s 61 No compensation is paid for livestock damage Lithuania has a population of at least 500 62 6 which are increasing in number The species is not protected and only insured livestock receives compensation 7 Belarus is home to a population of 1 500 2 000 wolves 63 With the exception of specimens in nature reserves wolves in Belarus are largely unprotected They are designated a game species and bounties ranging between 60 and 70 are paid to hunters for each wolf killed This is a considerable sum in a country where the average monthly wage is 230 64 No compensation is paid for livestock losses 7 Ukraine has an unprotected yet stable population of 2 000 wolves In May 2007 the killing of pregnant females and pups was banned 65 No compensation is paid for livestock losses 7 Many of the wolves live in the Zone of alienation north of Chernobyl where they face few natural threats This applies equally to the Belarusian part of the zone 66 Czech Republic has an increasing and protected population of 100 wolves as of 2021 6 the livestock damage compensation programme is in place 7 Slovakia has a stable population of 350 400 wolves As of 1 June 2021 they are legally protected and can t be hunted 67 Compensation is paid for livestock losses 7 Slovenia has an increasing population of approximately 600 wolves 68 6 Since 1991 they have been a protected species and compensation is paid for livestock losses citation needed Croatia has a stable population of around 200 wolves 69 Since May 1995 they have been a protected species and the deliberate killing of wolves can result in a fine equivalent to 6 000 However according to Dr Djuro Huber of the University of Zagreb illegal wolf killings increased after the protection scheme began resulting in the deaths of 40 wolves 16 Compensation is paid for livestock losses 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina is thought to have a population of 400 wolves though they are decreasing in number and are afforded no legal protection Compensation for livestock losses is not paid 7 The former State Union of Serbia and Montenegro has a stable population of 500 wolves though it is unknown if they are afforded any protection and no compensation is paid for livestock damage 7 Hungary has a stable population of 50 100 wolves which are protected though with some exceptions 6 No compensation is paid for livestock damage 70 Romania has an increasing population of 2 500 wolves which are granted legal protection 7 No compensation is paid for livestock damage 7 Bulgaria has a stable population of 1 000 1 200 wolves which are granted no legal protection 7 Wolves are considered a nuisance and have an active bounty on them No compensation is paid for livestock damage 7 Greece has a population of approximately 1 020 wolves which are legally protected Compensation is paid for livestock losses with over 80 of it from insurance 7 71 North Macedonia has an increasing yet unprotected population of 1 000 wolves with no livestock compensation programmed 7 Albania has a protected population of 250 wolves which are increasing in number though no compensation is paid for livestock losses 7 Russian wolves have no legal protection and number 25 000 30 000 and are probably increasing in number 7 in some regions such as Koryak Okrug and Kalmykia 7 72 Some villages in Chechnya s Nadterechny district have been reporting increasing wolf numbers since the decrease of military activities 73 On the other hand in more populated regions of Central and Southern Russia the number of wolves is very small 74 In some regions bounties are paid for the destruction of wolves and dens 75 Wolves live in comparatively few numbers in the Sikhote Alin region due to competition with a growing tiger population 76 This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats as they are less harmful to livestock and are effective in controlling the latter s numbers 77 No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Asia editIn Bangladesh an Indian wolf appeared after no sightings for 70 years and 450 km eastwards from the nearest population Another wolf was sighted in 2017 in the same region but on the Indian side of the border Vast tidal estuaries exist in this area that have not been surveyed for wildlife 78 China s wolf population largely lives in areas where little human influenced change has occurred the Qinghai Tibet Plateau the Mongolia Plateau and the northeast Plain In 2003 an estimated 12 500 wolves were living in China In 2015 wolves were listed as a vulnerable species in the Red List of China s Vertebrates with all hunting being banned for this legally protected animal 79 80 Egypt s Sinai Peninsula has a confirmed but rare presence of Arabian wolves around St Katherine Sheikh Awad and the Blue Desert although there are no accurate population estimates available 81 82 India has a decreasing population of roughly 1 000 wolves which are legally protected Populations are decreasing due to hunting from farmers No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Iran has a population of 1 500 wolves As of 2015 the government pays for livestock killed by wolves There is also a 3 000 fine for hunting wolves citation needed Iraq has a stable population of around 115 wolves no livestock compensation is paid citation needed nbsp A wolf in Southern IsraelIsrael has a stable population of approximately 180 250 wolves at least 80 100 Indian wolves in the north Carmel Galilee and Golan Heights and 100 150 Arabian wolves in the south Negev Highlands Arava Valley and Eilat Mountains 83 84 85 Some livestock damage compensation is paid 86 Israel s wolves are legally protected under the 1955 Wildlife Protection Law 87 Jordan has an unprotected unknown number of wolves thought to be roughly numbering 200 The population is decreasing due to hunting No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Kazakhstan has a stable population of about 30 000 wolves 7 About 2 000 are killed yearly for a 40 bounty though the animal s numbers have risen sharply 88 No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Kyrgyzstan has a stable population of 4 000 wolves which are unprotected No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Lebanon has a population of about 50 wolves Wolves are afforded no legal protection nor is livestock damage compensation paid 7 Mongolia has a stable population of 10 000 20 000 wolves which are given no legal protection nor is livestock damage compensation paid 7 Nepal had at least 40 instances of wolf presence in the 2010s with evidence that they are recovering 89 Pakistan has an estimated population of at least 365 415 wolves 350 400 across Gilgit Baltistan and at least 15 in South Waziristan 90 91 The Palestinian Territories have an unknown number of Arabian and Indian wolves 82 but their presence is confirmed in the West Bank and Gaza 92 93 As of 2022 population surveys are ongoing 82 Saudi Arabia has a stable population of 250 to 700 wolves which are given no legal protection No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Syria has an unprotected unknown number of wolves thought to be roughly numbering 200 No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Tajikistan has a population of 1 700 wolves in 2016 which are stable and unprotected 94 Turkey has a population of about 7 000 citation needed The wolf can be found in central northern and eastern Anatolia away from coastal areas and at altitudes above 900 metres It has recently begun to re establish itself in western Anatolia 95 Turkmenistan has a stable population of 1 000 wolves which are unprotected No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 Uzbekistan has a stable population of 2 000 wolves which are unprotected No livestock damage compensation is paid 7 There are currently no recent or reliable estimates on wolf populations in Afghanistan or Bhutan 7 North America edit nbsp A radio collared wolf in Yellowstone National ParkCanada has over 60 000 wolves which are legally considered a big game species though they are afforded protection in 3 of Canada s territory The Northwest Territories Nunavut and Yukon have 5 000 wolves each British Columbia has 8 500 wolves 96 Alberta 7 000 Saskatchewan 4 300 Manitoba 4 000 6 000 Ontario 9 000 Quebec 5 000 and Labrador 2 000 7 In the fall of 2012 the government of British Columbia was considering a cull of the wolf population in some areas 96 In the winter of 2015 the government of British Columbia began undertaking a cull of up to 184 wolves in an effort to combat dwindling caribou populations in the South Selkirk Mountains and the South Peace region The cull like ones before it was opposed by certain environmental groups 97 On 12 March 2012 a Labrador wolf mistakenly thought to be a coyote was shot in Newfoundland It was the first confirmed Labrador wolf in Newfoundland since c 1930 98 As of 2017 update the United States has up to 18 000 wolves about two thirds of which are in Alaska 99 They are increasing in number in all their ranges Usually however wolves in the United States are mostly seen during the winter months in northern Minnesota northern Wisconsin Michigan s Upper Peninsula and portions of Washington Idaho northern Oregon northwest Wyoming California and Montana as the majority of wolf populations migrate from Canada to the Northwestern states and some of the Midwestern and Great Lakes States during the winter months for the competition over eating bison elk white tailed deer and other large ungulates disputed between other carnivores such as grizzly bear cougar and coyote citation needed Wolf recovery has been so successful that the United States Fish amp Wildlife Service removed the western gray wolf from the federal endangered species list on March 28 2008 7 100 Due to the controversy over wolf shootings a coalition of environmental groups sued the federal government to put the gray wolf back on the Endangered Species list 101 On July 18 2008 a federal judge ruled in favor of renewed endangered species protection 102 Alaska has a stable population of 10 500 12 000 wolves which are legally hunted from August to April in deer rich areas as a big game species 7 103 Minnesota has a population of 4 100 104 wolves which are legally protected though they are occasionally culled for depredation control 7 Minnesota used to have control over its wolf population 105 but this was revoked by a federal appellate court on August 1 2017 making wolf management the charge of the federal government 106 The court decided to retain the state s minimum population of 1 600 animals It has been argued by state officials that management should remain in the hands of the state allowing for the wolf to be removed from protected status since the population has exceeded recovery goals for more than 25 years 106 Both Wisconsin and Michigan have healthy populations of 750 each 107 108 On December 19 2014 all wolves in states of Michigan Wisconsin and Minnesota became protected again under the U S Endangered Species Act 109 The Northern Rocky Mountain states Wyoming Idaho and Montana have an approximate population of 1 657 wolves in 282 packs including 85 breeding pairs 110 In 1995 wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park Two gray wolves were captured in north central Washington state in July 2008 one of which was a nursing female This was the first evidence of reproducing wolves in the state since the 1930s 111 As of the end of 2022 Washington has at least 216 wolves in 37 packs with 5 breeding pairs 112 In northeast Oregon also in July 2008 wolf howls were heard by biologists who identified at least two adults and two pups This was the first confirmed breeding pair in Oregon 113 By December 2011 Oregon s gray wolf population had grown to 24 One of the Oregon gray wolves known as OR 7 traveled more than 700 miles 1 100 km to the Klamath Basin and crossed the border into California 114 Wolf OR 7 became the first wolf west of the Cascades in Oregon since the last bounty was claimed in 1947 115 Oregon s wolf population increased to 77 wolves in 15 packs with 8 breeding pairs as of the end of 2015 110 As a result Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife proposed to delist wolves from their protected species list 116 As of 2022 Oregon had 178 wolves in 24 packs 117 On January 14 2009 the United States Department of the Interior removed the gray wolf from the Endangered Species List in every American state except Wyoming 118 This move was blocked by lawsuits filed by conservation groups but was successfully delisted on April 15 2011 by the US Congress as part of a budget bill 119 On August 31 2012 Governor Matt Mead of Wyoming announced that wolves were no longer on the endangered species list in the state of Wyoming therefore they no longer need special protections from the US Fish and Wildlife Service The wolf population in Wyoming was then controlled by the state But on September 23 2014 wolves in Wyoming were again listed as nonessential experimental population under the Endangered Species Act 120 In 2011 Wolf OR 7 became the first wolf to return to California As of 2023 the state has at least four breeding packs the Lassen Pack Beckwourth Pack the Whaleback Pack and a newly discovered unnamed pack in Tulare County A fifth pack the Shasta Pack was last detected in 2015 121 122 Wolves from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem have dispersed into Colorado several times in the 21st Century In 2021 scientists documented the first litter of pups born to wolves in the state since the wolves original extirpation This resident wolf pack is monitored by Colorado Parks amp Wildlife In 2020 voters narrowly approved wolf reintroduction into the state The reintroduction plan is underway 123 Occasionally wolves from Canada disperse into Upstate New York This has been officially confirmed three times in the 21st Century The most recent wolf to enter New York was killed by a hunter who mistook it for a coyote 124 As of 2014 update the Northwestern United States with the exception of Alaska has an estimated population of 1 802 wolves 110 nbsp Captive Mexican wolf at Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge New MexicoOn October 27 2014 a collared wolflike canid was seen in north of Grand Canyon and in November 2014 the same animal was videoed 125 It was later confirmed to be a northwestern wolf from the Northern Rocky Mountains on November 21 2014 126 On December 28 2014 it was shot dead in southwestern Utah near the Arizona border 127 On October 29 2020 it was announced that the gray wolf would be delisted from the Endangered Species Act Wildlife advocates worried that this action will jeopardize the recovery of the species throughout the United States 128 President Joe Biden said he would review the decision by President Donald Trump Noting that the delisting had been in the works for many years the Biden administration supported the removal of protections 129 As part of the 2020 elections voters in Colorado narrowly voted to deliberately reintroduce wolves to the state 130 131 The wolf was extirpated from Mexico in the 1970s when the U S and Mexican governments cooperated to capture all remaining wild Mexican wolves and initiate a captive breeding program in an attempt to save the local subspecies 132 The Mexican Wolf was reintroduced into the Apache Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona in 1998 as part of a captive breeding program 103 There were at least 42 wild Mexican wolves in the southwest United States in 2008 103 132 In 2014 there were around 83 Mexican wolves in the wild 133 In 2021 there were an estimated 196 wolves in the wild distributed across western New Mexico and eastern Arizona 134 On March 9 2022 two new breeding pairs of Mexican gray wolves were released into the wild in the state of Chihuahua in northern Mexico bringing the total number of Mexican gray wolves in the country to around 45 wild individuals 135 As of March 2023 the Mexican wolf population numbered at least 241 individuals across New Mexico and Arizona 136 See also editWolves in the British Isles Subspecies of Canis lupus List of wolves Mexican wolfReferences edit Boitani L Phillips M Jhala Y 2020 errata version of 2018 assessment Canis lupus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T3746A163508960 Retrieved 3 June 2020 Coppinger Ray 2001 Dogs a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin Behaviour and Evolution Simon and Schuster pp 352 ISBN 978 0 684 85530 1 Europe is a Great Place to be a Large Meat Eater Chapron Guillaume et al 2014 Recovery of large carnivores in Europe s modern human dominated landscapes Science 346 6216 1517 1519 Bibcode 2014Sci 346 1517C doi 10 1126 science 1257553 PMID 25525247 S2CID 206560086 Rewilding Europe www rewildingeurope com Retrieved 13 August 2023 a b c d e f IUCN Species Survival Commission Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe 28 November 2 December 2022 Assessment of the conservation status of the Wolf Canis lupus in Europe Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Mech L David Boitani Luigi eds 2010 Wolves Behaviour Ecology and Conservation University of Chicago Press pp 323 324 ISBN 978 0 226 51698 1 via Google Books El lobo extiende su area de distribucion por el 94 del territorio de Galicia La Voz de Galicia Censo Regional de Lobo iberico Canis lupus en la Comunidad de Castilla y Leon 2012 2013 Junta de Castilla y Leon West Vincent 12 February 2021 Spain s wolf hunting ban sparks bitter debate in rural north Reuters Retrieved 17 February 2021 El lobo esta a 27 km de Madrid 13 March 2016 Il lupo in aumento la popolazione italiana 2022 Esposito 2007 pp 14 15 a b Luigi Boitani amp Paolo Ciucci 2006 Il Lupo Operazione San Francesco from Salvati dall Arca in Italian Oasi Alberto Perdisa p 663 ISBN 978 88 8372 380 3 in Italian Parco Regionale dei Castelli Romani a b c Wolves From Brink of Extinction to the Edge of the City IUNC Canid Specialist Group France s Bardot Demands EU Action on Wolf Cull Wolf Song of Alaska Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 The Return of Wolves to Germany Spiegel online Retrieved 7 February 2007 Aktueller Bestand in Deutschland Wolfsregion Lausitz online Archived from the original on 8 January 2010 Retrieved 2 November 2007 Wolfswelpen in Munster tappen in Fotofalle NDR Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Niedersachsenwolf Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Wolfsnachweise in Niedersachsen Wildtiermanagement Niedersachsen Archived from the original on 27 June 2017 Retrieved 30 November 2014 Wolfe in Niedersachsen Niedersaschisches Ministerium fur Umwelt Energie und Klimaschutz Retrieved 30 November 2014 Sieben weitere Rudel bestatigt www wolfsmonitoring com in German Archived from the 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First wolves in Luxembourg since 1893 originating from the Alpine and Central European populations Mammalia 85 3 193 197 doi 10 1515 mammalia 2020 0119 ISSN 1864 1547 S2CID 233449364 Kora BESTAND www kora ch in German Retrieved 25 April 2023 Kora VERLUSTE www kora ch in German Retrieved 25 April 2023 First ever wolf visits Liechtenstein How many wolves are there in the Norwegian wild www thelocal no 4 February 2020 Retrieved 23 November 2020 Political controversy over how Norway decides to shoot wolves sciencenorway no in Norwegian 24 June 2020 Retrieved 23 November 2020 EPA 2020 Varg population Skandinavien Press release Retrieved on 20020 10 20 EPA 2018 Varfor minst 300 vargar Press release Retrieved on 20020 10 20 Svensk Jakt 2020 Begransad vargjakt i fyra lan Press article Retrieved on 20020 10 20 En ulv i Danmark A wolf in Denmark in Danish Danish Forest and Nature Agency 17 February 2010 Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 Retrieved 18 October 2012 Enlig strejfende ulv 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Retrieved 14 August 2008 Wolves Go on Offensive in Chechnya Ruslan Isayev Prague Watchdog September 25 2007 Canis Lupus in Russian Ecosystem Obyavlen konkurs po borbe s volkami in Russian Official Informer of Tomsk Government Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 Retrieved 14 September 2009 Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East Competitive Exclusion Functional Redundancy and Conservation Implications savethetigerfund org Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 Retrieved 9 July 2008 Wildlife Science Linking Ecological Theory and Management Applications By Timothy E Fulbright David G Hewitt Contributor Timothy E Fulbright David G Hewitt Published by CRC Press 2007 ISBN 0849374871 Akash Muntasir Chowdhury Umar Faruq Khaleque Fatema Tuz Zohora Reza Rifath Nehleen Howlader Dulal Chandra Islam Mohammad Riazul Khan Haseena 2020 On the reappearance of the Indian grey wolf in Bangladesh after 70 years What do we know Mammalian Biology 101 2 163 171 doi 10 1007 s42991 020 00064 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March 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2023 Mexican Wolf Numbers Soar Past 200 U S Fish amp Wildlife Service FWS gov 27 February 2023 Retrieved 28 February 2023 113 https www navratvlku cz skodni udalost postup nahlaseni skodni udalosti krok za krokem Bibliography editCarmine Esposito 2007 Il Lupo Roma Franco Muzzio Editore Franco Muzzio Editore p 127 ISBN 978 88 7413 143 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of gray wolf populations by country amp oldid 1186297621, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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