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List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S

April 28, 2024

Main article: Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend
Starkad as illustrated on Carta Marina (1539) by Olaus Magnus.

P edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Patavrid Latin: Patavrid The first element pata from PGmc *badu ("battle"),[1] the second element PGmc *friþu ("peace").[2] Hagen/Högni1's nephew, Hagen unsuccessfully tries to prevent him from fighting against Hagen's friend Walter of Aquitaine when Gunther orders the latter's capture while he is crossing Burgundian territory. Patvrid is then killed with ten other of Gunther's men.[3] Patavrid may correspond to Hagen's nephew Ortwin1 von Metz in later legends.[4] Waltharius
Perdeo Latin: Peredeo[5] First element PGmc *bera ("bear"),[6] second element PGmc *þiwa ("servant").[7] A servant of Alboin. He helps Alboin's wife Rosamund kill Alboin after he forces her to drink from her father's skull.[8] Historia Langobardorum
Pilgrim Middle High German: Pilgerîn Piligrim, Bishop of Passau 971–991, who was involved in the conversion of the Hungarians.[9] From Latin peregrinus ("pilgrim").[10] Bishop of Passau and brother of Ute and thus uncle of the Burgundian kings. After the disaster at Attila's court, he collects information and has the story of the Nibelungen written down.[9] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage

R edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Ráðbarðr Old Norse: Ráðbarðr, Old English: Rædhere?[11] The first element is Ráð ("advice", "decision").[12] The second element is formed by bǫð(v),[13][14] PN *baðu from PGmc *baðwō meaning "battle"[15] and frøðr[13][14] from PN *friþuʀ meaning "love" and "peace".[16] The second element in Rædhere means "army", i.e. the name means "command army".[17] A king of Garðaríki (Rus'). Sögubrot tells that he married the fugitive princess Auðr the Deep-Minded without the consent of her father king Ivar Vidfamne, who soon departed to punish his daughter. He died en route, however, and so Ráðbarðr helped Auð's son Harald Wartooth claim his maternal grandfather's possessions in Sweden and Denmark. Ráðbarðr and Auðr had a son together named Randver2.[18] He may be mentioned in Widsith together with his son Randver2 as Rædhere and Rondhere.[11] Rognvald the Tall (or Rognvald the Russian[19]) is identified in Gesta Danorum as his nephew, and as taking part in the Battle of Brávellir.[20] Possibly in Widsith, line 123[11] Sögubrot, Hyndluljóð, Hversu Noregr byggðist, Gesta Danorum VIII
Rædhere See Ráðbarðr, above.
Ragnar Lodbrok Old Norse: Ragnarr Loðbrók Originates in a historical ninth-century Viking named Reginheri who attacked Paris in 845.[21][22] The name is from PN *Ragina-harjaʀ, corresponding to the Vandalic name Raginahari and the Old High German name Reginheri.[23] The first element of the name is from PGmc *raʒina, which in personal names probably meant "counsel", but it may have been reinterpreted to have the religious meaning of "divine powers".[24] and the second element is *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior").[25] On the basis of a historic kernel, legendary matter was added to the character. Ragnar's raid against the Franks was treated as an attack on the Bjarmians, and matter from the Völsung/Nibelung tradition was added. Like Sigurd, he kills a great serpent, and like Gunnar he perishes in a snake pit. The Great Heathen Army is a war of vengeance in reaction to his death by his sons. The legends reached such fame that Ragnar was conflated with the historical king Reginfrid (d. 814) and the feats of this kings and his descendants were attributed to Ragnar. In Gesta Danorum, he is king of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia, England and Scotland, and the deeds of other legendary kings are attributed to him. He was also made the progenitor of Scandinavian dynasties through his sons Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye (in Denmark) and Björn Ironside (in Sweden). In Norway and Iceland the tradition was expanded with Aslaug who was raised in poverty, but abducted by Ragnar and made his queen because of her beauty. Ragnar was made into the son-in-law of Sigurd the dragon slayer. The Icelandic genealogists of the 12th and 13th centuries, who claimed that the prominent families of the island were descended from Norwegian royalty included Ragnar in their family trees and described the daughter or granddaughter of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye as the mother of Harald Fairhair the first king of Norway, so that also the Norwegian kings became Ragnar's descendants. On Iceland, the traditions of the Yngling and Skjöldung dynasties were added by connecting him to Harald Wartooth and making Ragnar the son of Sigurd Ring.[26] Gesta Danorum, Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Norna-Gests þáttr
Ragnhild Old Norse: Ragnhildr The first element of the name is from PGmc *raʒina, which in personal names probably meant "counsel", but it may have been reinterpreted to have the religious meaning of "divine powers".[24] The second element -hild is from PN *heldiō- meaning "struggle", "fight".[27] In Ragnarssona þáttr and Hálfdanar saga svarta, Ragnhild is the daughter of Sigurd Hart and Ingibjorg, the daughter of Harald Klak. She also has a brother named Gudthorm2. Haki a berserker from Hadeland killed their father, while he was out hunting. Then he went to their home in Ringerike and captured Raghnild and Gutthorm2. He intended to marry the 15-year-old girl but being severely wounded the wedding was postponed. In the winter, Halfdan the Black came and took Ragnhild and Gutthorm2 and set fire to Haki's hall killing his men. Haki survived and pursued them until he came to lake Mjøsa, where he committed suicide by falling on his own sword. Halfdan invited all the important men in Hedmark and married Ragnhild. She was the mother of Harald Fairhair.[28] [29] Ragnarssona þáttr, Hálfdanar saga svarta, Ragnars saga loðbrókar
Randolf Latin: Randolf The first element, randu means "shield",[30] and the second element means "wolf".[31] The eighth warrior of Gunther killed by Waltharius.[32] Waltharius
Randver1 Old Norse: Randvér, Broderus Possibly derived from Ermanaric's son Hunimundus.[33] The first element Rand- means "shield"[34] and the second element vēʀ is either from PGmc *wīhaz, probably meaning "priest", or an agent noun of a verb cognate with Gothic weihan ("fight"), and would thus mean "fighter".[35] In the Old Norse tradition, Randver is put to death after Bikki (Sibeche) convinces Randver to sleep with the Ermanaric's new bride Svanhildr and then informs Ermanaric. In the Gesta Danorum, Ermanaric only pretends to hang Randver (called Broderus), who becomes the king of Denmark after Ermanaric's death.[36] Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál, Gesta Danorum, Völsunga saga.
Randver2 Old Norse: Randvér, Old English: Rondhere?[11] See Randver1 in the English name Rondhere, rond means "border" or "shield" and here means "army".[17] The brother of Harald Wartooth. About his parentage, the sources vary greatly. According to Hervarar saga, he married Ása, the daughter of Harald Red-bearded, king of Agder, and with her he had the son Sigurd Ring. When Randver suddenly died Sigurd Ring became king of the Danes and fought Harald Wartooth at the Battle of Brávellir.[37] However, according to Ynglinga saga, Harald the Read-bearded's daughter Ása married Gudrød the Hunter with whom she had Halfdan the Black, the father of Harald Fairhair.[38] Also, in other sources, Sigurd Ring was the king of Sweden.[39] He may be mentioned in Widsith together with his father Ráðbarðr2 as Rædhere and Rondhere.[11] Possibly in Widsith, line 123[11] Sögubrot, Lay of Hyndla, Hversu Noregr Byggðist, Hervarar saga
Refil Old Norse: Refill or Ræfill The name is derived from refr ("fox") and also appears in the expression refil-stígar ("secret ways").[40] In the Hervarar saga, Refil is the son of Björn Ironside and the brother of Eric Björnsson who succeeded their father as the king of Sweden. Eric did not rule long, and was succeeded by Refil's son Eric Refilsson. Refil is reported by Hervarar saga to have been a warlord and a sea-king.[37] The Skáldskaparmál part of the Prose Edda also lists him as a sea-king,[41] and it tells that his name was also used in kennings in skaldic poetry and teaches that the phrase Ræfill's land refers to the "sea", and ships are the horses of Ræfill's land, and their riders are seamen.[42] Hervarar saga, Prose Edda
Reginn/Mimir Old Norse: Reginn or Old Norse: Mímir (Þiðreks saga), Middle High German: Mîme or Eckerîch Mythical being.[43] Reginn from PGmc *Raʒina- ("decision").[24] Mimir probably from PGmc *mīm- ("to measure, think").[43] Smith and/or dwarf. Foster father of Sigurd/Siegfried. In the Norse sources, including the Þiðreks saga, he is the brother of the dragon (Fafnir). In Biterolf und Dietleib, he is a master smith who lives near Toledo in Spain.[43] In Rosengarten zu Worms, it is mentioned that Siegfried was raised by the smith Eckerich.[44] Sigurd kills him after killing the dragon in the Norse tradition.[45] Reginsmál, Fafnismál, Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr Þiðreks saga, Rosengarten zu Worms, Biterolf und Dietleib, unnamed smith in Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
Regin Old Norse: Reginn See Reginn, but in the Hrólfs saga kraka used in the plot to evoke regin meaning "divine power" and regn meaning "rain".[46] Fróði killed his brother Halfdan and succeeded him as Danish king. Regin was the foster-father of Halfdan's sons Roar (Hrothgar) and Helgi (Halga) and saved them by taking them to their father's best friend Vífill. Fróði found them but Vífill saved them by calling them by the names of his two dogs. However, knowing that the 12 and 10-year-old boys were no longer safe with him, he sent them to jarl Saevil instead. They were later revealed by a prophetess (Völva) and had to flee again, but Regin and Saevil helped them kill Fróði by burning him to death inside his hall.[47] Hrólfs saga kraka
Reginbald Old Norse: Reginballdr For the first element, see Reginn. The second element means "prince" or "foremost".[48] The second son of Ermanaric in the Þiðreks saga. Sibeche (Sifka) arranges for him to die by sending him to collect tribute in England in an unseaworthy ship.[36] Þiðreks saga
Rentwin Middle High German: Rentwîn A similar event to Rentwin's being swallowed by the dragon is depicted on the coat of arms of the Visconti, who owned the castle Arona where Rentwin also lives.[49] The first element is from PGmc *randu ("edge of a shield"),[50] the second element is PGmc *wini ("friend").[51] The son of Hilferich. Dietrich von Bern saves him from being swallowed by a dragon.[49] Virginal
Rerir Probably fictive.[52] According to Müllenhof from an older *rœrir from rausa,[52] meaning "to talk loud and fast".[53] Rerir's father Sigi has been banished for the murder of an able thrall, but his father Odin give him several warships that Sigi used successfully for pillaging until he ended up as the ruler of the Huns (but in the Prose Edda of the Franks[54]), and the father of Rerir who was fostered at home. When Rerir was away and Sigi only had a smaller force, his jealous brothers-in-law took advantage of it and killed him. Rerir avenged his father by killing his uncles and succeeded him as ruler of the Huns. His queen could not conceive, but the goddess Frigg and Odin heard heir prayers and sent them an apple to eat transported by a Valkyrie transformed into a crow. It would take six years of pregnancy before their son Völsung was cut out from her womb and in the meantime, Rerir died on a war expedition.[55][56] Völsunga saga
Richart (Ritschart) Middle High German: Rîchart or Ritschart The first element is PGmc *rīk-s ("ruler, king"),[57] the second element is PGmc hardu ("hard").[58] The spelling "Ritschart" reflects the Old French pronunciation of the name.[49] One of Dietrich von Bern's warriors; in Biterolf und Dietleib, he is the brother of Wolfwin and Wolfbrand. [49] Nibelungenlied, Biterolf und Dietleib, Alpharts Tod
Rienolt Middle High German: Rienolt or Rein(h)olt, Old Norse: Reinaldr From OHG *ragan- or *regin-, an emphatic prefix. The second element is -*walt, related to OHG waltan ("to rule"), but is sometimes replaced by -holt, probably MHG holt ("friendly, loyal").[59] One of Ermanaric's vassals. In the Þiðreks saga, he warns Dietrich von Bern of Ermanaric's betrayal.[60] Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Biterolf und Dietleib, Rosengarten zu Worms, Virginal, Ermenrichs Tod
Rimstein (Ribestein) Middle High German: Rimstein, possibly Ribestein, Old Norse: Rimsteinn, possibly Old English: Rūmstān Förstemann connects the first element Rim to OE and ON hrím- ("frost")[61] from PGmc *χrīma-,[62] while stein/stān is from PGmc *stainaz ("stone").[63] The first element in the English form means "generous" or possibly "Rome".[64] In Biterolf und Dietleib, Rimstein aids the Harlungen in the tournament with the Burgundians. In Þiðreks saga, he refuses Ermanaric's demands for tribute and is killed by Witige. Kemp Malone associated Rūmstān, who appears in Widsith along with the Harlungen, with Rimstein.[59] A figure named Ribestein, associated with Rimstein by Jacob Grimm, is executed by Eckehart in Dietrich's Flucht for advising Ermanaric to kill the Harlungen.[49] Possibly in Widsith[59] Þiðreks saga Biterolf und Dietleib, possibly in Dietrichs Flucht as Ribestein[59]
Rodgeir Old Norse: Ródgeir According to Jiriczek, the name is probably the invention of the saga author,[65] however William Paff suggests his capital at Salerno in Apulia indicates an origin in the name Roger, a Norman name commonly used by rulers of that area from 1061 to 1154.[66] See Hrothgar, Rüdiger. An earl and father of Hildisvid, brother of Brunstein. He is killed when he resists his daughter's abduction by Samson.[67] Þiðreks saga
Rognvald Old Norse: Rǫgnvaldr, Latin: Raugnvaldus, Regnaldus Rægnald, a Viking king of York (died 920).[22] The first element of the name is from PGmc *raʒina, which in personal names probably meant "counsel", but it may have been reinterpreted to have the religious meaning of "divine powers".[68] The second element is *waldaz ("ruler").[69] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, one of the sons of Ragnar and Aslaug1. When his brothers Ivar the Boneless, Björn Ironside, Hvitserk attack the town of Hvítabœr, the brothers leave him to guard the ships considering him too young to fight. Ivar the Boneless who is carried on a shield kills the two dangerous sacred cows with his bow and arrow. Eager to join, Rognvald arrives with his part of the army, only to be killed, although his brothers win the battle.[70] In Ad catalogum, a Raugnvaldus is reported to have died in adolescence in his brothers' army.[71][70] Krákumál mentions a Rǫgnvaldr who died in the Hebrides but does not tell his age. In Gesta Danorum (IX), Saxo writes that Ragnar Lodbrok was victorious at Whiteby (Hvítabœr) in Scania, and comments later that Ragnar had a son named Regnaldus with Svanlaug (Aslaug), who like his brothers Withsercus and Ericus3 was too young to join his father's expedition against Sorlus who had succeeded Herrothus as the king of Sweden.[70] Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda, Krákumál, Gesta Danorum (IX)
Rognvald the Tall/Russian/Redbeard (Radbard) or Radbard Fist Old Norse: Rǫgnvaldr hávi, Rǫgnvaldr ráðbarðr, or Raðbarðr hnefi, Latin: Regnaldus rutenus For Rognvald, see Rognvald above, and for Ráðbarðr, see Ráðbarðr, above. The cognomen hái means "the tall", and hnefi means "fist" or refers to a hnefatafl board game piece, but it may also be an alteration of nefi (nepos, "nephew").[20] In Gesta Danorum he has the cognomen rutenus ("Russian").[19] He appears in Sögubrot, at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring's warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth. He is called "the greatest of all champions". When the battle began, Rognvald started fighting with Ubbi the Frisian and it is described as a great fight between two brave champions, but it ended with the death of Rognvald.[72] He also appears in the Danish account of the battle (Gesta Danorum VIII) as Regnaldus ... Rathbarthi nepos ("Ráðbarð's nephew", see Ráðbarðr above) and a supporter of the Swedish king. In addition, the names Regnaldus and Rathbarthus appear as the names of sons of Ragnar Lodbrok by Thora and Suanlogha in Gesta Danorum IX.[73] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum VIII and Gesta Danorum IX
Rondhere See Randver2
Rosamund Latin: Rosamunda The historical Rosamund, who was captured by Alboin c. 567.[74] The first element may be a form of PGmc *hrōþi ("fame") that has been adapted to Romance-language phonology, or it may be from PGmc *rausi- ("reed").[75] The second element is PGmc *munda ("protection).[76] Daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund. She marries the Lombard king Alboin after he has killed her father and is forced to drink for her father's skull. She later murders Alboin in his bed.[77] Historia Langobardorum
Rotholf Old Norse: Roðolfr His name is reminiscent in form to that of Rother in the minstrel epic König Rother, who performs a similar abduction.[78] From Gmc hrōð-wulfs[78] (famous wolf).[79] A vassal of Attila. When Attila is rebuffed in his wooing of Oserich/Osantrix's daughter Helche (Erka), Rotholf returns in disguise to Osantrix's court, remaining there for two winters before convincing Erka to flee with him and also abducts her sister Berta. Osantrix pins Rotholf in at the castle of Falstrskog, but Atli saves him with his army.[80] Rotholf marries Berta.[78] Þiðreks saga
Rüdiger von Bechelaren Middle High German: Rüedigêr von Bechelâren, Old Norse: Roðingeirr af Bakalar Possibly Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (El Cid), whose name has the same etymology and who was also an exile.[81] "Famous spear", first element PGmc *hrōþi- ("fame").[82] Second element Middle High German gêr ("spear").[83] See Hrothgar. Exile and vassal of Attila. In the Nibelungenlied, he is a margrave. In Rabenschlacht, he intervenes with Attila and Helche for them to forgive Dietrich von Bern after the death of Attila's sons on campaign with Dietrich. In Biterolf und Dietleib, he and Biterolf lead Attila's forces against the Poles. In the Nibelungenlied, he brings Attila's suit for Kriemhild's hand in marriage and later escorts the Burgundians to Attila's castle, betrothing his daughter to Giselher. He attempts to stay out of the conflict with the Burgundians, but is eventually forced to intervene for Attila and Kriemhild and he and Gernot kill each other. In the Þiðreks saga he and Giselher kill each other instead.[84] Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Biterolf und Dietleib, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Rumelher Middle High German: Rûmelher Possibly based on MHG rumelen, rummelen ("to make a loud noise, to rumble").[85] In Wolfdietrich, the leader of a band of robbers whom Wolfdietrich encounters while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They argue among themselves about how to apportion his possessions, but Wolfdietrich kills them all and states that they now each have an equal share.[85] Wolfdietrich
Rumolt Middle High German: Rûmolt First element probably OHG Rûma ("Rome"), but it might also be PGmc *hrōma- ("fame").[85] Second element PGmc *wald, related to OHG waltan ("to rule").[86] Official in charge of the Burgundians' kitchens (küchenmeister). He advises Gunther not to go to the Huns. Rumolt is left in charge when the Burgundians head to Attila's court. In the Nibelungenklage, he arranges for the coronation of Gunther's son.[85] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Biterolf und Dietleib
Runze (Rütze, Rachin) Middle High German: Runze, Rütze, or Rachin Otto Luitpold Jiriczek suggested a connection to Runsa, a Tyrolean mountain spirit responsible for causing avalanches.[85] Rütze probably from MHG rütze/rüschen ("to slide"), Runze possibly from runse ("flowing water") or a term for a hideous woman from runze ("wrinkle").[85] A giantess who is killed by Ortnit. She is the aunt of Ecke.[85] Ortnit, Wolfdietrich, Eckenlied, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Ruodlieb Latin: Ruodlieb, Middle High German: Ruotliep The first element is PGmc *hrōthi("fame").[87] The second element is OHG liob ("dear").[88] In Ruodlieb, the hero captures a dwarf who ransoms himself with the treasure of Kings Immunch and Hartunch. He then kills both kings and marries the heiress to the treasure, Heriburg, as the dwarf prophesied and Ruodlieb's mother had foreseen in a dream. The dwarf ransoming himself with treasure is similar to a scene in the Þiðreks saga. In the Eckenlied, Ruodlieb is the original owner of Ecke's sword (Eckesachs) and has a son named Herbort.[88] Ruodlieb, Eckenlied

S-Si edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Sabene1 Middle High German: Sabene, possibly Old English: Seofola Potentially a Germanization of the East Roman general Sabinianus Magnus.[89] Probably from PGmc *saba- ("understanding").[88] Son of the treacherous Sibeche and vassal of Ermanaric. In Dietrichs Flucht, Wolfhart captures and hangs him.[88] Possibly in Widsith Dietrichs Flucht, Biterolf und Dietleib
Sabene2 Middle High German: Sabene The name is likely taken from Sabene1, while the role resembles Sibeche and common figures in Old French chanson de geste.[90] See Sabene1 In some versions of Wolfdietrich, Hugdietrich's treacherous counselor. He attempts to seduce Hugdietrich's wife while he is away fighting, tries to have the infant Wolfdietrich killed, and later incites Wolfdietrich's brothers against him.[90] Wolfdietrich (some versions)
Saevil Old Norse: Sævil, Old English: Seafola, Latin: Sevillus Probably based on Sabene1[88][91] Probably based on Sabene1[88][91] A jarl who aids the boys Hroar (Hrothgar) and Helgi (Halga) take revenge on their uncle Fróði and is married to their sister Signy and is the father of Hrok.3.[92] Widsith Skjöldunga saga, Hrólfs saga kraka
Samson1 Old Norse: Samson According to Jiriczek and Gillespie, the name probably derives from Old French chanson de geste,[93] and ultimately refers to the biblical Samson.[90] William Paff instead suggests an origin in ON samr ("black").[66] In the Þiðreks saga, the father of Ermanaric and Dietmar. He kidnaps Hildisvid, the daughter of earl Rodingeir of Salerno. He conquers several kingdoms.[94] Þiðreks saga
Samson2 Old Norse: Samson See Samson1. In the Þiðreks saga, the third son of Ermanaric. Sifka (Sibeche) accuses him of raping his daughter, which causes Ermanaric to kill him in a rage.[36] Þiðreks saga
Særeid Old Norse: Særeiðr According to Jónsson, the name is a doublet of Sinrjóð,[95] and -reiðr can mean "ready, clear" while -rjóð means "clearing".[96] The first element Sæ- means "sea" or "lake", but according to Peterson sin- may mean "(strong) sinew" and analyses of continental Germanic names having Sin- don't seem relevant for Scandinavian names.[97] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Særeid is one of four wives of Hjörvard4, a king in Norway. With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling. Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife, Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland, and the story of their son Helgi Hjörvarðsson.[98][99] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
Saxi Old Norse: Saxi The name Saxi means "Saxon" (an ethnonym), or "Seax", a kind of short sword.[100] In Guðrúnarkvíða III, Saxi is a German lord who is summoned to bless a boiling kettle where Gudrun will successfully immerse her hands in a trial by ordeal by hot water, in order to dispel the rumours that she has been unfaithful to her husband Atli (Atilla).[101] Guðrúnarkvíða III
Saxi flettir Old Norse: Saxi flettir For the name Saxi see above. The cognomen flettir means "stripper" or "plunderer".[102] In the Ynglinga saga, the Swedish king Ingjald sends his son Olof Trätälja to be raised by his queen Gauthild's foster-father Bóvi in Västergötland. Bóvi's son Saxi flettir thus becomes Olof's foster-brother.[103] Saxi also appears at the Battle of Brávellir in the Skjöldunga saga,[104] and in Gesta Danorum as one of Sigurd Ring's warriors.[105] Finlay & Faulkes (2016), comment that as Saxi also appears chronologically later, in the Battle of Brávellir, his original relation with the Swedish queen must have been the reverse.[104] Ynglinga saga, Af Uplendinga konungum, Skjöldunga saga, Gesta Danorum
Sceafthere Old English: Sceafthere The name means "spear army".[106] Appears in Widsith, line 32 as the king of the Ymbran. Nothing else is known about him.[106] Widsith
Schilbung Middle High German: Schilbunc The name is cognate with the OE and ON dynastic names Scylfing/Skilfingr. It may derive from the equivalent of OE scylfe ("shelf, ledge"), possibly meaning "rock- or cave-man", or it might derive from the equivalents of OE scelfan, ON scjalfa ("to shake, tremble") giving a meaning "frostman".[107] A giant, one of two sons of Nibelung1. He and his brother quarrel over their father's inheritance and ask for Siegfried's help. When he divides the treasure evenly, they grow angry and attack him. Siegfried kills them both and takes the treasure.[108] Nibelungenlied
Scilling Old English: Scilling The name is from PGmc *skillingaz ("gold coin").[109] Appears in Widsith, line 103 as a scop who sang at the same time as the poet Widsith, like the two minstrels who performed together for Attila. The name may possibly instead refer to Widsith's harp.[106] Widsith
Seburg Middle High German: Sêburc Possibly connected to a popular tradition of three weather witches who dwell on the mountain of Jochgrimm in South Tyrol.[110] From PGmc *saiwi-burʒz,[111] where *saiwiz means "lake, sea, marshland"[111] and *burʒz means "fortified place".[112] One of three queens at Jochgrimm - she equips the giant Ecke with the armor of Wolfdietrich and sends him out to seek Dietrich von Bern for her. In one version of the poem, Dietrich later casts Ecke's severed head at her feet.[110] Eckenlied
Secca Old English: Secca A historical relative of Theuderic I.[113] A hypocoristic form of a name beginning with Sig- ("victory"), with the addition of a k-suffix, i.e. from *Sigko.[113] Appears in Widsith, line 115 and is identified by Malone with Sigiwald (Sicco), a relative of the Frankish king Theuderic I.[113] Widsith
Sibeche (Bikki) Old Norse: Bikki or Sifka (Þiðreks saga), Middle High German: Sibeche, possibly Old English: Sifeca, Becca Uncertain origin.[114] According to George Gillespie, probably from PGmc *saba- ("understanding") or seb ("kinship"),[115] as also derived by Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann.[116] The Norse form Bikki, from Saxon Bicco, is a hypocoristic form of LG *Sibiko and may be influenced by the masculine counterpart to ON bikkja ("bitch").[115] Counselor of Ermanaric, through whose machinations Ermanaric kills his nephews (the Harlungen) and/or son (Randver) and wife, Svanhildr. In Dietrichs Flucht, he incites Ermanaric to attack the Harlungen and Dietrich. In Rabenschlacht, Eckehart captures him and ties him naked across a saddle. The Heldenbuch-Prosa and Þiðreks saga present his treachery as revenge for Ermanaric's rape of Sibeche's wife: he seeks to destroy Ermanaric by giving him bad advice. In the Norse tradition, he encourages Ermanaric's son Randver to sleep with Ermanaric's new wife Svanhildr, then informs Ermanaric of the adultery.[115] In Widsith, as Becca,[117] and possibly as Sifeca but this figure may be Sifka from Hervarar saga.[115] Ragnarsdrápa, Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál, Gesta Danorum, Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga. Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Heldenbuch-Prosa.
Sifka Old Norse: Sifka, possibly Old English: Sifeca See Sibeche. Daughter of Humli, abductee of Heidrek, mother of Hlöd. Heidrek kills her by taking her to a river where he breaks her backbone and lets her drift downstream.[118] Possibly in Widsith, but the name there is the name of a man (see Sibeche).[119] Hervarar saga
Siegfried von Moorland Middle High German: Sîfrit von Môrlant Possibly Sigfred, a Danish Viking defeated by Emperor Charles the Fat in 882.[120] See Sigurd/Siegfried for etymology. King of the Moors and a failed suitor for Kudrun. His attack distracts Hetel and Herwig so that Ludwig and Hartmut are able to abduct her. His role as king of the Moors likely from the fact that he was not Christian (with Moor as a synonym for heathen).[120] Kudrun
Sigar1 Old Norse: Sigarr, Old English: Sighere, Latin: Sigarus Probably a historic king from the first half of the 5th c.[121] The name was originally PN *Sigiharjaz,[122] where the first element is from *segi- ("victory")[123] and the second element *-harjaz is the same as Gothic harjis ("host").[124] Sigar is mainly known for killing his daughter Signy1's lover Hagbard1.[121] In Gesta Danorum, Hagbard1 came to Sigar's court in Zealand where he fell in love with Signy1. However, animosity with her brothers forced him to meet her dressed as a woman. They were revealed by a handmaid and Hagbard1 was sentenced to death. Hagbard1 asked the hangman to hang his coat in the gallows to see what he would look like which was granted. When Signy saw this she set her home on fire and perished with all her maids, and when Hagbard1 saw this he was happy to join her in death. Hagbard1's brother Haki1 avenged his brother by slaying Sigar.[125] Sigar is also mentioned with Hagbard1 and Háki1 in Völsunga saga, and he appears as Sighere in Widsith.[121] The legend was so widely known that Sigar is mentioned in skaldic kennings for the gallows.[126] Widsith (line 28) Gesta Danorum (VII), Völsunga saga (XXV), Haleygjatal (4), Haraldsdrápa (3), Erfidrápa Óláfs Helga (1)
Sigar2 Old Norse: Sigarr See Sigar1. Helgi Hjörvardsson's servant, who he sent to ask Sváfa to come to him before he died.[127][128] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar (stanza 37)
Sigar3 Old Norse: Sigarr See Sigar1. The brother of Högni3, who is the father of Sigrún.[129] Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II (stanza 4), Guðrúnarkvíða II (stanza 16)
Sigeband Middle High German: Sigebant The first element is sigu ("victory"),[130] from PGmc *seguz or *segaz.[131] The second element means "bond",[132] from PGmc *bandan.[133] The king of Ireland, he marries a Norwegian princess and fathers Hagen/Högni2. He also appears among Ermanaric's men in the Rabenschlacht.[134] Kudrun, Rabenschlacht
Sigeferth Old English: Sigeferð, Old English: Sǣferð First element is from PGmc *sigi- ("victory"), and the second element is PGmc *-frið ("peace").[135] The first element sǣ- (in Sǣferð) means "sea" or "lake" from *saiwiz or *saiwaz.[111] A warrior from the Secgan tribe in the northern coast of Germany, and probably the same character as Sǣferð of the Sycgan in Widsith 31.[135] He fights alongside Eaha on the side of the Jutes defending a door against the Frisians and proclaims that he is a "widely known hero (who has) survived many woes, many hard battles".[136] Finnsburg Fragment, Widsith
Sigelint1 See Hjördís/Sieglinde
Sigelint2 See Hadeburg and Sieglinde.
Sigenot Middle High German: Sigenôt First element PGmc *sigu ("victory),[137] second element PGmc *nauðiz ("need, difficulty, distress").[138][139] A giant and nephew of the giants Hilde and Grim, from whom Dietrich took his helmet Hildegrim. He takes Dietrich captive after Dietrich kicks him while he is sleeping. He also captures Hildebrand1, but Dietrich eventually is able to escape and kill him.[140] Sigenot
Sigestab Middle High German: Sigestap First element PGmc *sigu ("victory),[141] second element is stab ("staff").[142] from PGmc *stab- ("staff").[143] The son of Amelung and brother of Wolfhart, thus Hildebrand1's nephew. He is killed by Volker in the Nibelungenlied.[144] Nibelungenlied, Alpharts Tod, Rosengarten zu Worms, Virginal, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Sigi Old Norse: Sigi The name is from sigr which means "victory".[145] Odin's son Sigi went on a deer hunting trip accompanied by a thrall named Bredi, but when they collected the deer Bredi had killed both more and bigger deer than him. He was so upset by being outdone by a lesser man than him that he murdered the thrall and hid him in a snowdrift, after which he told Bredi's master Skadi that the thrall had disappeared. Skadi did not believe him and after a search they found Bredi in the snow. Skadi had Sigi banished for murder, but Odin gave him several warships that Sigi used successfully for pillaging until he ended up as the ruler of the Huns (but in the Prose Edda of the Franks[54]), and the father of a young man named Rerir who was fostered at home. When Rerir was away and Sigi only had a smaller force, his jealous brothers-in-law took advantage of it and killed him.[146][147] He was an ancestor of the Völsungs.[148] Völsunga saga, Prologue to Prose Edda
Siggeir Old Norse: Siggeirr The name Siggeirr is derived from the first element sig-, from *seʒiz or *seʒuz ("victory")[149] and the second element geirr ("spear").[150] Siggeir, the king of the Geats, was betrothed to Signy, but he was offended when Odin brought her father Völsung a sword and Signy's twin Sigmund was the only one who could pull out the sword from the tree Barnstokkr where Odin had inserted it. Siggeir invited Völsung and his sons to visit him, and then had Völsung killed. He agreed to Signy's request that he only put her brothers in stocks, but Sigmund got away alive. The two twins killed two of his sons in the forest, and had an incestuous affair resulting in Sinfjötli who killed two of other children of his. He punished Sigmund and Sinfjötli by burying them alive in a mound, but they escaped and set his hall on fire in the night. His wife Signy joined him in the hall to perish with him in the flames.[151][152] Völsunga saga, Skáldskaparmál, Helgakvíða hundingsbana I, Guðrúnarkvíða II (stanza 16)
Sigmund Old English: Sigemund, Old Norse: Sigmundr, Middle High German: Sigemunt Potentially connected to king Sigismund of Burgundy (died 524).[153] "Victory-protection", first element PGmc *sigi- ("victory"), second element PGmc *-mundō ("protection").[153] Son of Völsung in Norse and Old English tradition, father of Sigurd/Siegfried. In Beowulf, he is said to have slain a dragon. In the Nibelungenlied, he abdicates in favor of Siegfried and accompanies him to Worms at the time of his murder. In Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid, he banished the unrulely Siegfried from his court.[140] In the Norse tradition, Sigmund survives the murder of his brothers by king Siggeir, who is marries to his sister Signy. Signy changes shapes and sleeps with Sigmund, producing the son Sinfjötli, with whom Sigmund takes revenge for his family's murder. Sigmund then marries Borghild1 and has two sons, Helgi and Hamundr. When Borghild1 poisons Sinfjötli for killing her brother, he divorces her and marries Hjördís, but is mortally wounded fighting Lyngvi, a failed suitor for Hjördís. Posthumously, his son Sigurd is born.[154] Beowulf Grípisspá, Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr, frequently mentioned as father of Sigurd in the Poetic Edda. Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid, Heldenbuch-Prosa.
Sigmund Sigurdsson (Gunther2) Old Norse: Sigmundr Sigurðsson, Middle High German: Gunther See Sigmund, above and Gunther/Gunnar1 Sigmund was Sigurd's son with Gudrun.[155] He is only three years old when Brynhild has him killed and put on her own pyre together with eight male thralls, five female thralls and the body of Sigurd's killer Gutthorm1.[156] In the Nibelungenlied, Kriemhild allows Siegfried's father Siegmund to take her and Siegfried's son Gunther back to Xanten with him.[157] Völsunga saga Nibelungenlied
Signy1 Old Norse: Signýr, Latin: Sygne The first element is from PGmc *seʒiz or *seʒuz ("victory")[158] and the second element from ON nýr ("new").[159] Hagbard1 sees Signy in a dream, but he is at war with her brothers so he lets his hair grow and dresses in woman clothes. He finds occupation as a crafts teacher at her father king Sigar's court and gets to teach her. After a while she discovers that he is her love from her dreams. They are disclosed and at the gallows he asks to have his coat hanged first to see how he would look. When Signy misinterpretes the sight as his hanging she sets her bower ablaze and perishes. Seeing it, Hagbard1 dies happily in the hangman's noose, knowing how much she loved him.[160] Gesta Danorum (VII), Ynglingatal (9) Habor och Signhild
Signy2 Old Norse: Signýr See Signy1 Signy and her twin brother Sigmund were among the 10 children of Völsung and the Valkyrie Hljod. When Signy was betrothed to king Siggeir, the king of the Geats, the latter was offended when Odin brought Völsung a sword and not him. Signy's twin Sigmund was the only one who could pull out the sword from the tree Barnstokkr where Odin had inserted it. Siggeir treacherously invited Völsung and his sons to visit him, then had Völsung killed. Signy prevailed on Siggeir to only put her brothers in stocks, after which Siggeir's mother ate one of the brothers each night in wolf form. By putting honey in her last brother Sigmund's mouth, he managed to kill her by biting off her tongue. Signy's children with Siggeir were deemed to cowardly to help them, and so they killed them. Signy temporarily changed shapes with a female shaman and had sex with her brother resulting in Sinfjötli who was deemed bold enough. When Sinfjötli had grown up he killed Signy's remaining children with Siggeir as well. When Sigmund and Sinfjötli had been captured and buried alive, she rescued them, but when they set Siggeir's hall on fire, she went into the hall to join her hated husband and perish with him in the flames.[151][152] Völsunga saga
Signy3 Old Norse: Signýr, Latin: Signya The name may be borrowed from Signy2, because the name of the original character may be lost.[161] See Signy1 The sister of the Scylding kings Hrothgar and Halga and wife of Sævil. She encourages her son Hrok to demand compensation for her husband's help against their uncle Fróði.[92] While, Hrólfs saga kraka does not tell where Sævil is the ruler, the older Skjöldinga saga informs that it is Zealand. In the Beowulf manuscript, her name has been lost in line 62, and Kluge (1896) suggested that it would have been Signeow, but this has not been mentioned much since then. Clarke (1911) proposed instead that the name of their sister was Yrsa, and Malone agreed and considered Signý to be a name borrowed from Völsunga saga,[161] and most scholars have accepted that the character originally was Yrsa in Beowulf.[162] Beowulf Hrólfs saga kraka, Skjöldunga saga
Sigrdrífa Old Norse: Sigrdrífa Probably a late mythical development of the Nordic Nibelungen material.[163] The name means "driver to victory", a kenning for Valkyrie.[164] A sleeping Valkyrie awakened by Sigurd. She is probably identical with Brunhild;[163] the prose author may have misunderstood a kenning for Valkyrie for a name.[164] Fáfnismál Sigrdrífumál
Sigrid Old Norse: Sigríðr, Latin: Syritha The first element sigr is from PGmc *seʒiz or *seʒuz, and means "victory", while the second element -frīðr means "beautiful" and "beloved" [165] In the Skjöldunga saga, she is the wife of Halfdanus (Healfdene) and the mother of Hroar (Hrothgar) and Helgi (Halga). Halfdanus brother Ingjalldus (Ingeld) was jealous and killed him and took Sigrid for himself, and they had the sons Raerecus and Frodo. Halfdanus' and Sigrid's sons Hroar and Helgi were brought up in secret and would later avenge their father, while their daughter Signya married Sevillus of Zealand.[166] In Hrólfs saga kraka, Halfdan's brother and murderer is instead named Fróði,[167] and she refuses to leave Fróði when her sons set the hall on fire and she dies with him.[92] In Gesta Danorum, both Halfdan and Sigrid (Syritha) have been duplicated. Both Syritha are closely related to Sigar1, but one of them did not marry Halfdan, although they had a sexual relationship and Halfdan intervened to stop her marriage with a low-born suitor. This Halfdan later married a Guritha (which may be a misspelling of Syritha) after having intervened at her marriage and killed the groom.[168] Skjöldunga saga, Hrólfs saga kraka, Bjarkarímur, Gesta Danorum
Sigrid the Haughty Old Norse: Sigríðr stórráða, Latin: Syritha See Sigrid, above. She was the widow of Eric the Victorious, and the mother of Olof Skötkonung. She received her name because she burnt two suitors (including Harald Grenske, the father of Olaf II of Norway) to death inside her hall, to intimidate other little kings from wooing her. [169] Hervarar saga, Gesta Danorum (X), Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar
Sigrlinn Old Norse: Sigrlinn The same name as the Old High German Sigilind, see Hjördis/Sieglinde, above.[170] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Sigrlinn is the most beautiful woman and the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland. Hjörvard4 wants to marry her and sent Atli2, the son of his jarl Idmund, to negotiate with Svafnir, but Franmar, the girl's foster-father advises against it. Franmar had previously appeared to Atli in the form of a bird demanding and exorbitant price for her. Hjörvard and Atli ride to Svavaland and find it being invaded and pillaged by Sigrlinn's second suitor Hrodmar who has already killed Svafnir. Atli marries Alof1 while Hjörvard marries Sigrlinn with whom he has the son Helgi Hjörvardsson, the hero of Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, who later avenges Svafnir, his maternal grandfather, by killing Hrodmar.[171][99] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Sigrun Old Norse: Sigrún The first element is from PGmc *seʒiz or *seʒuz ("victory")[172] and the second element is an agent noun meaning "she who possesses secret knowledge".[173] A valkyrie, wife of Helgi Hundingsbane. She is first betrothed to Hothbrodd against her will, so Helgi declares war on Hothbrodd, his father Granmar, and Sigrún's father Högni3. Helgakviða Hundingsbana I tells that when Helgi's ships have trouble arriving because of the high seas, she protects the ships from above,[174] and Helgakviða Hundingsbana II has her protect Helgi and his warriors during the battle.[175] In the Völsunga saga, she shows Helgi's ships a safe harbour, and during the battle she and her Valkyries shine so that it was like looking into a fire.[176] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II also deals with Helgi's death by the hands of her brother Dag, how she cursed her brother, and how Helgi came to visit her in his grave mound, for one last night of love. The lay adds that she soon died from sadness.[177] The Helgi lays also mention an uncle named Sigar3.[129] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Völsunga saga
Sigurd/Siegfried Old Norse: Sigurðr, Middle High German: Sîfrit, later Seyfrid Disputed, possibly Sigibert I.[178] First element of both names from PGmc *sigi- ("victory"). In German, second element PGmc *-frið ("peace"). In Norse, name derives via PN *Sigivǫrðr from West Germanic *Sigiward, with second element *-ward ("guardian").[135] Son of Sigmund, husband of Gudrun/Kriemhild. In the Nibelungenlied, Siegfried comes to Worms to win Kriemhild's hand. He helps the Burgundians including helping Gunther woo Brunhild, using his cloak of invisibility to take Gunther's shape. When Brunhild discovers this, she incites Hagen/Högni to murder Siegfried with Gunther's agreement. In the Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid, Siegfried is raised by a smith who sends him into the forest to be eaten by a dragon: instead, Siegfried kills the dragons (pl.) and bathes in their skin, receiving an impenetrable skin. He also rescues Kriemhild. In Rosengarten zu Worms, Kriemhild arranges for him to fight against Dietrich von Bern in a tournament, which he loses.[179] In the Norse tradition, Sigurd is sent to kill the dragon Fafnir by his foster-father the dwarf Reginn; Sigurd kills the dragon and then Reginn when he learns the latter will betray him. He encounters and swears to marry Brunhild, but is given a potion of forgetfulness by Gudrun's mother, Grimhild, and marries Gudrun. Later, Brunhild instigates his murder.[180] Frá dauða Sinfjötla, Grípisspá, Reginsmál, Fáfnismál, Sigrdrífumál, Brot af Sigurðarkviðu, Guðrúnarkviða I, Sigurðarkviða hin skamma, Skáldskaparmál Völsunga Saga, Norna-Gests þáttr Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Rosengarten zu Worms, Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
Sigurd Hart Old Norse: Sigurðr hjǫrtr For etymology, see Sigurd/Siegfried. In Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, Snorri Sturluson explains that the cognomen Hart (hjǫrtr) was given to very fast men.[181] Sigurd hart was a king of Ringerike, and his father was Helgi the Sharp and his mother Aslaug2, the daughter of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, the son of Ragnar Lodbrok. When Sigurd Hart was only twelve, he killed the berserker Hildibrand4 and eleven other warriors in the same fight. He had two children, Guthormr2 and a splendid daughter named Ragnhild who was twenty years old. When Sigurd was out hunting in Hadeland, he was attacked by the berserker Haki4 and 30 of his men. Sigurd killed twelve of Haki4's men and cut off one of his arms before he was killed. Haki4 and his men then rode to Sigurd's home and took Sigurd's children captive.[182] Hálfdanar saga svarta, Ragnarssona þáttr
Sigurd Ring Old Norse: Sigurðr Hringr, Hringr, Latin: Siuardus Ring, Ringo The Battle of Brávellir may reflect battles in the fifth and sixth centuries between Danes and Swedes.[183] For etymology, see Sigurd/Siegfried. In the Norse sagas, he was a kinsman of Harald Wartooth who ruled in both Sweden and Denmark. When Harald was old, he appointed Sigurd the king of Sweden Proper and Västergötland. Wanting to die gloriously, Harald challenged Sigurd to the massive Battle of Brávellir on the plains of Östergötland. On Harald's side there were men from Denmark and the Baltic countries, and on Sigurd's men from Sweden Proper, Västergötland and what today is Norway. Sigurd was victorious, and ruled large parts of Scandinavia until he was severely wounded in battle, and died on a burning ship laden with his fallen men. Sigurd was married to Alfhild, the princess of Alfheimr, and they were the parents of Ragnar Lodbrok.[184] In Gesta Danorum, the author Saxo forgets about Ringo, who won the battle, and much later he returns to Siuardus Ring as the father of Ragnar Lodbrok.[185] Gesta Danorum, Chronicon lethrense, Skjöldunga saga, Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Hervarar saga, Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Norna-Gests þáttr, Orvar-Odd's saga (younger version), Gríms saga loðinkinna
Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye Old Norse: Sigurðr ormr í auga, Latin: Sigvardus serpentinus oculus, Latin: Sywardus serpentini oculi The Danish king Sigfred, active around Metz in 873.[186] See Sigurd/Siegfried. In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, the last son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug1 after Ivar the Boneless, Björn Ironside and Rognvald.[187] His mother bears him with a snake in his eye to prove that she is the daughter of Sigurd, so he will not marry a Swedish princess instead.[188] He learns of the death of their father at the hands of king Ælla of Northumbria and presumably takes part in the invasion of England to avenge him.[189] His daughter was Ragnhild, the mother of Harald Fairhair.[190] In Ragnarssona Þáttr and Ad catalogum, the same parents and brothers are mentioned,[191] and in the first source, he is said to have died in the Battle of Leuven (891).[192] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, he is said to have a kingdom,[193] and in Ragnarssona Þáttr this is specified as Zealand, Scania, Halland and Viken, and he was married to Blaeja, king Ælla's daughter with whom he had the twins Hordaknut and Aslaug2 (the mother of Ragnhild who was the mother of Harald Fairhair).[194] In Gesta Danorum (IX), he is the son of Ragnar with Thora and the brother of Rathbarthus, Dunwatus, Biornus, Agnerus (Agnar4) and Ivarus.[195] There he receives his cognomen from having received a cure for his wounds that resulted in small snakes in his irises.[196] He takes over his father's kingdom after his death.[197] Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda, Ragnarssona Þáttr, Gesta Danorum (IX)
Sigvarðr Old Norse: Sigvarðr A variant of the name Sigurðr, see Sigurd for etymology. In Historia Norwegiæ, Sigvarðr kills his brother the Swedish king Anund.[198] Snorri Sturluson did not mention him in Ynglinga saga, but included a part of his source Ynglingatal which says that Anund's death was by "the bitter hatred of a bastard's wrath",[199] and this "bastard" probably refers to Anund's brother Sigvarðr.[200] Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglingatal
Sigverk of Attundaland Old Norse: Sigverkr konungr af Áttundalandi Possibly historical.[201] The first element is sig-, from *seʒiz or *seʒuz ("victory"),[158] and verkr means "pain".[202] As the petty king of Attundaland, he was invited together with a number of other petty kings by the Swedish king Ingjald ill-ruler to a feast at Uppsala, but at night the doors were barred and he hall set on fire, burning everyone inside to death. After this Ingjald expanded his realm.[203] Ynglinga saga
Sinfjötli Old English: Fitela, Old Norse: Sinfjötli. In Old High German, an equivalent personal name Sintarvizzilo is attested.[140] May be based on the equivalents of OHG sintar ("cinder") and fezzil ("fetlock"), meaning "Bright-foot" and a kenning for wolf.[140] In Beowulf, he is the nephew of Sigmund.[140] In the Norse tradition, Sigmund's son through incest with his sister Signy. He is fathered in order to avenge the destruction of their family by king Siggeir. At one point, both father and son are cursed to wander as wolves, but they eventually kill Siggeir. He is poisoned by Sigmund's wife Borghild1 after he has killed her brother in a dispute over a woman.[204] Beowulf Frá dauða Sinfjötla, Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Sinrjod Old Norse: Sinrjóð According to Jónsson, the name is a doublet of Særeiðr,[95] and -reiðr can mean "ready, clear" while -rjóð means "clearing".[96] The first element Sæ- means "sea" or "lake", but according to Peterson sin- may mean "(strong) sinew" and analyses of continental Germanic names having Sin- don't seem relevant for Scandinavian names.[97] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Sinrjod is one of four wives of Hjörvard4, a king in Norway. With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling. Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife, Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland, and the story of their son Helgi Hjörvarðsson.[98][99] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
Sintram Middle High German: Sintram, Old Norse: Sintram or Old Norse: Sistram The first element is PGmc *sintha ("way, going, military campaign"),[205] the second element is -ram, from -ramn, a contraction of PGmc *hraban ("raven").[206] In the German language sources, one of Attila's vassals. In the Þiðreks saga, he is the son of Reginbaldr of Venice, who is Hildebrand1's father, and is freed from the jaws of a dragon by Dietrich von Bern and Fasolt (see also Rentwin in Virginal). His grandfather Baltram appears as his brother in some later Swiss sources, whom he frees alive from the belly of a dragon.[207] Nibelungenklage, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Biterolf und Dietleib

Sk-Sw edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Skadi Old Norse: Skaði It was also the name goddess/giantess, so it has been suggested that the account of Skaði and Breði is based on a lost Norse myth.[208] Skaði means "harm, damage"[209] from PGmc *skaþōn,[210] but it is also explained as derived from a word for "ski", "snowshoe".[208] Skadi was a powerful man who had a very able thrall named Bredi who was even more able than some men who were higher in station that he was. However, Bredi accompanied Odin's son Sigi on a deer hunting trip and when they collected the deer Bredi had killed both more and bigger deer than Sigi. The latter was so upset by being outdone by a lesser man than him that he murdered the thrall and hid him in a snowdrift, after which he claimed that Bredi had disappeared. Skadi did not believe him and after a search they found Bredi in the snow. Skadi had Sigi banished for the murder, and named the snowdrift after his thrall.[211][212] Völsunga saga
Skjalf Old Norse: Skjálf The name is derived from *skelbō(n) meaning "shelf" or "seat",[213] and it was one of the names of the goddess Freyja.[214] In Ynglingatal stanza 10, Skjalf appears and is presented by Snorri Sturluson in the prose of Ynglinga saga as a Finnish or sámi princess, abducted together with her brother Logi from their father Frosti by the Swedish king Agne. However, the original Ynglingatal stanza only presents her as loga dís,[215] a disputed kenning that may mean the "goddess of marriage".[216] Ynglingatal and Ynglinga saga agree with Historia Norwegiæ (also based on Ynglingatal) in telling that Skjalf hanged her husband Agni. The Swedish king Agne's descendants are called Scylfings in Beowulf, and the dynasty could be named after Skjalf, i.e. the goddess Freyja, providing a female parallel to the fact that the dynasty is otherwise named after her brother Freyr (Yngvi), the Ynglings.[215] Also Historia Norwegiæ presents his ancestor Domalde as sacrificed to the goddess of fertility "Ceres", probably Freyja. In addition, Adam of Bremen mentions human sacrifice by hanging in the sacred grove at Uppsala without mentioning to whom, see Dísablót (goddess sacrifice).[217] Ynglingatal (10), Ynglinga saga, Historia Norwegiæ, Gautreks saga
Skjöldr Old English: Scyld Scefing, Old English: Sceldva Old Norse: Skjǫldr, Latin: Scioldus Probably an idealized, legendary figure. The real founder of the Danish line of kings appears to have been Halfdan Scylding.[218] Derived from OE Scyld/ON skjöldr ("shield"), possibly in a poetic meaning such as "protector".[218] Founder of the Scylding dynasty. In Beowulf it is related that he arrived in Scania as a child in a boat without oars, but full of weapons. In other sources, this is told instead of a personage named Sheaf, which was probably the original version. In Scandinavian sources, he was the son of Odin and the ancestor of the Skjöldungs,[219] in Denmark, while his brother Ingo became the ancestor of the Yngling dynasty in Sweden.[220] In Beowulf, Scyld is only mentioned as Beow's[221] father, and in Anglo-Saxon genealogies, he is only mentioned as the man between Beav and Sceaf.[219] Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon genealogies Skjöldunga saga
Skjöldr of Varna Old Norse: Skjǫldr See Skjöldr, above In Ynglinga saga, Skjöldr was the chieftain of Varna (formerly a part of Østfold[222]) and a skilled warlock. When Halfdan Whiteshanks of Vestfold pillaged in his territory, he arrived to the shore and saw the departing ships, Skjöldr took his cloak and blew into it after waving it around. When Eystein's ships rounded Jarlsø, he was sitting at the rudder and another ship came so close that a boom knocked him overboard.[223] Ynglinga saga
Skuld Old Norse: Skuldr From PGmc *skulđiz ("debt").[224] The half-elven half-sister of Hrolf kraki who married Hereoweard,[225] and who conspired with him to betray Hrolfr. They postponed the yearly tribute for three years, and when they finally came with the wagons full of tribute, the wagons were instead hiding armed warriors. In the ensuing battle both Hrolfr and Hereweard were killed. Skuld took over and ruled badly for some time until Vöggr1 returned with army raised with the assistance of Yrsa and Bödvar's brothers Thorir and Elgfroði, and defeated her.[226] Hrólfs saga kraka, Sköldunga saga, Gesta Danorum, Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses
Skúr Old Norse: Skúr, Latin: Skura The name means "shower".[227] A daughter of Hrólfr kraki, and sister of Drífa2. Her father gives her away to the Swedish giant-slayer and warrior Hvítserkr1, while her sister is given to Bödvar Bjarki.[228] Hrólfs saga kraka, Skjöldunga saga
Slagfiðr Old Norse: Slagfiðr If the OHG etymology is correct, the name may have originally been an epithet of Wayland the Smith's when flying.[229] Heiko Uecker writes that name is probably of West Germanic origin, comparing it to OHG slagi-federa ("beat-feather").[230] Other scholars hold the second element to be a form of ON finnr ("Finnic").[231] The brother of Wayland the Smith and Egil1. He marries the Valkyrie and swan maiden Svanhvit. After she leaves him seven years later, he goes to look for her.[232] Völundarkviða
Snaevar Old Norse: Snævarr The first element is snær ("snow"), from PN *snaiwaʀ.[233] The second element -varr is of uncertain origin. It can be an agent noun derived from PGmc *warōn ("be watchful"), from PGmc *warjan ("protect"), or both, but it can also be a reinterpretation of the second syllable in names such as Bǫðvarr, Ingvarr and Sǣvarr where the v is properly part of the first element.[234] The son of Högni1 and Kostbera, and the brother of Solar. In Atlamál, they go with their father Högni, paternal uncle Gunnar and maternal uncle Orkning to visit their aunt Gudrun and her husband (Attila), a visit that will end with their death.[235][236] Dráp Niflunga adds a third brother named Gjuki.[237] Dráp Niflunga, Atlamál, Völsunga saga (38)
Solar Old Norse: Sólarr The first element Sól means "the Sun"[238] who was a goddess.[235] The second element -arr can have three different origins: *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior"), *-warjaʀ ("defender") or *-ʒaiʀaʀ ("spear").[25] A son of the hero Högni1 and the brother of Snaevar. In Atlamál, the two brothers go with their father Högni and their uncle Gunnar to their fateful visit at the fortress of Atli (Attila), who was married to their aunt Gudrun.[235] They were also accompanied by the great warrior Orkning who was their uncle through their mother Kostbera.[236] Dráp Niflunga adds a third brother named Gjuki.[237] Dráp Niflunga, Atlamál, Völsunga saga (38)
Sölve Old Norse: Sǫlvi The name Sǫlvi is the definite form of the adjective sǫlr which means "sallow".[239] Sölvi was the son of Högni of Nærøy and had established a reign on Jutland, and pillaged in the east. He killed the Swedish king Eysteinn by burning him to death when he was at a banquet in Lófund (probably Lovön) and then he went to Old Sigtuna and declared that he was king of Sweden. After a battle, he ruled over Sweden for some time before the Swedes rebelled, and put Eystein's son Ingvar Harra on the throne. Sölvi's men were Jutes in the Ynglinga saga but Geats in Historia Norwegiæ.[240] Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga, Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka
Sörli Old Norse: Sǫrli, Latin: Sarus (Getica) or Serilus (Annals of Quedlinburg) Not historical.[241] The name forms are based on PGmc *sarwa- meaning "armor".[242] The ON version originates in a form with a diminutive suffix, like OHG Sarulo and Sarilo.[243] In the Norse tradition, Hamdir and Sörli are sons of Gudrun, and the half-brothers of Svanhildr (through their mother Gudrun) and Erpr (through their father Jonakr). At Gudrun's urging, they set off to kill Ermanaric in revenge for his killing of Svanhildr. When Hamdir and Sörli encounter Erpr, they kill him thinking he will not help them, but this means they only maim Ermanaric, who has them killed.[244] Getica Ragnarsdrápa, Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál, Völsunga saga Annals of Quedlinburg
Sóti Old Norse: Sóti The name is derived from sót meaning "soot".[245] Likely Hjálmar's original companion before the Norwegian hero Orvar-Odd was inserted into his legend.[246] Hervarar saga
Attack-Soti Old Norse: Sóknar-Sóti See Sóti. A warrior fighting on the side of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring in the massive Battle of Brávellir against the Danish king Harald Wartooth.[247] Sögubrot relates that he fought the shield-maiden Vebjorg, who split his jawbone and cut off his chin, but he kept it in place by biting his own beard.[248] Gesta Danorum tells that she killed him.[249] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Sporsnjallr Old Norse: Sporsnjallr Possibly a historic king of Nerike.[250] The name is a variant of Fornsnjallr,[250] where Forn- means "old"[251] and -snjallr meaning "excellent".[252] The name possibly originated as an epithet.[250] As the king of Nerike, he was invited together with a number of other petty kings by the Swedish king Ingjald ill-ruler to a feast at Uppsala, but at night the doors were barred and he hall set on fire, burning everyone inside to death. After this Ingjald expanded his realm to Nerike.[253] Ynglinga saga
Starkad Old Norse: Starkaðr or Stǫrkuðr The first element is the Germanic starka- which means "strong".[254] The second element may be the theonym Höðr, as both Starkaðr and Höðr slew their unexpecting victims in a mock killing/sacrifice.[255] Alternatively, the second element may be a shortened form of the name *Höðbarðr, referring to the Heaðobards.[256] One Starkad is a giant that appears to have been killed by Thor, and who is mentioned in a 10th poem by Vetrliði Sumarliðason. He may be the same as the Odinic hero whose life is predermined by having been given gifts by the gods. Odin blesses him with qualities like the gift of poetry, the life span of three men, and being victorious in battle. Thor curses him with three ill deeds, often being wounded and not being able to remember well. These gifts make him victorious but also increasingly drag him down into his fate.[257] An early version appears unnamed in Beowulf, as the "old Heaðobard", at the wedding of Ingeld and makes him cancel his wedding.[258] Gautreks saga, Hervarar saga, Skjöldunga saga, Sǫgubrot af fornkonungum, Ásmundar saga kappabana, Ynglinga saga, Gesta Danorum, Norna-Gests þáttr, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Skáldskaparmál, and later traditions.
Starkad Ala-Warrior Old Norse: Starkaðr Áludrengr See Starkad for the name. In the cognomen, álu- is presumably from the name of the rapids where he lived, Álu-fossar (possibly Ulefoss in Telemark[259]), while -drengr means "young man" or a "valiant man".[260] Toponymists consider the most likely origin of Ule- to be from vǫlr, a "round staff".[261] In the U-version of Hervarar saga, Starkad, son of Stórvirkr, is a descendant of giants and he has eight arms. He is betrothed to Ogn álfasprengi. One day when he returned from Élivágar, Hergrímr had abducted his fiancée. Hergrímr has the son Grímr with her before Starkad finds him and challenges him to a holmgang. Starkad fights with four swords at once and kills him, and when Ogn sees Hergrímr die, she kills herself rather than return to Starkad. The latter takes all the riches Hergrímr owned and also his son and raises him as his own. Starkad later kidnaps Alfhild3, the daughter of king Alf of Alfheimr, when she is performing the Disablot to the Disir. King Alf calls on Thor who kills Starkad and liberates Alfhild3, who returns home with Hergrím's son Grímr. During the abduction she bore Starkad a daughter named Bauggerðr who marries Grímr.[262] A related story appears in Gesta Danorum, where Thor tears of four of Starkad's arms to give him a better appearance.[263] In Gautreks saga, Starkad Ala-Warrior kidnaps Alfhild3 from her father Alf of Alfheimr, who calls on Thor to help him. Thor kills Starkad and brings Alfhild3 home, but she is pregnant with Starkad's son Stórvirkr.[264] Hervarar saga (U), Gautreks saga, Gesta Danorum
Starólfr Old Norse: Starólfr Fictive.[265] The name is probably not authentic, but composed of the West Norse names Stórólfr and Stari (the name of one of Hálf's warriors).[265] One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.[265] He appears in the last battle of the Skjöldungs with Hrólfr the marksman, Hrómundr harði, Svipdag2 and Beigaðr and Hvítserkr1, Haklangr, Harðrefill, Haki2, Vǫtt, Hjalti and Bödvar Bjarki.[266] Hrólfs saga kraka
Storvirk Old Norse: Stórvirkr, Stórverkr Stór- means "big, strong",[267] and virkr means "hard-working, conscientious".[268] In the U-version of Hervarar saga, Stórvirkr is the father of Starkad Ala-Warrior, who as a descendant of giants has eight arms.[269] In Gautrek's saga he is instead the son of Starkad Ala-Warrior. The latter kidnaps Alfhild3 from her father Alf of Alfheimr, who calls on Thor to help him. Thor kills Starkad and brings Alfhild3 home, but she is pregnant with Starkad's son Stórvirkr. The boy grows to become big and strong, and handsome with black hair. He enters the service of king Harald of Agder and is responsible for defending his kingdom, and he is given a farm on the island Tromøya. In order to raise a family, he kidnaps a girl named Unnr, the daughter of jarl Freki of Halogaland, and together they have the son Starkad. To avenge the kidnapping of their sister, Unn's brothers Fjori and Fyri arrive one night and block the doors to Storvirk's hall so that he can not get out and kill them. Then they set fire to the hall burning both Storvirk and their sister to death. Their ship founders on the way home and they drown.[270] Hervarar saga (U), Gautreks saga
Studas See Madelger (Studas).
Stutfuchs Middle High German: Stûtfuhs, Stûdenfuhs, Stüefinc The name is of uncertain meaning, but perhaps from LG stût ("thick part of the thigh") and fus ("eager"). The name has been altered via folk etymology (MHG fuhs="fox"). The form Stüefinc replaces the unfamiliar name with one based on MHG stüefe ("brave, strong").[271] A giant warrior associated with various regions. Usually he is an opponent of Dietrich von Bern, but in Dietrichs Flucht and Rabenschlacht, he is among his supporters.[271] Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Rosengarten zu Worms, Virginal, Biterolf und Dietleib, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Styrbjörn the Strong Old Norse: Styrbjǫrn inn sterki, Latin: Sturbiornus Not historically attested.[272] The prefix styr- means "a stir, tumult, brawl, disturbance",[273][274] and -björn means "bear", from PN *bernuz.[275] Styrbjörn was the son of king Olof Björnsson the brother and co-ruler of Eric the Victorious. He fought with his uncle Eric at the Battle of the Fýrisvellir and fell there, c. 985.[169] Hervarar saga, Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa, Eyrbyggja saga, Knýtlinga saga, Gesta Danorum (X), Heimskringla, Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, Gesta Wulinensis, Háttalykill, contemporary skaldic poetry
Sváfa1 Old Norse: Sváfa From PN *swāba- ("Suebian").[276] Sváfa was a Valkyrie and the daughter of king Eylimi. She found Helgi as she was riding in the company of eight other Valkyries, and as no name had yet attached to him, she named him Helgi ("dedicated to the gods") and as a naming gift she hinted to him that there was a damascened sword hidden in Sigarsholm. She protected him during his battles. Later, they married and she stayed at home, while he was fighting in wars. However, a troll woman had put a curse on Helgi's brother Hethin so when he had drunk the bragarfull at Yule and put his hand on the sacrificial boar, he made the holy toast that he would have Sváfa as wife, which he immediately regretted. When he met his brother, Helgi told him that he might soon die killed in a duel by Hrothmar's son Alf7, who wanted to avenge his father's death at Helgi's hands. As Helgi later lay dying he asked Svafa to marry Hethin, but Hethin told Svafa to kiss him and that she would not see him again until he had avenged his brother. Helgi and Sváfa were reborn as Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrún.[277][278] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
Sváfa2 Old Norse: Sváfa See Sváfa1 Bjarmar's daughter who marries the berserker Angantýr2 Arngrímsson. Hervarar saga
Svafnir Old Norse: Sváfnir The name is derived from his kingdom Sváfaland,[279] i.e. "the land of the Suebi".[280] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Hjörvard4 wanted to marry Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland. He sent Atli2, the son of his jarl Ithmund, to negotiate with Svafnir, but Franmar, the girl's foster-father advised against it. Franmar had previously appeared to Atli in the form of a bird demanding and exorbitant price for her. Hjörvard and Atli ride to Svavaland and find it being invaded and pillaged by Sigrlinn's second suitor Hrothmar who has already killed Svafnir. Hjörvard marries Sigrlinn with whom he has the son Helgi Hjörvardsson, the hero of Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, who later avenges Svafnir, his maternal grandfather, by killing Hrothmar.[171][99] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Svafrlami Old Norse: Svafrlami or Sigrlami Svafr means "who is bold in turmoil", from PGmc *swebarōn,[281] or "gossip".[282] Sigr- is from *seʒez or *seʒaz ("victory").[131] The second element lami means "lame" from PGmc *lamaz or *lamōn.[283] King of Garðriki and owner of the cursed sword Tyrfing. In the H and U versions, and Orvar-Odd's saga, Svafrlami is the son of Sigrlami, who is the son of Odin.[284] Hervarar saga,Orvar-Odd's saga
Svafrlod Old Norse: Svafrlǫð The element svafr means "gossip"[282] and the element lǫð means "bidding", "invitation".[285] One of Gudrun's attendants. Gudrun asks why they are depressed and Svafrlod answers that the entire hall is sad. Gudrun asks her to go and make Brynhild come and do weaving and amuse herself, but Svafrlod answers that Brynhild is very angry and has not drunk for days.[286] Brynhild is angry because she has understood that she has been tricked into marrying Gunnar instead of Sigurd.[287] Völsunga saga (31)
Svanhildr Latin: Sonilda (Jordanes), Old Norse: Svanhildr, Foglhildr, Old English: Ealhild In Old Norse, "Swan-Battle", possibly the first element was originally PGmc *swon- ("atonement, judgment") instead.[288][242] She also appears with the first element fogl as a variation in Norse poetry, and ealh in Ealhild has been interpreted as the name of a species of bird, maybe a swan.[289] Wife of Ermanaric; in the Nordic attestations, daughter of Gudrun and Sigurd. Ermanaric kills her on account of the machinations of Sibeche, who has encouraged Ermanaric's son Randver to sleep with her. He has dragged apart by horses.[290] German sources do not mention her, but Ekkehard of Aura records personal names c. 786 that appear to derive from her legend, including Suanailta.[291] Ealhild appears in Widsith as the daughter of an Eadwin and she is escorted by the poet from Angeln to the home of Ermanaric to become his wife (peace-weaver).[289] Getica, Widsith (5, 97) Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál, Gesta Danorum, Völsunga saga.
Sveigðir Old Norse: Sveigðir, Latin: Swegthir The name was originally Sveig-þér, from sveigja,[292] PGmc *swaiʒjanan, which means "to bend, to bow"[293] and PGmc *þe(ʒ)waz which means "servant".[294][295] It was also one of Odin's names.[292] He was a very early Swedish king who was the son of Fjölnir and the grandson of the Norse god Freyr and the giantess Gerðr. He married a woman named Vana from Vanheimr, the land of the Vanir (a clan of Norse gods), and they had the son Vanlandi. Snorri relates in Ynglinga saga that Sveigðir wanted to meet Odin and ventured out to find the home of the gods (Goðheimr). In the first expedition he came to the land of the Turks (Tyrkland) and to Greater Sweden (Svíþjóð in mikla), i.e. Southern Russia. In the second expedition, he met a dwarf at a big boulder, and the dwarf lured him into the stone promising him that he would meet Odin. The king was drunk and followed the dwarf after which the opening to the stone shut and the king disappeared.[296][297] Ynglingatal (II), Historia Norwegiæ, Íslendingabók, Ynglinga saga (12)
Svip Old Norse: Svipr The name means "swoop".[298] Svip was a wealthy Swedish farmer who used to be a champion, but who lived far away from other men. He was also skilled in magic. He gives wise words of advice to his son Svipdag2 when he leaves home to seek service with Aðils (Eadgils), the king of Sweden.[299] When he dreams that his son is in trouble, he sends his two other sons Hvítserkr1 and Beigaðr to help him.[300] In Bjarkarímur, the roles between the two sons Hvítserkr1 and Svipdagr2 are reversed.[301] Hrólfs saga kraka, Bjarkarímur
Svipdagr1 Old Norse: Svipdagr, possibly connected to Old English: Swæfdæg.[302] The name possibly means "sudden day".[303] In Svipdagsmál, son of the seeress Groa - he awakens her from the dead and receives magical help. He goes to the hall of Menglöð to marry her, but the doorman Fjölsviðr doesn't let him in at once. He then marries Menglöð. He may be connected to OE Swæfdæg, a Suebian and descent of Odin in the genealogies of the Anglo-Saxons.[304] Svipdagsmál
Svipdagr2 Old Norse: Svipdagr, Latin: Svebdeg or Svipdagerus The hero Svipdag shares many traits with Odin, and which connects him to Svipdagr4.[305] See Svipdagr1. Svipdag is a champion. He first goes to serve the Swedish king Eadgils (Adils), losing an eye in his service before seeking service with the Danish king Hrolf Kraki instead. He aids Hrolf in reclaiming his inheritance from Eadgils.[300] He serves together with his brothers Hvítserkr1 and Beiguðr. Hrólfs saga kraka, Skáldskaparmál, Hattalykill
Svipdagr3 Old Norse: Svipdagr, Latin: Suipdagerus See Svipdagr1 Svipdagr and Geigaðr are two brothers who are outstanding warriors and who appear in two Scandinavian legendary accounts of the death of king Hygelac. It takes six champions to handle each one and in the end of the battle they are taken captive. By the time, Snorri tells of Hygelac's final battle, the Geats appear to have been subsumed by the Swedes, and Hugleikr is described as a Swedish king who was killed by Starkad, but in Gesta Danorum (VI) the same story is told with Huglethus as a king of Ireland.[306] Malone considers Geigaðr to be unhistorical but Svipdagr to be based on a historical Beowulf.[307] Ynglinga saga (22), Gesta Danorum (VI)
Svipdagr4 the Blind Old Norse: Svipdagr Blindi He may be a hypostasis of Odin,[308] and he has similarities to the role of Odin in Gautreks saga.[309] See Svipdagr1 The Swedish king Anund was often away improving the kingdom's infrastructure, and in his stead Svipdag the Blind ruled over the central district Tiundaland. He was the father of Folkvid, Gautvid and Hulvid. One midwinter sacrifice at Uppsala, Ingjald, the king's son was six years old and cried with frustration over the fact that king Ingvar of Fjädrundaland's son Alf5 was stronger than him, although of the same age. His foster-brother Gautvid took him to Svipdag and explained that Ingjald was weak and not very manly. Svipdag was outraged and the next day, he took a pair of tongs and roasted a wolf's heart that he gave Ingjald to eat. From that moment, Ingjald became cruel and ferocious.[310] Together with his sons Gautvid and Hulvid, he fell in battle against Granmar of Södermanland and his ally Hjörvard2 Wulfing.[311] Ynglinga saga
Swämmel Middle High German: Swämmel(în) The name "Swämmel" is probably the diminutive of MHG swam ("sponge").[312] In the Nibelungenlied, Swämmel is Etzel (Attila)'s minstrel along with Wärbel; both are sent as messengers to invite the Burgundians to Etzel's hall. Swämmel later travels spreading the news of the catastrophe in the Nibelungenklage and his account is dictated to a scribe on the orders of bishop Pilgrim of Passau.[271] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage
Swerting Old English: Swerting, Latin: Suertingo From PN *Swartingaz, from an adjective meaning "black", cf. ON svartr.[313] Swerting is mentioned in line 1203 in the poem Beowulf, as the uncle, or possibly grandfather, of the Geatish king Hygelac.[314] In the Danish Gesta Danorum (VI), the hero Starkad reproaches king Ingeld for having married the Saxon king Swerting's daughter (or possibly sister), and he divorces her before she bears any child.[315] The source also tells that Swerting and Hanev rebelled against the then Danish king Frodi, which ended in the death of both Swerting and Frodi, after which Ingeld became king.[316] In Skjöldunga saga, Swerting is a Swedish lord under king Jorund and Frodi makes both his subjects, and Frodi's son Ingeld marries Swerting's daughter to achieve peace. However, Swerting and his twelves sons kill Frodi in Denmark and make peace with his son Ingeld (Swerting's son-in-law). Ingeld's brother Halfdan avenges their father by killing Swerting's twelve sons, and upon Starkad's request Ingeld divorces Swerting's daughter.[317] Beowulf Skjöldunga saga,
Gesta Danorum

References edit

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  2. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 526.
  3. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 104.
  4. ^ Lienert 2015, p. 78.
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  94. ^ Krause 2010, pp. 240–241.
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  96. ^ a b Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, pp. 490, 500.
  97. ^ a b Peterson 2007, p. 196.
  98. ^ a b Hollander 1928, pp. 198ff.
  99. ^ a b c d Jónsson 1932, pp. 195ff.
  100. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 188.
  101. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 322.
  102. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 40, 255.
  103. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, p. 40.
  104. ^ a b Finlay & Faulkes 2016, p. 255.
  105. ^ Johansson 1991, p. 311.
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  107. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 115.
  108. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 97, 115.
  109. ^ Orel 2003, p. 338.
  110. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 116.
  111. ^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 314.
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  114. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 118.
  115. ^ a b c d Gillespie 1973, p. 117.
  116. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1314.
  117. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 60, note 5.
  118. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 30.
  119. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 76.
  120. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 123.
  121. ^ a b c Clarke 1911, p. 117.
  122. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 31.
  123. ^ Peterson 2004, pp. 15, 31.
  124. ^ Peterson 2004, pp. 27, 31.
  125. ^ Munch 1926, p. 230f.
  126. ^ Ellis 1968, p. 117.
  127. ^ Lönnroth 2016, p. 515.
  128. ^ Munch 1926, p. 151.
  129. ^ a b Damico 1984, p. 219.
  130. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1317f.
  131. ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 322.
  132. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 244f.
  133. ^ Orel 2003, p. 35.
  134. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 124.
  135. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 122.
  136. ^ Amodio 2013, p. 383.
  137. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1317, 1330.
  138. ^ Orel 2003, p. 283.
  139. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1163–1164.
  140. ^ a b c d e Gillespie 1973, p. 125.
  141. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1317, 1331.
  142. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1359.
  143. ^ Orel 2003, p. 368.
  144. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 127.
  145. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 527.
  146. ^ Byock 1990, pp. 35f.
  147. ^ Finch 1965, pp. 1f.
  148. ^ Krause 2010, p. 251.
  149. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 189, 191.
  150. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 100, 191.
  151. ^ a b Byock 1990, pp. 36ff.
  152. ^ a b Finch 1965, pp. 2ff.
  153. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 126.
  154. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 125–126.
  155. ^ Finch 1965, p. 48.
  156. ^ Finch 1965, p. 61.
  157. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 56.
  158. ^ a b Peterson 2007, p. 189.
  159. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 168.
  160. ^ Henrikson, Törngren & Hansson 1998, p. 178.
  161. ^ a b Acker 2007, p. 6.
  162. ^ Osborn 2019, p. 167.
  163. ^ a b Krause 2010, p. 253.
  164. ^ a b Gentry et al. 2011, p. 119.
  165. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 68.
  166. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 78.
  167. ^ Byock 1999, p. 93.
  168. ^ Clarke 1911, pp. 131f.
  169. ^ a b Tolkien 1960, p. 61.
  170. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 474.
  171. ^ a b Hollander 1928, pp. 197ff.
  172. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 189, 193.
  173. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 184, 193.
  174. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 217.
  175. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 222.
  176. ^ Finch 1965, pp. 15ff.
  177. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 232ff.
  178. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 122–123.
  179. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 118–119.
  180. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 120–121.
  181. ^ Johansson 1991, p. 312.
  182. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, p. 50.
  183. ^ Krause 2010, p. 114.
  184. ^ Noreen 1917, pp. 460f.
  185. ^ Nerman 1925, p. 258.
  186. ^ McTurk 2006, p. 682.
  187. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 12, 16.
  188. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 16.
  189. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 33f.
  190. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 37.
  191. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 61, 64f.
  192. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 71.
  193. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 36.
  194. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 70f.
  195. ^ McTurk 1991, p. 77.
  196. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 641.
  197. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 667.
  198. ^ Kunin 2001, p. 13.
  199. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, p. 36.
  200. ^ Johansson 1991, p. 310.
  201. ^ Nerman 1925, p. 228.
  202. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 698.
  203. ^ Nerman 1925, pp. 222, 227f.
  204. ^ Krause 2010, pp. 257–258.
  205. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1339, 1343.
  206. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 869–870.
  207. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 127–128.
  208. ^ a b Byock 1990, p. 111.
  209. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 480.
  210. ^ Orel 2003, p. 336.
  211. ^ Byock 1990, p. 35.
  212. ^ Finch 1965, p. 1.
  213. ^ Orel 2003, p. 337.
  214. ^ Regebro 2009, p. 802.
  215. ^ a b Näsström 1996, pp. 73f.
  216. ^ Näsström 1996, p. 75, note 5.
  217. ^ Näsström 1996, pp. 74f.
  218. ^ a b Malone 1953, p. 154.
  219. ^ a b Simek 1993, p. 277.
  220. ^ Miller 2007, p. 9.
  221. ^ Simek here identifies the hero Beowulf with Beow whose name is sometimes rendered as Beowulf, but scholars generally agree that they are separate characters (Anderson 2008, p. 630). See also Klaeber 2008, p. 464
  222. ^ Wessén 1952, p. 75.
  223. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 43f.
  224. ^ Orel 2003, p. 345.
  225. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 65.
  226. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 68.
  227. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 561.
  228. ^ Miller 2007, p. 18.
  229. ^ Schneider 1934, p. 91.
  230. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 80.
  231. ^ Schneider 1934, p. 73.
  232. ^ Krause 2010, p. 263.
  233. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 200.
  234. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 247f.
  235. ^ a b c Orchard 1997, p. 152.
  236. ^ a b Hollander 1928, p. 351.
  237. ^ a b Hollander 1928, p. 311.
  238. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 579.
  239. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 187.
  240. ^ Nerman 1925, pp. 164f, 215.
  241. ^ Uecker 1972, pp. 65–66.
  242. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 39.
  243. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 217.
  244. ^ Gentry et al. 2011, p. 124.
  245. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 2007f.
  246. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. xiii, 9.
  247. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 54.
  248. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 56.
  249. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 547.
  250. ^ a b c Nerman 1925, p. 227.
  251. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 175.
  252. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 575.
  253. ^ Nerman 1925, pp. 227f.
  254. ^ Francovich Onesti 2012, p. 62.
  255. ^ Dumézil 1983, p. 47-48.
  256. ^ Much 1920, p. 158.
  257. ^ Simek 1993, p. 301.
  258. ^ Poole 2006, pp. 141–166.
  259. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 66, note 6.
  260. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 105.
  261. ^ Rygh 1904, p. 290.
  262. ^ Tolkien 1960, pp. 66f.
  263. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 67, note 6.
  264. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1985, p. 145.
  265. ^ a b c Olrik 1919, p. 368.
  266. ^ Byock 1999, p. 72.
  267. ^ de Vries 2000, pp. 551f.
  268. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 668.
  269. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 66.
  270. ^ Pálsson & Edwards 1985, pp. 145f.
  271. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 129.
  272. ^ Harrison 2009, p. 121.
  273. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 601.
  274. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 206, 207.
  275. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 44, 206.
  276. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 211.
  277. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 200ff.
  278. ^ Jónsson 1932, pp. 197ff.
  279. ^ Jónsson 1932, p. 196, note 1.
  280. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 198, note 3.
  281. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 564.
  282. ^ a b de Vries 2000, p. 563.
  283. ^ Orel 2003, p. 234.
  284. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 2.
  285. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 404.
  286. ^ Finch 1965, p. 54.
  287. ^ Finch 1965, pp. 52f.
  288. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 67.
  289. ^ a b Malone 1962, p. 140f.
  290. ^ Krause 2010, p. 269.
  291. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 66.
  292. ^ a b de Vries 1970, p. 85.
  293. ^ Orel 2003, p. 389.
  294. ^ Orel 2003, p. 419.
  295. ^ de Vries 1970, p. 609.
  296. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 15f.
  297. ^ Ellis 1968, p. 194.
  298. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 611.
  299. ^ Byock 1999, pp. 25f.
  300. ^ a b Byock 1999, p. 98.
  301. ^ Olrik 1919, p. 377.
  302. ^ Krause 2010, p. 271.
  303. ^ Krause 2010, p. 270.
  304. ^ Krause 2010, pp. 270–271.
  305. ^ Byock 1999, pp. 81–82.
  306. ^ Schütte 1912, p. 580.
  307. ^ Malone 1964, p. 84.
  308. ^ de Vries 1970, p. 82.
  309. ^ Dutton 2015, p. 223.
  310. ^ Lincoln 2014, p. 97.
  311. ^ Westrin 1908, p. 802.
  312. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 130.
  313. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 40.
  314. ^ Malone 1939, p. 235.
  315. ^ Malone 1939, pp. 236f.
  316. ^ Malone 1939, pp. 237f.
  317. ^ Malone 1939, p. 238.

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April 28, 2024
list, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, main, article, lists, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, starkad, illustrated, carta, marina, 1539, olaus, magnus, contents, references, sourcesp, editfigure, names, medieval, languages, historical, origin, name, meanin. Main article Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend Starkad as illustrated on Carta Marina 1539 by Olaus Magnus Contents 1 P 2 R 3 S Si 4 Sk Sw 5 References 6 SourcesP editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Patavrid Latin Patavrid The first element pata from PGmc badu battle 1 the second element PGmc frithu peace 2 Hagen Hogni1 s nephew Hagen unsuccessfully tries to prevent him from fighting against Hagen s friend Walter of Aquitaine when Gunther orders the latter s capture while he is crossing Burgundian territory Patvrid is then killed with ten other of Gunther s men 3 Patavrid may correspond to Hagen s nephew Ortwin1 von Metz in later legends 4 Waltharius Perdeo Latin Peredeo 5 First element PGmc bera bear 6 second element PGmc thiwa servant 7 A servant of Alboin He helps Alboin s wife Rosamund kill Alboin after he forces her to drink from her father s skull 8 Historia Langobardorum Pilgrim Middle High German Pilgerin Piligrim Bishop of Passau 971 991 who was involved in the conversion of the Hungarians 9 From Latin peregrinus pilgrim 10 Bishop of Passau and brother of Ute and thus uncle of the Burgundian kings After the disaster at Attila s court he collects information and has the story of the Nibelungen written down 9 Nibelungenlied NibelungenklageR editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Radbardr Old Norse Radbardr Old English Raedhere 11 The first element is Rad advice decision 12 The second element is formed by bǫd v 13 14 PN badu from PGmc badwō meaning battle 15 and frodr 13 14 from PN frithuʀ meaning love and peace 16 The second element in Raedhere means army i e the name means command army 17 A king of Gardariki Rus Sogubrot tells that he married the fugitive princess Audr the Deep Minded without the consent of her father king Ivar Vidfamne who soon departed to punish his daughter He died en route however and so Radbardr helped Aud s son Harald Wartooth claim his maternal grandfather s possessions in Sweden and Denmark Radbardr and Audr had a son together named Randver2 18 He may be mentioned in Widsith together with his son Randver2 as Raedhere and Rondhere 11 Rognvald the Tall or Rognvald the Russian 19 is identified in Gesta Danorum as his nephew and as taking part in the Battle of Bravellir 20 Possibly in Widsith line 123 11 Sogubrot Hyndluljod Hversu Noregr byggdist Gesta Danorum VIII Raedhere See Radbardr above Ragnar Lodbrok Old Norse Ragnarr Lodbrok Originates in a historical ninth century Viking named Reginheri who attacked Paris in 845 21 22 The name is from PN Ragina harjaʀ corresponding to the Vandalic name Raginahari and the Old High German name Reginheri 23 The first element of the name is from PGmc raʒina which in personal names probably meant counsel but it may have been reinterpreted to have the religious meaning of divine powers 24 and the second element is harjaʀ war chief warrior 25 On the basis of a historic kernel legendary matter was added to the character Ragnar s raid against the Franks was treated as an attack on the Bjarmians and matter from the Volsung Nibelung tradition was added Like Sigurd he kills a great serpent and like Gunnar he perishes in a snake pit The Great Heathen Army is a war of vengeance in reaction to his death by his sons The legends reached such fame that Ragnar was conflated with the historical king Reginfrid d 814 and the feats of this kings and his descendants were attributed to Ragnar In Gesta Danorum he is king of Denmark Sweden Norway Russia England and Scotland and the deeds of other legendary kings are attributed to him He was also made the progenitor of Scandinavian dynasties through his sons Sigurd Snake in the Eye in Denmark and Bjorn Ironside in Sweden In Norway and Iceland the tradition was expanded with Aslaug who was raised in poverty but abducted by Ragnar and made his queen because of her beauty Ragnar was made into the son in law of Sigurd the dragon slayer The Icelandic genealogists of the 12th and 13th centuries who claimed that the prominent families of the island were descended from Norwegian royalty included Ragnar in their family trees and described the daughter or granddaughter of Sigurd Snake in the Eye as the mother of Harald Fairhair the first king of Norway so that also the Norwegian kings became Ragnar s descendants On Iceland the traditions of the Yngling and Skjoldung dynasties were added by connecting him to Harald Wartooth and making Ragnar the son of Sigurd Ring 26 Gesta Danorum Ragnars saga lodbrokar Norna Gests thattr Ragnhild Old Norse Ragnhildr The first element of the name is from PGmc raʒina which in personal names probably meant counsel but it may have been reinterpreted to have the religious meaning of divine powers 24 The second element hild is from PN heldiō meaning struggle fight 27 In Ragnarssona thattr and Halfdanar saga svarta Ragnhild is the daughter of Sigurd Hart and Ingibjorg the daughter of Harald Klak She also has a brother named Gudthorm2 Haki a berserker from Hadeland killed their father while he was out hunting Then he went to their home in Ringerike and captured Raghnild and Gutthorm2 He intended to marry the 15 year old girl but being severely wounded the wedding was postponed In the winter Halfdan the Black came and took Ragnhild and Gutthorm2 and set fire to Haki s hall killing his men Haki survived and pursued them until he came to lake Mjosa where he committed suicide by falling on his own sword Halfdan invited all the important men in Hedmark and married Ragnhild She was the mother of Harald Fairhair 28 29 Ragnarssona thattr Halfdanar saga svarta Ragnars saga lodbrokar Randolf Latin Randolf The first element randu means shield 30 and the second element means wolf 31 The eighth warrior of Gunther killed by Waltharius 32 Waltharius Randver1 Old Norse Randver Broderus Possibly derived from Ermanaric s son Hunimundus 33 The first element Rand means shield 34 and the second element veʀ is either from PGmc wihaz probably meaning priest or an agent noun of a verb cognate with Gothic weihan fight and would thus mean fighter 35 In the Old Norse tradition Randver is put to death after Bikki Sibeche convinces Randver to sleep with the Ermanaric s new bride Svanhildr and then informs Ermanaric In the Gesta Danorum Ermanaric only pretends to hang Randver called Broderus who becomes the king of Denmark after Ermanaric s death 36 Gudrunarhvot Hamdismal Gesta Danorum Volsunga saga Randver2 Old Norse Randver Old English Rondhere 11 See Randver1 in the English name Rondhere rond means border or shield and here means army 17 The brother of Harald Wartooth About his parentage the sources vary greatly According to Hervarar saga he married Asa the daughter of Harald Red bearded king of Agder and with her he had the son Sigurd Ring When Randver suddenly died Sigurd Ring became king of the Danes and fought Harald Wartooth at the Battle of Bravellir 37 However according to Ynglinga saga Harald the Read bearded s daughter Asa married Gudrod the Hunter with whom she had Halfdan the Black the father of Harald Fairhair 38 Also in other sources Sigurd Ring was the king of Sweden 39 He may be mentioned in Widsith together with his father Radbardr2 as Raedhere and Rondhere 11 Possibly in Widsith line 123 11 Sogubrot Lay of Hyndla Hversu Noregr Byggdist Hervarar saga Refil Old Norse Refill or Raefill The name is derived from refr fox and also appears in the expression refil stigar secret ways 40 In the Hervarar saga Refil is the son of Bjorn Ironside and the brother of Eric Bjornsson who succeeded their father as the king of Sweden Eric did not rule long and was succeeded by Refil s son Eric Refilsson Refil is reported by Hervarar saga to have been a warlord and a sea king 37 The Skaldskaparmal part of the Prose Edda also lists him as a sea king 41 and it tells that his name was also used in kennings in skaldic poetry and teaches that the phrase Raefill s land refers to the sea and ships are the horses of Raefill s land and their riders are seamen 42 Hervarar saga Prose Edda Reginn Mimir Old Norse Reginn or Old Norse Mimir THidreks saga Middle High German Mime or Eckerich Mythical being 43 Reginn from PGmc Raʒina decision 24 Mimir probably from PGmc mim to measure think 43 Smith and or dwarf Foster father of Sigurd Siegfried In the Norse sources including the THidreks saga he is the brother of the dragon Fafnir In Biterolf und Dietleib he is a master smith who lives near Toledo in Spain 43 In Rosengarten zu Worms it is mentioned that Siegfried was raised by the smith Eckerich 44 Sigurd kills him after killing the dragon in the Norse tradition 45 Reginsmal Fafnismal Skaldskaparmal Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr THidreks saga Rosengarten zu Worms Biterolf und Dietleib unnamed smith in Lied vom Hurnen Seyfrid Regin Old Norse Reginn See Reginn but in the Hrolfs saga kraka used in the plot to evoke regin meaning divine power and regn meaning rain 46 Frodi killed his brother Halfdan and succeeded him as Danish king Regin was the foster father of Halfdan s sons Roar Hrothgar and Helgi Halga and saved them by taking them to their father s best friend Vifill Frodi found them but Vifill saved them by calling them by the names of his two dogs However knowing that the 12 and 10 year old boys were no longer safe with him he sent them to jarl Saevil instead They were later revealed by a prophetess Volva and had to flee again but Regin and Saevil helped them kill Frodi by burning him to death inside his hall 47 Hrolfs saga kraka Reginbald Old Norse Reginballdr For the first element see Reginn The second element means prince or foremost 48 The second son of Ermanaric in the THidreks saga Sibeche Sifka arranges for him to die by sending him to collect tribute in England in an unseaworthy ship 36 THidreks saga Rentwin Middle High German Rentwin A similar event to Rentwin s being swallowed by the dragon is depicted on the coat of arms of the Visconti who owned the castle Arona where Rentwin also lives 49 The first element is from PGmc randu edge of a shield 50 the second element is PGmc wini friend 51 The son of Hilferich Dietrich von Bern saves him from being swallowed by a dragon 49 Virginal Rerir Probably fictive 52 According to Mullenhof from an older rœrir from rausa 52 meaning to talk loud and fast 53 Rerir s father Sigi has been banished for the murder of an able thrall but his father Odin give him several warships that Sigi used successfully for pillaging until he ended up as the ruler of the Huns but in the Prose Edda of the Franks 54 and the father of Rerir who was fostered at home When Rerir was away and Sigi only had a smaller force his jealous brothers in law took advantage of it and killed him Rerir avenged his father by killing his uncles and succeeded him as ruler of the Huns His queen could not conceive but the goddess Frigg and Odin heard heir prayers and sent them an apple to eat transported by a Valkyrie transformed into a crow It would take six years of pregnancy before their son Volsung was cut out from her womb and in the meantime Rerir died on a war expedition 55 56 Volsunga saga Richart Ritschart Middle High German Richart or Ritschart The first element is PGmc rik s ruler king 57 the second element is PGmc hardu hard 58 The spelling Ritschart reflects the Old French pronunciation of the name 49 One of Dietrich von Bern s warriors in Biterolf und Dietleib he is the brother of Wolfwin and Wolfbrand 49 Nibelungenlied Biterolf und Dietleib Alpharts Tod Rienolt Middle High German Rienolt or Rein h olt Old Norse Reinaldr From OHG ragan or regin an emphatic prefix The second element is walt related to OHG waltan to rule but is sometimes replaced by holt probably MHG holt friendly loyal 59 One of Ermanaric s vassals In the THidreks saga he warns Dietrich von Bern of Ermanaric s betrayal 60 THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Alpharts Tod Biterolf und Dietleib Rosengarten zu Worms Virginal Ermenrichs Tod Rimstein Ribestein Middle High German Rimstein possibly Ribestein Old Norse Rimsteinn possibly Old English Rumstan Forstemann connects the first element Rim to OE and ON hrim frost 61 from PGmc xrima 62 while stein stan is from PGmc stainaz stone 63 The first element in the English form means generous or possibly Rome 64 In Biterolf und Dietleib Rimstein aids the Harlungen in the tournament with the Burgundians In THidreks saga he refuses Ermanaric s demands for tribute and is killed by Witige Kemp Malone associated Rumstan who appears in Widsith along with the Harlungen with Rimstein 59 A figure named Ribestein associated with Rimstein by Jacob Grimm is executed by Eckehart in Dietrich s Flucht for advising Ermanaric to kill the Harlungen 49 Possibly in Widsith 59 THidreks saga Biterolf und Dietleib possibly in Dietrichs Flucht as Ribestein 59 Rodgeir Old Norse Rodgeir According to Jiriczek the name is probably the invention of the saga author 65 however William Paff suggests his capital at Salerno in Apulia indicates an origin in the name Roger a Norman name commonly used by rulers of that area from 1061 to 1154 66 See Hrothgar Rudiger An earl and father of Hildisvid brother of Brunstein He is killed when he resists his daughter s abduction by Samson 67 THidreks saga Rognvald Old Norse Rǫgnvaldr Latin Raugnvaldus Regnaldus Raegnald a Viking king of York died 920 22 The first element of the name is from PGmc raʒina which in personal names probably meant counsel but it may have been reinterpreted to have the religious meaning of divine powers 68 The second element is waldaz ruler 69 In Ragnars saga lodbrokar one of the sons of Ragnar and Aslaug1 When his brothers Ivar the Boneless Bjorn Ironside Hvitserk attack the town of Hvitabœr the brothers leave him to guard the ships considering him too young to fight Ivar the Boneless who is carried on a shield kills the two dangerous sacred cows with his bow and arrow Eager to join Rognvald arrives with his part of the army only to be killed although his brothers win the battle 70 In Ad catalogum a Raugnvaldus is reported to have died in adolescence in his brothers army 71 70 Krakumal mentions a Rǫgnvaldr who died in the Hebrides but does not tell his age In Gesta Danorum IX Saxo writes that Ragnar Lodbrok was victorious at Whiteby Hvitabœr in Scania and comments later that Ragnar had a son named Regnaldus with Svanlaug Aslaug who like his brothers Withsercus and Ericus3 was too young to join his father s expedition against Sorlus who had succeeded Herrothus as the king of Sweden 70 Ragnars saga lodbrokar Ad catalogum regum Sveciae annotanda Krakumal Gesta Danorum IX Rognvald the Tall Russian Redbeard Radbard or Radbard Fist Old Norse Rǫgnvaldr havi Rǫgnvaldr radbardr or Radbardr hnefi Latin Regnaldus rutenus For Rognvald see Rognvald above and for Radbardr see Radbardr above The cognomen hai means the tall and hnefi means fist or refers to a hnefatafl board game piece but it may also be an alteration of nefi nepos nephew 20 In Gesta Danorum he has the cognomen rutenus Russian 19 He appears in Sogubrot at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring s warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth He is called the greatest of all champions When the battle began Rognvald started fighting with Ubbi the Frisian and it is described as a great fight between two brave champions but it ended with the death of Rognvald 72 He also appears in the Danish account of the battle Gesta Danorum VIII as Regnaldus Rathbarthi nepos Radbard s nephew see Radbardr above and a supporter of the Swedish king In addition the names Regnaldus and Rathbarthus appear as the names of sons of Ragnar Lodbrok by Thora and Suanlogha in Gesta Danorum IX 73 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII and Gesta Danorum IX Rondhere See Randver2 Rosamund Latin Rosamunda The historical Rosamund who was captured by Alboin c 567 74 The first element may be a form of PGmc hrōthi fame that has been adapted to Romance language phonology or it may be from PGmc rausi reed 75 The second element is PGmc munda protection 76 Daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund She marries the Lombard king Alboin after he has killed her father and is forced to drink for her father s skull She later murders Alboin in his bed 77 Historia Langobardorum Rotholf Old Norse Rodolfr His name is reminiscent in form to that of Rother in the minstrel epic Konig Rother who performs a similar abduction 78 From Gmc hrōd wulfs 78 famous wolf 79 A vassal of Attila When Attila is rebuffed in his wooing of Oserich Osantrix s daughter Helche Erka Rotholf returns in disguise to Osantrix s court remaining there for two winters before convincing Erka to flee with him and also abducts her sister Berta Osantrix pins Rotholf in at the castle of Falstrskog but Atli saves him with his army 80 Rotholf marries Berta 78 THidreks saga Rudiger von Bechelaren Middle High German Ruediger von Bechelaren Old Norse Rodingeirr af Bakalar Possibly Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar El Cid whose name has the same etymology and who was also an exile 81 Famous spear first element PGmc hrōthi fame 82 Second element Middle High German ger spear 83 See Hrothgar Exile and vassal of Attila In the Nibelungenlied he is a margrave In Rabenschlacht he intervenes with Attila and Helche for them to forgive Dietrich von Bern after the death of Attila s sons on campaign with Dietrich In Biterolf und Dietleib he and Biterolf lead Attila s forces against the Poles In the Nibelungenlied he brings Attila s suit for Kriemhild s hand in marriage and later escorts the Burgundians to Attila s castle betrothing his daughter to Giselher He attempts to stay out of the conflict with the Burgundians but is eventually forced to intervene for Attila and Kriemhild and he and Gernot kill each other In the THidreks saga he and Giselher kill each other instead 84 Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Biterolf und Dietleib Heldenbuch Prosa Rumelher Middle High German Rumelher Possibly based on MHG rumelen rummelen to make a loud noise to rumble 85 In Wolfdietrich the leader of a band of robbers whom Wolfdietrich encounters while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem They argue among themselves about how to apportion his possessions but Wolfdietrich kills them all and states that they now each have an equal share 85 Wolfdietrich Rumolt Middle High German Rumolt First element probably OHG Ruma Rome but it might also be PGmc hrōma fame 85 Second element PGmc wald related to OHG waltan to rule 86 Official in charge of the Burgundians kitchens kuchenmeister He advises Gunther not to go to the Huns Rumolt is left in charge when the Burgundians head to Attila s court In the Nibelungenklage he arranges for the coronation of Gunther s son 85 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage Biterolf und Dietleib Runze Rutze Rachin Middle High German Runze Rutze or Rachin Otto Luitpold Jiriczek suggested a connection to Runsa a Tyrolean mountain spirit responsible for causing avalanches 85 Rutze probably from MHG rutze ruschen to slide Runze possibly from runse flowing water or a term for a hideous woman from runze wrinkle 85 A giantess who is killed by Ortnit She is the aunt of Ecke 85 Ortnit Wolfdietrich Eckenlied Heldenbuch Prosa Ruodlieb Latin Ruodlieb Middle High German Ruotliep The first element is PGmc hrōthi fame 87 The second element is OHG liob dear 88 In Ruodlieb the hero captures a dwarf who ransoms himself with the treasure of Kings Immunch and Hartunch He then kills both kings and marries the heiress to the treasure Heriburg as the dwarf prophesied and Ruodlieb s mother had foreseen in a dream The dwarf ransoming himself with treasure is similar to a scene in the THidreks saga In the Eckenlied Ruodlieb is the original owner of Ecke s sword Eckesachs and has a son named Herbort 88 Ruodlieb EckenliedS Si editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Sabene1 Middle High German Sabene possibly Old English Seofola Potentially a Germanization of the East Roman general Sabinianus Magnus 89 Probably from PGmc saba understanding 88 Son of the treacherous Sibeche and vassal of Ermanaric In Dietrichs Flucht Wolfhart captures and hangs him 88 Possibly in Widsith Dietrichs Flucht Biterolf und Dietleib Sabene2 Middle High German Sabene The name is likely taken from Sabene1 while the role resembles Sibeche and common figures in Old French chanson de geste 90 See Sabene1 In some versions of Wolfdietrich Hugdietrich s treacherous counselor He attempts to seduce Hugdietrich s wife while he is away fighting tries to have the infant Wolfdietrich killed and later incites Wolfdietrich s brothers against him 90 Wolfdietrich some versions Saevil Old Norse Saevil Old English Seafola Latin Sevillus Probably based on Sabene1 88 91 Probably based on Sabene1 88 91 A jarl who aids the boys Hroar Hrothgar and Helgi Halga take revenge on their uncle Frodi and is married to their sister Signy and is the father of Hrok 3 92 Widsith Skjoldunga saga Hrolfs saga kraka Samson1 Old Norse Samson According to Jiriczek and Gillespie the name probably derives from Old French chanson de geste 93 and ultimately refers to the biblical Samson 90 William Paff instead suggests an origin in ON samr black 66 In the THidreks saga the father of Ermanaric and Dietmar He kidnaps Hildisvid the daughter of earl Rodingeir of Salerno He conquers several kingdoms 94 THidreks saga Samson2 Old Norse Samson See Samson1 In the THidreks saga the third son of Ermanaric Sifka Sibeche accuses him of raping his daughter which causes Ermanaric to kill him in a rage 36 THidreks saga Saereid Old Norse Saereidr According to Jonsson the name is a doublet of Sinrjod 95 and reidr can mean ready clear while rjod means clearing 96 The first element Sae means sea or lake but according to Peterson sin may mean strong sinew and analyses of continental Germanic names having Sin don t seem relevant for Scandinavian names 97 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Saereid is one of four wives of Hjorvard4 a king in Norway With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin with Saereid a son named Humlung and with Sinriod a son named Hymling Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife Sigrlinn the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland and the story of their son Helgi Hjorvardsson 98 99 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Saxi Old Norse Saxi The name Saxi means Saxon an ethnonym or Seax a kind of short sword 100 In Gudrunarkvida III Saxi is a German lord who is summoned to bless a boiling kettle where Gudrun will successfully immerse her hands in a trial by ordeal by hot water in order to dispel the rumours that she has been unfaithful to her husband Atli Atilla 101 Gudrunarkvida III Saxi flettir Old Norse Saxi flettir For the name Saxi see above The cognomen flettir means stripper or plunderer 102 In the Ynglinga saga the Swedish king Ingjald sends his son Olof Tratalja to be raised by his queen Gauthild s foster father Bovi in Vastergotland Bovi s son Saxi flettir thus becomes Olof s foster brother 103 Saxi also appears at the Battle of Bravellir in the Skjoldunga saga 104 and in Gesta Danorum as one of Sigurd Ring s warriors 105 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 comment that as Saxi also appears chronologically later in the Battle of Bravellir his original relation with the Swedish queen must have been the reverse 104 Ynglinga saga Af Uplendinga konungum Skjoldunga saga Gesta Danorum Sceafthere Old English Sceafthere The name means spear army 106 Appears in Widsith line 32 as the king of the Ymbran Nothing else is known about him 106 Widsith Schilbung Middle High German Schilbunc The name is cognate with the OE and ON dynastic names Scylfing Skilfingr It may derive from the equivalent of OE scylfe shelf ledge possibly meaning rock or cave man or it might derive from the equivalents of OE scelfan ON scjalfa to shake tremble giving a meaning frostman 107 A giant one of two sons of Nibelung1 He and his brother quarrel over their father s inheritance and ask for Siegfried s help When he divides the treasure evenly they grow angry and attack him Siegfried kills them both and takes the treasure 108 Nibelungenlied Scilling Old English Scilling The name is from PGmc skillingaz gold coin 109 Appears in Widsith line 103 as a scop who sang at the same time as the poet Widsith like the two minstrels who performed together for Attila The name may possibly instead refer to Widsith s harp 106 Widsith Seburg Middle High German Seburc Possibly connected to a popular tradition of three weather witches who dwell on the mountain of Jochgrimm in South Tyrol 110 From PGmc saiwi burʒz 111 where saiwiz means lake sea marshland 111 and burʒz means fortified place 112 One of three queens at Jochgrimm she equips the giant Ecke with the armor of Wolfdietrich and sends him out to seek Dietrich von Bern for her In one version of the poem Dietrich later casts Ecke s severed head at her feet 110 Eckenlied Secca Old English Secca A historical relative of Theuderic I 113 A hypocoristic form of a name beginning with Sig victory with the addition of a k suffix i e from Sigko 113 Appears in Widsith line 115 and is identified by Malone with Sigiwald Sicco a relative of the Frankish king Theuderic I 113 Widsith Sibeche Bikki Old Norse Bikki or Sifka THidreks saga Middle High German Sibeche possibly Old English Sifeca Becca Uncertain origin 114 According to George Gillespie probably from PGmc saba understanding or seb kinship 115 as also derived by Ernst Wilhelm Forstemann 116 The Norse form Bikki from Saxon Bicco is a hypocoristic form of LG Sibiko and may be influenced by the masculine counterpart to ON bikkja bitch 115 Counselor of Ermanaric through whose machinations Ermanaric kills his nephews the Harlungen and or son Randver and wife Svanhildr In Dietrichs Flucht he incites Ermanaric to attack the Harlungen and Dietrich In Rabenschlacht Eckehart captures him and ties him naked across a saddle The Heldenbuch Prosa and THidreks saga present his treachery as revenge for Ermanaric s rape of Sibeche s wife he seeks to destroy Ermanaric by giving him bad advice In the Norse tradition he encourages Ermanaric s son Randver to sleep with Ermanaric s new wife Svanhildr then informs Ermanaric of the adultery 115 In Widsith as Becca 117 and possibly as Sifeca but this figure may be Sifka from Hervarar saga 115 Ragnarsdrapa Gudrunarhvot Hamdismal Gesta Danorum Skaldskaparmal Volsunga saga THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Heldenbuch Prosa Sifka Old Norse Sifka possibly Old English Sifeca See Sibeche Daughter of Humli abductee of Heidrek mother of Hlod Heidrek kills her by taking her to a river where he breaks her backbone and lets her drift downstream 118 Possibly in Widsith but the name there is the name of a man see Sibeche 119 Hervarar saga Siegfried von Moorland Middle High German Sifrit von Morlant Possibly Sigfred a Danish Viking defeated by Emperor Charles the Fat in 882 120 See Sigurd Siegfried for etymology King of the Moors and a failed suitor for Kudrun His attack distracts Hetel and Herwig so that Ludwig and Hartmut are able to abduct her His role as king of the Moors likely from the fact that he was not Christian with Moor as a synonym for heathen 120 Kudrun Sigar1 Old Norse Sigarr Old English Sighere Latin Sigarus Probably a historic king from the first half of the 5th c 121 The name was originally PN Sigiharjaz 122 where the first element is from segi victory 123 and the second element harjaz is the same as Gothic harjis host 124 Sigar is mainly known for killing his daughter Signy1 s lover Hagbard1 121 In Gesta Danorum Hagbard1 came to Sigar s court in Zealand where he fell in love with Signy1 However animosity with her brothers forced him to meet her dressed as a woman They were revealed by a handmaid and Hagbard1 was sentenced to death Hagbard1 asked the hangman to hang his coat in the gallows to see what he would look like which was granted When Signy saw this she set her home on fire and perished with all her maids and when Hagbard1 saw this he was happy to join her in death Hagbard1 s brother Haki1 avenged his brother by slaying Sigar 125 Sigar is also mentioned with Hagbard1 and Haki1 in Volsunga saga and he appears as Sighere in Widsith 121 The legend was so widely known that Sigar is mentioned in skaldic kennings for the gallows 126 Widsith line 28 Gesta Danorum VII Volsunga saga XXV Haleygjatal 4 Haraldsdrapa 3 Erfidrapa olafs Helga 1 Sigar2 Old Norse Sigarr See Sigar1 Helgi Hjorvardsson s servant who he sent to ask Svafa to come to him before he died 127 128 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar stanza 37 Sigar3 Old Norse Sigarr See Sigar1 The brother of Hogni3 who is the father of Sigrun 129 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II stanza 4 Gudrunarkvida II stanza 16 Sigeband Middle High German Sigebant The first element is sigu victory 130 from PGmc seguz or segaz 131 The second element means bond 132 from PGmc bandan 133 The king of Ireland he marries a Norwegian princess and fathers Hagen Hogni2 He also appears among Ermanaric s men in the Rabenschlacht 134 Kudrun Rabenschlacht Sigeferth Old English Sigeferd Old English Sǣferd First element is from PGmc sigi victory and the second element is PGmc frid peace 135 The first element sǣ in Sǣferd means sea or lake from saiwiz or saiwaz 111 A warrior from the Secgan tribe in the northern coast of Germany and probably the same character as Sǣferd of the Sycgan in Widsith 31 135 He fights alongside Eaha on the side of the Jutes defending a door against the Frisians and proclaims that he is a widely known hero who has survived many woes many hard battles 136 Finnsburg Fragment Widsith Sigelint1 See Hjordis Sieglinde Sigelint2 See Hadeburg and Sieglinde Sigenot Middle High German Sigenot First element PGmc sigu victory 137 second element PGmc naudiz need difficulty distress 138 139 A giant and nephew of the giants Hilde and Grim from whom Dietrich took his helmet Hildegrim He takes Dietrich captive after Dietrich kicks him while he is sleeping He also captures Hildebrand1 but Dietrich eventually is able to escape and kill him 140 Sigenot Sigestab Middle High German Sigestap First element PGmc sigu victory 141 second element is stab staff 142 from PGmc stab staff 143 The son of Amelung and brother of Wolfhart thus Hildebrand1 s nephew He is killed by Volker in the Nibelungenlied 144 Nibelungenlied Alpharts Tod Rosengarten zu Worms Virginal Heldenbuch Prosa Sigi Old Norse Sigi The name is from sigr which means victory 145 Odin s son Sigi went on a deer hunting trip accompanied by a thrall named Bredi but when they collected the deer Bredi had killed both more and bigger deer than him He was so upset by being outdone by a lesser man than him that he murdered the thrall and hid him in a snowdrift after which he told Bredi s master Skadi that the thrall had disappeared Skadi did not believe him and after a search they found Bredi in the snow Skadi had Sigi banished for murder but Odin gave him several warships that Sigi used successfully for pillaging until he ended up as the ruler of the Huns but in the Prose Edda of the Franks 54 and the father of a young man named Rerir who was fostered at home When Rerir was away and Sigi only had a smaller force his jealous brothers in law took advantage of it and killed him 146 147 He was an ancestor of the Volsungs 148 Volsunga saga Prologue to Prose Edda Siggeir Old Norse Siggeirr The name Siggeirr is derived from the first element sig from seʒiz or seʒuz victory 149 and the second element geirr spear 150 Siggeir the king of the Geats was betrothed to Signy but he was offended when Odin brought her father Volsung a sword and Signy s twin Sigmund was the only one who could pull out the sword from the tree Barnstokkr where Odin had inserted it Siggeir invited Volsung and his sons to visit him and then had Volsung killed He agreed to Signy s request that he only put her brothers in stocks but Sigmund got away alive The two twins killed two of his sons in the forest and had an incestuous affair resulting in Sinfjotli who killed two of other children of his He punished Sigmund and Sinfjotli by burying them alive in a mound but they escaped and set his hall on fire in the night His wife Signy joined him in the hall to perish with him in the flames 151 152 Volsunga saga Skaldskaparmal Helgakvida hundingsbana I Gudrunarkvida II stanza 16 Sigmund Old English Sigemund Old Norse Sigmundr Middle High German Sigemunt Potentially connected to king Sigismund of Burgundy died 524 153 Victory protection first element PGmc sigi victory second element PGmc mundō protection 153 Son of Volsung in Norse and Old English tradition father of Sigurd Siegfried In Beowulf he is said to have slain a dragon In the Nibelungenlied he abdicates in favor of Siegfried and accompanies him to Worms at the time of his murder In Lied vom Hurnen Seyfrid he banished the unrulely Siegfried from his court 140 In the Norse tradition Sigmund survives the murder of his brothers by king Siggeir who is marries to his sister Signy Signy changes shapes and sleeps with Sigmund producing the son Sinfjotli with whom Sigmund takes revenge for his family s murder Sigmund then marries Borghild1 and has two sons Helgi and Hamundr When Borghild1 poisons Sinfjotli for killing her brother he divorces her and marries Hjordis but is mortally wounded fighting Lyngvi a failed suitor for Hjordis Posthumously his son Sigurd is born 154 Beowulf Gripisspa Skaldskaparmal Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr frequently mentioned as father of Sigurd in the Poetic Edda Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Lied vom Hurnen Seyfrid Heldenbuch Prosa Sigmund Sigurdsson Gunther2 Old Norse Sigmundr Sigurdsson Middle High German Gunther See Sigmund above and Gunther Gunnar1 Sigmund was Sigurd s son with Gudrun 155 He is only three years old when Brynhild has him killed and put on her own pyre together with eight male thralls five female thralls and the body of Sigurd s killer Gutthorm1 156 In the Nibelungenlied Kriemhild allows Siegfried s father Siegmund to take her and Siegfried s son Gunther back to Xanten with him 157 Volsunga saga Nibelungenlied Signy1 Old Norse Signyr Latin Sygne The first element is from PGmc seʒiz or seʒuz victory 158 and the second element from ON nyr new 159 Hagbard1 sees Signy in a dream but he is at war with her brothers so he lets his hair grow and dresses in woman clothes He finds occupation as a crafts teacher at her father king Sigar s court and gets to teach her After a while she discovers that he is her love from her dreams They are disclosed and at the gallows he asks to have his coat hanged first to see how he would look When Signy misinterpretes the sight as his hanging she sets her bower ablaze and perishes Seeing it Hagbard1 dies happily in the hangman s noose knowing how much she loved him 160 Gesta Danorum VII Ynglingatal 9 Habor och Signhild Signy2 Old Norse Signyr See Signy1 Signy and her twin brother Sigmund were among the 10 children of Volsung and the Valkyrie Hljod When Signy was betrothed to king Siggeir the king of the Geats the latter was offended when Odin brought Volsung a sword and not him Signy s twin Sigmund was the only one who could pull out the sword from the tree Barnstokkr where Odin had inserted it Siggeir treacherously invited Volsung and his sons to visit him then had Volsung killed Signy prevailed on Siggeir to only put her brothers in stocks after which Siggeir s mother ate one of the brothers each night in wolf form By putting honey in her last brother Sigmund s mouth he managed to kill her by biting off her tongue Signy s children with Siggeir were deemed to cowardly to help them and so they killed them Signy temporarily changed shapes with a female shaman and had sex with her brother resulting in Sinfjotli who was deemed bold enough When Sinfjotli had grown up he killed Signy s remaining children with Siggeir as well When Sigmund and Sinfjotli had been captured and buried alive she rescued them but when they set Siggeir s hall on fire she went into the hall to join her hated husband and perish with him in the flames 151 152 Volsunga saga Signy3 Old Norse Signyr Latin Signya The name may be borrowed from Signy2 because the name of the original character may be lost 161 See Signy1 The sister of the Scylding kings Hrothgar and Halga and wife of Saevil She encourages her son Hrok to demand compensation for her husband s help against their uncle Frodi 92 While Hrolfs saga kraka does not tell where Saevil is the ruler the older Skjoldinga saga informs that it is Zealand In the Beowulf manuscript her name has been lost in line 62 and Kluge 1896 suggested that it would have been Signeow but this has not been mentioned much since then Clarke 1911 proposed instead that the name of their sister was Yrsa and Malone agreed and considered Signy to be a name borrowed from Volsunga saga 161 and most scholars have accepted that the character originally was Yrsa in Beowulf 162 Beowulf Hrolfs saga kraka Skjoldunga saga Sigrdrifa Old Norse Sigrdrifa Probably a late mythical development of the Nordic Nibelungen material 163 The name means driver to victory a kenning for Valkyrie 164 A sleeping Valkyrie awakened by Sigurd She is probably identical with Brunhild 163 the prose author may have misunderstood a kenning for Valkyrie for a name 164 Fafnismal Sigrdrifumal Sigrid Old Norse Sigridr Latin Syritha The first element sigr is from PGmc seʒiz or seʒuz and means victory while the second element fridr means beautiful and beloved 165 In the Skjoldunga saga she is the wife of Halfdanus Healfdene and the mother of Hroar Hrothgar and Helgi Halga Halfdanus brother Ingjalldus Ingeld was jealous and killed him and took Sigrid for himself and they had the sons Raerecus and Frodo Halfdanus and Sigrid s sons Hroar and Helgi were brought up in secret and would later avenge their father while their daughter Signya married Sevillus of Zealand 166 In Hrolfs saga kraka Halfdan s brother and murderer is instead named Frodi 167 and she refuses to leave Frodi when her sons set the hall on fire and she dies with him 92 In Gesta Danorum both Halfdan and Sigrid Syritha have been duplicated Both Syritha are closely related to Sigar1 but one of them did not marry Halfdan although they had a sexual relationship and Halfdan intervened to stop her marriage with a low born suitor This Halfdan later married a Guritha which may be a misspelling of Syritha after having intervened at her marriage and killed the groom 168 Skjoldunga saga Hrolfs saga kraka Bjarkarimur Gesta Danorum Sigrid the Haughty Old Norse Sigridr storrada Latin Syritha See Sigrid above She was the widow of Eric the Victorious and the mother of Olof Skotkonung She received her name because she burnt two suitors including Harald Grenske the father of Olaf II of Norway to death inside her hall to intimidate other little kings from wooing her 169 Hervarar saga Gesta Danorum X olafs saga Tryggvasonar Sigrlinn Old Norse Sigrlinn The same name as the Old High German Sigilind see Hjordis Sieglinde above 170 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Sigrlinn is the most beautiful woman and the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland Hjorvard4 wants to marry her and sent Atli2 the son of his jarl Idmund to negotiate with Svafnir but Franmar the girl s foster father advises against it Franmar had previously appeared to Atli in the form of a bird demanding and exorbitant price for her Hjorvard and Atli ride to Svavaland and find it being invaded and pillaged by Sigrlinn s second suitor Hrodmar who has already killed Svafnir Atli marries Alof1 while Hjorvard marries Sigrlinn with whom he has the son Helgi Hjorvardsson the hero of Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar who later avenges Svafnir his maternal grandfather by killing Hrodmar 171 99 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Sigrun Old Norse Sigrun The first element is from PGmc seʒiz or seʒuz victory 172 and the second element is an agent noun meaning she who possesses secret knowledge 173 A valkyrie wife of Helgi Hundingsbane She is first betrothed to Hothbrodd against her will so Helgi declares war on Hothbrodd his father Granmar and Sigrun s father Hogni3 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I tells that when Helgi s ships have trouble arriving because of the high seas she protects the ships from above 174 and Helgakvida Hundingsbana II has her protect Helgi and his warriors during the battle 175 In the Volsunga saga she shows Helgi s ships a safe harbour and during the battle she and her Valkyries shine so that it was like looking into a fire 176 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II also deals with Helgi s death by the hands of her brother Dag how she cursed her brother and how Helgi came to visit her in his grave mound for one last night of love The lay adds that she soon died from sadness 177 The Helgi lays also mention an uncle named Sigar3 129 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Volsunga saga Sigurd Siegfried Old Norse Sigurdr Middle High German Sifrit later Seyfrid Disputed possibly Sigibert I 178 First element of both names from PGmc sigi victory In German second element PGmc frid peace In Norse name derives via PN Sigivǫrdr from West Germanic Sigiward with second element ward guardian 135 Son of Sigmund husband of Gudrun Kriemhild In the Nibelungenlied Siegfried comes to Worms to win Kriemhild s hand He helps the Burgundians including helping Gunther woo Brunhild using his cloak of invisibility to take Gunther s shape When Brunhild discovers this she incites Hagen Hogni to murder Siegfried with Gunther s agreement In the Lied vom Hurnen Seyfrid Siegfried is raised by a smith who sends him into the forest to be eaten by a dragon instead Siegfried kills the dragons pl and bathes in their skin receiving an impenetrable skin He also rescues Kriemhild In Rosengarten zu Worms Kriemhild arranges for him to fight against Dietrich von Bern in a tournament which he loses 179 In the Norse tradition Sigurd is sent to kill the dragon Fafnir by his foster father the dwarf Reginn Sigurd kills the dragon and then Reginn when he learns the latter will betray him He encounters and swears to marry Brunhild but is given a potion of forgetfulness by Gudrun s mother Grimhild and marries Gudrun Later Brunhild instigates his murder 180 Fra dauda Sinfjotla Gripisspa Reginsmal Fafnismal Sigrdrifumal Brot af Sigurdarkvidu Gudrunarkvida I Sigurdarkvida hin skamma Skaldskaparmal Volsunga Saga Norna Gests thattr Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Rosengarten zu Worms Lied vom Hurnen Seyfrid Sigurd Hart Old Norse Sigurdr hjǫrtr For etymology see Sigurd Siegfried In olafs saga Tryggvasonar Snorri Sturluson explains that the cognomen Hart hjǫrtr was given to very fast men 181 Sigurd hart was a king of Ringerike and his father was Helgi the Sharp and his mother Aslaug2 the daughter of Sigurd Snake in the Eye the son of Ragnar Lodbrok When Sigurd Hart was only twelve he killed the berserker Hildibrand4 and eleven other warriors in the same fight He had two children Guthormr2 and a splendid daughter named Ragnhild who was twenty years old When Sigurd was out hunting in Hadeland he was attacked by the berserker Haki4 and 30 of his men Sigurd killed twelve of Haki4 s men and cut off one of his arms before he was killed Haki4 and his men then rode to Sigurd s home and took Sigurd s children captive 182 Halfdanar saga svarta Ragnarssona thattr Sigurd Ring Old Norse Sigurdr Hringr Hringr Latin Siuardus Ring Ringo The Battle of Bravellir may reflect battles in the fifth and sixth centuries between Danes and Swedes 183 For etymology see Sigurd Siegfried In the Norse sagas he was a kinsman of Harald Wartooth who ruled in both Sweden and Denmark When Harald was old he appointed Sigurd the king of Sweden Proper and Vastergotland Wanting to die gloriously Harald challenged Sigurd to the massive Battle of Bravellir on the plains of Ostergotland On Harald s side there were men from Denmark and the Baltic countries and on Sigurd s men from Sweden Proper Vastergotland and what today is Norway Sigurd was victorious and ruled large parts of Scandinavia until he was severely wounded in battle and died on a burning ship laden with his fallen men Sigurd was married to Alfhild the princess of Alfheimr and they were the parents of Ragnar Lodbrok 184 In Gesta Danorum the author Saxo forgets about Ringo who won the battle and much later he returns to Siuardus Ring as the father of Ragnar Lodbrok 185 Gesta Danorum Chronicon lethrense Skjoldunga saga Ragnars saga lodbrokar Hervarar saga Sogubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum Norna Gests thattr Orvar Odd s saga younger version Grims saga lodinkinna Sigurd Snake in the Eye Old Norse Sigurdr ormr i auga Latin Sigvardus serpentinus oculus Latin Sywardus serpentini oculi The Danish king Sigfred active around Metz in 873 186 See Sigurd Siegfried In Ragnars saga lodbrokar the last son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug1 after Ivar the Boneless Bjorn Ironside and Rognvald 187 His mother bears him with a snake in his eye to prove that she is the daughter of Sigurd so he will not marry a Swedish princess instead 188 He learns of the death of their father at the hands of king AElla of Northumbria and presumably takes part in the invasion of England to avenge him 189 His daughter was Ragnhild the mother of Harald Fairhair 190 In Ragnarssona THattr and Ad catalogum the same parents and brothers are mentioned 191 and in the first source he is said to have died in the Battle of Leuven 891 192 In Ragnars saga lodbrokar he is said to have a kingdom 193 and in Ragnarssona THattr this is specified as Zealand Scania Halland and Viken and he was married to Blaeja king AElla s daughter with whom he had the twins Hordaknut and Aslaug2 the mother of Ragnhild who was the mother of Harald Fairhair 194 In Gesta Danorum IX he is the son of Ragnar with Thora and the brother of Rathbarthus Dunwatus Biornus Agnerus Agnar4 and Ivarus 195 There he receives his cognomen from having received a cure for his wounds that resulted in small snakes in his irises 196 He takes over his father s kingdom after his death 197 Ragnars saga lodbrokar Ad catalogum regum Sveciae annotanda Ragnarssona THattr Gesta Danorum IX Sigvardr Old Norse Sigvardr A variant of the name Sigurdr see Sigurd for etymology In Historia Norwegiae Sigvardr kills his brother the Swedish king Anund 198 Snorri Sturluson did not mention him in Ynglinga saga but included a part of his source Ynglingatal which says that Anund s death was by the bitter hatred of a bastard s wrath 199 and this bastard probably refers to Anund s brother Sigvardr 200 Historia Norwegiae Ynglingatal Sigverk of Attundaland Old Norse Sigverkr konungr af Attundalandi Possibly historical 201 The first element is sig from seʒiz or seʒuz victory 158 and verkr means pain 202 As the petty king of Attundaland he was invited together with a number of other petty kings by the Swedish king Ingjald ill ruler to a feast at Uppsala but at night the doors were barred and he hall set on fire burning everyone inside to death After this Ingjald expanded his realm 203 Ynglinga saga Sinfjotli Old English Fitela Old Norse Sinfjotli In Old High German an equivalent personal name Sintarvizzilo is attested 140 May be based on the equivalents of OHG sintar cinder and fezzil fetlock meaning Bright foot and a kenning for wolf 140 In Beowulf he is the nephew of Sigmund 140 In the Norse tradition Sigmund s son through incest with his sister Signy He is fathered in order to avenge the destruction of their family by king Siggeir At one point both father and son are cursed to wander as wolves but they eventually kill Siggeir He is poisoned by Sigmund s wife Borghild1 after he has killed her brother in a dispute over a woman 204 Beowulf Fra dauda Sinfjotla Skaldskaparmal Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Sinrjod Old Norse Sinrjod According to Jonsson the name is a doublet of Saereidr 95 and reidr can mean ready clear while rjod means clearing 96 The first element Sae means sea or lake but according to Peterson sin may mean strong sinew and analyses of continental Germanic names having Sin don t seem relevant for Scandinavian names 97 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Sinrjod is one of four wives of Hjorvard4 a king in Norway With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin with Saereid a son named Humlung and with Sinriod a son named Hymling Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife Sigrlinn the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland and the story of their son Helgi Hjorvardsson 98 99 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Sintram Middle High German Sintram Old Norse Sintram or Old Norse Sistram The first element is PGmc sintha way going military campaign 205 the second element is ram from ramn a contraction of PGmc hraban raven 206 In the German language sources one of Attila s vassals In the THidreks saga he is the son of Reginbaldr of Venice who is Hildebrand1 s father and is freed from the jaws of a dragon by Dietrich von Bern and Fasolt see also Rentwin in Virginal His grandfather Baltram appears as his brother in some later Swiss sources whom he frees alive from the belly of a dragon 207 Nibelungenklage THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Biterolf und DietleibSk Sw editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Skadi Old Norse Skadi It was also the name goddess giantess so it has been suggested that the account of Skadi and Bredi is based on a lost Norse myth 208 Skadi means harm damage 209 from PGmc skathōn 210 but it is also explained as derived from a word for ski snowshoe 208 Skadi was a powerful man who had a very able thrall named Bredi who was even more able than some men who were higher in station that he was However Bredi accompanied Odin s son Sigi on a deer hunting trip and when they collected the deer Bredi had killed both more and bigger deer than Sigi The latter was so upset by being outdone by a lesser man than him that he murdered the thrall and hid him in a snowdrift after which he claimed that Bredi had disappeared Skadi did not believe him and after a search they found Bredi in the snow Skadi had Sigi banished for the murder and named the snowdrift after his thrall 211 212 Volsunga saga Skjalf Old Norse Skjalf The name is derived from skelbō n meaning shelf or seat 213 and it was one of the names of the goddess Freyja 214 In Ynglingatal stanza 10 Skjalf appears and is presented by Snorri Sturluson in the prose of Ynglinga saga as a Finnish or sami princess abducted together with her brother Logi from their father Frosti by the Swedish king Agne However the original Ynglingatal stanza only presents her as loga dis 215 a disputed kenning that may mean the goddess of marriage 216 Ynglingatal and Ynglinga saga agree with Historia Norwegiae also based on Ynglingatal in telling that Skjalf hanged her husband Agni The Swedish king Agne s descendants are called Scylfings in Beowulf and the dynasty could be named after Skjalf i e the goddess Freyja providing a female parallel to the fact that the dynasty is otherwise named after her brother Freyr Yngvi the Ynglings 215 Also Historia Norwegiae presents his ancestor Domalde as sacrificed to the goddess of fertility Ceres probably Freyja In addition Adam of Bremen mentions human sacrifice by hanging in the sacred grove at Uppsala without mentioning to whom see Disablot goddess sacrifice 217 Ynglingatal 10 Ynglinga saga Historia Norwegiae Gautreks saga Skjoldr Old English Scyld Scefing Old English Sceldva Old Norse Skjǫldr Latin Scioldus Probably an idealized legendary figure The real founder of the Danish line of kings appears to have been Halfdan Scylding 218 Derived from OE Scyld ON skjoldr shield possibly in a poetic meaning such as protector 218 Founder of the Scylding dynasty In Beowulf it is related that he arrived in Scania as a child in a boat without oars but full of weapons In other sources this is told instead of a personage named Sheaf which was probably the original version In Scandinavian sources he was the son of Odin and the ancestor of the Skjoldungs 219 in Denmark while his brother Ingo became the ancestor of the Yngling dynasty in Sweden 220 In Beowulf Scyld is only mentioned as Beow s 221 father and in Anglo Saxon genealogies he is only mentioned as the man between Beav and Sceaf 219 Beowulf Anglo Saxon genealogies Skjoldunga saga Skjoldr of Varna Old Norse Skjǫldr See Skjoldr above In Ynglinga saga Skjoldr was the chieftain of Varna formerly a part of Ostfold 222 and a skilled warlock When Halfdan Whiteshanks of Vestfold pillaged in his territory he arrived to the shore and saw the departing ships Skjoldr took his cloak and blew into it after waving it around When Eystein s ships rounded Jarlso he was sitting at the rudder and another ship came so close that a boom knocked him overboard 223 Ynglinga saga Skuld Old Norse Skuldr From PGmc skulđiz debt 224 The half elven half sister of Hrolf kraki who married Hereoweard 225 and who conspired with him to betray Hrolfr They postponed the yearly tribute for three years and when they finally came with the wagons full of tribute the wagons were instead hiding armed warriors In the ensuing battle both Hrolfr and Hereweard were killed Skuld took over and ruled badly for some time until Voggr1 returned with army raised with the assistance of Yrsa and Bodvar s brothers Thorir and Elgfrodi and defeated her 226 Hrolfs saga kraka Skoldunga saga Gesta Danorum Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses Skur Old Norse Skur Latin Skura The name means shower 227 A daughter of Hrolfr kraki and sister of Drifa2 Her father gives her away to the Swedish giant slayer and warrior Hvitserkr1 while her sister is given to Bodvar Bjarki 228 Hrolfs saga kraka Skjoldunga saga Slagfidr Old Norse Slagfidr If the OHG etymology is correct the name may have originally been an epithet of Wayland the Smith s when flying 229 Heiko Uecker writes that name is probably of West Germanic origin comparing it to OHG slagi federa beat feather 230 Other scholars hold the second element to be a form of ON finnr Finnic 231 The brother of Wayland the Smith and Egil1 He marries the Valkyrie and swan maiden Svanhvit After she leaves him seven years later he goes to look for her 232 Volundarkvida Snaevar Old Norse Snaevarr The first element is snaer snow from PN snaiwaʀ 233 The second element varr is of uncertain origin It can be an agent noun derived from PGmc warōn be watchful from PGmc warjan protect or both but it can also be a reinterpretation of the second syllable in names such as Bǫdvarr Ingvarr and Sǣvarr where the v is properly part of the first element 234 The son of Hogni1 and Kostbera and the brother of Solar In Atlamal they go with their father Hogni paternal uncle Gunnar and maternal uncle Orkning to visit their aunt Gudrun and her husband Attila a visit that will end with their death 235 236 Drap Niflunga adds a third brother named Gjuki 237 Drap Niflunga Atlamal Volsunga saga 38 Solar Old Norse Solarr The first element Sol means the Sun 238 who was a goddess 235 The second element arr can have three different origins harjaʀ war chief warrior warjaʀ defender or ʒaiʀaʀ spear 25 A son of the hero Hogni1 and the brother of Snaevar In Atlamal the two brothers go with their father Hogni and their uncle Gunnar to their fateful visit at the fortress of Atli Attila who was married to their aunt Gudrun 235 They were also accompanied by the great warrior Orkning who was their uncle through their mother Kostbera 236 Drap Niflunga adds a third brother named Gjuki 237 Drap Niflunga Atlamal Volsunga saga 38 Solve Old Norse Sǫlvi The name Sǫlvi is the definite form of the adjective sǫlr which means sallow 239 Solvi was the son of Hogni of Naeroy and had established a reign on Jutland and pillaged in the east He killed the Swedish king Eysteinn by burning him to death when he was at a banquet in Lofund probably Lovon and then he went to Old Sigtuna and declared that he was king of Sweden After a battle he ruled over Sweden for some time before the Swedes rebelled and put Eystein s son Ingvar Harra on the throne Solvi s men were Jutes in the Ynglinga saga but Geats in Historia Norwegiae 240 Historia Norwegiae Ynglinga saga Halfs saga ok Halfsrekka Sorli Old Norse Sǫrli Latin Sarus Getica or Serilus Annals of Quedlinburg Not historical 241 The name forms are based on PGmc sarwa meaning armor 242 The ON version originates in a form with a diminutive suffix like OHG Sarulo and Sarilo 243 In the Norse tradition Hamdir and Sorli are sons of Gudrun and the half brothers of Svanhildr through their mother Gudrun and Erpr through their father Jonakr At Gudrun s urging they set off to kill Ermanaric in revenge for his killing of Svanhildr When Hamdir and Sorli encounter Erpr they kill him thinking he will not help them but this means they only maim Ermanaric who has them killed 244 Getica Ragnarsdrapa Gudrunarhvot Hamdismal Volsunga saga Annals of Quedlinburg Soti Old Norse Soti The name is derived from sot meaning soot 245 Likely Hjalmar s original companion before the Norwegian hero Orvar Odd was inserted into his legend 246 Hervarar saga Attack Soti Old Norse Soknar Soti See Soti A warrior fighting on the side of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring in the massive Battle of Bravellir against the Danish king Harald Wartooth 247 Sogubrot relates that he fought the shield maiden Vebjorg who split his jawbone and cut off his chin but he kept it in place by biting his own beard 248 Gesta Danorum tells that she killed him 249 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Sporsnjallr Old Norse Sporsnjallr Possibly a historic king of Nerike 250 The name is a variant of Fornsnjallr 250 where Forn means old 251 and snjallr meaning excellent 252 The name possibly originated as an epithet 250 As the king of Nerike he was invited together with a number of other petty kings by the Swedish king Ingjald ill ruler to a feast at Uppsala but at night the doors were barred and he hall set on fire burning everyone inside to death After this Ingjald expanded his realm to Nerike 253 Ynglinga saga Starkad Old Norse Starkadr or Stǫrkudr The first element is the Germanic starka which means strong 254 The second element may be the theonym Hodr as both Starkadr and Hodr slew their unexpecting victims in a mock killing sacrifice 255 Alternatively the second element may be a shortened form of the name Hodbardr referring to the Headobards 256 One Starkad is a giant that appears to have been killed by Thor and who is mentioned in a 10th poem by Vetrlidi Sumarlidason He may be the same as the Odinic hero whose life is predermined by having been given gifts by the gods Odin blesses him with qualities like the gift of poetry the life span of three men and being victorious in battle Thor curses him with three ill deeds often being wounded and not being able to remember well These gifts make him victorious but also increasingly drag him down into his fate 257 An early version appears unnamed in Beowulf as the old Headobard at the wedding of Ingeld and makes him cancel his wedding 258 Gautreks saga Hervarar saga Skjoldunga saga Sǫgubrot af fornkonungum Asmundar saga kappabana Ynglinga saga Gesta Danorum Norna Gests thattr Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Skaldskaparmal and later traditions Starkad Ala Warrior Old Norse Starkadr Aludrengr See Starkad for the name In the cognomen alu is presumably from the name of the rapids where he lived Alu fossar possibly Ulefoss in Telemark 259 while drengr means young man or a valiant man 260 Toponymists consider the most likely origin of Ule to be from vǫlr a round staff 261 In the U version of Hervarar saga Starkad son of Storvirkr is a descendant of giants and he has eight arms He is betrothed to Ogn alfasprengi One day when he returned from Elivagar Hergrimr had abducted his fiancee Hergrimr has the son Grimr with her before Starkad finds him and challenges him to a holmgang Starkad fights with four swords at once and kills him and when Ogn sees Hergrimr die she kills herself rather than return to Starkad The latter takes all the riches Hergrimr owned and also his son and raises him as his own Starkad later kidnaps Alfhild3 the daughter of king Alf of Alfheimr when she is performing the Disablot to the Disir King Alf calls on Thor who kills Starkad and liberates Alfhild3 who returns home with Hergrim s son Grimr During the abduction she bore Starkad a daughter named Bauggerdr who marries Grimr 262 A related story appears in Gesta Danorum where Thor tears of four of Starkad s arms to give him a better appearance 263 In Gautreks saga Starkad Ala Warrior kidnaps Alfhild3 from her father Alf of Alfheimr who calls on Thor to help him Thor kills Starkad and brings Alfhild3 home but she is pregnant with Starkad s son Storvirkr 264 Hervarar saga U Gautreks saga Gesta Danorum Starolfr Old Norse Starolfr Fictive 265 The name is probably not authentic but composed of the West Norse names Storolfr and Stari the name of one of Half s warriors 265 One of Hrolfr kraki s champions 265 He appears in the last battle of the Skjoldungs with Hrolfr the marksman Hromundr hardi Svipdag2 and Beigadr and Hvitserkr1 Haklangr Hardrefill Haki2 Vǫtt Hjalti and Bodvar Bjarki 266 Hrolfs saga kraka Storvirk Old Norse Storvirkr Storverkr Stor means big strong 267 and virkr means hard working conscientious 268 In the U version of Hervarar saga Storvirkr is the father of Starkad Ala Warrior who as a descendant of giants has eight arms 269 In Gautrek s saga he is instead the son of Starkad Ala Warrior The latter kidnaps Alfhild3 from her father Alf of Alfheimr who calls on Thor to help him Thor kills Starkad and brings Alfhild3 home but she is pregnant with Starkad s son Storvirkr The boy grows to become big and strong and handsome with black hair He enters the service of king Harald of Agder and is responsible for defending his kingdom and he is given a farm on the island Tromoya In order to raise a family he kidnaps a girl named Unnr the daughter of jarl Freki of Halogaland and together they have the son Starkad To avenge the kidnapping of their sister Unn s brothers Fjori and Fyri arrive one night and block the doors to Storvirk s hall so that he can not get out and kill them Then they set fire to the hall burning both Storvirk and their sister to death Their ship founders on the way home and they drown 270 Hervarar saga U Gautreks saga Studas See Madelger Studas Stutfuchs Middle High German Stutfuhs Studenfuhs Stuefinc The name is of uncertain meaning but perhaps from LG stut thick part of the thigh and fus eager The name has been altered via folk etymology MHG fuhs fox The form Stuefinc replaces the unfamiliar name with one based on MHG stuefe brave strong 271 A giant warrior associated with various regions Usually he is an opponent of Dietrich von Bern but in Dietrichs Flucht and Rabenschlacht he is among his supporters 271 Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Alpharts Tod Rosengarten zu Worms Virginal Biterolf und Dietleib Heldenbuch Prosa Styrbjorn the Strong Old Norse Styrbjǫrn inn sterki Latin Sturbiornus Not historically attested 272 The prefix styr means a stir tumult brawl disturbance 273 274 and bjorn means bear from PN bernuz 275 Styrbjorn was the son of king Olof Bjornsson the brother and co ruler of Eric the Victorious He fought with his uncle Eric at the Battle of the Fyrisvellir and fell there c 985 169 Hervarar saga Styrbjarnar thattr Sviakappa Eyrbyggja saga Knytlinga saga Gesta Danorum X Heimskringla olafs saga Tryggvasonar Gesta Wulinensis Hattalykill contemporary skaldic poetry Svafa1 Old Norse Svafa From PN swaba Suebian 276 Svafa was a Valkyrie and the daughter of king Eylimi She found Helgi as she was riding in the company of eight other Valkyries and as no name had yet attached to him she named him Helgi dedicated to the gods and as a naming gift she hinted to him that there was a damascened sword hidden in Sigarsholm She protected him during his battles Later they married and she stayed at home while he was fighting in wars However a troll woman had put a curse on Helgi s brother Hethin so when he had drunk the bragarfull at Yule and put his hand on the sacrificial boar he made the holy toast that he would have Svafa as wife which he immediately regretted When he met his brother Helgi told him that he might soon die killed in a duel by Hrothmar s son Alf7 who wanted to avenge his father s death at Helgi s hands As Helgi later lay dying he asked Svafa to marry Hethin but Hethin told Svafa to kiss him and that she would not see him again until he had avenged his brother Helgi and Svafa were reborn as Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrun 277 278 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Svafa2 Old Norse Svafa See Svafa1 Bjarmar s daughter who marries the berserker Angantyr2 Arngrimsson Hervarar saga Svafnir Old Norse Svafnir The name is derived from his kingdom Svafaland 279 i e the land of the Suebi 280 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hjorvard4 wanted to marry Sigrlinn the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland He sent Atli2 the son of his jarl Ithmund to negotiate with Svafnir but Franmar the girl s foster father advised against it Franmar had previously appeared to Atli in the form of a bird demanding and exorbitant price for her Hjorvard and Atli ride to Svavaland and find it being invaded and pillaged by Sigrlinn s second suitor Hrothmar who has already killed Svafnir Hjorvard marries Sigrlinn with whom he has the son Helgi Hjorvardsson the hero of Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar who later avenges Svafnir his maternal grandfather by killing Hrothmar 171 99 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Svafrlami Old Norse Svafrlami or Sigrlami Svafr means who is bold in turmoil from PGmc swebarōn 281 or gossip 282 Sigr is from seʒez or seʒaz victory 131 The second element lami means lame from PGmc lamaz or lamōn 283 King of Gardriki and owner of the cursed sword Tyrfing In the H and U versions and Orvar Odd s saga Svafrlami is the son of Sigrlami who is the son of Odin 284 Hervarar saga Orvar Odd s saga Svafrlod Old Norse Svafrlǫd The element svafr means gossip 282 and the element lǫd means bidding invitation 285 One of Gudrun s attendants Gudrun asks why they are depressed and Svafrlod answers that the entire hall is sad Gudrun asks her to go and make Brynhild come and do weaving and amuse herself but Svafrlod answers that Brynhild is very angry and has not drunk for days 286 Brynhild is angry because she has understood that she has been tricked into marrying Gunnar instead of Sigurd 287 Volsunga saga 31 Svanhildr Latin Sonilda Jordanes Old Norse Svanhildr Foglhildr Old English Ealhild In Old Norse Swan Battle possibly the first element was originally PGmc swon atonement judgment instead 288 242 She also appears with the first element fogl as a variation in Norse poetry and ealh in Ealhild has been interpreted as the name of a species of bird maybe a swan 289 Wife of Ermanaric in the Nordic attestations daughter of Gudrun and Sigurd Ermanaric kills her on account of the machinations of Sibeche who has encouraged Ermanaric s son Randver to sleep with her He has dragged apart by horses 290 German sources do not mention her but Ekkehard of Aura records personal names c 786 that appear to derive from her legend including Suanailta 291 Ealhild appears in Widsith as the daughter of an Eadwin and she is escorted by the poet from Angeln to the home of Ermanaric to become his wife peace weaver 289 Getica Widsith 5 97 Gudrunarhvot Hamdismal Gesta Danorum Volsunga saga Sveigdir Old Norse Sveigdir Latin Swegthir The name was originally Sveig ther from sveigja 292 PGmc swaiʒjanan which means to bend to bow 293 and PGmc the ʒ waz which means servant 294 295 It was also one of Odin s names 292 He was a very early Swedish king who was the son of Fjolnir and the grandson of the Norse god Freyr and the giantess Gerdr He married a woman named Vana from Vanheimr the land of the Vanir a clan of Norse gods and they had the son Vanlandi Snorri relates in Ynglinga saga that Sveigdir wanted to meet Odin and ventured out to find the home of the gods Godheimr In the first expedition he came to the land of the Turks Tyrkland and to Greater Sweden Svithjod in mikla i e Southern Russia In the second expedition he met a dwarf at a big boulder and the dwarf lured him into the stone promising him that he would meet Odin The king was drunk and followed the dwarf after which the opening to the stone shut and the king disappeared 296 297 Ynglingatal II Historia Norwegiae Islendingabok Ynglinga saga 12 Svip Old Norse Svipr The name means swoop 298 Svip was a wealthy Swedish farmer who used to be a champion but who lived far away from other men He was also skilled in magic He gives wise words of advice to his son Svipdag2 when he leaves home to seek service with Adils Eadgils the king of Sweden 299 When he dreams that his son is in trouble he sends his two other sons Hvitserkr1 and Beigadr to help him 300 In Bjarkarimur the roles between the two sons Hvitserkr1 and Svipdagr2 are reversed 301 Hrolfs saga kraka Bjarkarimur Svipdagr1 Old Norse Svipdagr possibly connected to Old English Swaefdaeg 302 The name possibly means sudden day 303 In Svipdagsmal son of the seeress Groa he awakens her from the dead and receives magical help He goes to the hall of Menglod to marry her but the doorman Fjolsvidr doesn t let him in at once He then marries Menglod He may be connected to OE Swaefdaeg a Suebian and descent of Odin in the genealogies of the Anglo Saxons 304 Svipdagsmal Svipdagr2 Old Norse Svipdagr Latin Svebdeg or Svipdagerus The hero Svipdag shares many traits with Odin and which connects him to Svipdagr4 305 See Svipdagr1 Svipdag is a champion He first goes to serve the Swedish king Eadgils Adils losing an eye in his service before seeking service with the Danish king Hrolf Kraki instead He aids Hrolf in reclaiming his inheritance from Eadgils 300 He serves together with his brothers Hvitserkr1 and Beigudr Hrolfs saga kraka Skaldskaparmal Hattalykill Svipdagr3 Old Norse Svipdagr Latin Suipdagerus See Svipdagr1 Svipdagr and Geigadr are two brothers who are outstanding warriors and who appear in two Scandinavian legendary accounts of the death of king Hygelac It takes six champions to handle each one and in the end of the battle they are taken captive By the time Snorri tells of Hygelac s final battle the Geats appear to have been subsumed by the Swedes and Hugleikr is described as a Swedish king who was killed by Starkad but in Gesta Danorum VI the same story is told with Huglethus as a king of Ireland 306 Malone considers Geigadr to be unhistorical but Svipdagr to be based on a historical Beowulf 307 Ynglinga saga 22 Gesta Danorum VI Svipdagr4 the Blind Old Norse Svipdagr Blindi He may be a hypostasis of Odin 308 and he has similarities to the role of Odin in Gautreks saga 309 See Svipdagr1 The Swedish king Anund was often away improving the kingdom s infrastructure and in his stead Svipdag the Blind ruled over the central district Tiundaland He was the father of Folkvid Gautvid and Hulvid One midwinter sacrifice at Uppsala Ingjald the king s son was six years old and cried with frustration over the fact that king Ingvar of Fjadrundaland s son Alf5 was stronger than him although of the same age His foster brother Gautvid took him to Svipdag and explained that Ingjald was weak and not very manly Svipdag was outraged and the next day he took a pair of tongs and roasted a wolf s heart that he gave Ingjald to eat From that moment Ingjald became cruel and ferocious 310 Together with his sons Gautvid and Hulvid he fell in battle against Granmar of Sodermanland and his ally Hjorvard2 Wulfing 311 Ynglinga saga Swammel Middle High German Swammel in The name Swammel is probably the diminutive of MHG swam sponge 312 In the Nibelungenlied Swammel is Etzel Attila s minstrel along with Warbel both are sent as messengers to invite the Burgundians to Etzel s hall Swammel later travels spreading the news of the catastrophe in the Nibelungenklage and his account is dictated to a scribe on the orders of bishop Pilgrim of Passau 271 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage Swerting Old English Swerting Latin Suertingo From PN Swartingaz from an adjective meaning black cf ON svartr 313 Swerting is mentioned in line 1203 in the poem Beowulf as the uncle or possibly grandfather of the Geatish king Hygelac 314 In the Danish Gesta Danorum VI the hero Starkad reproaches king Ingeld for having married the Saxon king Swerting s daughter or possibly sister and he divorces her before she bears any child 315 The source also tells that Swerting and Hanev rebelled against the then Danish king Frodi which ended in the death of both Swerting and Frodi after which Ingeld became king 316 In Skjoldunga saga Swerting is a Swedish lord under king Jorund and Frodi makes both his subjects and Frodi s son Ingeld marries Swerting s daughter to achieve peace However Swerting and his twelves sons kill Frodi in Denmark and make peace with his son Ingeld Swerting s son in law Ingeld s brother Halfdan avenges their father by killing Swerting s twelve sons and upon Starkad s request Ingeld divorces Swerting s daughter 317 Beowulf Skjoldunga saga Gesta DanorumReferences edit Forstemann 1900 pp 224 228 Forstemann 1900 p 526 Gillespie 1973 p 104 Lienert 2015 p 78 Forstemann 1900 p 264 Forstemann 1900 pp 258 259 264 Forstemann 1900 pp 1457 1458 Krause 2010 p 217 a b Gillespie 1973 p 105 Lexer 1872 1878 p I 275 a b c d e f Schutte 1926 p 44 de Vries 2000 pp 430 431 a b de Vries 2000 p 26 a b Peterson 2007 p 40 Peterson 2007 pp 40 53 Peterson 2007 pp 40 67 a b Malone 1962 p 191 Nerman 1925 pp 244f a b Blomkvist 2005 p 250 a b McTurk 1991 p 106 Krause 2010 p 222 a b McTurk 2006 p 681 de Vries 2000 p 431 a b c Peterson 2007 pp 178f a b Peterson 2007 p 27 Storm 1915 pp 910f Peterson 2007 p 111 Waggoner 2009 pp 72f Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 50f Forstemann 1900 pp 1246 1248 Forstemann 1900 pp 1639 Gillespie 1973 p 106 Gillespie 1973 p 47 Peterson 2007 p 181 Peterson 2007 p 249 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 38 a b Tolkien 1960 p 60 Tolkien 1960 p 60 note 2 Tolkien 1960 p 60 note 3 de Vries 2000 p 436 Faulkes 1995 p 155 Faulkes 1995 p 121 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 94 Gillespie 1973 p 34 Gillespie 1973 p 120 Byock 1999 p 9 Clarke 1911 p 64 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 50 a b c d e Gillespie 1973 p 107 Forstemann 1900 pp 1246 1247 Forstemann 1900 pp 1608 1610 a b de Vries 2000 p 442 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 484 a b Byock 1990 p 112 Byock 1990 pp 35ff Finch 1965 pp 1ff Kaufmann 1968 p 289 Forstemann 1900 pp 749 751 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 108 Gillespie 1973 pp 107 108 Forstemann 1900 p 1274 Orel 2003 p 187 Orel 2003 p 369 Malone 1962 p 192 Jiriczek 1898 p 155 a b Paff 1959 p 161 Krause 2010 p 241 Peterson 2007 pp 178ff Peterson 2007 p 245 a b c McTurk 1991 pp 98f Waggoner 2009 p 61 Waggoner 2009 p 55 McTurk 1991 pp 77 106 Uecker 1972 p 131 Kaufmann 1968 p 295 Forstemann 1900 pp 1133 1134 Krause 2010 p 231 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 66 Peterson 2004 pp 10 12 39 Gentry et al 2011 p 107 Gillespie 1973 p 111 Forstemann 1900 pp 885 898 899 Mueller 1939 p 282 Gillespie 1973 pp 110 111 a b c d e f g Gillespie 1973 p 112 Forstemann 1900 pp 1496 1498 Forstemann 1900 pp 885 908 910 a b c d e f Gillespie 1973 p 113 Gillespie 1973 pp 113 114 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 114 a b Malone 1962 p 195 a b c Byock 1999 p 97 Jiriczek 1898 p 154 Krause 2010 pp 240 241 a b Jonsson 1932 p 195 a b Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 pp 490 500 a b Peterson 2007 p 196 a b Hollander 1928 pp 198ff a b c d Jonsson 1932 pp 195ff Peterson 2007 p 188 Hollander 1928 p 322 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 40 255 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 40 a b Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 255 Johansson 1991 p 311 a b c Malone 1962 p 194 Gillespie 1973 p 115 Gillespie 1973 p 97 115 Orel 2003 p 338 a b Gillespie 1973 p 116 a b c Orel 2003 p 314 Orel 2003 p 83 a b c Malone 1962 p 196 Gillespie 1973 p 118 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 117 Forstemann 1900 p 1314 Hollander 1928 p 60 note 5 Tolkien 1960 p 30 Uecker 1972 p 76 a b Gillespie 1973 p 123 a b c Clarke 1911 p 117 Peterson 2004 p 31 Peterson 2004 pp 15 31 Peterson 2004 pp 27 31 Munch 1926 p 230f Ellis 1968 p 117 Lonnroth 2016 p 515 Munch 1926 p 151 a b Damico 1984 p 219 Forstemann 1900 p 1317f a b Orel 2003 p 322 Forstemann 1900 p 244f Orel 2003 p 35 Gillespie 1973 p 124 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 122 Amodio 2013 p 383 Forstemann 1900 pp 1317 1330 Orel 2003 p 283 Forstemann 1900 pp 1163 1164 a b c d e Gillespie 1973 p 125 Forstemann 1900 pp 1317 1331 Forstemann 1900 p 1359 Orel 2003 p 368 Gillespie 1973 p 127 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 527 Byock 1990 pp 35f Finch 1965 pp 1f Krause 2010 p 251 Peterson 2007 pp 189 191 Peterson 2007 pp 100 191 a b Byock 1990 pp 36ff a b Finch 1965 pp 2ff a b Gillespie 1973 p 126 Gillespie 1973 pp 125 126 Finch 1965 p 48 Finch 1965 p 61 Gillespie 1973 p 56 a b Peterson 2007 p 189 Peterson 2007 p 168 Henrikson Torngren amp Hansson 1998 p 178 a b Acker 2007 p 6 Osborn 2019 p 167 a b Krause 2010 p 253 a b Gentry et al 2011 p 119 Peterson 2007 p 68 Clarke 1911 p 78 Byock 1999 p 93 Clarke 1911 pp 131f a b Tolkien 1960 p 61 de Vries 2000 p 474 a b Hollander 1928 pp 197ff Peterson 2007 p 189 193 Peterson 2007 p 184 193 Hollander 1928 p 217 Hollander 1928 p 222 Finch 1965 pp 15ff Hollander 1928 pp 232ff Gillespie 1973 pp 122 123 Gillespie 1973 pp 118 119 Gillespie 1973 pp 120 121 Johansson 1991 p 312 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 50 Krause 2010 p 114 Noreen 1917 pp 460f Nerman 1925 p 258 McTurk 2006 p 682 Waggoner 2009 pp 12 16 Waggoner 2009 p 16 Waggoner 2009 pp 33f Waggoner 2009 p 37 Waggoner 2009 pp 61 64f Waggoner 2009 p 71 Waggoner 2009 p 36 Waggoner 2009 pp 70f McTurk 1991 p 77 Fisher 2015 p 641 Fisher 2015 p 667 Kunin 2001 p 13 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 36 Johansson 1991 p 310 Nerman 1925 p 228 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 698 Nerman 1925 pp 222 227f Krause 2010 pp 257 258 Forstemann 1900 pp 1339 1343 Forstemann 1900 pp 869 870 Gillespie 1973 pp 127 128 a b Byock 1990 p 111 de Vries 2000 p 480 Orel 2003 p 336 Byock 1990 p 35 Finch 1965 p 1 Orel 2003 p 337 Regebro 2009 p 802 a b Nasstrom 1996 pp 73f Nasstrom 1996 p 75 note 5 Nasstrom 1996 pp 74f a b Malone 1953 p 154 a b Simek 1993 p 277 Miller 2007 p 9 Simek here identifies the hero Beowulf with Beow whose name is sometimes rendered as Beowulf but scholars generally agree that they are separate characters Anderson 2008 p 630 See also Klaeber 2008 p 464 Wessen 1952 p 75 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 43f Orel 2003 p 345 Clarke 1911 p 65 Clarke 1911 p 68 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 561 Miller 2007 p 18 Schneider 1934 p 91 Uecker 1972 p 80 Schneider 1934 p 73 Krause 2010 p 263 Peterson 2007 p 200 Peterson 2007 pp 247f a b c Orchard 1997 p 152 a b Hollander 1928 p 351 a b Hollander 1928 p 311 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 579 Peterson 2007 p 187 Nerman 1925 pp 164f 215 Uecker 1972 pp 65 66 a b Gillespie 1973 p 39 Peterson 2007 p 217 Gentry et al 2011 p 124 Peterson 2007 pp 2007f Tolkien 1960 p xiii 9 Waggoner 2009 p 54 Waggoner 2009 p 56 Fisher 2015 p 547 a b c Nerman 1925 p 227 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 175 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 575 Nerman 1925 pp 227f Francovich Onesti 2012 p 62 Dumezil 1983 p 47 48 Much 1920 p 158 Simek 1993 p 301 Poole 2006 pp 141 166 Tolkien 1960 p 66 note 6 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 105 Rygh 1904 p 290 Tolkien 1960 pp 66f Tolkien 1960 p 67 note 6 Palsson amp Edwards 1985 p 145 a b c Olrik 1919 p 368 Byock 1999 p 72 de Vries 2000 pp 551f de Vries 2000 p 668 Tolkien 1960 p 66 Palsson amp Edwards 1985 pp 145f a b c Gillespie 1973 p 129 Harrison 2009 p 121 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 601 Peterson 2007 pp 206 207 Peterson 2007 pp 44 206 Peterson 2007 p 211 Hollander 1928 pp 200ff Jonsson 1932 pp 197ff Jonsson 1932 p 196 note 1 Hollander 1928 p 198 note 3 de Vries 2000 p 564 a b de Vries 2000 p 563 Orel 2003 p 234 Tolkien 1960 p 2 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 404 Finch 1965 p 54 Finch 1965 pp 52f Uecker 1972 p 67 a b Malone 1962 p 140f Krause 2010 p 269 Uecker 1972 p 66 a b de Vries 1970 p 85 Orel 2003 p 389 Orel 2003 p 419 de Vries 1970 p 609 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 15f Ellis 1968 p 194 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 611 Byock 1999 pp 25f a b Byock 1999 p 98 Olrik 1919 p 377 Krause 2010 p 271 Krause 2010 p 270 Krause 2010 pp 270 271 Byock 1999 pp 81 82 Schutte 1912 p 580 Malone 1964 p 84 de Vries 1970 p 82 Dutton 2015 p 223 Lincoln 2014 p 97 Westrin 1908 p 802 Gillespie 1973 p 130 Peterson 2004 p 40 Malone 1939 p 235 Malone 1939 pp 236f Malone 1939 pp 237f Malone 1939 p 238 Sources editAcker Paul 2007 Part I Fragments of Danish History Skjoldunga saga ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles Notes and Reviews 20 3 3 9 doi 10 3200 ANQQ 20 3 3 9 S2CID 162198516 Anderson Earl R 2008 Beow the Boy Wonder Beowulf 12 25 English Studies 89 6 630 642 doi 10 1080 00138380802396045 S2CID 161149996 Heimskringla PDF Vol 1 Translated by Finlay Alison Faulkes Anthony Viking Society for Northern Research University College London 2016 ISBN 978 0 903521 86 4 Amodio Mark C 2013 The Anglo Saxon Literature Handbook Vol 15 1 ed John Wiley amp Sons Incorporated ISBN 9781118286517 Blomkvist Nils 2005 Crawford Barbara Kirby David Sigurdsson Jon Vidar Oye Ingvild Unger Richard W Urbanczyk Przemyslaw eds The Discovery of the Baltic The Reception of a Catholic World System in the European North AD 1075 1225 The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c 400 1700 AD Peoples Economies and Cultures Vol 15 Brill Leiden Boston ISBN 90 04 14122 7 Byock Jesse 1990 The Saga of the Volsungs The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer University of California Press ISBN 0 520 23285 2 Byock Jesse 1999 The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki Penguin Classics ISBN 014043593X Clarke M G 1911 Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period being Studies ofBeowulfand Other Old English Poems Cambridge University Press Cleasby Richard Vigfusson Gudbrand 1874 An Icelandic English dictionary Oxford Clarendon Press Damico Helen 1984 Beowulf s Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0 299 09500 2 Dumezil Georges 1983 Puhvel Jaan ed The Stakes of the Warrior Translated by David Weeks Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press ISBN 0 520 04834 2 Dutton Douglas Robert 2015 An Encapsulation of odinn Religious belief and ritual practice among the Viking Age elite with particular focus upon the practice of ritual hanging 500 1050 AD dissertation PDF Centre for Scandinavian Studies The University of Aberdeen Ellis Hilda Roderick 1968 The Road to Hel a Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature American Anthropologist 46 3 Greenwood Press Publishers New York 408 409 doi 10 1525 AA 1944 46 3 02A00210 S2CID 160666598 Edda Translated by Faulkes Anthony Everyman 1995 ISBN 0 460 87616 3 The Saga of the Volsungs PDF Translated by Finch R G London and Edinburgh Nelson 1965 Friis Jensen Karsten ed 2015 Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum The History of the Danes Vol 1 Translated by Fisher Peter Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 82052 34 Forstemann Ernst 1900 Altdeutsches Namenbuch Band 1 Personennamen 2 ed Bonn a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Francovich Onesti Nicoletta 2012 Interaction of Germanic Personal Names with Latin Onomastics in the Late Roman West The different Cases of Gothic Vandalic and Lombard Names In Borgolte Michael Ducker Julia Mullerburg Marcel Predatsch Paul Schneidmuller Bernd eds Europa im Geflecht der Welt Mittelarterliche Migrationen in globalen Bezugen Akademie Verlag pp 56 69 ISBN 978 3 05 005983 9 Gentry Francis G McConnell Winder Muller Ulrich Wunderlich Werner eds 2011 2002 The Nibelungen Tradition An Encyclopedia New York Abingdon Routledge ISBN 978 0 8153 1785 2 Gillespie George T 1973 Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature 700 1600 Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names Oxford Oxford University ISBN 978 0 19 815718 2 Harrison Dick 2009 Harrison Dick ed Sveriges historia Vol 2 1 ed Norstedts ISBN 9789113023779 Henrikson Alf Torngren Disa Hansson Lars 1998 Stora mytologiska uppslagsboken Hexikon ISBN 91 37 11346 1 The Poetic Edda Translated by Hollander Lee M Texas University Press 1928 Jiriczek Otto Luitpold 1898 Deutsche Heldensagen Band 1 Strasbourg Karl Trubner ISBN 9783112176429 Snorre Sturluson Nordiska kungasagor Vol 1 Translated by Johansson Karl G Fabel bokforlag Stockholm 1991 ISBN 91 7842 122 5 De Gamle Eddadigte Translated by Jonsson Finnur G E C Gats forlag Kobenhavn 1932 Kaufmann Hennig 1968 Erganzungsband zu Ernst Forstemann Personennamen Wilhelm Fink Klaeber Friedrich 2008 Fulk R D Bjork Robert E Niles John D eds Klaeber s Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg University of Toronto Press pp 274 277 ISBN 978 0 8020 9843 6 Krause Arnulf 2010 Reclams Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie und Heldensage Reclam ISBN 978 3 15 010778 2 Phelpstead Carl ed 2001 A History of Norway and the Passion and Miracles of the Blessed olafr PDF Translated by Kunin Devra Viking Society for Northern Research ISBN 978 0 903521 48 2 Lexer Matthias 1872 1878 Mittelhochdeutsches Handworterbuch 3 vols Hirzel Lienert Elisabeth 2015 Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik Berlin Erich Schmidt ISBN 978 3 503 15573 6 Lincoln Bruce 2014 Between History and Myth Stories of Harald Fairhair and the Founding of the State Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 14092 6 Den Poetiska Eddan Translated by Lonnroth Lars Stockholm Atlantis 2016 ISBN 9789173538541 Malone Kemp 1939 Swerting Germanic Review 14 235 257 Malone Kemp 1953 Royal Names in Old English Poetry Names 1 3 153 162 doi 10 1179 nam 1953 1 3 153 Malone Kemp 1962 Widsith Rev ed Copenhagen Roskilde and Bagger Malone Kemp 1964 1923 The Literary History of Hamlet The Early Tradition Vol 1 New York Haskell House ISBN 9780838305935 McTurk Rory 1991 Studies in Ragnars saga Lodbrokar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues The Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature Oxford ISBN 0 907570 08 9 McTurk Rory W 2006 Kings and Kingship in Viking Northumbria PDF In McKinnell John S Ashurst David Kick Donata eds The Fantastic in Old Norse Icelandic Literature Preprint Papers of the 13th International Saga Conference Durham and York 6th 12th August 2006 Vol 2 pp 681 688 Miller Clarence H 2007 Fragments of Danish History ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles Notes and Reviews 20 3 9 33 doi 10 3200 ANQQ 20 3 9 22 S2CID 161363696 Much Rudolf 1920 Der germanische Osten in der Heldensage PDF Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur 57 3 4 145 176 JSTOR 20657072 Mueller Eugen Hartmuth 1939 Deutung einiger Namen im Nibelungenlied Monatshefte fur Deutschen Unterricht 31 6 274 284 JSTOR 30169580 Munch Victor 1926 Norse Mythology Legends of Gods and Heroes New York The American Scandinavian Foundation Nasstrom Britt Mari 1996 Freyja a Goddess with Many Names In Billington Sandra Green Miranda eds The Concept of the Goddess Taylor amp Francis Group pp 68 77 ISBN 9780203456385 Nerman Birger 1925 Svenska rikets uppkomst Stockholm Generalstabens litografiska anstalt Noreen Adolf 1917 Sigurd Ring In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 25 2 ed pp 460 461 Olrik Axel 1919 The Heroic Legends of Denmark Translated by Hollander Lee M New York The American Scandinavian Foundation Orchard Andy 1997 Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend Cassel ISBN 0 304 34520 2 Orel Vladimir E 2003 A Handbook of Germanic Etymology Brill ISBN 978 90 04 12875 0 Osborn Marijane 2019 The Alleged Murder of Hrethric in Beowulf Traditio 74 153 177 doi 10 1017 tdo 2019 9 S2CID 210496115 Paff William J 1959 The Geographical and Ethnic Names in the THidriks Saga A Study in Germanic Heroic Legend Mouton amp co Seven Viking Romances Translated by Palsson Hermann Edwards Paul Penguin Books 1985 ISBN 0140444742 Peterson Lena 2004 Lexikon over urnordiska personnamn Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Peterson Lena 2007 Nordiskt runnamnslexikon Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Poole Russell 2006 Some Southern Perspectives on Starcatherus Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 2 141 166 doi 10 1484 J VMS 2 302022 JSTOR 45019110 Regebro Margareta 2009 Ney Agneta Williams Henrik Charpentier Ljungqvist Fredrik eds The women and odinn A austrvega Saga and East Scandinavia 2 Gavle Gavle University Press 802 896 ISBN 978 91 978329 0 8 Rygh Oluf 1904 Norske Elvenavne W C Fabritius og sonner A S Schneider Hermann 1934 Germanische Heldensage Bd 2 2 Englische Heldensage festlandische Heldensage in nordgermanischer und englischer Uberlieferung verlorene Heldensage de Gruyter Schutte Gudmund 1912 The Geats of Beowulf The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 11 4 574 602 JSTOR 27700194 Schutte Gudmund 1926 Dansk kongetals tusendaarige traad Dansk Historisk Tidskrift 9 5 Simek Rudolf 1993 Dictionary of Northern Mythology Translated by Hall Angela D S Brewer ISBN 0 85991 369 4 Storm Gustav 1915 Ragnar Lodbrok In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 22 2 ed pp 910 912 The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise PDF Translated by Tolkien Christopher 1960 Uecker Heiko 1972 Germanische Heldensage Stuttgart Metzler ISBN 3476101061 de Vries Jan 1970 Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Bd 2 Die Gotter Vorstellungen uber den Kosmos Der Untergang des Heidentums de Gruyter Berlin ISBN 978 3110028072 de Vries Jan 1962 Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch 2000 ed Brill ISBN 90 04 05436 7 The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok Translated by Waggoner Ben New Haven Troth Publications 2009 Wessen Elias 1952 Wessen Elias Helgason Jon Knudsen Trygve Skautrup Peter eds Ynglingsaga Svenska bokforlaget Norstedts Stockholm Ejnar Munksgaard Kobenhavn Dreyers forlag Oslo Westrin Th 1908 Gautvidr In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 9 2 ed p 820 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of figures in Germanic heroic legend P S amp oldid 1213649697, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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