During his reign, Khúc Hạo made several important social and administrative reforms including a new system of administrative division, the levelling of cultivated land tax and the abolishment of corvée. Besides, Khúc Hạo maintained a discreet policy towards Chinese authorities and thus brought a period of stability and prosperity to his country. Khúc Hạo deceased in 917 and was succeeded by his son Khúc Thừa Mỹ who failed to keep the autonomy of Tĩnh Hải quân when he was defeated by the army of the kingdom of Southern Han in 923. However, Khúc Hạo's ruling is still considered a foundation for the administration of Vietnam in the early independent time afterwards.
The date of birth of Khúc Hạo was unknown but he came from the Khúc family which was a powerful clan with long history and tradition in Hồng Châu, Cúc Bồ (now Ninh Giang, Hải Dương, Vietnam).[4] In early 10th century, the head of Khúc family Khúc Thừa Dụ succeeded in taking over the control of Tĩnh Hải quân (now the northern part of Vietnam) and became the first Jiedushi of native origin that marked the beginning of the independence of Vietnam,[5][6] because while the country still nominally belonged to the Tang dynasty, it had now a status of autonomy with a native ruler who could decide matters without any interference from China.[7]
History
As the son of Khúc Thừa Dụ, Khúc Hạo began to hold the position Jiedushi in 907 after his father's death and continue to consolidate the autonomy of the country.[4] On the other hand, in old historical books such as the Đại Việt sử lược or Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, it was Khúc Hạo, instead of Khúc Thừa Dụ, who was mentioned as the first member of the Khúc family holding the position Jiedushi,[8][9] according to Đại Việt sử lược, he succeeded this title from the Chinese Jiedushi named Độc Cô Tồn[9][10] while in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Khúc Hạo self-entitled him Jiedushi after rising a revolt that took control over Tĩnh Hải quân.[8] After Keith Weller Taylor, since the power was smoothly transferred from Khúc Thừa Dụ to his son Khúc Hạo and there is no indication of struggle or political conflict in the period from 880 to 906, one can reason that the Khúc family was actually in control of the country throughout these years.[11]
In the position of ruler of Tĩnh Hải quân, Khúc Hạo made several important social and administrative reforms.[12] He decided to change the basic administrative unit from hương (township), which was established during the Tang dynasty, to giáp. For each giáp, Khúc Hạo appointed a quản giáp (supervisor of giáp) and a phó tri giáp (deputy-supervisor of giáp) to keep the control, a system of family register (sổ hộ) was also created in order to collect accurate statistics of population and manpower of the country. Other important social changes initiated by Khúc Hạo were the levelling of cultivated land tax (thuế ruộng) and the abolishment of corvée (lực dịch).[13] The reign of Khúc Hạo was praised for its tolerance and simplicity towards common people, hence Tĩnh Hải quân had a period of stability and prosperity.[4] In regard to relation with Chinese authorities, Khúc Hạo maintained a discreet policy towards the new Later Liang which continued to accept the autonomous reign of the Khúc family by giving Khúc Hạo the title Jiedushi of the Protectorate General to Pacify the South (An Nam đô hộ sung Tiết độ sứ) in the ninth month of 907.[13] However, in the next year, Later Liang appointed Liu Yin, the warlord who ruled Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), as Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân, that meant the Chinese was still want to regain control of Vietnam.[14] Khúc Hạo assigned his own son Khúc Thừa Mỹ to the position of ambassador in Guangzhou with the mission of not only keeping a good relation with the northern country but also studying the real situation in China at the time.[12][15]
Khúc Hạo deceased in 917[4] and was succeeded by his son Khúc Thừa Mỹ who failed to keep the autonomy of Tĩnh Hải quân when he refused to acknowledge allegiance to the newly established kingdom of Southern Han[12] and afterwards was defeated by the army of this kingdom in 923[16] or 930.[17] Nevertheless, Dương Đình Nghệ, who was a subordinate of the Khúc family, quickly restored the indigenous control of the country in 931.[17] In the Đại Việt sử lược,[9] Khúc Thừa Mỹ was recorded as younger brother, not son, of Khúc Hạo but from the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư in the Lê dynasty, Ngô Sĩ Liên wrote that Khúc Hạo was Khúc Thừa Mỹ's father.[8]
Legacy
Today Khúc Hạo is still regarded as one of the first rulers of an independent Vietnam, a street in Hanoi and other places are named in honour of Khúc Hạo.[18]
^Bruce M. Lockhart, William J. Duiker The A to Z of Vietnam - 2010 Page 188 "Although he died the following year, he was succeeded by his son, Khúc Hạo, who was, in turn, succeeded by his own son, Khúc Thừa Mỹ."
^ abcNguyễn Gia Tường (translator) (1993). Đại Việt sử lược. Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, University of Ho Chi Minh City. p. 21. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
khúc, hạo, chinese, 曲顥, pinyin, hào, vietnamese, self, declared, jiedushi, northern, vietnam, tĩnh, hải, quân, from, succeeding, father, khúc, thừa, dụ, 曲顥tĩnh, hải, quân, tiết, độ, sứjiedushi, tĩnh, hải, quântenure907, 917predecessorkhúc, thừa, dụsuccessorkhú. Khuc Hạo 860 917 Chinese 曲顥 pinyin Qu Hao was the Vietnamese self declared jiedushi of northern Vietnam Tĩnh Hải quan from 907 to 917 succeeding his father Khuc Thừa Dụ 3 Khuc Hạo曲顥Tĩnh Hải quan tiết độ sứJiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quanTenure907 917PredecessorKhuc Thừa DụSuccessorKhuc Thừa MỹPretendersLiu Yin 908 1 2 911 Liu Yan 913 2 917 Ruler of autonomous VietnamReign907 917PredecessorKhuc Thừa DụSuccessorKhuc Thừa MỹBorn860Ninh Giang Hải Dương Tĩnh Hải quan Tang ChinaDied917 aged 56 57 Đại La Tĩnh Hải quanIssueKhuc Thừa MỹHouseKhuc clanFatherKhuc Thừa DụThis article contains Vietnamese text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of chữ Nom chữ Han and chữ Quốc ngữ During his reign Khuc Hạo made several important social and administrative reforms including a new system of administrative division the levelling of cultivated land tax and the abolishment of corvee Besides Khuc Hạo maintained a discreet policy towards Chinese authorities and thus brought a period of stability and prosperity to his country Khuc Hạo deceased in 917 and was succeeded by his son Khuc Thừa Mỹ who failed to keep the autonomy of Tĩnh Hải quan when he was defeated by the army of the kingdom of Southern Han in 923 However Khuc Hạo s ruling is still considered a foundation for the administration of Vietnam in the early independent time afterwards Contents 1 Background 2 History 3 Legacy 4 References 4 1 Notes 4 2 BibliographyBackground EditThe date of birth of Khuc Hạo was unknown but he came from the Khuc family which was a powerful clan with long history and tradition in Hồng Chau Cuc Bồ now Ninh Giang Hải Dương Vietnam 4 In early 10th century the head of Khuc family Khuc Thừa Dụ succeeded in taking over the control of Tĩnh Hải quan now the northern part of Vietnam and became the first Jiedushi of native origin that marked the beginning of the independence of Vietnam 5 6 because while the country still nominally belonged to the Tang dynasty it had now a status of autonomy with a native ruler who could decide matters without any interference from China 7 History EditAs the son of Khuc Thừa Dụ Khuc Hạo began to hold the position Jiedushi in 907 after his father s death and continue to consolidate the autonomy of the country 4 On the other hand in old historical books such as the Đại Việt sử lược or Đại Việt sử ky toan thư it was Khuc Hạo instead of Khuc Thừa Dụ who was mentioned as the first member of the Khuc family holding the position Jiedushi 8 9 according to Đại Việt sử lược he succeeded this title from the Chinese Jiedushi named Độc Co Tồn 9 10 while in Đại Việt sử ky toan thư Khuc Hạo self entitled him Jiedushi after rising a revolt that took control over Tĩnh Hải quan 8 After Keith Weller Taylor since the power was smoothly transferred from Khuc Thừa Dụ to his son Khuc Hạo and there is no indication of struggle or political conflict in the period from 880 to 906 one can reason that the Khuc family was actually in control of the country throughout these years 11 In the position of ruler of Tĩnh Hải quan Khuc Hạo made several important social and administrative reforms 12 He decided to change the basic administrative unit from hương township which was established during the Tang dynasty to giap For each giap Khuc Hạo appointed a quản giap supervisor of giap and a pho tri giap deputy supervisor of giap to keep the control a system of family register sổ hộ was also created in order to collect accurate statistics of population and manpower of the country Other important social changes initiated by Khuc Hạo were the levelling of cultivated land tax thuế ruộng and the abolishment of corvee lực dịch 13 The reign of Khuc Hạo was praised for its tolerance and simplicity towards common people hence Tĩnh Hải quan had a period of stability and prosperity 4 In regard to relation with Chinese authorities Khuc Hạo maintained a discreet policy towards the new Later Liang which continued to accept the autonomous reign of the Khuc family by giving Khuc Hạo the title Jiedushi of the Protectorate General to Pacify the South An Nam đo hộ sung Tiết độ sứ in the ninth month of 907 13 However in the next year Later Liang appointed Liu Yin the warlord who ruled Qinghai Circuit 清海 headquartered in modern Guangzhou Guangdong as Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quan that meant the Chinese was still want to regain control of Vietnam 14 Khuc Hạo assigned his own son Khuc Thừa Mỹ to the position of ambassador in Guangzhou with the mission of not only keeping a good relation with the northern country but also studying the real situation in China at the time 12 15 Khuc Hạo deceased in 917 4 and was succeeded by his son Khuc Thừa Mỹ who failed to keep the autonomy of Tĩnh Hải quan when he refused to acknowledge allegiance to the newly established kingdom of Southern Han 12 and afterwards was defeated by the army of this kingdom in 923 16 or 930 17 Nevertheless Dương Đinh Nghệ who was a subordinate of the Khuc family quickly restored the indigenous control of the country in 931 17 In the Đại Việt sử lược 9 Khuc Thừa Mỹ was recorded as younger brother not son of Khuc Hạo but from the Đại Việt sử ky toan thư in the Le dynasty Ngo Sĩ Lien wrote that Khuc Hạo was Khuc Thừa Mỹ s father 8 Legacy EditToday Khuc Hạo is still regarded as one of the first rulers of an independent Vietnam a street in Hanoi and other places are named in honour of Khuc Hạo 18 References EditNotes Edit Zizhi Tongjian vol 267 太祖神武元聖孝皇帝中開平二年 辛酉 以劉隱為清海 靜海節度使 a b Historical Records of the Five Dynasties vol 65 開平 二年 劉隱 兼靜海軍節度 安南都護 末帝即位 悉以隱官爵授龑 Bruce M Lockhart William J Duiker The A to Z of Vietnam 2010 Page 188 Although he died the following year he was succeeded by his son Khuc Hạo who was in turn succeeded by his own son Khuc Thừa Mỹ a b c d Khuc Hạo Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese permanent dead link Khuc Thừa Dụ Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese permanent dead link Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 28 Đinh Xuan Lam et al 2005 Từ điển nhan vật lịch sử Việt Nam in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House p 102 a b c Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 52 a b c Nguyễn Gia Tường translator 1993 Đại Việt sử lược Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House University of Ho Chi Minh City p 21 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 p 73 Taylor Keith Weller 1976 The birth of Vietnam University of California Press pp 259 261 ISBN 0 520 04428 2 a b c Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 29 a b Đinh Xuan Lam et al 2005 Từ điển nhan vật lịch sử Việt Nam in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House p 170 Phan et al 1991 p 293harvnb error no target CITEREFPhanTrầnHaLương1991 help Chapuis 1995 p 36 Khuc Thừa Mỹ Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese permanent dead link a b Dương Đinh Nghệ Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese permanent dead link More than a sports club Vietnamnet vn 2004 06 29 Archived from the original on 2010 02 27 Bibliography Edit National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 Kham định Việt sử Thong giam cương mục in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Chapuis Oscar 1995 A history of Vietnam from Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 313 29622 7 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư in Vietnamese Nội cac quan bản ed Hanoi Social Science Publishing House Trần Trọng Kim 1971 Việt Nam sử lược in Vietnamese Saigon Center for School Materials Phan Huy Le Trần Quốc Vượng Ha Văn Tấn Lương Ninh 1991 Lịch sử Việt Nam tập 1 Nha xuất bản Đại học va giao dục chuyen nghiệpKhuc HạoBorn 860 Died 917Regnal titlesPreceded byKhuc Thừa Dụ Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quan907 917 Succeeded byKhuc Thừa MỹPreceded byKhuc Thừa Dụ Ruler of autonomous Vietnam907 917 Succeeded byKhuc Thừa MỹvteNotable families in Early independent VietnamColour note Khuc Dương Ngo Kiều Đinh LeKhuc Thừa DụKhuc HạoDương Đinh NghệKhuc Thừa MỹNgo QuyềnQueen DươngĐinh Cong TrứDương Tam KhaKiều Cong TiễnNgo Xương NgậpNgo Xương VănĐinh Tien HoangDương Van NgaLe Đại HanhKiều Cong ChuẩnNgo Nhật KhanhNgo Xương XiĐinh LiễnĐinh Hạng LangĐinh Phế ĐếKiều Cong HanPrincess Phất KimLe Long ViệtLe Long ĐĩnhKiều ThuậnNotes Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư in Vietnamese Nội cac quan bản ed Hanoi Social Science Publishing House National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 Kham định Việt sử Thong giam cương mục in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Trần Trọng Kim 1971 Việt Nam sử lược in Vietnamese Saigon Center for School Materials Chapuis Oscar 1995 A history of Vietnam from Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0313296227Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khuc Hạo amp oldid 1131566455, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
