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Jack Kemp

February 02, 2024

Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a professional football player. A member of the Republican Party from New York, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1996 election, as the running mate of Bob Dole; they lost to incumbent president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.

Jack Kemp
Official portrait, c. 1989–1993
9th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
In office
February 13, 1989 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
DeputyAlfred A. DelliBovi
Frank Keating
Preceded bySamuel Pierce
Succeeded byHenry Cisneros
Chair of the House Republican Conference
In office
January 3, 1981 – June 4, 1987
LeaderRobert H. Michel
Preceded bySamuel L. Devine
Succeeded byDick Cheney
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from New York
In office
January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1989
Preceded byRichard D. McCarthy
Succeeded byBill Paxon
Constituency39th district (1971–1973)
38th district (1973–1983)
31st district (1983–1989)
Personal details
Born
Jack French Kemp

(1935-07-13)July 13, 1935
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedMay 2, 2009(2009-05-02) (aged 73)
Bethesda, Maryland, U.S
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Joanne Main
​
(m. 1958)​
Children4, including Jeff and Jimmy
EducationOccidental College (BA)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1958–1962
RankPrivate
UnitU.S. Army Reserve
American football career
No. 15
Position:Quarterback
Personal information
Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight:201 lb (91 kg)
Career information
High school:Los Angeles (CA) Fairfax
College:Occidental
NFL Draft:1957 / Round: 17 / Pick: 203
Career history
 * Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards
Career AFL/NFL statistics
Pass attempts:3,073
Pass completions:1,436
Percentage:46.7
TD–INT:114–183
Passing yards:21,218
Passer rating:57.3
Player stats at NFL.com · PFR

Before entering politics, Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in the United States Army Reserve.

As an economic conservative, Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career. His positions spanned the social spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform. As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics, he is notable as an influence upon the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which is known as the Kemp–Roth tax cut.

After his days in political office, Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator; he served on corporate and nonprofit organization boards. He also authored, co-authored, and edited several books. He promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players. Kemp was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama.[1]

Early life

Youth

Born,[2] raised, and educated in Los Angeles,[3] Kemp was the third of four sons of Frances Elizabeth (née Pope) and Paul Robert Kemp Sr.[4][5][6] Paul turned his motorcycle messenger service into a trucking company that grew from one to 14 trucks.[7][8] Frances was a well-educated social worker and Spanish teacher.[4][8] Kemp grew up in the heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles,[5][9] but his tight-knit middle-class family attended the Church of Christ, Scientist.[4][5] In his youth, sports consumed Kemp, who once chose the forward pass as the subject of a school essay on important inventions, although his mother attempted to broaden his horizons with piano lessons and trips to the Hollywood Bowl.[4]

Kemp attended Melrose Avenue's Fairfax High School,[3] which was, at the time, known for its high concentration of both Jewish students and children of celebrities. Over 95% of Kemp's classmates were Jewish, and he later became a supporter of Jewish causes.[3] His classmates included musician Herb Alpert, baseball pitcher Larry Sherry, and academic Judith A. Reisman.[10][11] During his years in high school, Kemp worked with his brothers at his father's trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. In his spare time, he was a rigorous reader, preferring history and philosophy books.[3]

College

After graduating from high school in 1953,[12] he attended Occidental College, a founding member of the NCAA Division III Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.[13] Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, which he hoped would help him to become a professional quarterback.[5] At 5 feet 10 inches (178 cm) and 175 pounds (79 kg), he considered himself too small to play for the USC Trojans or UCLA Bruins, the major Southern California college football programs.[14]

At Occidental, Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, defensive back, place kicker, and punter.[14] Although he was near-sighted, Kemp was tenacious on the field.[14] During his years as starting quarterback, the 1955 and 1956 Occidental teams posted 6–2 and 3–6 records. Kemp was named a Little All-America player one year in which he threw for over 1,100 yards.[14] That year, he led the nation's small colleges in passing.[15] He and close friend Jim Mora, who later became an NFL head coach, were members of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity.[14] Another teammate in college was Ron Botchan,[16] who was an NFL referee for years (record five Super Bowls).[17] Kemp declined to become involved in student government.[14] After graduating from Occidental with a degree in physical education, he pursued postgraduate studies in economics at Long Beach State University and California Western University in San Diego, and served in the military from 1958 to 1962.[5][14]

Marriage, family, and faith

Kemp graduated from Occidental in 1957 and married Joanne Main, his college sweetheart,[8] after she graduated from Occidental in 1958.[5] Main had grown up in Fillmore, California, and attended Fillmore High School in Ventura County.[18] Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe, presided over the wedding.[14] The Kemps had two sons. Both were professional football quarterbacks: Jeff Kemp (born in 1959) played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991,[19] and Jimmy Kemp (born in 1971) played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. Significantly for a man with his demanding schedule, Jack never missed one of their games as children or in college.[20] They also had two daughters: Jennifer Kemp Andrews (born in 1961) and Judith Kemp (born in 1963).[21]

In 1976, C. Everett Koop wrote The Right to Live, The Right to Die, setting down his own concerns about abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia.[22] Koop also took some time off from his surgical practice to make a series of films with Christian apologists Frank Schaeffer and his father Francis Schaeffer in 1978, entitled Whatever Happened to the Human Race? based on the book of the same title that had been previously written by the elder Schaeffer.[22] Frank Schaeffer and his associate, Jim Buchfuehrer provided a private, five-hour screening of Whatever Happened to the Human Race? to Jack Kemp and wife Joanne in their home that, according to Frank Schaeffer's account of the late evening and early morning event in his book Crazy for God, led to both the Schaeffers and Koop obtaining "...access to everyone in the Republican Party".[23]

Joanne Kemp once suffered a miscarriage, which Kemp later said made him re-evaluate the sanctity of human life and affirmed his opposition to abortion.[24]

Following his wedding, Kemp converted to his wife's Presbyterian faith.[5][25] He identified as a born-again Christian.[26][27]

Kemp was a 33rd degree Freemason in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction.[28][29]

Football career

 
Kemp in 1961

After being selected by the Detroit Lions in the 17th round of the 1957 NFL draft, Kemp was cut from the team before the 1957 NFL season began.[14][30] He spent 1957 with the Pittsburgh Steelers and 1958 on the taxi squads of the San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants. The Giants hosted the NFL championship game, known as the "Greatest Game Ever Played" and the first overtime NFL playoff game,[31][32][33] but, as a third-string quarterback member of the taxi squad, Kemp did not take the field.[4]

In 1958, Kemp joined the United States Army Reserve and he served a year on active duty as a private to complete his initial training.[5] He was a member of the San Diego-based 977th Transportation Company from 1958 to 1962.[34][35] When his unit was activated for the Berlin Crisis of 1961, Kemp received a medical exemption for his chronically separated left shoulder.[34] The injury led to his discharge from the Reserve in July 1962.[35]

In 1959, Kemp played one game for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, which made him ineligible for the NFL, in 1959. According to his older brother Tom, his parents drove him from California to Calgary, Alberta, only to see him cut.[4] By this time, Kemp had been cut from five professional teams (Lions, Steelers, Giants, 49ers, and Stampeders)[14] and his family encouraged him to get on with his life.[4] On February 9 and 11, 1960, the newly formed AFL agreed to "no tampering" policies with the NFL and CFL respectively, protecting each league's players. Players like Kemp, with modest NFL experience, were often signed by the AFL at the time.[36] Kemp signed as a free agent with the AFL's Los Angeles Chargers.

Sid Gillman era (1960–1962)

In 1960, Kemp led the Chargers to a Western Division Championship with a 10–4 record.[37] He finished second in the league to Frank Tripucka in passing attempts, completions, and yards (making him and Tripucka the league's first 3,000-yard passers),[38] led the AFL in yards per completion and times sacked, and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead.[39] Under Kemp, the Chargers' offense averaged 46 points over its last four games and scored more than 41 points in five of its last nine games.[40] In the AFL championship game, he led the team to field goals on its first two possessions, but after the Houston Oilers posted a touchdown in the second quarter for a 7–6 lead, the Chargers never recovered.[41]

In 1961, San Diego Union editor Jack Murphy convinced Barron Hilton to move the Chargers from Los Angeles to San Diego.[42] Kemp led the relocated team to a 12–2 record and a repeat Western Division Championship.[43] He again finished second in passing yards (this time to George Blanda).[44] The Chargers earned an AFL championship game rematch against the Oilers. However, this time the Chargers were unable to score until a fourth-quarter field goal in a 10–3 loss.[43][45]

In 1962, Kemp broke his middle finger two games into the season and was unable to play. He persuaded his doctors to set his broken finger around a football, so that his grip would not be affected once the finger healed. Chargers coach Sid Gillman put Kemp on waivers to try to "hide" him.[46] Buffalo Bills coach Lou Saban noticed that Kemp was available and claimed him for a $100 waiver fee on September 25, 1962,[47] in what sportswriter Randy Schultz has called one of the biggest bargains in professional football history.[30] The Dallas Texans and Denver Broncos also attempted to claim Kemp, but he was awarded to Buffalo by AFL commissioner Joe Foss.[48]

Lou Saban era (1962–1965)

According to Billy Shaw, Kemp's acquisition solved the Bills' quarterback problem,[30] but Kemp was not excited about coming to Buffalo. According to Van Miller, "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo."[49] In Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including those by Henry Thoreau, which led to chidings from Saban.[3]

Injuries, including the broken finger,[47] kept Kemp from playing for most of 1962. That season, Kemp received a military draft notice for service in the Vietnam War but was granted a draft waiver because of a knee problem. The injuries healed, and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on November 18, 1962, by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10–6 win over the Oakland Raiders.[47] He played only four games for Buffalo in 1962, but made the AFL All-Star team.[47] The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7–6–1.[50]

On December 14, 1962, the Bills outbid the Green Bay Packers for Notre Dame quarterback Daryle Lamonica.[47] In 1963, a four-season starting quarterback battle began that continued until Lamonica left for the Raiders. Lamonica felt he "... learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills."[30] In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7–6–1 record.[51] Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions, and yards, and he also finished second to teammate Cookie Gilchrist in rushing touchdowns.[52] The Bills played the Boston Patriots in an Eastern Division playoff game to determine the division title on December 28 at War Memorial Stadium in Buffalo, New York, in 10 °F (−12 °C) weather. During the game, Buffalo replaced Kemp with Lamonica after falling behind 16–0, but still lost 26–8.[53]

Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills because of his role in mediating conflicts.[30] In 1964, he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, whom he kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week.[30] He also managed the politics of his quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games.[54] Kemp was the first and only Professional Football player to pass for three touchdowns in the first quarter of a season-opening game, against the Kansas City Chiefs in 1964, until the record was tied but not broken, 47 years later in 2011 by Aaron Rodgers.[55][56] The 1964 team won its first nine games and went 12–2 for the regular season, winning the Eastern Division with a final game victory over the Patriots at Fenway Park. Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and Sid Blanks.[57] In the AFL championship game, he scored the final touchdown with just over nine minutes left in a 20–7 victory.[58] Not long after, Kemp played a key role in an off the field decision. Kemp was part of the All-Star Game played three weeks after the Championship Game alongside teammates such as Cookie Gilchrist and Ernie Warlick, with the game scheduled to be played in New Orleans, Louisiana. However, Gilchrist led a movement of African American players wanting to boycott the game due to experiencing discrimination by cab drivers and others during their time in New Orleans; Kemp saw this firsthand when Gilchrist, and Warlick were not allowed to share a cab with him. Kemp attended a boycott meeting and alongside Ron Mix convinced the white players to go with the idea of a boycott. One day after the players left the city, AFL Commissioner Joe Foss moved the game to Houston, Texas.[59]

According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a new emphasis: "In '64 we had depended a lot on Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us. . .But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos. So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our running backs. And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year."[30] In 1965, the Bills finished with a 10–3–1 record.[60] Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions.[61] In the 1965 AFL Championship Game, Buffalo defeated the Chargers 23–0; for Kemp, the victory was special because it came against his former team.[62] Kemp's role in leading the Bills to a repeat championship without Gilchrist and with star receiver Elbert Dubenion playing only three games earned him a share of the AFL MVP awards that he split with former Charger teammate, Paul Lowe.[57][63] Kemp also won the Associated Press award and the Championship Game Most Valuable Player award.[64][65]

Joe Collier and John Rauch eras (1966–1969)

Following the championship game, Saban resigned to coach the University of Maryland and defensive coordinator Joe Collier was promoted to head coach for the 1966 season.[66] Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9–4–1 record. However, in the AFL championship game, which was played for the right to represent the AFL in Super Bowl I, the Bills lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–7.[67] Kemp was named an AFL All-Star for the sixth consecutive year.[a][68] The 1967 Bills endured a 4–10 1967 AFL season, in which Kemp was not named to the All-Star game for the first time in his AFL career.[68][69]

On August 23, 1968, the Bills suffered a blowout preseason loss to the Houston Oilers. On August 26, Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. During the scrimmage, Ron McDole fell on Kemp's right knee and injured it, forcing Kemp to sit out the entire 1968 season.[70] The Bills went 1–12–1 without Kemp.[71]

Despite Kemp's return from injury and the arrival of running back O. J. Simpson, the Bills only compiled a 4–10 record during the 1969 season under new coach John Rauch.[72] Kemp was named an AFL All-Star in 1969 for the seventh time in the league's 10 years.[68] He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied Pete Rozelle to have AFL teams wear an AFL patch to honor it. In 1969, the Erie County Republican Party approached him about running for the United States Congress.[30] After the January 17, 1970, AFL All-Star game, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to enter politics.[73] Kemp said, "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. ... I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress."[30]

Sports career summary

Kemp led Buffalo to the AFL playoffs four straight years (1963–1966), three consecutive Eastern Division titles (1964–1966) and two straight AFL Championships (1964–1965).[9] He led the league in career passes attempted, completions, and yards gained passing.[38] He played in five of the AFL's 10 Championship Games, and holds the same career records (passing attempts, completions, and yardage) for championships. He is second in many other championship game categories, including career and single-game passer rating.[38] He ranks third in rushing touchdowns by an NFL or AFL quarterback with 40, behind Steve Young's 52 and Otto Graham's 44.[74] A Sporting News All-League selection at quarterback in 1960 and 1965, and the AFL MVP in 1965. He was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all 10 years of the league's existence and one of only 20 players to serve all 10 of those years. His number 15 was retired by the Bills in 1984.[75] In 2012, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Kemp to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2012[76]

However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as a former record holder for most quarterback sacks in a game.[77][78] Despite Kemp's many records, Joe Namath and Len Dawson were selected as the quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team.[38] Kemp is a member of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame and the Buffalo Bills' Wall of Fame.

Kemp co-founded the AFL Players Association with Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots, and was elected its president five times.[79] His founding of and involvement in the players' union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career.[3]

The NCAA's highest honor, the Theodore Roosevelt Award,[80] was presented to Kemp in 1992,[81] and he was named one of the Association's 100 most influential student-athletes in 2006.[82]

Career statistics

Legend
Won the AFL Championship Game
Led the league
Bold Career high

Regular season

Year Team Games Passing Rushing
GP GS Record Cmp Att Pct Yds Avg TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD
1957 PIT 4 0 — 8 18 44.4 88 4.9 0 2 19.9 3 -1 -0.3 0
1960 LAC 14 12 9–3 211 406 52.0 3,018 7.4 20 25 67.1 54 238 4.4 8
1961 SD 14 14 12–2 165 364 45.3 2,686 7.4 15 22 59.2 43 105 2.4 6
1962 SD / BUF 6 5 3–2 64 139 46.0 928 6.7 5 6 62.3 20 84 4.2 2
1963 BUF 14 12 5–6–1 193 384 50.3 2,910 7.6 13 20 65.1 50 239 4.8 8
1964 BUF 14 13 11–2 119 269 44.2 2,285 8.5 13 26 50.9 37 124 3.4 5
1965 BUF 14 13 9–3–1 179 391 45.8 2,368 6.1 10 18 54.8 36 49 1.4 4
1966 BUF 14 14 9–4–1 166 389 42.7 2,451 6.3 11 16 56.2 40 130 3.3 5
1967 BUF 14 11 3–8 161 369 43.6 2,503 6.8 14 26 50.0 36 58 1.6 2
1969 BUF 14 11 4–7 170 344 49.4 1,981 5.8 13 22 53.2 37 124 3.4 0
Career 122 105 65–37–3 1,436 3,073 46.7 21,218 6.9 114 183 57.3 356 1,150 3.2 40

Postseason statistics

Year Team Games Passing Rushing
GP GS Record Cmp Att Pct Yds Avg TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD
1960 LAC 1 1 0–1 21 41 51.2 171 4.2 0 2 41.8 3 19 6.3 0
1961 SD 1 1 0–1 17 32 53.1 226 7.1 0 4 36.2 4 5 1.3 0
1963 BUF 1 1 0–1 10 21 47.6 133 6.3 0 1 48.3 2 -4 -2.0 0
1964 BUF 1 1 1–0 10 20 50.0 188 9.4 0 0 82.9 5 16 3.2 1
1965 BUF 1 1 1–0 8 19 42.1 155 8.2 1 1 66.8 0 0 0.0 0
1966 BUF 1 1 0–1 12 27 44.4 253 9.4 1 2 59.6 1 3 3.0 0
Career 6 6 2–4 78 160 48.8 1,126 7.0 2 10 50.2 15 39 2.6 1

Political career

"Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in effigy."

— Jack Kemp[83]

Kemp's political career began long before his 1970 campaign. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp was an editorial assistant to San Diego Union editor and future Richard Nixon aide Herb Klein.[3] Subsequently, Kemp became a volunteer in both Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign and Ronald Reagan's successful 1966 California gubernatorial campaign. In the 1967 football off-season, Kemp worked on Reagan's staff in Sacramento. In 1969, he was special assistant to the Republican National Committee chairman.[5]

Kemp was a voracious reader, and his political beliefs were founded in early readings of Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative, Ayn Rand's novels such as The Fountainhead, and Friedrich von Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty.[84] He also brought from his football career a belief in racial equality which came from playing football with black teammates. As Kemp said, "I wasn't there with Rosa Parks or Dr. King or John Lewis. But I am here now, and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do."[5] Kemp's football colleagues confirmed this influence: John Mackey explained that "the huddle is colorblind."[85]

House of Representatives (1971–1989)

See also: Electoral history of Jack Kemp
 
Congressional Portrait Collection image (c. 1975)
 
Kemp with President Ronald Reagan in 1983

As a self-described "bleeding-heart conservative",[8] Kemp represented a part of the suburban Buffalo region known as the Southtowns (that traditionally voted Democratic) in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989.[86][87] He was described as having the charisma of the earlier John F. Kennedy.[8][88] David Rosenbaum described Kemp as an independent politician who often legislated outside his committees' jurisdictions and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles rather than his party's political platforms.[5] As a supply-sider, he was not a proponent of balanced budgeting and trivialized it while speaking of growth as an economic goal.[5][89]

The Erie County, New York Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman Richard D. McCarthy decided to run for the United States Senate.[5] During his inaugural campaign, his district was in economic malaise, and The New York Times described him as a John F. Kennedy throwback who campaigned on family values, patriotism, sports, and defense.[7] Upon his election to the Congress in a class of sixty-two freshmen, he was one of six newcomers—along with Ronald Dellums, Bella Abzug, Louise Day Hicks, Robert Drinan, and Pete du Pont—discussed in Time. The article described him as a football fan like United States President Richard Nixon and as the recipient of advice from White House adviser Robert Finch and former Kemp boss Herb Klein, Nixon's director of communications. The Nixon aides encouraged Kemp to endorse the Cambodian invasion and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies in order to firm up Kemp's support from military hawks.[90]

Kemp championed several Chicago school and supply-side economics issues, including economic growth, free markets, free trade, tax simplification and lower tax rates on both employment and investment income.[91] He was a long-time proponent of the flat tax.[92] He also defended the use of anti-Communist contra forces in Central America,[93] supported the gold standard, spoke for civil rights legislation, opposed abortion, and was the first lawmaker to popularize enterprise zones,[5] which he supported to foster entrepreneurship and job creation and expand homeownership among public housing tenants.[91][94] During his career, he sometimes sounded like a liberal Democrat;[7] he supported affirmative action[95][96] and rights for illegal immigrants.[97] The New York Times described Kemp as the most proactive combatant in the war on poverty since Robert F. Kennedy.[98] He differed from Rockefeller Republicans and earlier combatants such as Lyndon Johnson by supporting incentive-based systems instead of traditional social programs.[7] For his commitment to inner city concerns from within the Republican party, David Gergen heralded him as a "courageous voice in the wilderness."[99] Although he was liberal on many social issues and supported civil liberties for homosexuals, he opposed certain gay rights such as the right to teach in schools.[24] Kemp at times felt his role was that of "freewheeling, entrepreneurial, wildcatting backbencher."[100]

Time identified 38-year-old second-term congressman Kemp as a future leader in its 1974 "Faces for the Future" feature.[101] Another early-career notable magazine appearance was in a 1978 issue of Esquire.[14] The article explained allegations of homosexual activity among staffers in Ronald Reagan's Sacramento office in 1967; Kemp was not implicated.[4] Kemp considered running for the U.S. Senate in 1980 and Hugh Sidey mentioned him as a contender to unseat Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election[88] and was a front runner for the vice presidency at the 1980 Republican National Convention,[5][102] where he received 43 votes from conservative detractors of George H. W. Bush. After he was reelected for a sixth term in 1980, his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position,[103] and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference.[3] This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and David Stockman urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100 days to working on an economic package with Congress.[104][105] Kemp considered running for Governor of New York in 1982 but ultimately decided to stay in the House. By 1984, many viewed Kemp as Reagan's heir apparent.[4]

USS Buffalo (SSN-715) commissioning
 
Jack, Joanne and Judith Kemp
 
Kemp and naval officers
October 25, 1980

Kemp had his first encounter with supply-side economics in 1976, when The Wall Street Journal's Jude Wanniski interviewed him at his Congressional office. Kemp questioned Wanniski all day (until midnight, at Kemp's Bethesda, Maryland home) and was eventually converted to University of Southern California professor Arthur Laffer's supply-side discipline.[5][106] Thereafter, Kemp espoused supply-side economics freely, and in 1978 he and Sen. William Roth of Delaware proposed tax-cutting legislation.[5] Kemp has been credited as responsible for supply-side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan,[107][108] although at the time of Robert Mundell's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recognition some attributed much of the credit to Mundell, Laffer, Robert Bartley, and Wanniski.[109] In 1979, Kemp wrote An American Renaissance (ISBN 0-06-012283-8), to deliver his message that "A rising tide lifts all boats."[110] Although the realization of early 1980s tax cuts are attributed to Reagan, they were initiated by Kemp and Roth through their 1981 Kemp–Roth Tax Cut legislation.[5] Reagan's budget based on this legislation passed over the objection of United States House Committee on Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski.[111][112]

During the Reagan years, Kemp and his followers ignored budget balancing while promoting tax cuts and economic growth.[113][114] These tax cuts have been credited by conservatives for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990,[115] which by 1996 had become one of the longest expansions in American history.[116] Kemp notes that Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker's success at stemming inflation and the favorable regulatory environment were also major factors.[117] Detractors note that the expansion was fueled by undesirable sectors like gaming, prisons, medical treatment, and credit card use.[116]

An early Kemp tax reform attempt was an unsuccessful 1979 proposal to index tax brackets for cost of living fluctuations,[118] which was incorporated in Reagan's 1980 package.[106] Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980.[119] One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came in 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was controversial and stimulated opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed.[120][121] In 1983, Kemp opposed the policies of chairman Volcker on multiple occasions. The debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the International Monetary Fund.[122][123]

Kemp delivered speeches at several Republican National Conventions. He addressed the convention on July 15 at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan and on August 21 at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas.[124] During the 1984 Convention, with Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee chairman, Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G.O.P. senators Bob Dole and Howard Baker.[87] Kemp's official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three platform planks that he proposed involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the Federal Reserve.[125] Despite Kemp's official role, his real influence as an author was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes.[126][127] By 1985, Kemp was a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination.[128] He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas.[129] Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in Congress.[130]

Kemp was a critic of association football, known as soccer in the United States.[131] In 1986, during a House floor debate over whether the United States should host the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Kemp proclaimed: "I think it is important for all those young out there—who someday hope to play real football, where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands—[that] a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport."[132][133] Kemp compared his speech to George Carlin's 1984 comedy routine on the differences between baseball and American football and wrote that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech.[134] Despite the levity of the speech, it garnered significant backlash.[132][133] However, he continued to insist that soccer's main problem is "it doesn't have a quarterback".[134] Kemp noted that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claimed to have "changed" his position on soccer. He even attended the 1994 FIFA World Cup with longtime soccer fan Henry Kissinger, although he wrote during the 2006 FIFA World Cup that soccer can be interesting to watch but is still a "boring game".[134]

Presidential bid (1988)

Main article: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988
 
Kemp as he leaves a meet-the-candidates rally for 1988 Republican presidential candidates in County Stadium in Union, South Carolina, on October 3, 1987. William Daroff is standing directly behind Kemp's left shoulder.

In 1988, if Kemp had won his campaign for the United States Presidency,[5] it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since James Garfield.[135] When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed Ed Rollins, Reagan's 1984 re-election political director, as an advisor.[136] From the outset, Kemp had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush.[84] Except for a select few cognoscenti,[137] the general public did not recognize Kemp's leadership ability, although he was a successful man of ideas.[84][138] In fact, most of the Republican electorate found themselves unfamiliar with Kemp early in his campaign.[137] Political pundits recognized him, however, as a visionary idea man.[139] In addition, he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker who sometimes lost contact with his audience.[84] Although Kemp tried to appeal to conservatives, his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights and his commitment to supporting minorities, women, blue-collar workers and organized labor clashed with conservative voters' social and religious values.[84] To Democrats, Kemp's free-market philosophies were a form of laissez-faire anarchy.[140] However, as much as Kemp wanted to minimize government's role, he acknowledged that moves toward a more laissez-faire system should be well-thought out.[141]

After the May 1987 Gary Hart–Donna Rice scandal, a questionnaire by The New York Times requested things such as psychiatric records and access to FBI files from all 14 presidential candidates. Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the personal privacy issue, and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate".[142][143] His campaign was on an early positive course with many key early endorsements in New Hampshire, but Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York.[4] Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, Kemp's campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal matching funds because it had quickly spent itself into the red,[4] which may have been due to the use of expensive direct mail fundraising techniques.[144] To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz.[4][84] To position himself as Reagan's successor, Kemp called for Shultz's resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on the SDI.[145] In an attempt to highlight his stands on key Reagan Era foreign policy initiatives, Kemp traveled in September 1987 to Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador to lobby the presidents of those nations against the Arias Peace Plan—a peace accord US conservatives felt too conciliatory to Central American communists. He was accompanied on the trip by 50-plus US conservative leaders.[146]

Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy, he opposed a Social Security benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending.[147] Some viewed Kemp's supply-side stance as an attempt to ignore the national budget deficit. In late 1987, political pundits saw that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non-social issues.[148] Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's INF Treaty agreement with the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. With aspirations of support from right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same "sabre-rattling" stand.[149][150] By early 1988, the moderates (Bush and Dole) were clearly the front-runners and Kemp was battling with Pat Robertson as the conservative alternative to the moderates.[151]

He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention.[152] His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones.[8] In Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics, campaign chairman Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles.[153] Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: he ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling Super Tuesday, in which his 39 delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President Bush and both Dole and Pat Robertson, ended his campaign.[5][8] After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered a contender for the vice presidential nomination.[154] In 1989, the Kemps switched their official residence from Hamburg, New York to Bethesda, Maryland,[155] their residence at the time of his death.[9] In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the Federal Election Commission by agreeing to pay $120,000 in civil penalties for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeding spending limits in Iowa and New Hampshire, and failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation.[156]

Cabinet (1989–1993)

 
HUD Secretary Kemp with Sybil Mobley, a Florida A&M University Dean.

As a so-called "bleeding-heart conservative", Kemp was a logical choice for Bush as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[157] whose job would be to foster public sector and private sector methods to meet the demands of public housing.[158] However, the scandals of Reagan's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start, and Kemp was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership.[159] The goal of these two plans was to change public housing into tenant-owned residences and to lure industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives.[160] Although Kemp did not affect much policy as HUD's director, he cleaned up HUD's reputation,[159][161] and developed a plan to salvage the Federal Housing Administration.[162] He halted or revamped certain programs and developed an antidrug offensive,[163][164] which enabled him to collaborate with Director of the National Drug Control Policy Bill Bennett.[165] He supported "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing.[164][166]

Although Kemp coaxed Bush to support a $4 billion housing program that encouraged public housing tenants to buy their own apartments, the Democratic Congress allocated only $361 million to the plan.[8] In addition to opposition in Congress, Kemp fought White House Budget Director Richard Darman, who opposed Kemp's pet project HOPE (Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere). The project involved selling public housing to its tenants. Darman also opposed Kemp's proposed welfare adjustment of government offsets.[98] HOPE was first proposed to White House chief of staff John Sununu in June 1989 to create enterprise zones, increase subsidies for low-income renters, expand social services for the homeless and elderly, and enact tax changes to help first-time home buyers.[98] Sununu opposed it at first as did most of the Cabinet, but in August 1990 Sununu, at the urging of United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh, encouraged President Bush to endorse Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. However, the Persian Gulf War and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp's new project.[98] Darman battled Kemp and his allies such as Gingrich, James Pinkerton, and Vin Weber.[98] The budget left him with $256 million for his plan, which Kemp increased during some appropriations battles.[98] Soon after Clayton Yeutter was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor, Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished.[98]

President Bush avoided federal antipoverty issues,[167] and instead used Kemp to speak on the administration's low priority conservative activist agenda.[168][169] Bush's contribution to the urban agenda had been volunteerism through his "Points of Light" theme,[170] and Kemp received stronger support for his ideas from presidential candidate Bill Clinton.[171] By the time of the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform:[8] Mort Zuckerman compared Bush's vision on racial issues to that of a man riding backwards in a railroad car.[172] Nonetheless, the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration,[173][174] even though at first, Kemp had been overlooked.[175] However, Charles E. Schumer had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp's success in advance best when he said in 1989, "Good ideas with money can do a whole lot. Good ideas without money aren't probably going to do a whole lot," and the issue here was the decision not to fund Kemp's ideas.[110] Although Kemp was unable to procure money for his visions, he was among the administration's leading users of first class corporate jets.[176] He cited lingering effects from a knee injury as the reason he had to fly first class at government expense as the Housing Secretary.[177]

Generally, his time as housing secretary was considered unsuccessful.[5] However, although he could not get federal funding for empowerment zones passed during his tenure, by 1992 38 states had created empowerment zones,[178] and in 1994 $3.5 billion was approved for them under President Clinton.[179] A free market Kemp initiative to allow homeowners to subdivide their houses for the purpose of creating rental units without inordinate bureaucracy did not get executed under the Clinton administration, however.[180] In 1992, with H. Ross Perot mounting a formidable campaign, Kemp was again considered a vice presidential candidate.[181][182]

Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the Cabinet.[98] At one point, Kemp told James Baker, White House Chief of Staff, that Bush's best chance to win reelection was to dump his economic advisors in dramatic fashion.[183] Before the 1992 Republican National Convention, Kemp and six prominent Republican conservatives prepared a controversial memo urging Bush to revise his economic policy.[184] Contemporaneously, conservative Republicans in office and in the media such as William F. Buckley Jr. and George Will felt Dan Quayle should be ousted in favor of Kemp.[185] This followed Kemp's reference to parts of the President's economic policy as "gimmicks" after the 1992 State of the Union Address.[186] Kemp was respected within the party for opposing Bush,[187] and towards the end of Bush's administration insiders recognized his value.[188] In late 1991, 81 of the 166 Republican Congressmen signed a letter co-authored by Curt Weldon and Dan Burton requesting that Bush cede some domestic authority to Kemp as a "domestic policy czar."[187] The letter, highlighting Kemp's "energy, enthusiasm and national clout", insulted Bush.[189] Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay in the Bush Cabinet for the duration of his presidency,[190] and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take tough stands.[191] Kemp did not expect to be retained if the Republicans were reelected in 1992,[192] and some pundits agreed with him.[188]

Post-HUD years (1993–1996)

Kemp gave public speeches for $35,000 apiece between his time as Housing Secretary and his vice presidential nomination. By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241 fund-raising dinners to raise $35 million for a 1996 Presidential bid and to pay off his 1988 campaign debts.[8] After stepping down from his $189,000 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development job, Kemp personally earned $6.9 million in the next three years, primarily for speaking on behalf of local Republican candidates.[97][193] During the Super Bowl XXVIII festivities, Kemp hosted a notable fundraiser series.[194]

Kemp was considered the star of the 1992 Republican National Convention.[195] In 1992 and 1993, Kemp was considered the favorite or co-favorite for the 1996 Presidential nomination.[196][197][198] At the time of the 1994 mid-term elections, Kemp was widely anticipated to announce his candidacy for 1996,[199] and his supporters wanted a formal announcement by the end of the year.[200] In January 1995, Kemp's stated reason for not entering the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape: Kemp opposed term limits, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a balanced budget amendment and, unlike most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty.[201][202] In 1995, Gloria Borger noted Kemp was not in step with the 1994 Contract with America.[203] Kemp also noted a distaste for the vast fundraising necessary for a presidential campaign.[204] Gergen stated that by 1996 the selection process had become so expensive, mean and personally invasive that it discouraged several top Republicans from running.[205] In 1995, while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by Colin Powell, Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign.[206]

Senate Majority Leader Dole and Gingrich appointed Kemp to head a tax reform commission, (the Kemp Commission), in response to voter concern that the tax code had become too complicated.[207] Kemp championed many issues including the flat tax,[92] which he formally proposed after he was appointed.[208][209][210] The proposal included some politically popular income tax deductions, such as mortgage interest,[211] but it remained fairly general.[212] Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates, both Steve Forbes and Phil Gramm proposed the flat tax.[210][213]

During the campaign, Kemp's endorsement was highly coveted.[214][215] Forbes had tried to get Kemp to run in the 1996 campaign, but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination, and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders Lamar Alexander and Richard Lugar.[8][216] Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was to keep the flat tax idea and other supply-side views alive.[217][218] Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement, and Kemp profusely apologized to Dole's campaign offices.[8] After it became clear Dole would be the nominee, Kemp attempted to form a bipartisan seminar with Felix Rohatyn to produce a fiscal plan that could be endorsed by both parties.[219]

Kemp was also outspoken on immigration on around this time: according to Kemp's interpretation of a scientific index that he and Bennett support, "immigrants are a blessing, not a curse."[220] In 1994, Kemp and Bennett opposed California ballot Proposition 187, a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services, in direct opposition to first-term Republican California Governor Pete Wilson, one of its endorsers who was running for re-election.[221][222] Republican Senate candidate Michael Huffington had also endorsed the proposition.[223] Kemp supported rights for illegal immigrants, and opposed Lamar Smith and Alan Simpson's proposed restrictions on legal immigration.[224]

Vice presidential nomination (1996)

Main article: 1996 United States presidential election
 
Bob Dole and Kemp were featured on the cover of Time, but were nearly displaced by a story about Mars (inset on cover)

Kemp had a reputation as the highest-profile progressive Republican. When Dole declined an invitation to speak to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, he suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had become the vice presidential nominee.[225] On August 5, 1996, Dole announced a 15% across-the-board tax cut in response to both the Forbes campaign and Kemp's tax reform commission. Several of Dole's other campaign ideas came from Kemp and Bill Bennett's Empower America, which had Jeane Kirkpatrick, Weber, Forbes and Alexander as principals. For example, Dole borrowed Kirkpatrick's tough foreign policy, Bennett's "right conduct" and even Alexander's school choice interest.[226]

Bennett declined the offer to be Dole's running mate but suggested Kemp,[227] a man described as Dole's antagonist.[228] On August 16, 1996,[229] the Republican Party chose Kemp as its vice presidential nominee, running alongside former Senator Dole. Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian-minded voters like those of tough nomination-challengers Forbes and Pat Buchanan.[230] Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack, John McCain, and Carroll Campbell,[231] and it is assumed that this was partly because Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as Dole's senior advisors.[232] Dole had had a long history of representing the budget-balancing faction of the Party, while Kemp had had a long history of representing the tax-cutting advocates,[233] and Kemp's tax-cutting fiscal track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket.[234] When Kemp became Dole's running mate in 1996, they appeared on the cover of the August 19, 1996 issue of Time magazine,[235] but the pair barely edged out a story on the reported discovery of extraterrestrial life on Mars, which was so close to being the cover story that Time inset it on the cover and wrote about how difficult the decision was.[236]

The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives. Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit hawk who had even voted against John F. Kennedy's tax cuts, while Kemp was an outspoken supply-sider. In the early 1980s, according to David Stockman, Kemp persuaded Reagan to make a 30% across-the-board tax cut a central 1980 presidential campaign feature. Once Reagan was elected, Dole was the Senate Finance Committee chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way. Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan. The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases that he referred to as reforms. Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned an op-ed piece in The New York Times, which enraged Dole. Reagan supported the reforms at Dole's request, causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act, which eventually passed in 1982.[237] At the 1984 Republican National Convention, Kemp, along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott, added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases. Gingrich called this action "Dole proofing" the platform, and the plank passed over Dole's opposition. Then, in 1985, Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the Senate with appendectomy patient Pete Wilson casting the tying vote and Vice President Bush casting the deciding vote. In meetings with the president that excluded Dole, Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial Social Security cutbacks. This is said to have been Dole's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate. During the 1988 presidential election, the two antagonized each other. After Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet, the two did not really cross paths again until 1996, when Kemp endorsed Dole's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March.[237]

Dole despised Kemp's economic theories,[95] but he felt Kemp-like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success.[238] For his part, Kemp had to make concessions as well: he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from public schools despite his longstanding opposition to Proposition 187 and mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative-action programs in California.[229][239] Some derided Kemp for his compromise and referred to him as a "con artist".[240] From the outset of their campaign, Dole-Kemp trailed,[241] and they faced skeptics even from within the party.[242] However, Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton's partial birth abortion ban veto.[243] During the campaign, Kemp and Forbes advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used.[244][245] However, in general, the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket's chances of catching Bill Clinton,[246][247][248] and Kemp's advocacy gave a clear picture of the tax reforms that would likely occur on the condition of a successful campaign.[249] Kemp was seen as likely to influence several types of swing voters, especially those of his native state of California,[233] and even the Democrats feared Kemp might lure voters.[240]

After receiving the nomination, Kemp became the ticket's spokesman for minorities and the inner-city.[250][251][252] Due to agreement on the self-help policy that Louis Farrakhan has endorsed in many fora including the Million Man March, Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan.[253][254] However, Farrakhan was perceived as being anti-Semitic,[254] and Kemp was considered an ally of Republican Jews.[255] This issue necessitated some political sidestepping.[254] As the nominee, Kemp at times overshadowed Dole.[243] In fact, more than once, Kemp was described as if he was the presidential nominee.[243][256] In addition to having overshadowed Dole, despite the negative ad campaigns that the ticket used, Kemp was a very positive running mate who relied on a pep rally type of campaign tour full of football-related metaphors and hyperbole.[257] Although some enjoyed Kemp's style, referring to him as the Good Shepherd,[257] his detractors, such as U.S. News & World Report writer Steven V. Roberts, criticized the extensive use of recounting stories of passing balls relative to the use of recounting stories of passing bills.[258] During the campaign, Kemp expressed the opinion that Republican Party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly.[259] Despite Kemp's voice on minority issues, Colin Powell's support and polls that showed about 30% of blacks identified themselves as conservatives on issues such as school prayer, school vouchers and criminal justice, the Republicans were unable to improve upon historical support levels from African-American voters.[260]

Both Al Gore and Kemp had presidential aspirations, which induced pursuit of debate on a higher plane.[261] In addition, Gore and Kemp were long-time friends, unlike Gore and his previous vice presidential opponent Dan Quayle. Thus, as debaters they avoided personal attacks.[262] However, some felt Kemp failed to counter substantive attacks.[263] In the final October 9, 1996 vice presidential debate against Al Gore (held as the Dole–Kemp ticket trailed badly in the national polls), Kemp was soundly beaten,[264][265] and Al Gore's performance is considered one of the best modern debate performances.[266] The debate topics ranged broadly from the usual such as abortion and foreign policy to the unusual such as an incident preceding the then-current baseball playoffs, in which Roberto Alomar, the Baltimore Orioles' second baseman, cursed and spat on an umpire.[267][268] The Mexico policy debate was one of the more interesting topics for critical review.[269] The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters,[96] and Gore had a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debater.[270]

Late career

 
Kemp with Sue Myrick, Phil English and Mike Turner (c. May 2004)

In 1993, Kemp, Bennett, Kirkpatrick and financial backer Theodore Forstmann co-founded the free market advocacy group Empower America,[91][271] which later merged with Citizens for a Sound Economy to form Freedom Works. Empower America represented the populist wing of the party: while avoiding divisive issues such as abortion and gay rights, it promoted free markets and growth over balancing the budget and cutting the deficit.[272][273] He resigned as co-chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) questioned his ties to Samir Vincent, a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the U.N. Oil-for-food scandal who pleaded guilty to four criminal charges, including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein.[274] Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial.[275] Also, FBI informant Richard Fino tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election.[276]

By 1996, Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards. He was a director for Hawk Corporation, IDT Corporation, CNL Hotels and Resorts, InPhonic, Cyrix Corporation and American Bankers Insurance Group.[277][278] Kemp briefly served on the board of Oracle Corporation, whose CEO was his friend Larry Ellison,[279] in 1996, but resigned when he ran for vice president; he was named to the board of Six Flags, Inc. in December 2005.[280] Kemp opted not to stand for re-election to IDT's board in 2006.[281] He also served on the Habitat for Humanity board of directors,[282] and served on the board of Atlanta-based software maker EzGov Inc.[283] Kemp also served on the board of directors of Election.com,[284] which was the private company that ran the world's first election on the internet (won by Al Gore), the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary. Kemp was also a business partner with Edra and Tim Blixseth promoting membership in the elite private ski and golf Yellowstone Club. Kemp also partnered with the Blixseths in a failed anti-terrorism software venture called Blxware which was investigated for "conning" the federal government out of $20 million in contracts for software which fraudulently claimed to detect secret messages from Al-Qaeda in television broadcast signals.[285] Kemp was the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners, a strategic consulting firm that helps clients achieve both business and public policy goals.

In addition to corporate boards of directors, Kemp served on several advisory boards such as the UCLA School of Public Policy Advisory Board, and the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the Howard University Board of Trustees, on which he served since 1993.[282] On March 25, 2003, Kemp was selected as chairman of the board of Directors of USA Football, a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the National Football League (NFL) and the NFL Players Association. The organization supports Pop Warner, American Youth Football, Boys and Girls Clubs of America, National Recreation and Park Association, Police Athletic League, YMCA, and the Amateur Athletic Union.[9] He was also vice president of NFL Charities.

 
Kemp, Adrian Fenty, and Eleanor Holmes Norton at DC Vote rally on Capitol Hill

In the late 1990s, Kemp remained outspoken on political issues: he was critical of Clinton's International Monetary Fund lax policies toward South Korea.[286] In early 1998, he was a serious contender for the 2000 United States presidential election, but his campaign possibilities faltered,[287] and he instead endorsed eventual winner George W. Bush. Kemp continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation, Social Security and education.[9] When a 1997 budget surplus was earmarked for debt repayment, Kemp opposed the plan in favor of tax cuts.[288] Along with John Ashcroft and Alan Krueger, he endorsed reform of payroll taxes to eliminate double taxation.[289] In addition to his fiscal and economic policies, Kemp advocated against abortion when Congress was considering a bill banning intact dilation and extractions.[290] He also advocated for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, assisted living, disability benefits, and the 2007 joint replacement program.[291] He argued in support of reforming immigration laws.[292] In the late 1990s, Kemp also was a vocal advocate for free market reform in Africa, arguing that the continent had great economic growth potential if it could shed autocratic and statist governmental policies.[293]

In 1997, when Gingrich was embroiled in a House ethics controversy, Kemp served as an intermediary between Dole and Gingrich to save the Republican Party leader.[294] Later, in 2002, when Lott made caustic remarks about Strom Thurmond, Kemp was upset, and he supported Lott's apology, saying he had encouraged him to "repudiate segregation in every manifestation."[295] Kemp was among the prominent leaders who pledged to raise money in 2005 for Scooter Libby's defense when he was charged with perjury and obstruction of justice in a case regarding the release of Central Intelligence Agency information.[296]

In June 2004, Kemp rescinded his support of Vernon Robinson for Congress due to the latter's views on immigration laws, citing Robinson's choice to run "as a Pat Buchanan Republican".[297][298]

In 2006 Kemp, along with 2004 vice-presidential nominee John Edwards, co-chaired the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Russia,[299] producing a document called "Russia's Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do".[300] After their task force roles ended, the pair advocated solutions to poverty in America at various fora.[301]

 
Kemp with then-United States Senator Barack Obama at the Public Internet Channel launch at the National Press Club in 2006.

On January 6, 2008, Kemp endorsed McCain in the 2008 Republican presidential primaries shortly before the New Hampshire primary, which surprised conservative Republican tax cutters.[302] However, as McCain neared the official nomination, the press associated McCain with Kemp more and more.[303] Kemp prepared an open letter to Sean Hannity, Rush Limbaugh, Laura Ingraham and other conservative talk show hosts on McCain's behalf to quell their dissatisfactions.[304][305][306] In addition, Kemp and Phil Gramm advised McCain on economic policy.[307]

He was a syndicated newspaper columnist.[308]

In February 2008, Kemp was associated with a group called "Defense of Democracies" that was advocating an electronic surveillance bill that failed in the House of Representatives. The group's television ad caused such controversy that some of its advisors, including Schumer and Donna Brazile, resigned.[309]

He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation[310] and served as co-chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Cabinet.[311]

He was a board member for the Lott IMPACT Trophy, which is named after Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive back Ronnie Lott, and is awarded annually to college football's Defensive IMPACT Player of the Year.[312]

Illness and death

 
Kemp in 2007

On January 7, 2009, Kemp's office issued a statement announcing that he had cancer; the type of cancer and the anticipated treatment were not announced. His diagnosis and prognosis were never publicly disclosed. However, he continued to serve as chairman of his Washington-based Kemp Partners consulting firm and continued his involvement in charitable and political work until his death.[313][314]

On May 2, 2009, Kemp died from cancer at his home in Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of 73.[315] President Barack Obama praised Kemp's work on race, adding that Kemp understood that divisions involving race and class stood in the way of the country's common goals, and former President George W. Bush said that Kemp "will be remembered for his significant contributions to the Reagan Revolution and his steadfast dedication to conservative principles during his long and distinguished career in public service."[316] It was later revealed that melanoma was the probable type of cancer Kemp died from [317]

Legacy

 
Kemp speaks at the National Press Club in 2006.

Kemp's legacy includes the Kemp–Roth Tax Cut of the 1980s, also known as the first of two "Reagan tax cuts." These served as the foundation of supply-side economics, known as Reaganomics. Many Republicans have endorsed this Laffer Curve view that tax cuts can spur economic growth and reduce deficits. Although George H. W. Bush called this philosophy voodoo economics, George W. Bush and his Treasury Secretary, John W. Snow, were believers.[318] Kemp is also remembered alongside George Wallace and William Jennings Bryan for influencing history by changing the direction of presidential elections despite their defeats.[319]

In the early 21st century, Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan as the politician most responsible for the implementation of supply-side tax cuts and along with Steve Forbes as the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas.[320] He has been described as a beacon of economic conservatism and a hero for his urban agenda.[321][322] Today, he continues to be described as a hero to fiscal conservatives who believe that free markets and low taxes work better than government bureaucracies.[108][304] Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who are socially conservative, but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy.[323]

In addition to Roth, he has had numerous political allies. At times, he collaborated with Gingrich and Lott on deregulation and tax cuts,[5][324] collaborated with McCain and Phil Gramm on tax cuts and spending restraints,[325] legislated with and campaigned for Joseph Lieberman,[326] and fought poverty with James Pinkerton.[98] Pete du Pont was a progressive conservative ally.[323] After retiring from Congress and serving in the Cabinet, Kemp remained close to Gingrich, Lott, Weber, and Mack.[8][203][327] Kemp was a member of the federal committee to promote Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a national holiday.[246] As a progressive voter, he had civil rights leaders such as Benjamin Hooks, Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King and conservative black intellectuals like Glenn C. Loury and Robert L. Woodson as supporters and friends.[110] He boasted of having Democratic friends such as William H. Gray III, Charles B. Rangel and Robert Garcia.[7] Ken Blackwell was a Deputy Secretary under Kemp.[328] During the Reagan presidency, when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting, a leading United States Senate tax-cutting proponent was Democrat Bill Bradley, a former basketball star.[329] Several American football players have followed Kemp to Congress, including Steve Largent,[330] J. C. Watts,[331] and Heath Shuler.[332]

Congressman Paul Ryan cites Kemp as a mentor, and mentioned him in his acceptance speech as the Republican Vice-Presidential nominee in 2012.[333]

"Growth is obviously what Jack Kemp was about" stated Fred Barnes[334] in the opening of the session "Growth! Growth! Growth!" of Jack Kemp Foundation's Forum on The Future of the American Idea, in 2014. Kemp didn't believe in limits to growth,[335] a blind spot shared by any politicians of his era and which prompted him to dismiss the 1991 Report of the United Nations Population Fund as "nonsense".[336]

Senator Arlen Specter in a severe rebuke of federal governmental policy, stated just one day after Kemp died of cancer, that Kemp would still be alive if the federal government had done a better job funding cancer research.[337]

Following Kemp's death, his son, Jimmy Kemp, created the Jack Kemp Foundation to continue his father's legacy.[338] A 501(c)(3) charitable organization, the foundation's mission statement is to "develop, engage and recognize exceptional leaders who champion the American Idea". The foundation is located in Washington, D.C., and is committed to advancing the universal values of the American Idea: growth, freedom, democracy and hope.[339]

The football stadium at Occidental College is named after him.[340]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Jack Kemp

Books

In addition to authoring significant legislation as a congressman, Kemp wrote or co-authored several books:

Kemp also wrote the foreword to several books:

  • Reaganomics: Supply Side Economics in Action (ISBN 0-87000-505-7, Westport, Conn.: Arlington House, 1981) by Bruce R Bartlett with Arthur Laffer
  • Raoul Wallenberg: Angel of Rescue by Harvey Rosenfeld (ISBN 0879751770, Prometheus Books, 1982)
  • Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year: 1986 Edition by Charles Brooks (ed.) (ISBN 9780882896052, Pelican Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1986)
  • Leadership Is Common Sense by Herman Cain (ISBN 9781930819023, Tapestry Press, 2001)
  • Whole World's Watching: Decarbonizing the Economy and Saving the World by Martyn Turner and Brian O'Connell (ISBN 9780471499817, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 2001)

Papers

  • Jack Kemp papers, 1924–2009 (bulk 1963–1996). 118,500 items. Held by the Library of Congress.

See also

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ^ There was no 1960 All-Star game.

Citations

  1. ^ "President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients" December 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, White House Office of the Press Secretary, July 30, 2009
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February 02, 2024
jack, kemp, jack, french, kemp, july, 1935, 2009, american, politician, professional, football, player, member, republican, party, from, york, served, housing, secretary, administration, president, george, bush, from, 1989, 1993, having, previously, served, ni. Jack French Kemp July 13 1935 May 2 2009 was an American politician and a professional football player A member of the Republican Party from New York he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H W Bush from 1989 to 1993 having previously served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989 He was the Republican Party s vice presidential nominee in the 1996 election as the running mate of Bob Dole they lost to incumbent president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries Jack KempOfficial portrait c 1989 19939th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentIn office February 13 1989 January 20 1993PresidentGeorge H W BushDeputyAlfred A DelliBoviFrank KeatingPreceded bySamuel PierceSucceeded byHenry CisnerosChair of the House Republican ConferenceIn office January 3 1981 June 4 1987LeaderRobert H MichelPreceded bySamuel L DevineSucceeded byDick CheneyMember of theU S House of Representativesfrom New YorkIn office January 3 1971 January 3 1989Preceded byRichard D McCarthySucceeded byBill PaxonConstituency39th district 1971 1973 38th district 1973 1983 31st district 1983 1989 Personal detailsBornJack French Kemp 1935 07 13 July 13 1935Los Angeles California U S DiedMay 2 2009 2009 05 02 aged 73 Bethesda Maryland U SPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseJoanne Main m 1958 wbr Children4 including Jeff and JimmyEducationOccidental College BA Military serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch service United States ArmyYears of service1958 1962RankPrivateUnitU S Army ReserveAmerican football careerNo 15Position QuarterbackPersonal informationHeight 6 ft 1 in 1 85 m Weight 201 lb 91 kg Career informationHigh school Los Angeles CA FairfaxCollege OccidentalNFL Draft 1957 Round 17 Pick 203Career historyDetroit Lions 1957 Pittsburgh Steelers 1957 San Francisco 49ers 1958 New York Giants 1958 Calgary Stampeders 1959 Los Angeles San Diego Chargers 1960 1962 Buffalo Bills 1962 1969 Offseason and or practice squad member onlyCareer highlights and awards2 AFL champion 1964 1965 2 AFL Championship MVP 1964 1965 AFL MVP 1965 5 First team All AFL 1960 1961 1963 1965 1966 7 AFL All Star 1961 1966 1969 Buffalo Bills Wall of FameCareer AFL NFL statisticsPass attempts 3 073Pass completions 1 436Percentage 46 7TD INT 114 183Passing yards 21 218Passer rating 57 3Player stats at NFL com PFRBefore entering politics Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years He played briefly in the National Football League NFL and the Canadian Football League CFL but became a star in the American Football League AFL He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence appeared in its All Star game seven times played in its championship game five times and set many of the league s career passing records Kemp also co founded the AFL Players Association for which he served five terms as president During the early part of his football career he served in the United States Army Reserve As an economic conservative Kemp advocated low taxes and supply side policies during his political career His positions spanned the social spectrum ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply side economics he is notable as an influence upon the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 which is known as the Kemp Roth tax cut After his days in political office Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator he served on corporate and nonprofit organization boards He also authored co authored and edited several books He promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players Kemp was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama 1 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Youth 1 2 College 2 Marriage family and faith 3 Football career 3 1 Sid Gillman era 1960 1962 3 2 Lou Saban era 1962 1965 3 3 Joe Collier and John Rauch eras 1966 1969 3 4 Sports career summary 4 Career statistics 4 1 Regular season 4 2 Postseason statistics 5 Political career 5 1 House of Representatives 1971 1989 5 2 Presidential bid 1988 5 3 Cabinet 1989 1993 5 4 Post HUD years 1993 1996 5 5 Vice presidential nomination 1996 6 Late career 7 Illness and death 8 Legacy 9 Electoral history 10 Books 11 Papers 12 See also 13 Explanatory footnotes 14 Citations 15 References 16 External linksEarly lifeYouth Born 2 raised and educated in Los Angeles 3 Kemp was the third of four sons of Frances Elizabeth nee Pope and Paul Robert Kemp Sr 4 5 6 Paul turned his motorcycle messenger service into a trucking company that grew from one to 14 trucks 7 8 Frances was a well educated social worker and Spanish teacher 4 8 Kemp grew up in the heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles 5 9 but his tight knit middle class family attended the Church of Christ Scientist 4 5 In his youth sports consumed Kemp who once chose the forward pass as the subject of a school essay on important inventions although his mother attempted to broaden his horizons with piano lessons and trips to the Hollywood Bowl 4 Kemp attended Melrose Avenue s Fairfax High School 3 which was at the time known for its high concentration of both Jewish students and children of celebrities Over 95 of Kemp s classmates were Jewish and he later became a supporter of Jewish causes 3 His classmates included musician Herb Alpert baseball pitcher Larry Sherry and academic Judith A Reisman 10 11 During his years in high school Kemp worked with his brothers at his father s trucking company in downtown Los Angeles In his spare time he was a rigorous reader preferring history and philosophy books 3 College After graduating from high school in 1953 12 he attended Occidental College a founding member of the NCAA Division III Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference 13 Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays which he hoped would help him to become a professional quarterback 5 At 5 feet 10 inches 178 cm and 175 pounds 79 kg he considered himself too small to play for the USC Trojans or UCLA Bruins the major Southern California college football programs 14 At Occidental Kemp was a record setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the football team quarterback defensive back place kicker and punter 14 Although he was near sighted Kemp was tenacious on the field 14 During his years as starting quarterback the 1955 and 1956 Occidental teams posted 6 2 and 3 6 records Kemp was named a Little All America player one year in which he threw for over 1 100 yards 14 That year he led the nation s small colleges in passing 15 He and close friend Jim Mora who later became an NFL head coach were members of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity 14 Another teammate in college was Ron Botchan 16 who was an NFL referee for years record five Super Bowls 17 Kemp declined to become involved in student government 14 After graduating from Occidental with a degree in physical education he pursued postgraduate studies in economics at Long Beach State University and California Western University in San Diego and served in the military from 1958 to 1962 5 14 Marriage family and faithKemp graduated from Occidental in 1957 and married Joanne Main his college sweetheart 8 after she graduated from Occidental in 1958 5 Main had grown up in Fillmore California and attended Fillmore High School in Ventura County 18 Kemp s Biblical Literature professor Keith Beebe presided over the wedding 14 The Kemps had two sons Both were professional football quarterbacks Jeff Kemp born in 1959 played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991 19 and Jimmy Kemp born in 1971 played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002 Significantly for a man with his demanding schedule Jack never missed one of their games as children or in college 20 They also had two daughters Jennifer Kemp Andrews born in 1961 and Judith Kemp born in 1963 21 In 1976 C Everett Koop wrote The Right to Live The Right to Die setting down his own concerns about abortion infanticide and euthanasia 22 Koop also took some time off from his surgical practice to make a series of films with Christian apologists Frank Schaeffer and his father Francis Schaeffer in 1978 entitled Whatever Happened to the Human Race based on the book of the same title that had been previously written by the elder Schaeffer 22 Frank Schaeffer and his associate Jim Buchfuehrer provided a private five hour screening of Whatever Happened to the Human Race to Jack Kemp and wife Joanne in their home that according to Frank Schaeffer s account of the late evening and early morning event in his book Crazy for God led to both the Schaeffers and Koop obtaining access to everyone in the Republican Party 23 Joanne Kemp once suffered a miscarriage which Kemp later said made him re evaluate the sanctity of human life and affirmed his opposition to abortion 24 Following his wedding Kemp converted to his wife s Presbyterian faith 5 25 He identified as a born again Christian 26 27 Kemp was a 33rd degree Freemason in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction 28 29 Football career nbsp Kemp in 1961After being selected by the Detroit Lions in the 17th round of the 1957 NFL draft Kemp was cut from the team before the 1957 NFL season began 14 30 He spent 1957 with the Pittsburgh Steelers and 1958 on the taxi squads of the San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants The Giants hosted the NFL championship game known as the Greatest Game Ever Played and the first overtime NFL playoff game 31 32 33 but as a third string quarterback member of the taxi squad Kemp did not take the field 4 In 1958 Kemp joined the United States Army Reserve and he served a year on active duty as a private to complete his initial training 5 He was a member of the San Diego based 977th Transportation Company from 1958 to 1962 34 35 When his unit was activated for the Berlin Crisis of 1961 Kemp received a medical exemption for his chronically separated left shoulder 34 The injury led to his discharge from the Reserve in July 1962 35 In 1959 Kemp played one game for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League which made him ineligible for the NFL in 1959 According to his older brother Tom his parents drove him from California to Calgary Alberta only to see him cut 4 By this time Kemp had been cut from five professional teams Lions Steelers Giants 49ers and Stampeders 14 and his family encouraged him to get on with his life 4 On February 9 and 11 1960 the newly formed AFL agreed to no tampering policies with the NFL and CFL respectively protecting each league s players Players like Kemp with modest NFL experience were often signed by the AFL at the time 36 Kemp signed as a free agent with the AFL s Los Angeles Chargers Sid Gillman era 1960 1962 In 1960 Kemp led the Chargers to a Western Division Championship with a 10 4 record 37 He finished second in the league to Frank Tripucka in passing attempts completions and yards making him and Tripucka the league s first 3 000 yard passers 38 led the AFL in yards per completion and times sacked and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead 39 Under Kemp the Chargers offense averaged 46 points over its last four games and scored more than 41 points in five of its last nine games 40 In the AFL championship game he led the team to field goals on its first two possessions but after the Houston Oilers posted a touchdown in the second quarter for a 7 6 lead the Chargers never recovered 41 In 1961 San Diego Union editor Jack Murphy convinced Barron Hilton to move the Chargers from Los Angeles to San Diego 42 Kemp led the relocated team to a 12 2 record and a repeat Western Division Championship 43 He again finished second in passing yards this time to George Blanda 44 The Chargers earned an AFL championship game rematch against the Oilers However this time the Chargers were unable to score until a fourth quarter field goal in a 10 3 loss 43 45 In 1962 Kemp broke his middle finger two games into the season and was unable to play He persuaded his doctors to set his broken finger around a football so that his grip would not be affected once the finger healed Chargers coach Sid Gillman put Kemp on waivers to try to hide him 46 Buffalo Bills coach Lou Saban noticed that Kemp was available and claimed him for a 100 waiver fee on September 25 1962 47 in what sportswriter Randy Schultz has called one of the biggest bargains in professional football history 30 The Dallas Texans and Denver Broncos also attempted to claim Kemp but he was awarded to Buffalo by AFL commissioner Joe Foss 48 Lou Saban era 1962 1965 According to Billy Shaw Kemp s acquisition solved the Bills quarterback problem 30 but Kemp was not excited about coming to Buffalo According to Van Miller Jack s a skier and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo 49 In Buffalo he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including those by Henry Thoreau which led to chidings from Saban 3 Injuries including the broken finger 47 kept Kemp from playing for most of 1962 That season Kemp received a military draft notice for service in the Vietnam War but was granted a draft waiver because of a knee problem The injuries healed and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on November 18 1962 by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10 6 win over the Oakland Raiders 47 He played only four games for Buffalo in 1962 but made the AFL All Star team 47 The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7 6 1 50 On December 14 1962 the Bills outbid the Green Bay Packers for Notre Dame quarterback Daryle Lamonica 47 In 1963 a four season starting quarterback battle began that continued until Lamonica left for the Raiders Lamonica felt he learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking And I truly believe that we were a great one two punch at the position for the Bills 30 In 1963 Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7 6 1 record 51 Kemp again placed second in passing attempts completions and yards and he also finished second to teammate Cookie Gilchrist in rushing touchdowns 52 The Bills played the Boston Patriots in an Eastern Division playoff game to determine the division title on December 28 at War Memorial Stadium in Buffalo New York in 10 F 12 C weather During the game Buffalo replaced Kemp with Lamonica after falling behind 16 0 but still lost 26 8 53 Kemp was said to be the clubhouse lawyer for the Bills because of his role in mediating conflicts 30 In 1964 he managed personalities such as Gilchrist who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him and Saban whom he kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week 30 He also managed the politics of his quarterback battle with Lamonica who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills first seven games 54 Kemp was the first and only Professional Football player to pass for three touchdowns in the first quarter of a season opening game against the Kansas City Chiefs in 1964 until the record was tied but not broken 47 years later in 2011 by Aaron Rodgers 55 56 The 1964 team won its first nine games and went 12 2 for the regular season winning the Eastern Division with a final game victory over the Patriots at Fenway Park Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead which was shared by Gilchrist and Sid Blanks 57 In the AFL championship game he scored the final touchdown with just over nine minutes left in a 20 7 victory 58 Not long after Kemp played a key role in an off the field decision Kemp was part of the All Star Game played three weeks after the Championship Game alongside teammates such as Cookie Gilchrist and Ernie Warlick with the game scheduled to be played in New Orleans Louisiana However Gilchrist led a movement of African American players wanting to boycott the game due to experiencing discrimination by cab drivers and others during their time in New Orleans Kemp saw this firsthand when Gilchrist and Warlick were not allowed to share a cab with him Kemp attended a boycott meeting and alongside Ron Mix convinced the white players to go with the idea of a boycott One day after the players left the city AFL Commissioner Joe Foss moved the game to Houston Texas 59 According to Lamonica the 1965 team had a new emphasis In 64 we had depended a lot on Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us But that all changed in 65 The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos So we went to a pass oriented game more that season than we ever had before We not only went to our receivers but we threw a lot to our running backs And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year 30 In 1965 the Bills finished with a 10 3 1 record 60 Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions 61 In the 1965 AFL Championship Game Buffalo defeated the Chargers 23 0 for Kemp the victory was special because it came against his former team 62 Kemp s role in leading the Bills to a repeat championship without Gilchrist and with star receiver Elbert Dubenion playing only three games earned him a share of the AFL MVP awards that he split with former Charger teammate Paul Lowe 57 63 Kemp also won the Associated Press award and the Championship Game Most Valuable Player award 64 65 Joe Collier and John Rauch eras 1966 1969 Following the championship game Saban resigned to coach the University of Maryland and defensive coordinator Joe Collier was promoted to head coach for the 1966 season 66 Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9 4 1 record However in the AFL championship game which was played for the right to represent the AFL in Super Bowl I the Bills lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 31 7 67 Kemp was named an AFL All Star for the sixth consecutive year a 68 The 1967 Bills endured a 4 10 1967 AFL season in which Kemp was not named to the All Star game for the first time in his AFL career 68 69 On August 23 1968 the Bills suffered a blowout preseason loss to the Houston Oilers On August 26 Collier put the Bills through a 40 play scrimmage During the scrimmage Ron McDole fell on Kemp s right knee and injured it forcing Kemp to sit out the entire 1968 season 70 The Bills went 1 12 1 without Kemp 71 Despite Kemp s return from injury and the arrival of running back O J Simpson the Bills only compiled a 4 10 record during the 1969 season under new coach John Rauch 72 Kemp was named an AFL All Star in 1969 for the seventh time in the league s 10 years 68 He advocated recognition of the league and in its last year 1969 lobbied Pete Rozelle to have AFL teams wear an AFL patch to honor it In 1969 the Erie County Republican Party approached him about running for the United States Congress 30 After the January 17 1970 AFL All Star game Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to enter politics 73 Kemp said I had a four year no cut contract with the Bills at the time I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress 30 Sports career summary Kemp led Buffalo to the AFL playoffs four straight years 1963 1966 three consecutive Eastern Division titles 1964 1966 and two straight AFL Championships 1964 1965 9 He led the league in career passes attempted completions and yards gained passing 38 He played in five of the AFL s 10 Championship Games and holds the same career records passing attempts completions and yardage for championships He is second in many other championship game categories including career and single game passer rating 38 He ranks third in rushing touchdowns by an NFL or AFL quarterback with 40 behind Steve Young s 52 and Otto Graham s 44 74 A Sporting News All League selection at quarterback in 1960 and 1965 and the AFL MVP in 1965 He was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all 10 years of the league s existence and one of only 20 players to serve all 10 of those years His number 15 was retired by the Bills in 1984 75 In 2012 the Professional Football Researchers Association named Kemp to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2012 76 However despite his success and important AFL records he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments including his place as a former record holder for most quarterback sacks in a game 77 78 Despite Kemp s many records Joe Namath and Len Dawson were selected as the quarterbacks for the All time AFL team 38 Kemp is a member of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame and the Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame Kemp co founded the AFL Players Association with Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots and was elected its president five times 79 His founding of and involvement in the players union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career 3 The NCAA s highest honor the Theodore Roosevelt Award 80 was presented to Kemp in 1992 81 and he was named one of the Association s 100 most influential student athletes in 2006 82 Career statisticsLegendWon the AFL Championship GameLed the leagueBold Career highRegular season Year Team Games Passing RushingGP GS Record Cmp Att Pct Yds Avg TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD1957 PIT 4 0 8 18 44 4 88 4 9 0 2 19 9 3 1 0 3 01960 LAC 14 12 9 3 211 406 52 0 3 018 7 4 20 25 67 1 54 238 4 4 81961 SD 14 14 12 2 165 364 45 3 2 686 7 4 15 22 59 2 43 105 2 4 61962 SD BUF 6 5 3 2 64 139 46 0 928 6 7 5 6 62 3 20 84 4 2 21963 BUF 14 12 5 6 1 193 384 50 3 2 910 7 6 13 20 65 1 50 239 4 8 81964 BUF 14 13 11 2 119 269 44 2 2 285 8 5 13 26 50 9 37 124 3 4 51965 BUF 14 13 9 3 1 179 391 45 8 2 368 6 1 10 18 54 8 36 49 1 4 41966 BUF 14 14 9 4 1 166 389 42 7 2 451 6 3 11 16 56 2 40 130 3 3 51967 BUF 14 11 3 8 161 369 43 6 2 503 6 8 14 26 50 0 36 58 1 6 21969 BUF 14 11 4 7 170 344 49 4 1 981 5 8 13 22 53 2 37 124 3 4 0Career 122 105 65 37 3 1 436 3 073 46 7 21 218 6 9 114 183 57 3 356 1 150 3 2 40Postseason statistics Year Team Games Passing RushingGP GS Record Cmp Att Pct Yds Avg TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD1960 LAC 1 1 0 1 21 41 51 2 171 4 2 0 2 41 8 3 19 6 3 01961 SD 1 1 0 1 17 32 53 1 226 7 1 0 4 36 2 4 5 1 3 01963 BUF 1 1 0 1 10 21 47 6 133 6 3 0 1 48 3 2 4 2 0 01964 BUF 1 1 1 0 10 20 50 0 188 9 4 0 0 82 9 5 16 3 2 11965 BUF 1 1 1 0 8 19 42 1 155 8 2 1 1 66 8 0 0 0 0 01966 BUF 1 1 0 1 12 27 44 4 253 9 4 1 2 59 6 1 3 3 0 0Career 6 6 2 4 78 160 48 8 1 126 7 0 2 10 50 2 15 39 2 6 1Political career Pro football gave me a good perspective When I entered the political arena I had already been booed cheered cut sold traded and hung in effigy Jack Kemp 83 Kemp s political career began long before his 1970 campaign In 1960 and 1961 Kemp was an editorial assistant to San Diego Union editor and future Richard Nixon aide Herb Klein 3 Subsequently Kemp became a volunteer in both Barry Goldwater s 1964 presidential campaign and Ronald Reagan s successful 1966 California gubernatorial campaign In the 1967 football off season Kemp worked on Reagan s staff in Sacramento In 1969 he was special assistant to the Republican National Committee chairman 5 Kemp was a voracious reader and his political beliefs were founded in early readings of Goldwater s The Conscience of a Conservative Ayn Rand s novels such as The Fountainhead and Friedrich von Hayek s The Constitution of Liberty 84 He also brought from his football career a belief in racial equality which came from playing football with black teammates As Kemp said I wasn t there with Rosa Parks or Dr King or John Lewis But I am here now and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do 5 Kemp s football colleagues confirmed this influence John Mackey explained that the huddle is colorblind 85 House of Representatives 1971 1989 See also Electoral history of Jack Kemp nbsp Congressional Portrait Collection image c 1975 nbsp Kemp with President Ronald Reagan in 1983As a self described bleeding heart conservative 8 Kemp represented a part of the suburban Buffalo region known as the Southtowns that traditionally voted Democratic in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989 86 87 He was described as having the charisma of the earlier John F Kennedy 8 88 David Rosenbaum described Kemp as an independent politician who often legislated outside his committees jurisdictions and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles rather than his party s political platforms 5 As a supply sider he was not a proponent of balanced budgeting and trivialized it while speaking of growth as an economic goal 5 89 The Erie County New York Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman Richard D McCarthy decided to run for the United States Senate 5 During his inaugural campaign his district was in economic malaise and The New York Times described him as a John F Kennedy throwback who campaigned on family values patriotism sports and defense 7 Upon his election to the Congress in a class of sixty two freshmen he was one of six newcomers along with Ronald Dellums Bella Abzug Louise Day Hicks Robert Drinan and Pete du Pont discussed in Time The article described him as a football fan like United States President Richard Nixon and as the recipient of advice from White House adviser Robert Finch and former Kemp boss Herb Klein Nixon s director of communications The Nixon aides encouraged Kemp to endorse the Cambodian invasion and to oppose criticism of Nixon s war policies in order to firm up Kemp s support from military hawks 90 Kemp championed several Chicago school and supply side economics issues including economic growth free markets free trade tax simplification and lower tax rates on both employment and investment income 91 He was a long time proponent of the flat tax 92 He also defended the use of anti Communist contra forces in Central America 93 supported the gold standard spoke for civil rights legislation opposed abortion and was the first lawmaker to popularize enterprise zones 5 which he supported to foster entrepreneurship and job creation and expand homeownership among public housing tenants 91 94 During his career he sometimes sounded like a liberal Democrat 7 he supported affirmative action 95 96 and rights for illegal immigrants 97 The New York Times described Kemp as the most proactive combatant in the war on poverty since Robert F Kennedy 98 He differed from Rockefeller Republicans and earlier combatants such as Lyndon Johnson by supporting incentive based systems instead of traditional social programs 7 For his commitment to inner city concerns from within the Republican party David Gergen heralded him as a courageous voice in the wilderness 99 Although he was liberal on many social issues and supported civil liberties for homosexuals he opposed certain gay rights such as the right to teach in schools 24 Kemp at times felt his role was that of freewheeling entrepreneurial wildcatting backbencher 100 Time identified 38 year old second term congressman Kemp as a future leader in its 1974 Faces for the Future feature 101 Another early career notable magazine appearance was in a 1978 issue of Esquire 14 The article explained allegations of homosexual activity among staffers in Ronald Reagan s Sacramento office in 1967 Kemp was not implicated 4 Kemp considered running for the U S Senate in 1980 and Hugh Sidey mentioned him as a contender to unseat Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election 88 and was a front runner for the vice presidency at the 1980 Republican National Convention 5 102 where he received 43 votes from conservative detractors of George H W Bush After he was reelected for a sixth term in 1980 his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position 103 and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference 3 This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and David Stockman urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100 days to working on an economic package with Congress 104 105 Kemp considered running for Governor of New York in 1982 but ultimately decided to stay in the House By 1984 many viewed Kemp as Reagan s heir apparent 4 USS Buffalo SSN 715 commissioning nbsp Jack Joanne and Judith Kemp nbsp Kemp and naval officersOctober 25 1980 Kemp had his first encounter with supply side economics in 1976 when The Wall Street Journal s Jude Wanniski interviewed him at his Congressional office Kemp questioned Wanniski all day until midnight at Kemp s Bethesda Maryland home and was eventually converted to University of Southern California professor Arthur Laffer s supply side discipline 5 106 Thereafter Kemp espoused supply side economics freely and in 1978 he and Sen William Roth of Delaware proposed tax cutting legislation 5 Kemp has been credited as responsible for supply side economics inclusion in President Reagan s economic plan 107 108 although at the time of Robert Mundell s Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recognition some attributed much of the credit to Mundell Laffer Robert Bartley and Wanniski 109 In 1979 Kemp wrote An American Renaissance ISBN 0 06 012283 8 to deliver his message that A rising tide lifts all boats 110 Although the realization of early 1980s tax cuts are attributed to Reagan they were initiated by Kemp and Roth through their 1981 Kemp Roth Tax Cut legislation 5 Reagan s budget based on this legislation passed over the objection of United States House Committee on Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski 111 112 During the Reagan years Kemp and his followers ignored budget balancing while promoting tax cuts and economic growth 113 114 These tax cuts have been credited by conservatives for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990 115 which by 1996 had become one of the longest expansions in American history 116 Kemp notes that Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker s success at stemming inflation and the favorable regulatory environment were also major factors 117 Detractors note that the expansion was fueled by undesirable sectors like gaming prisons medical treatment and credit card use 116 An early Kemp tax reform attempt was an unsuccessful 1979 proposal to index tax brackets for cost of living fluctuations 118 which was incorporated in Reagan s 1980 package 106 Kemp co sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980 119 One of Kemp s more trying times as a congressman came in 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax cuts and promote tax increases The reversal was controversial and stimulated opposition by Kemp Nonetheless the revised taxes passed 120 121 In 1983 Kemp opposed the policies of chairman Volcker on multiple occasions The debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the International Monetary Fund 122 123 Kemp delivered speeches at several Republican National Conventions He addressed the convention on July 15 at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit Michigan and on August 21 at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas Texas 124 During the 1984 Convention with Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee chairman Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G O P senators Bob Dole and Howard Baker 87 Kemp s official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy However the three platform planks that he proposed involved tax hikes the gold standard and the role of the Federal Reserve 125 Despite Kemp s official role his real influence as an author was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes 126 127 By 1985 Kemp was a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination 128 He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston Texas 129 Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in Congress 130 Kemp was a critic of association football known as soccer in the United States 131 In 1986 during a House floor debate over whether the United States should host the 1994 FIFA World Cup Kemp proclaimed I think it is important for all those young out there who someday hope to play real football where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands that a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism whereas soccer is a European socialist sport 132 133 Kemp compared his speech to George Carlin s 1984 comedy routine on the differences between baseball and American football and wrote that his tongue was firmly planted in cheek when making the speech 134 Despite the levity of the speech it garnered significant backlash 132 133 However he continued to insist that soccer s main problem is it doesn t have a quarterback 134 Kemp noted that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claimed to have changed his position on soccer He even attended the 1994 FIFA World Cup with longtime soccer fan Henry Kissinger although he wrote during the 2006 FIFA World Cup that soccer can be interesting to watch but is still a boring game 134 Presidential bid 1988 Main article Republican Party presidential primaries 1988 nbsp Kemp as he leaves a meet the candidates rally for 1988 Republican presidential candidates in County Stadium in Union South Carolina on October 3 1987 William Daroff is standing directly behind Kemp s left shoulder In 1988 if Kemp had won his campaign for the United States Presidency 5 it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since James Garfield 135 When he formed his exploratory committee he signed Ed Rollins Reagan s 1984 re election political director as an advisor 136 From the outset Kemp had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush 84 Except for a select few cognoscenti 137 the general public did not recognize Kemp s leadership ability although he was a successful man of ideas 84 138 In fact most of the Republican electorate found themselves unfamiliar with Kemp early in his campaign 137 Political pundits recognized him however as a visionary idea man 139 In addition he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker who sometimes lost contact with his audience 84 Although Kemp tried to appeal to conservatives his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights and his commitment to supporting minorities women blue collar workers and organized labor clashed with conservative voters social and religious values 84 To Democrats Kemp s free market philosophies were a form of laissez faire anarchy 140 However as much as Kemp wanted to minimize government s role he acknowledged that moves toward a more laissez faire system should be well thought out 141 After the May 1987 Gary Hart Donna Rice scandal a questionnaire by The New York Times requested things such as psychiatric records and access to FBI files from all 14 presidential candidates Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the personal privacy issue and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate 142 143 His campaign was on an early positive course with many key early endorsements in New Hampshire but Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York 4 Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters Kemp s campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal matching funds because it had quickly spent itself into the red 4 which may have been due to the use of expensive direct mail fundraising techniques 144 To offset his socially moderate stances Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative SDI and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz 4 84 To position himself as Reagan s successor Kemp called for Shultz s resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on the SDI 145 In an attempt to highlight his stands on key Reagan Era foreign policy initiatives Kemp traveled in September 1987 to Costa Rica Honduras and El Salvador to lobby the presidents of those nations against the Arias Peace Plan a peace accord US conservatives felt too conciliatory to Central American communists He was accompanied on the trip by 50 plus US conservative leaders 146 Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects Kemp s primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts As part of his fiscal policy he opposed a Social Security benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending 147 Some viewed Kemp s supply side stance as an attempt to ignore the national budget deficit In late 1987 political pundits saw that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non social issues 148 Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan s INF Treaty agreement with the Soviet Union s Mikhail Gorbachev despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty With aspirations of support from right wing voters all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same sabre rattling stand 149 150 By early 1988 the moderates Bush and Dole were clearly the front runners and Kemp was battling with Pat Robertson as the conservative alternative to the moderates 151 He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention 152 His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply side economics and inner city enterprise zones 8 In Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms My Life in American Politics campaign chairman Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles 153 Kemp s campaign managers say he was unmanageable he ignored timers on his speeches refused to call contributors and refused to practice for debates A humbling Super Tuesday in which his 39 delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President Bush and both Dole and Pat Robertson ended his campaign 5 8 After withdrawing from the race he was still considered a contender for the vice presidential nomination 154 In 1989 the Kemps switched their official residence from Hamburg New York to Bethesda Maryland 155 their residence at the time of his death 9 In 1994 Kemp s 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the Federal Election Commission by agreeing to pay 120 000 in civil penalties for 1988 campaign election law violations for among other things excessive contributions improper direct corporate donations press overbilling exceeding spending limits in Iowa and New Hampshire and failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation 156 Cabinet 1989 1993 nbsp HUD Secretary Kemp with Sybil Mobley a Florida A amp M University Dean As a so called bleeding heart conservative Kemp was a logical choice for Bush as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 157 whose job would be to foster public sector and private sector methods to meet the demands of public housing 158 However the scandals of Reagan s Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start and Kemp was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership 159 The goal of these two plans was to change public housing into tenant owned residences and to lure industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives 160 Although Kemp did not affect much policy as HUD s director he cleaned up HUD s reputation 159 161 and developed a plan to salvage the Federal Housing Administration 162 He halted or revamped certain programs and developed an antidrug offensive 163 164 which enabled him to collaborate with Director of the National Drug Control Policy Bill Bennett 165 He supported Operation Clean Sweep and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing 164 166 Although Kemp coaxed Bush to support a 4 billion housing program that encouraged public housing tenants to buy their own apartments the Democratic Congress allocated only 361 million to the plan 8 In addition to opposition in Congress Kemp fought White House Budget Director Richard Darman who opposed Kemp s pet project HOPE Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere The project involved selling public housing to its tenants Darman also opposed Kemp s proposed welfare adjustment of government offsets 98 HOPE was first proposed to White House chief of staff John Sununu in June 1989 to create enterprise zones increase subsidies for low income renters expand social services for the homeless and elderly and enact tax changes to help first time home buyers 98 Sununu opposed it at first as did most of the Cabinet but in August 1990 Sununu at the urging of United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh encouraged President Bush to endorse Kemp s Economic Empowerment Task Force However the Persian Gulf War and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp s new project 98 Darman battled Kemp and his allies such as Gingrich James Pinkerton and Vin Weber 98 The budget left him with 256 million for his plan which Kemp increased during some appropriations battles 98 Soon after Clayton Yeutter was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor Kemp s Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished 98 President Bush avoided federal antipoverty issues 167 and instead used Kemp to speak on the administration s low priority conservative activist agenda 168 169 Bush s contribution to the urban agenda had been volunteerism through his Points of Light theme 170 and Kemp received stronger support for his ideas from presidential candidate Bill Clinton 171 By the time of the Los Angeles riots of 1992 Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones tenant ownership and welfare reform 8 Mort Zuckerman compared Bush s vision on racial issues to that of a man riding backwards in a railroad car 172 Nonetheless the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration 173 174 even though at first Kemp had been overlooked 175 However Charles E Schumer had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp s success in advance best when he said in 1989 Good ideas with money can do a whole lot Good ideas without money aren t probably going to do a whole lot and the issue here was the decision not to fund Kemp s ideas 110 Although Kemp was unable to procure money for his visions he was among the administration s leading users of first class corporate jets 176 He cited lingering effects from a knee injury as the reason he had to fly first class at government expense as the Housing Secretary 177 Generally his time as housing secretary was considered unsuccessful 5 However although he could not get federal funding for empowerment zones passed during his tenure by 1992 38 states had created empowerment zones 178 and in 1994 3 5 billion was approved for them under President Clinton 179 A free market Kemp initiative to allow homeowners to subdivide their houses for the purpose of creating rental units without inordinate bureaucracy did not get executed under the Clinton administration however 180 In 1992 with H Ross Perot mounting a formidable campaign Kemp was again considered a vice presidential candidate 181 182 Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the Cabinet 98 At one point Kemp told James Baker White House Chief of Staff that Bush s best chance to win reelection was to dump his economic advisors in dramatic fashion 183 Before the 1992 Republican National Convention Kemp and six prominent Republican conservatives prepared a controversial memo urging Bush to revise his economic policy 184 Contemporaneously conservative Republicans in office and in the media such as William F Buckley Jr and George Will felt Dan Quayle should be ousted in favor of Kemp 185 This followed Kemp s reference to parts of the President s economic policy as gimmicks after the 1992 State of the Union Address 186 Kemp was respected within the party for opposing Bush 187 and towards the end of Bush s administration insiders recognized his value 188 In late 1991 81 of the 166 Republican Congressmen signed a letter co authored by Curt Weldon and Dan Burton requesting that Bush cede some domestic authority to Kemp as a domestic policy czar 187 The letter highlighting Kemp s energy enthusiasm and national clout insulted Bush 189 Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay in the Bush Cabinet for the duration of his presidency 190 and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take tough stands 191 Kemp did not expect to be retained if the Republicans were reelected in 1992 192 and some pundits agreed with him 188 Post HUD years 1993 1996 Kemp gave public speeches for 35 000 apiece between his time as Housing Secretary and his vice presidential nomination By 1994 Kemp had embarked on 241 fund raising dinners to raise 35 million for a 1996 Presidential bid and to pay off his 1988 campaign debts 8 After stepping down from his 189 000 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development job Kemp personally earned 6 9 million in the next three years primarily for speaking on behalf of local Republican candidates 97 193 During the Super Bowl XXVIII festivities Kemp hosted a notable fundraiser series 194 Kemp was considered the star of the 1992 Republican National Convention 195 In 1992 and 1993 Kemp was considered the favorite or co favorite for the 1996 Presidential nomination 196 197 198 At the time of the 1994 mid term elections Kemp was widely anticipated to announce his candidacy for 1996 199 and his supporters wanted a formal announcement by the end of the year 200 In January 1995 Kemp s stated reason for not entering the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape Kemp opposed term limits he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a balanced budget amendment and unlike most Republicans favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty 201 202 In 1995 Gloria Borger noted Kemp was not in step with the 1994 Contract with America 203 Kemp also noted a distaste for the vast fundraising necessary for a presidential campaign 204 Gergen stated that by 1996 the selection process had become so expensive mean and personally invasive that it discouraged several top Republicans from running 205 In 1995 while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by Colin Powell Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign 206 Senate Majority Leader Dole and Gingrich appointed Kemp to head a tax reform commission the Kemp Commission in response to voter concern that the tax code had become too complicated 207 Kemp championed many issues including the flat tax 92 which he formally proposed after he was appointed 208 209 210 The proposal included some politically popular income tax deductions such as mortgage interest 211 but it remained fairly general 212 Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates both Steve Forbes and Phil Gramm proposed the flat tax 210 213 During the campaign Kemp s endorsement was highly coveted 214 215 Forbes had tried to get Kemp to run in the 1996 campaign but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders Lamar Alexander and Richard Lugar 8 216 Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was to keep the flat tax idea and other supply side views alive 217 218 Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement and Kemp profusely apologized to Dole s campaign offices 8 After it became clear Dole would be the nominee Kemp attempted to form a bipartisan seminar with Felix Rohatyn to produce a fiscal plan that could be endorsed by both parties 219 Kemp was also outspoken on immigration on around this time according to Kemp s interpretation of a scientific index that he and Bennett support immigrants are a blessing not a curse 220 In 1994 Kemp and Bennett opposed California ballot Proposition 187 a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services in direct opposition to first term Republican California Governor Pete Wilson one of its endorsers who was running for re election 221 222 Republican Senate candidate Michael Huffington had also endorsed the proposition 223 Kemp supported rights for illegal immigrants and opposed Lamar Smith and Alan Simpson s proposed restrictions on legal immigration 224 Vice presidential nomination 1996 Main article 1996 United States presidential election nbsp Bob Dole and Kemp were featured on the cover of Time but were nearly displaced by a story about Mars inset on cover Kemp had a reputation as the highest profile progressive Republican When Dole declined an invitation to speak to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People he suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had become the vice presidential nominee 225 On August 5 1996 Dole announced a 15 across the board tax cut in response to both the Forbes campaign and Kemp s tax reform commission Several of Dole s other campaign ideas came from Kemp and Bill Bennett s Empower America which had Jeane Kirkpatrick Weber Forbes and Alexander as principals For example Dole borrowed Kirkpatrick s tough foreign policy Bennett s right conduct and even Alexander s school choice interest 226 Bennett declined the offer to be Dole s running mate but suggested Kemp 227 a man described as Dole s antagonist 228 On August 16 1996 229 the Republican Party chose Kemp as its vice presidential nominee running alongside former Senator Dole Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian minded voters like those of tough nomination challengers Forbes and Pat Buchanan 230 Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack John McCain and Carroll Campbell 231 and it is assumed that this was partly because Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as Dole s senior advisors 232 Dole had had a long history of representing the budget balancing faction of the Party while Kemp had had a long history of representing the tax cutting advocates 233 and Kemp s tax cutting fiscal track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket 234 When Kemp became Dole s running mate in 1996 they appeared on the cover of the August 19 1996 issue of Time magazine 235 but the pair barely edged out a story on the reported discovery of extraterrestrial life on Mars which was so close to being the cover story that Time inset it on the cover and wrote about how difficult the decision was 236 The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit hawk who had even voted against John F Kennedy s tax cuts while Kemp was an outspoken supply sider In the early 1980s according to David Stockman Kemp persuaded Reagan to make a 30 across the board tax cut a central 1980 presidential campaign feature Once Reagan was elected Dole was the Senate Finance Committee chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases that he referred to as reforms Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned an op ed piece in The New York Times which enraged Dole Reagan supported the reforms at Dole s request causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act which eventually passed in 1982 237 At the 1984 Republican National Convention Kemp along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases Gingrich called this action Dole proofing the platform and the plank passed over Dole s opposition Then in 1985 Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the Senate with appendectomy patient Pete Wilson casting the tying vote and Vice President Bush casting the deciding vote In meetings with the president that excluded Dole Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial Social Security cutbacks This is said to have been Dole s most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate During the 1988 presidential election the two antagonized each other After Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet the two did not really cross paths again until 1996 when Kemp endorsed Dole s opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March 237 Dole despised Kemp s economic theories 95 but he felt Kemp like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success 238 For his part Kemp had to make concessions as well he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from public schools despite his longstanding opposition to Proposition 187 and mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative action programs in California 229 239 Some derided Kemp for his compromise and referred to him as a con artist 240 From the outset of their campaign Dole Kemp trailed 241 and they faced skeptics even from within the party 242 However Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton s partial birth abortion ban veto 243 During the campaign Kemp and Forbes advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used 244 245 However in general the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket s chances of catching Bill Clinton 246 247 248 and Kemp s advocacy gave a clear picture of the tax reforms that would likely occur on the condition of a successful campaign 249 Kemp was seen as likely to influence several types of swing voters especially those of his native state of California 233 and even the Democrats feared Kemp might lure voters 240 After receiving the nomination Kemp became the ticket s spokesman for minorities and the inner city 250 251 252 Due to agreement on the self help policy that Louis Farrakhan has endorsed in many fora including the Million Man March Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan 253 254 However Farrakhan was perceived as being anti Semitic 254 and Kemp was considered an ally of Republican Jews 255 This issue necessitated some political sidestepping 254 As the nominee Kemp at times overshadowed Dole 243 In fact more than once Kemp was described as if he was the presidential nominee 243 256 In addition to having overshadowed Dole despite the negative ad campaigns that the ticket used Kemp was a very positive running mate who relied on a pep rally type of campaign tour full of football related metaphors and hyperbole 257 Although some enjoyed Kemp s style referring to him as the Good Shepherd 257 his detractors such as U S News amp World Report writer Steven V Roberts criticized the extensive use of recounting stories of passing balls relative to the use of recounting stories of passing bills 258 During the campaign Kemp expressed the opinion that Republican Party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly 259 Despite Kemp s voice on minority issues Colin Powell s support and polls that showed about 30 of blacks identified themselves as conservatives on issues such as school prayer school vouchers and criminal justice the Republicans were unable to improve upon historical support levels from African American voters 260 Both Al Gore and Kemp had presidential aspirations which induced pursuit of debate on a higher plane 261 In addition Gore and Kemp were long time friends unlike Gore and his previous vice presidential opponent Dan Quayle Thus as debaters they avoided personal attacks 262 However some felt Kemp failed to counter substantive attacks 263 In the final October 9 1996 vice presidential debate against Al Gore held as the Dole Kemp ticket trailed badly in the national polls Kemp was soundly beaten 264 265 and Al Gore s performance is considered one of the best modern debate performances 266 The debate topics ranged broadly from the usual such as abortion and foreign policy to the unusual such as an incident preceding the then current baseball playoffs in which Roberto Alomar the Baltimore Orioles second baseman cursed and spat on an umpire 267 268 The Mexico policy debate was one of the more interesting topics for critical review 269 The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters 96 and Gore had a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debater 270 Late career nbsp Kemp with Sue Myrick Phil English and Mike Turner c May 2004 In 1993 Kemp Bennett Kirkpatrick and financial backer Theodore Forstmann co founded the free market advocacy group Empower America 91 271 which later merged with Citizens for a Sound Economy to form Freedom Works Empower America represented the populist wing of the party while avoiding divisive issues such as abortion and gay rights it promoted free markets and growth over balancing the budget and cutting the deficit 272 273 He resigned as co chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI questioned his ties to Samir Vincent a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the U N Oil for food scandal who pleaded guilty to four criminal charges including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein 274 Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial 275 Also FBI informant Richard Fino tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election 276 By 1996 Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards He was a director for Hawk Corporation IDT Corporation CNL Hotels and Resorts InPhonic Cyrix Corporation and American Bankers Insurance Group 277 278 Kemp briefly served on the board of Oracle Corporation whose CEO was his friend Larry Ellison 279 in 1996 but resigned when he ran for vice president he was named to the board of Six Flags Inc in December 2005 280 Kemp opted not to stand for re election to IDT s board in 2006 281 He also served on the Habitat for Humanity board of directors 282 and served on the board of Atlanta based software maker EzGov Inc 283 Kemp also served on the board of directors of Election com 284 which was the private company that ran the world s first election on the internet won by Al Gore the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary Kemp was also a business partner with Edra and Tim Blixseth promoting membership in the elite private ski and golf Yellowstone Club Kemp also partnered with the Blixseths in a failed anti terrorism software venture called Blxware which was investigated for conning the federal government out of 20 million in contracts for software which fraudulently claimed to detect secret messages from Al Qaeda in television broadcast signals 285 Kemp was the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners a strategic consulting firm that helps clients achieve both business and public policy goals In addition to corporate boards of directors Kemp served on several advisory boards such as the UCLA School of Public Policy Advisory Board and the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the Howard University Board of Trustees on which he served since 1993 282 On March 25 2003 Kemp was selected as chairman of the board of Directors of USA Football a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the National Football League NFL and the NFL Players Association The organization supports Pop Warner American Youth Football Boys and Girls Clubs of America National Recreation and Park Association Police Athletic League YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union 9 He was also vice president of NFL Charities nbsp Kemp Adrian Fenty and Eleanor Holmes Norton at DC Vote rally on Capitol HillIn the late 1990s Kemp remained outspoken on political issues he was critical of Clinton s International Monetary Fund lax policies toward South Korea 286 In early 1998 he was a serious contender for the 2000 United States presidential election but his campaign possibilities faltered 287 and he instead endorsed eventual winner George W Bush Kemp continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation Social Security and education 9 When a 1997 budget surplus was earmarked for debt repayment Kemp opposed the plan in favor of tax cuts 288 Along with John Ashcroft and Alan Krueger he endorsed reform of payroll taxes to eliminate double taxation 289 In addition to his fiscal and economic policies Kemp advocated against abortion when Congress was considering a bill banning intact dilation and extractions 290 He also advocated for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening assisted living disability benefits and the 2007 joint replacement program 291 He argued in support of reforming immigration laws 292 In the late 1990s Kemp also was a vocal advocate for free market reform in Africa arguing that the continent had great economic growth potential if it could shed autocratic and statist governmental policies 293 In 1997 when Gingrich was embroiled in a House ethics controversy Kemp served as an intermediary between Dole and Gingrich to save the Republican Party leader 294 Later in 2002 when Lott made caustic remarks about Strom Thurmond Kemp was upset and he supported Lott s apology saying he had encouraged him to repudiate segregation in every manifestation 295 Kemp was among the prominent leaders who pledged to raise money in 2005 for Scooter Libby s defense when he was charged with perjury and obstruction of justice in a case regarding the release of Central Intelligence Agency information 296 In June 2004 Kemp rescinded his support of Vernon Robinson for Congress due to the latter s views on immigration laws citing Robinson s choice to run as a Pat Buchanan Republican 297 298 In 2006 Kemp along with 2004 vice presidential nominee John Edwards co chaired the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Russia 299 producing a document called Russia s Wrong Direction What the United States Can and Should Do 300 After their task force roles ended the pair advocated solutions to poverty in America at various fora 301 nbsp Kemp with then United States Senator Barack Obama at the Public Internet Channel launch at the National Press Club in 2006 On January 6 2008 Kemp endorsed McCain in the 2008 Republican presidential primaries shortly before the New Hampshire primary which surprised conservative Republican tax cutters 302 However as McCain neared the official nomination the press associated McCain with Kemp more and more 303 Kemp prepared an open letter to Sean Hannity Rush Limbaugh Laura Ingraham and other conservative talk show hosts on McCain s behalf to quell their dissatisfactions 304 305 306 In addition Kemp and Phil Gramm advised McCain on economic policy 307 He was a syndicated newspaper columnist 308 In February 2008 Kemp was associated with a group called Defense of Democracies that was advocating an electronic surveillance bill that failed in the House of Representatives The group s television ad caused such controversy that some of its advisors including Schumer and Donna Brazile resigned 309 He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation 310 and served as co chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Cabinet 311 He was a board member for the Lott IMPACT Trophy which is named after Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive back Ronnie Lott and is awarded annually to college football s Defensive IMPACT Player of the Year 312 Illness and death nbsp Kemp in 2007On January 7 2009 Kemp s office issued a statement announcing that he had cancer the type of cancer and the anticipated treatment were not announced His diagnosis and prognosis were never publicly disclosed However he continued to serve as chairman of his Washington based Kemp Partners consulting firm and continued his involvement in charitable and political work until his death 313 314 On May 2 2009 Kemp died from cancer at his home in Bethesda Maryland at the age of 73 315 President Barack Obama praised Kemp s work on race adding that Kemp understood that divisions involving race and class stood in the way of the country s common goals and former President George W Bush said that Kemp will be remembered for his significant contributions to the Reagan Revolution and his steadfast dedication to conservative principles during his long and distinguished career in public service 316 It was later revealed that melanoma was the probable type of cancer Kemp died from 317 Legacy nbsp Kemp speaks at the National Press Club in 2006 Kemp s legacy includes the Kemp Roth Tax Cut of the 1980s also known as the first of two Reagan tax cuts These served as the foundation of supply side economics known as Reaganomics Many Republicans have endorsed this Laffer Curve view that tax cuts can spur economic growth and reduce deficits Although George H W Bush called this philosophy voodoo economics George W Bush and his Treasury Secretary John W Snow were believers 318 Kemp is also remembered alongside George Wallace and William Jennings Bryan for influencing history by changing the direction of presidential elections despite their defeats 319 In the early 21st century Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan as the politician most responsible for the implementation of supply side tax cuts and along with Steve Forbes as the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas 320 He has been described as a beacon of economic conservatism and a hero for his urban agenda 321 322 Today he continues to be described as a hero to fiscal conservatives who believe that free markets and low taxes work better than government bureaucracies 108 304 Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who are socially conservative but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy 323 In addition to Roth he has had numerous political allies At times he collaborated with Gingrich and Lott on deregulation and tax cuts 5 324 collaborated with McCain and Phil Gramm on tax cuts and spending restraints 325 legislated with and campaigned for Joseph Lieberman 326 and fought poverty with James Pinkerton 98 Pete du Pont was a progressive conservative ally 323 After retiring from Congress and serving in the Cabinet Kemp remained close to Gingrich Lott Weber and Mack 8 203 327 Kemp was a member of the federal committee to promote Martin Luther King Jr Day as a national holiday 246 As a progressive voter he had civil rights leaders such as Benjamin Hooks Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King and conservative black intellectuals like Glenn C Loury and Robert L Woodson as supporters and friends 110 He boasted of having Democratic friends such as William H Gray III Charles B Rangel and Robert Garcia 7 Ken Blackwell was a Deputy Secretary under Kemp 328 During the Reagan presidency when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting a leading United States Senate tax cutting proponent was Democrat Bill Bradley a former basketball star 329 Several American football players have followed Kemp to Congress including Steve Largent 330 J C Watts 331 and Heath Shuler 332 Congressman Paul Ryan cites Kemp as a mentor and mentioned him in his acceptance speech as the Republican Vice Presidential nominee in 2012 333 Growth is obviously what Jack Kemp was about stated Fred Barnes 334 in the opening of the session Growth Growth Growth of Jack Kemp Foundation s Forum on The Future of the American Idea in 2014 Kemp didn t believe in limits to growth 335 a blind spot shared by any politicians of his era and which prompted him to dismiss the 1991 Report of the United Nations Population Fund as nonsense 336 Senator Arlen Specter in a severe rebuke of federal governmental policy stated just one day after Kemp died of cancer that Kemp would still be alive if the federal government had done a better job funding cancer research 337 Following Kemp s death his son Jimmy Kemp created the Jack Kemp Foundation to continue his father s legacy 338 A 501 c 3 charitable organization the foundation s mission statement is to develop engage and recognize exceptional leaders who champion the American Idea The foundation is located in Washington D C and is committed to advancing the universal values of the American Idea growth freedom democracy and hope 339 The football stadium at Occidental College is named after him 340 Electoral historyMain article Electoral history of Jack KempBooksIn addition to authoring significant legislation as a congressman Kemp wrote or co authored several books An American Idea Ending Limits to Growth Washington DC American Studies Center 1984 no ISBN Tax policy and the economy a debate between Michael Harrington and Representative Jack Kemp April 25 1979 New York N Y Institute for Democratic Socialism 1979 no ISBN An American Renaissance Strategy for the 1980s ISBN 0 06 012283 8 Harper amp Row 1979 The IRS v The People ISBN 0 891 95077 X Heritage Books 2005 Authored by Ken Blackwell and edited by Kemp Trusting the People The Dole Kemp Plan to Free the Economy and Create a Better America ISBN 0 694 51804 2 audiobook ASIN B000OEV5RE HarperCollins 1996 coauthored with Bob Dole narrated by Christine Todd Whitman Together We Can Meet the Challenge Winning the Fight Against Drugs ISBN 9780788102721 U S Department of Housing and Urban Development 1994 Pro Sports Should the Government Intervene ISBN 9780844720975 American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research 1977 U S By the Numbers What s Left Right amp Wrong with America ISBN 9781892123145 Capital Books Incorporated 2000 with Raymond J Keating and Thomas N Edmonds Our Communities Our Homes Pathways to Housing and Homeownership in America s Cities and States ISBN 9780976148111 Joint Center for Housing Studies 2007 with Henry G Cisneros Kent W Colton and Nicolas P RetsinasKemp also wrote the foreword to several books Reaganomics Supply Side Economics in Action ISBN 0 87000 505 7 Westport Conn Arlington House 1981 by Bruce R Bartlett with Arthur Laffer Raoul Wallenberg Angel of Rescue by Harvey Rosenfeld ISBN 0879751770 Prometheus Books 1982 Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year 1986 Edition by Charles Brooks ed ISBN 9780882896052 Pelican Publishing Company Incorporated 1986 Leadership Is Common Sense by Herman Cain ISBN 9781930819023 Tapestry Press 2001 Whole World s Watching Decarbonizing the Economy and Saving the World by Martyn Turner and Brian O Connell ISBN 9780471499817 Wiley John amp Sons Incorporated 2001 PapersJack Kemp papers 1924 2009 bulk 1963 1996 118 500 items Held by the Library of Congress See also nbsp conservatism portalExplanatory footnotes There was no 1960 All Star game Citations President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients Archived December 15 2009 at the Wayback Machine White House Office of the Press Secretary July 30 2009 According to the State of California California Birth Index 1905 1995 Center for Health Statistics California Department of Health Services Sacramento California Searchable at http www familytreelegends com records 39461 a b c d e f g h Payton Melissa May 5 1997 114th Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipient Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa USC News University of Southern California Archived from the original on May 25 2011 Retrieved April 1 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k l Dowd Maureen June 28 1987 Is Jack Kemp Mr Right The New York Times Retrieved March 8 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Rosenbaum David E August 11 1996 A Passion for Ideas Jack French Kemp The New York Times Retrieved March 2 2008 Shogan Robert April 7 1987 Kemp Enters 88 Race Urges Strong Defense Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 11 2012 Retrieved May 3 2009 a b c d e May Clifford D December 20 1988 Man in the News Theorist With a Heart Jack French Kemp The New York Times Retrieved March 15 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stengel Richard August 19 1996 Jack Be Nimble Time Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved March 2 2008 a b c d e Jack Kemp To Chair USA Football Green Bay Packers Inc Archived from the original on November 10 2005 Retrieved February 23 2008 Moore Jim January 19 2008 Go 2 Guy L A phenom to test Franklin SeattlePI com Seattle Post Intelligencer Retrieved April 1 2008 Fairfax Facts Public Broadcasting Service Archived from the original on August 30 2006 Retrieved April 1 2008 U S Vice President Jack Kemp Republican Alaska Division of Elections 1996 Archived from the original on June 2 2008 Retrieved May 1 2008 About the SCIAC Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Archived from the original on August 11 2007 Retrieved March 31 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k Martinez Michael September 8 1996 Kemp Success Began at Oxy Los Angeles Daily News Farlex Inc Archived from the original on May 20 2011 Retrieved March 31 2008 Jack Kemp The Baltimore Sun Retrieved May 4 2009 Occidental Players Alumni Pro Football Reference com Pro Football Reference com Sam Farmer Football Umpires are in the Line of Fire Archived May 31 2009 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times November 11 2008 revised December 8 2008 Gonzalez Virginia August 11 1996 Kemp s Wife Prepared For Role Mom Says Los Angeles Daily News Farlex Inc Archived from the original on September 3 2015 Retrieved March 31 2008 All Time Players Jeff Kemp NFL Enterprises LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 Brewer Jerry June 21 2009 Time to Cherish The Seattle Times pp 33 36 Biography of Jack Kemp pbs org MacNeil Lehrer Productions Archived from the original on December 27 2007 Retrieved February 24 2008 a b https profiles nlm nih gov ps retrieve Narrative QQ p nid 84 The C Everett Koop Papers Schaeffer Frank Crazy for God How I Grew Up as One of the Elect Helped Found The Religious Right and Lived to Take All or Almost All of It Back Carrol amp Graf Publishers 2007 pp 284 285 a b In His Own Words Jack Kemp and the Issues The New York Times August 11 1996 Retrieved March 8 2008 Farnsworth Elizabeth August 15 1996 Second Lady Hopeful MacNeil Lehrer Productions Archived from the original on June 13 2008 Retrieved September 3 2008 Sure He d Rather Be President but Conservative Jack Kemp May Be the Right Man on the Right for Hud PEOPLE com Rosenbaum David E August 11 1996 A Passion for Ideas Jack French Kemp The New York Times Tribe Ivan M Gerald R Ford Jr The Most Recent Masonic President Archived March 3 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Scottish Rite Journal of Freemasonry Southern Jurisdiction September 2003 Hodapp Christopher L Brother Jack Kemp 33 R I P Monday May 4 2009 a b c d e f g h i Schultz Randy 2003 Legends of the Buffalo Bills Sports Publishing LLC ISBN 1 58261 687 6 Greatest game ever played Pro Football Hall of Fame Archived from the original on January 10 2008 Retrieved December 26 2008 Mosse David February 1 2007 What if the Colts Giants game had not been such a classic ESPN Internet Ventures Retrieved December 26 2008 Kemp Jack January 27 2001 A Giant in 58 The New York Times Retrieved March 6 2008 a b Army Let Kemp Play Ball During Berlin Crisis The Washington Post Washington DC September 1 1987 a b Mianowany Joseph August 31 1987 Kemp exempted from active duty in 61 UPI com Boca Raton FL United Press International Gruver p 44 Gruver p 55 a b c d Rosenthal Harold compiled by the Elias Sports Bureau ed 1970 Official History American Football League 1960 1969 The Sporting News pp 68 69 1960 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards Pro Football Reference com Sports Reference LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 Gruver p 56 Gruver pp 58 59 Gruver p 61 a b Gruver p 71 1961 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards Pro Football Reference com Sports Reference LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 Gruver p 266 Gruver pp 82 83 a b c d e Maiorana 1994 p 86 Gruver p 83 Gruver Ed 1997 The American Football League A Year by Year History 1960 1969 McFarland amp Company Inc Publishers Maiorana 1994 p 93 94 Maiorana 1994 p 104 1963 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards Pro Football Reference com Sports Reference LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 Gruver p 115 Any Time Any Place Time November 6 1964 Archived from the original on January 27 2010 Retrieved March 21 2008 Reeves Jeremy September 9 2011 Aaron Rodgers got off to sizzling start for Green Bay Packers The Times Picayune Nola com Retrieved September 11 2011 NFL Super Start for Green Bay Sport360 com September 10 2011 Archived from the original on March 28 2012 Retrieved September 11 2011 a b 1964 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards Pro Football Reference com Sports Reference LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 Maiorana 1994 p 116 TalkOfFame State Your Case Jack Kemp Sports Illustrated Talk Of Fame Network Retrieved January 25 2023 Maiorana 1994 p 125 1965 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards Pro Football Reference com Sports Reference LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 The Game Nobody Saw Time January 7 1966 Archived from the original on June 23 2008 Retrieved March 21 2008 1965 Buffalo Bills Pro Football Reference com Sports Reference LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 Maiorana 1994 p 126 Gruver p 151 Maiorana 1994 p 127 Maiorana 1994 pp 136 37 a b c Jack Kemp Pro Football Reference com Sports Reference LLC Retrieved March 31 2008 Maiorana 1994 p 147 Maiorana 1994 p 148 Maiorana 1994 p 157 Maiorana 1994 pp 158 66 Maiorana 2000 p 174 Gaughan Mark July 16 2012 Jack Kemp records you may not know The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 11 2013 Note that this source lists Young with 43 rushing touchdowns it does not include the nine accrued during Young s time in the USFL Garcia Guy D December 3 1984 untitled Time Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved March 21 2008 Hall of Very Good Class of 2012 Archived from the original on September 13 2016 Retrieved November 21 2016 Individual Records Passing NFL Record amp Fact Book NFL Enterprises LLC Archived from the original on May 13 2008 Retrieved February 23 2008 Individual Records Fumbles NFL Record amp Fact Book NFL Enterprises LLC Archived from the original on November 5 2018 Retrieved February 23 2008 Q amp A With Jack Kemp NFL Players October 23 2008 Retrieved November 5 2008 Theodore Roosevelt Award NCAA AwardsAndHonors com Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved May 7 2009 NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award Recipients NCAA Archived from the original on January 8 2010 Retrieved May 7 2009 The NCAA News Teddy winner Jack Kemp dies at age 73 NCAA May 4 2009 Retrieved May 7 2009 dead link Berkow Ira August 11 1996 A Quarterback Who Doesn t Like Warming the Bench The New York Times Retrieved April 1 2008 a b c d e f Stanley Alessandra April 13 1987 Campaign Portrait Time Archived from the original on December 7 2008 Retrieved March 17 2008 Waldman Steven November 30 1997 Sweating to the Oldies Toiling together will do as much for race relations as talking together U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 13 2008 May Clifford D December 20 1988 Man in the News Theorist With a Heart Jack French Kemp The New York Times Retrieved April 8 2009 a b Thomas Evan September 3 1984 Struggling for a Party s Soul Time Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved March 19 2008 a b Sidey Hugh May 29 1978 Roses with a Touch of Ragweed Time Archived from the original on October 14 2010 Retrieved March 21 2008 Greider William December 1981 The Education of David Stockman Atlantic Monthly The Atlantic com Retrieved April 15 2008 Newcomers in the House Time November 16 1970 Archived from the original on October 23 2012 Retrieved March 21 2008 a b c Jack Kemp kemppartners com Archived from the original on May 13 2008 Retrieved February 24 2008 a b The New 12 Steps to Recovery Time January 17 1996 Archived from the original on November 6 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 May Clifford September 9 1987 Kemp in Honduras Assails Latin Peace Plan The New York Times Retrieved January 10 2009 Babbitt Think Small Time August 26 1996 Archived from the original on February 14 2004 Retrieved March 1 2008 a b Trillin Calvin November 18 1996 The Endless Campaign Time Archived from the original on April 8 2008 Retrieved March 1 2008 a b Kramer Michael September 23 1996 Campaign 2000 Time Archived from the original on December 1 2008 Retrieved March 1 2008 a b Kramer Michael August 19 1996 In From the Cold Time Archived from the original on December 1 2008 Retrieved March 2 2008 a b c d e f g h i Deparle Jason February 28 1993 How Jack Kemp Lost the War on Poverty The New York Times Retrieved March 2 2008 Gergen David September 1 1996 A Bridge to Nowhere U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Borger Gloria Michael Barone August 18 1996 Born for the Job The Kemp interview U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Collins James December 5 1994 Where Are They Now Time Archived from the original on March 6 2008 Retrieved March 4 2008 Where Did He Get Those Figures Time April 14 1980 Archived from the original on November 25 2010 Retrieved March 21 2008 Final Payments Time December 22 1980 Archived from the original on December 9 2007 Retrieved March 21 2008 Church George J December 22 1980 Eight for the Cabinet Time Archived from the original 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Archived from the original on January 16 2005 Retrieved March 22 2008 Wallis Claudia May 25 1981 Act II Scene 1 Form 1040 Time Archived from the original on April 8 2008 Retrieved March 22 2008 Rauch Jonathan February 1989 Is the Deficit Really So Bad Atlantic Monthly The Atlantic com Archived from the original on August 16 2004 Retrieved April 15 2008 Schneider William January 1987 The New Shape of American Politics Atlantic Monthly The Atlantic com Archived from the original on May 9 2008 Retrieved April 15 2008 Mitchell Daniel J July 19 1996 The Historical Lessons of Lower Tax Rates The Heritage Foundation Archived from the original on May 30 2007 Retrieved April 4 2008 a b Rowe Jonathan October 13 1996 Major Growing Pains The economy s rosy but people aren t So what s going on here U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Pethokoukis James December 21 2007 A Chat With Jack Kemp U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on March 2 2008 Retrieved April 13 2008 Budget Battle Time May 21 1979 Archived from the original on October 22 2010 Retrieved March 21 2008 Free Enterprise Oases Time July 14 1980 Archived from the original on April 12 2008 Retrieved March 21 2008 Andersen Kurt August 16 1982 Thunder on the Right Time Archived from the original on October 15 2010 Retrieved March 21 2008 Isaacson Walter August 30 1982 Scoring on a Reverse Time Archived from the original on October 15 2010 Retrieved March 21 2008 Greenwald John July 25 1983 Paul Volcker Superstar Time Archived from the original on October 23 2007 Retrieved March 21 2008 Short of Cash Time August 8 1983 Archived from the original on December 22 2008 Retrieved March 21 2008 Kemp Jack An American Idea Ending Limits to Growth Goodrich 1985 Tifft Susan August 20 1984 Coronation in Prime Time Time Archived from the original on May 10 2009 Retrieved March 21 2008 Rallying Round a Comma Cause Time August 27 1984 Archived from the original on 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Shapiro Scott Minerbrook Paul Glastris Jeannye Thornton Dorian Friedman May 10 1992 Requiem for the Cities A new fight over urban policy has begun The key will be to focus on the right problems and to avoid overselling chances for success U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 15 2008 Clinton 3 5 Billion for Empowerment Zones Time December 21 1994 Archived from the original on January 22 2011 Retrieved March 4 2008 Maass Peter December 22 1996 20 Silver Bullets 7 How to Make Housing Affordable Let People Subdivide Their Homes U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Shapiro Walter July 6 1992 Spelling Out The Job Specs Time Archived from the original on August 12 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 Fenyvesi Charles July 12 1992 Waiting Game Charmed By Perot Under the Volcano Sigh of Relief One and the Same Out of Time Perot will name veep choice after GOP convention Cheney says Pentagon still probing 109 POW sightings Worst taste of the year sending Ice T s album in body bag U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 15 2008 Fenyvesi Charles October 11 1992 Darmanophobia Travel Plans In the Middle Ego Tripped Safe Deposit Amazing Grace Darman role in debate strategy angers GOP conservatives Gates mission to Moscow mystifies Kremlin leadership Storm over Norm Does Schwarzkopf take too much credit U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Fenyvesi Charles August 9 1992 Take a Memo Home Sweet Home All s Not Lost Lost Cause Wrong Numbers Kemp and allies to challenge Bush on economy at convention Nixon to the president There is still hope for your campaign Pro choice Republicans give up fight over platform plank U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 15 2008 Morganthau Tom Ann McDaniel August 3 1992 The Quayle Question Newsweek Retrieved April 15 2008 Kemp Says Parts of Bush s Plan for the Economy Are Gimmicks The New York Times February 2 1992 Retrieved April 15 2008 a b Dowd Maureen November 26 1991 Washington Memo For Bush the Kemp Thing Reappears The New York Times Retrieved April 15 2008 a b Zeman Ned Lucy Howard November 25 1991 Does Kemp Want Out Newsweek Retrieved April 15 2008 Will George F December 16 1991 No Happy Warriors Here Newsweek Archived from the original on May 20 2011 Retrieved April 15 2008 Ellis David November 5 1990 Who s Next Out the Door Time Archived from the original on November 13 2007 Retrieved March 6 2008 Shannon Elaine August 7 1989 A Loose Cannon s Parting Shot Time Archived from the original on October 22 2010 Retrieved March 6 2008 Fenyvesi Charles August 16 1992 Ultimatum to Iraq The Doctor Is Back Moving On Turnaround Debating the Debates Roger Redux Saddam Hussein will be probable target of U S move in Iraq Baker The master of spin control is back at the old game Ailes may rejoin the Bush campaign U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 7 2009 Retrieved April 15 2008 Fritsch Jane September 6 1996 Kemp Earned 6 9 Million Mostly as Speaker Since 92 The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 Fenyvesi Charles January 30 1994 Back to Strength Thinking the Unthinkable Kemp Followers The Wrong Fields Past Prime Time Backing Up Bill Saddam Hussein s military is almost back to prewar potency Rostenkowski could lose March 15 primary insiders say Clinton s speech insurance Seven floppy disks two paper copies U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Roberts Steven V August 23 1992 The GOP Four Years from Now U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 15 2008 Fenyvesi Charles July 11 1993 Refuge for Abdel Rahman Double Standard Still No 1 Second Thoughts Getting the Jump Clinton s Bush League Shiek Abdel Rahman secretly offered asylum by Afghanistan First lady to keep administration health reform portfolio Clinton foreign policy getting Bush like look U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Fenyvesi Charles May 2 1993 Surveying the Field Picking Up Speed Getting Out Co Portraits As Clinton slips Republicans savor prospects for 1996 Bosnians blame foreign Muslim volunteers for atrocities Official presidential photo becomes double exposure U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Fenyvesi Charles November 1 1992 Early Line Promises Promises On Its Way The Real Hillary Poor Perot Kemp rates as early favorite in 96 GOP sweepstakes North Korea sends another Scud cargo to Iran Syria Perot s campaign Is his 60 million ad blitz tax deductible U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Stanglin Douglas Gordon Witkin David Fischer Gary Cohen Kathryn Bushkin Steven V Roberts Charles Fenyvesi Tim Zimmermann October 30 1994 Rising Specter Political Capital Central Casting Peace At Last Price War FBI to Congress Just Say No U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Fenyvesi Charles July 24 1994 Hot Footprints How Washington Works Snubbing Harvard Kemp s Followers Beating Bush Taking Ames Pentagon traces mystery plutonium to Russian atomic ministry Democrats gave seed money to new group battling religious right Jim Baker tops Bush in Texas fund raising league U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Kemp Not Republican Enough Time January 30 1995 Archived from the original on October 8 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 Kramer Michael February 13 1995 Eyes on the Prize Time Archived from the original on October 8 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 a b Borger Gloria January 22 1995 The Repository of Reagan Optimism U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Lewis Neil A January 31 1995 Kemp Rejects Presidential Bid Citing Dislike of Fund Raising The New York Times Retrieved March 8 2008 Gergen David February 25 1996 Republican Wreckage U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Birnbaum Jeffrey H September 25 1995 Can He Stay on the Pedestal Time Archived from the original on January 14 2005 Retrieved March 4 2008 Hage David David Fischer April 9 1995 Sweating the Details The House passes tax cuts but trimming deficits will be a tougher exercise U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Back in the Pocket Time April 3 1995 Archived from the original on October 8 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 Quayle in Dole Country Time September 21 1995 Archived from the original on October 8 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 a b Birnbaum Jeffrey H January 8 1996 Secrets of the Kemp Commission Time Archived from the original on November 6 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 Dentzer Susan February 4 1996 Arrest Him He Stole My Flat Tax U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Marks John Michael Barone January 21 1996 Unfriendly Fire on the Rising Star As he climbs in the polls Steve Forbes is accused of violating a cardinal rule of his trade U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Who s the Flattest of Them All Time January 16 1996 Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 Berke Richard L January 31 1996 Politics The Endorsements Hopefuls Go a Courtin And Kemp Is the Prize The New York Times Retrieved March 8 2008 Politics Kemp Keeps His Neutrality The New York Times February 1 1996 Retrieved March 8 2008 Kemp Backs Forbes Time March 6 1996 Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved March 4 2008 Marks John March 10 1996 What Exactly Does Forbes Want U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Tollerson Ernest March 7 1996 Politics Endorsement Kemp Supports Forbes in Bid to Salvage Flat Tax Plan as an Issue in the Campaign The New York Times Retrieved March 8 2008 Stanglin Douglas David Makovsky David Fischer Tim Zimmermann Richard J Newman Jim Impoco Ted Gest Josh Chetwynd Gary Cohen July 7 1996 Can the Middle East Bank on Bibi The Name Game Unkindest Cuts Joining Forces Speaking Out Star Search U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Miles Jack April 1995 The Coming Immigration Debate Atlantic Monthly The Atlantic com Archived from the original on August 12 2004 Retrieved April 15 2008 Adams Kathleen et al October 31 1994 The Week October 16 22 Time Archived from the original on February 4 2013 Retrieved March 4 2008 Carlson Margaret October 31 1994 Public Eye Alienable Rights Time Archived from the original on January 22 2011 Retrieved March 4 2008 Roberts Steven V Kenneth T Walsh Dorian Friedman November 6 1994 Revenge of the Centrists As voters tire of partisan squabbles moderates in both parties seek to lead from the middle U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Bowermaster David September 15 1995 Closing the Golden Door The immigration battle U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 How about Never Time July 9 1996 Archived from the original on March 7 2005 Retrieved March 4 2008 Barone Michael August 18 1996 A Conservatism of the Head U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Goodgame Dan September 16 1996 The Chairman of Virtue Time Archived from the original on October 30 2010 Retrieved March 1 2008 Lacayo Richard Michael Duffy August 19 1996 Punching Up The Ticket Time Archived from the original on October 17 2007 Retrieved March 2 2008 a b Nagourney Adam August 16 1996 Kemp Gives Early Look at Strategy The New York 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Time September 11 1996 Archived from the original on October 30 2010 Retrieved March 1 2008 a b c Nagourney Adam August 19 1996 Kemp Attacks Clinton s Abortion Veto The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 Lacayo Richard November 18 1996 The Next Act Time Archived from the original on April 8 2008 Retrieved March 1 2008 Dentzer Susan August 4 1996 Bob Dole in the Carnival of Tax Cuts U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 a b Winerip Michael August 12 1996 Kemp Brings Sense of Relief And Hope for Ohio s G O P The New York Times Retrieved March 2 2008 Dole Kemp and the G O P Time September 9 1996 Archived from the original on November 6 2010 Retrieved March 2 2008 The Odd Couple Time August 12 1996 Archived from the original on October 29 2010 Retrieved March 2 2008 Barone Michael September 15 1996 What a New Crew Might Do U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Bruni Frank August 29 1996 Kemp Stumps For the Votes of Minorities The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 Gray Jerry September 7 1996 Kemp Courts Harlem Voters With Open Arms Little Hope The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 Gray Jerry September 4 1996 In Inner City Chicago Kemp Makes Pitch for Black Votes The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 Rosenthal A M October 15 1996 Kemp and Farrakhan The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 a b c Gray Jerry September 11 1996 Kemp Lines Up Solidly Behind Netanyahu The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 Dorf Matthew August 16 1996 Can GOP ticket overcome rightist platform Kemp seen as ally on Jewish causes J the Jewish news weekly of Northern California San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc Retrieved April 1 2008 Firestone David October 18 1996 Gore Kemp and No Politics for Dinner The New York Times Retrieved March 4 2008 a b Borger Gloria October 6 1996 On the Good Shepherd s Trail U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on 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Retrieved March 4 2008 Borger Gloria David Fischer Linda Kulman Kenneth T Walsh Jason Vest October 27 1996 Should Dole Swing Away Allies urge him to hammer Clinton but Dole hates the idea and isn t very good at it anyway U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Carlson Margaret October 28 1996 A Case of Mud Lust Time Archived from the original on August 15 2009 Retrieved March 1 2008 Goodgame Dan October 21 1996 From Savior to Scapegoat Time Archived from the original on August 18 2009 Retrieved March 1 2008 President of the Debate Team Newsweek November 23 2007 Retrieved April 13 2008 Clines Francis X October 10 1996 Economy Dominates Kemp Gore Debate The New York Times Retrieved March 2 2008 Excerpts From Debate Between Vice President Gore and Jack Kemp The New York Times October 10 1996 Retrieved March 2 2008 DePalma Anthony October 11 1996 Both Kemp and Gore Erred in Debate Over Policy on Mexico The New York Times Retrieved March 4 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amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Miller Matthew July 27 1997 A Tax None Will Touch Why politicians in Washington still protect the tax that economists call job killing deceptive and unfair U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Provost Taran May 5 1997 Round Two Time Archived from the original on December 22 2008 Retrieved March 1 2008 Litsky Frank December 11 2007 Rehab Plan Announced for N F L s Ex Players The New York Times Retrieved March 1 2008 Greenhouse Steven May 16 2000 Coalition Urges Easing of Immigration Laws The New York Times Retrieved March 8 2008 Adti Fast Quality amp Trust Adti Archived from the original on June 15 2011 Retrieved April 26 2020 Berger Gloria February 18 2001 Dole Still in the Game U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved April 14 2008 Borger Gloria December 15 2002 A bad good ol boy U S News amp World Report 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from the original on May 27 2012 Retrieved December 19 2011 Former Buffalo Bills Quarterback Jack Kemp Battling Cancer ESPN com ESPN Internet Ventures January 7 2009 Retrieved January 8 2009 Jack Kemp Battles Cancer MSNBC Microsoft January 8 2009 Retrieved January 8 2009 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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