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Chemakum language

January 01, 1970

For the community named Chimacum, see Chimacum, Washington.

Chemakum (/ˈtʃɛməkʌm/ CHEM-ək-um; also written as Chimakum or Chimacum) is an extinct Chimakuan language once spoken by the Chemakum, a Native American group that once lived on western Washington state's Olympic Peninsula. It was closely related to the Quileute language, also extinct but undergoing revitalization in the early 21st century. In the 1860s, Chief Seattle and the Suquamish people killed many of the Chimakum people. In 1890, Franz Boas found out about only three speakers, and they spoke it imperfectly, of whom he managed to gather linguistic data from one, a woman named Louise Webster (her brother was another speaker of the three).[1] Several years later in the 1920s, Manuel J. Andrade cross-checked some of Boas' materials with the same speaker. A few semi-speakers continued until the 1940s on the east side of the Olympic Peninsula, between Port Townsend and Hood Canal.

Chemakum
Aqoʞúlo /ʔaˈxʷóqʷolo/ (autoethnonym)
Native toOlympic Peninsula, Washington
EthnicityChimakum
Extinct1 imperfect speaker (Louise Webster) in the 1920s, 3 imperfect speakers (including L. Webster and her brother) in 1890[1]
Chimakuan
  • Chemakum
Language codes
ISO 639-3xch
Glottologchim1310
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The name Chemakum is an anglicization of the Salishan name for the Chimakum people, perhaps old Twana čə́mqəm (currently čə́bqəb [t͡ʃə́bqəb]).

Phonology edit

Boas’[2] original article based on fieldwork with one of the last three native speakers in the summer of 1890 uses the following consonantal symbols: ‹h; k, ʞ, q; u; y; n; t; s, c, tç; ts, tc; m, p; l, lʻ; ′› along with ejectivization usually notated by a following ‹!› on stops and affricates, but sometimes also by a following ‹ߴ›. Labio-dorsals and the lateral ejective were analyzed as consonant clusters as the transcription shows. Based on his own description (in a footnote) and words and sentences cited, along with some comparison to Quileute cognates, the following phonemic inventory can be determined (the plain uvulars were probably pre-uvular and the plain stops and affricates were probably somewhat aspirated as in most languages of the region including Quileute):

Bilabial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar 		Labio-
velar 		Uvular Glottal
plain sibilant lateral plain labial
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p ‹p› t ‹t› t͡s ‹ts› t͡ʃ ‹tc› kʷ ‹ku› q ‹ʞ› qʷ ‹ʞu› ʔ ‹′›
ejective pʼ ‹p!› tʼ ‹t!› t͡sʼ ‹ts!› t͡ɬʼ ‹t!lʻ› t͡ʃʼ ‹tc!› kʷʼ ‹k!u› qʼ ‹ʞ!› qʷʼ ‹ʞ!u›
Fricative s ‹s› ɬ ‹lʻ› ʃ ‹c› χ ‹q› χʷ ‹qu› h ‹h›
Sonorant m ‹m› n ‹n› l ‹l› j ‹y› w ‹u›

Transcription isn't fully standardized and some amount of variation is attested. E.g., some instances of ejectives are double-marked with both ‹!› and a following ‹ߴ›. Compare the independent word ‘back’ written ‹ʞ!ߴē′enōkoat› against the corresponding lexical suffix is written ‹-ʞ!ĕnuk›. Similarly, the lexical suffix for ‘hand’ appears as ‹-t!ߴa›. Here, the Quileute cognate ‹-t̓ay› shows that, despite the notation, the sound was probably just an ejective t. Yet another notation for an ejective — simply a following apostrophe — may be found in the word ‹ʞ!ߴautߴátct› ‘bracelet’ if this is indeed cognate to Quileute ‹ḳ̓aḳ̓ʷò·t̓á·yat› ‘bracelet’, and in ‹tcߴālʻa› ‘stone’, cognate to Quileute ‹k̓á·t̓ƚa› ‘stone’.

The labio-dorsals were not analyzed as unit consonants by Boas. The audible rounding on them was either marked as a glide, or the rounding was notationally transferred to a neighboring vowel. Consider the following examples: ‹kuē′lʻ› ‘one’ (Quileute ‹wí·ƚ›), ‹lʻa′kua› ‘two’ (Quileute ‹ƚáʔw›), ‹ʞoā′lē› ‘three’ (Quileute ‹ḳʷáʔl›), ‹-kō› ‘canoe (lexical suffix)’ (Quileute ‹-kʷ›), ‹-ʞōs› ‘neck (lexical suffix)’ (Quileute ‹-ḳ̓ʷó·s›), ‹-tçuʞ› ‘our’ (Quileute ‹-t̓oqʷ›) etc.

The meaning of Boas’ ‹tç› is not entirely certain. Swadesh,[3] working with Boas’ data half a century later, decided to interpret ‹tç› as /t͡ʃʼ/ — in his notation ‹ч̓› — but it is not clear why, especially considering that /t͡ʃʼ/ is witten differently in ‹tcߴālʻa› ‘stone’. Boas himself describes the sound as “dento-alveolar t”, which isn't very helpful. Based on comparative evidence from Quileute, Powell[4] interprets ‹tç› as a variant symbol for /t/ (perhaps notating some allophonic difference that Boas perceived).

Swadesh[3] added a distinction between labio-velar and labio-uvular fricatives for which there is no explicit evidence in Boas’ paper[2] yielding the system below:

Boas[2] transcribed several distinct vowels in the published account of Chemakum (and a few more in his unpublished fieldnotes): ‹ā, a, ē, e, ĕ, ī, ō›, along with a marginal ‹u› whose main purpose was to indicate rounding adjacent to labio-dorsal consonants. The list was reduced to a much simpler phonemic inventory of three short vowels /i a o/ and three long vowels /iː aː oː/ by Powell.[5] The vowels probably exhibited some amount of allophonic variation as Boas’ original transcription shows, but according to Andrade,[6] less so than in Quileute.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Ruby, Robert H.; John Arthur Brown (1992). A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 22–23, 28. ISBN 9780806124797.
  2. ^ a b c Boas, Franz (1892). "Notes on the Chemakum language". American Anthropologist. 5 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1525/aa.1892.5.1.02a00050. JSTOR 658768.
  3. ^ a b Swadesh, Morris (1955). "Chemakum lexicon compared with Quileute". International Journal of American Linguistics. 21 (1): 60–72. doi:10.1086/464309. JSTOR 1263215. S2CID 143862109 – via JSTOR.
  4. ^ Powell, James V. (1974). Proto-Chimakuan: Materials for a Reconstruction. PhD dissertation at the University of Hawaiʻi. p. 16.
  5. ^ Elmendorf, William W. (1990). Suttles, Wayne (ed.). "Chemakum". Handbook of North American Indians. 7 (Northwest Coast): 438–440.
  6. ^ Andrade, Manuel J. (1933). Boas, Franz (ed.). "Quileute". Handbook of Indian American Languages. 3: 151.

January 01, 1970
chemakum, language, community, named, chimacum, chimacum, washington, chemakum, chem, also, written, chimakum, chimacum, extinct, chimakuan, language, once, spoken, chemakum, native, american, group, that, once, lived, western, washington, state, olympic, peni. For the community named Chimacum see Chimacum Washington Chemakum ˈ tʃ ɛ m e k ʌ m CHEM ek um also written as Chimakum or Chimacum is an extinct Chimakuan language once spoken by the Chemakum a Native American group that once lived on western Washington state s Olympic Peninsula It was closely related to the Quileute language also extinct but undergoing revitalization in the early 21st century In the 1860s Chief Seattle and the Suquamish people killed many of the Chimakum people In 1890 Franz Boas found out about only three speakers and they spoke it imperfectly of whom he managed to gather linguistic data from one a woman named Louise Webster her brother was another speaker of the three 1 Several years later in the 1920s Manuel J Andrade cross checked some of Boas materials with the same speaker A few semi speakers continued until the 1940s on the east side of the Olympic Peninsula between Port Townsend and Hood Canal ChemakumAqoʞulo ʔaˈxʷoqʷolo autoethnonym Native toOlympic Peninsula WashingtonEthnicityChimakumExtinct1 imperfect speaker Louise Webster in the 1920s 3 imperfect speakers including L Webster and her brother in 1890 1 Language familyChimakuan ChemakumLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code xch class extiw title iso639 3 xch xch a Linguist ListGlottologchim1310This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA The name Chemakum is an anglicization of the Salishan name for the Chimakum people perhaps old Twana ce mqem currently ce bqeb t ʃe bqeb Phonology editBoas 2 original article based on fieldwork with one of the last three native speakers in the summer of 1890 uses the following consonantal symbols h k ʞ q u y n t s c tc ts tc m p l lʻ along with ejectivization usually notated by a following on stops and affricates but sometimes also by a following ߴ Labio dorsals and the lateral ejective were analyzed as consonant clusters as the transcription shows Based on his own description in a footnote and words and sentences cited along with some comparison to Quileute cognates the following phonemic inventory can be determined the plain uvulars were probably pre uvular and the plain stops and affricates were probably somewhat aspirated as in most languages of the region including Quileute Bilabial Alveolar Palato alveolar Labio velar Uvular Glottal plain sibilant lateral plain labial Plosive Affricate plain p p t t t s ts t ʃ tc kʷ ku q ʞ qʷ ʞu ʔ ejective pʼ p tʼ t t sʼ ts t ɬʼ t lʻ t ʃʼ tc kʷʼ k u qʼ ʞ qʷʼ ʞ u Fricative s s ɬ lʻ ʃ c x q xʷ qu h h Sonorant m m n n l l j y w u Transcription isn t fully standardized and some amount of variation is attested E g some instances of ejectives are double marked with both and a following ߴ Compare the independent word back written ʞ ߴe enōkoat against the corresponding lexical suffix is written ʞ ĕnuk Similarly the lexical suffix for hand appears as t ߴa Here the Quileute cognate t ay shows that despite the notation the sound was probably just an ejective t Yet another notation for an ejective simply a following apostrophe may be found in the word ʞ ߴautߴatct bracelet if this is indeed cognate to Quileute ḳ aḳ ʷo t a yat bracelet and in tcߴalʻa stone cognate to Quileute k a t ƚa stone The labio dorsals were not analyzed as unit consonants by Boas The audible rounding on them was either marked as a glide or the rounding was notationally transferred to a neighboring vowel Consider the following examples kue lʻ one Quileute wi ƚ lʻa kua two Quileute ƚaʔw ʞoa le three Quileute ḳʷaʔl kō canoe lexical suffix Quileute kʷ ʞōs neck lexical suffix Quileute ḳ ʷo s tcuʞ our Quileute t oqʷ etc The meaning of Boas tc is not entirely certain Swadesh 3 working with Boas data half a century later decided to interpret tc as t ʃʼ in his notation ch but it is not clear why especially considering that t ʃʼ is witten differently in tcߴalʻa stone Boas himself describes the sound as dento alveolar t which isn t very helpful Based on comparative evidence from Quileute Powell 4 interprets tc as a variant symbol for t perhaps notating some allophonic difference that Boas perceived Swadesh 3 added a distinction between labio velar and labio uvular fricatives for which there is no explicit evidence in Boas paper 2 yielding the system below Bilabial Alveolar Palato alveolar Labio velar Uvular Glottal plain sibilant lateral plain labial Plosive Affricate plain p t t s t ʃ kʷ q qʷ ʔ ejective pʼ tʼ t sʼ t ɬʼ t ʃʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ Fricative s ɬ ʃ xʷ x xʷ h Sonorant m n l j w Boas 2 transcribed several distinct vowels in the published account of Chemakum and a few more in his unpublished fieldnotes a a e e ĕ i ō along with a marginal u whose main purpose was to indicate rounding adjacent to labio dorsal consonants The list was reduced to a much simpler phonemic inventory of three short vowels i a o and three long vowels iː aː oː by Powell 5 The vowels probably exhibited some amount of allophonic variation as Boas original transcription shows but according to Andrade 6 less so than in Quileute See also editQuileute language Chimakuan languagesReferences edit a b Ruby Robert H John Arthur Brown 1992 A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest University of Oklahoma Press pp 22 23 28 ISBN 9780806124797 a b c Boas Franz 1892 Notes on the Chemakum language American Anthropologist 5 1 37 44 doi 10 1525 aa 1892 5 1 02a00050 JSTOR 658768 a b Swadesh Morris 1955 Chemakum lexicon compared with Quileute International Journal of American Linguistics 21 1 60 72 doi 10 1086 464309 JSTOR 1263215 S2CID 143862109 via JSTOR Powell James V 1974 Proto Chimakuan Materials for a Reconstruction PhD dissertation at the University of Hawaiʻi p 16 Elmendorf William W 1990 Suttles Wayne ed Chemakum Handbook of North American Indians 7 Northwest Coast 438 440 Andrade Manuel J 1933 Boas Franz ed Quileute Handbook of Indian American Languages 3 151 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chemakum language amp oldid 1217483258, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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