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Hedera

January 01, 1970

This article is about plants in the family Araliaceae. For the typographic ornamentation ❧, see Fleuron (typography). For Hedera Hashgraph, see Hashgraph.
"Ivy" redirects here. For other plants, see list of plants known as ivy. For other uses, see Ivy (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Hadera.

Hedera, commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan. Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and the name ivy especially denotes common ivy (Hedera helix), known in North America as "English ivy", which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls.

Hedera
Hedera algeriensis in Lincoln Park Conservatory, Chicago
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Subfamily: Aralioideae
Genus: Hedera
L.
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Helix Mitch.
  • Psedera Neck.

Description edit

 
Hedera helix adult leaves and unripe berries in Ayrshire, Scotland

On level ground ivies remain creeping, not exceeding 5–20 cm height, but on surfaces suitable for climbing, including trees, natural rock outcrops or man-made structures such as quarry rock faces or built masonry and wooden structures, they can climb to at least 30 m above the ground. Ivies have two leaf types, with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces, from 2 m or more above ground. The juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender, flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix the shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting and without roots. The flowers are greenish-yellow with five small petals; they are produced in umbels in autumn to early winter and are very rich in nectar. The fruit is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow berry 5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries.

The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf trichomes, and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The chromosome number also differs between species. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes.[2]

Ecology edit

Ivies are natives of Eurasia and North Africa but have been introduced to North America and Australia. They invade disturbed forest areas in North America.[3] Ivy seeds are spread by birds.[3]

Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production, both produced at times of the year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available.[4] The ivy bee Colletes hederae is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering.[5] The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including thrushes, blackcaps, and woodpigeons.[4] The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, scalloped hazel, small angle shades, small dusty wave (which feeds exclusively on ivy), swallow-tailed moth and willow beauty.

A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy.[6] Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy.[7] It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments.

Taxonomy edit

 
Hedera canariensis juvenile leaves, Gomera, Canary Islands.
 
Hedera algeriensis

The following species are widely accepted; they are divided into two main groups, depending on whether they have scale-like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves:[2][8][9]

  • Trichomes scale-like
  • Trichomes stellate
    • Hedera azorica Carrière – Azores ivy. Azores.
    • Hedera helix L. – Common ivy (syn. H. caucasigena Pojark., H. taurica (Hibberd) Carrière). Europe, and widely introduced elsewhere.
    • Hedera hibernica (G.Kirchn.) Bean – Atlantic ivy (syn. H. helix subsp. hibernica (G.Kirchn.) D.C.McClint.). Atlantic western Europe.

The species of ivy are largely allopatric and closely related, and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of H. helix, the first species described. Several additional species have been described in the southern parts of the former Soviet Union, but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists.

Hybrids have been recorded between several Hedera species, including Atlantic ivy (H hibernica) with common ivy (H helix).[10] Hybridisation may also have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus.[2] A well-known hybrid involving ivies is the intergeneric hybrid × Fatshedera lizei, a cross between Fatsia japonica and Hedera hibernica. This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and has never successfully been repeated, the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation.[11][12]

Uses and cultivation edit

 
When the ivy blooms in September it attracts hoverflies and other nectar feeders.
 
A variegated Hedera helix cultivar

Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere, for their evergreen foliage, attracting wildlife, and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition, or to hide unsightly walls, fences and tree stumps. Numerous cultivars with variegated foliage and/or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use.[11]

The American Ivy Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hedera, and recognises over 400 registered cultivars.[13]

Problems and dangers edit

On trees edit

 
Ivy climbing on a pine tree (pinus sylvestris) in Headley, UK.

Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees. In Europe, the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients, light, and water, and senescent trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to windthrow damage.[4] The UK's Woodland Trust says "Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees, but it doesn’t harm the tree at all, and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife."[6] Harm and problems are more significant in North America, where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents; the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks.[14]

Invasive exotic edit

See also: Hedera helix § Invasive species

Several ivy species have become a serious invasive species (invasive exotic) in natural native plant habitats, especially riparian and woodland types, and also a horticultural weed in gardens of the western and southern regions of North America with milder winters. Ivies create a dense, vigorously smothering, shade-tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above-ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and outcompete the native vegetation. The use of ivies as ornamental plants in horticulture in California and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions.[15] Similar problems exist in Australia. For example, in both countries the North African drought-tolerant H. canariensis and H. algeriensis and European H. helix were originally cultivated in garden, park, and highway landscaping, but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems, now necessitating costly eradication programs.[16]

Toxicity edit

The berries are moderately toxic to humans. Ivy foliage contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol. Falcarinol is capable of inducing contact dermatitis. It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells.[17]

Stinging insects edit

The flowers of ivy are pollinated by Hymenoptera and are particularly attractive to the common wasp.

Etymology and other names edit

The name ivy derives from Old English ifig, cognate with German Efeu, of unknown original meaning.[18] The scientific name Hedera is the classical Latin name for the plant.[11] Old regional common names in Britain, no longer used, include "Bindwood" and "Lovestone", for the way it clings and grows over stones and bricks. US Pacific Coast regional common names for H. canariensis include "California ivy" and "Algerian ivy". For H. helix, regional common names include "common ivy" (Britain and Ireland) and "English ivy" (North America).

The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants, including Boston ivy (Japanese Creeper Parthenocissus tricuspidata, in the family Vitaceae), Cape-ivy (used interchangeably for Senecio angulatus and Delairea odorata, Asteraceae), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans, Anacardiaceae), Swedish ivy (Whorled Plectranthus Plectranthus verticillatus, Lamiaceae) and ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea, also Lamiaceae), and Kenilworth ivy (Cymbalaria muralis, Plantaginaceae).

Cultural symbolism edit

Like many other evergreen plants, which impressed European cultures by persisting through the winter, ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance. It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits.[6]

In Ancient Rome it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk, and such a wreath was worn by Bacchus, the god of intoxication.[6]

Ivy bushes or ivy-wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United Kingdom, and many pubs are still called The Ivy.[19]

The clinging nature of ivy makes it a symbol of love and friendship, there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds,[6] and as it clings to dead trees and remains green, it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval Christian symbolism.[20]

The traditional British Christmas carol, "The Holly and the Ivy", uses ivy as a symbol for the Virgin Mary.

Ivy-covered ruins were a staple of the Romantic movement in landscape painting, for example Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1790), Tintern Abbey, West Front by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1794) and Netley Abbey by Francis Towne (1809). In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the sublime power of nature.

The image of ivy-covered historic buildings gave the name Ivy League to a group of old and prestigious American universities. [21]

Ivy features extensively in the 2010 movie Arrietty and the poster for the film.

Gallery edit

  •  
    Hedera helix on trees near Srbsko, Czech Republic
  •  
    Hedera colchica leaves and flowers
  •  
    Hedera hibernica with berries
  •  
    Hedera helix leaves, Bremerhaven
  •  
    Hedera helix flowers

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c Ackerfield, J, & Wen, J. (2002). A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications. Adansonia sér. 3, 24: 197-212. Full text. 2011-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b Ingham, C.S.; Borman, M.M. (2010). "English Ivy (Hedera spp., Araliaceae) Response to Goat Browsing". Invasive Plant Science and Management. 3 (2): 178–181. doi:10.1614/ipsm-09-021.1. S2CID 86767633.
  4. ^ a b c Mitchell, A. F. (1975). "Three Forest Climbers: Ivy, Old Man's Beard and Honeysuckle". Forest Record. 102.
  5. ^ Hymettus — BWARS Information Sheet: Ivy Bee (Colletes hederae) 2011-04-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d e "Ivy (Hedera helix)". Woodland Trust. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  7. ^ English Heritage - Ivy on Walls Seminar Report, 19 May 2010 www.geog.ox.ac.uk, accessed 11 November 2020
  8. ^ McAllister, H. (1982). New work on ivies Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook 1981: 106–109.
  9. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network Species Records of Hedera 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ R H Marshall, H A McAllister & J D Armitage (2017), A summary of hybrids detected in the genus Hedera (Araliaceae) with the provision of three new names, New Journal of Botany, 7:1, 2-8 [1]
  11. ^ a b c Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 2: 60. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  12. ^ Metcalfe, D. J. (2005). Biological Flora of the British Isles no. 268 Hedera helix L. Journal of Ecology 93: 632–648.
  13. ^ "Ivies". The American Ivy Society. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  14. ^ "Hedera helix". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  15. ^ (PDF). Cal-IPC. 2003-02-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  16. ^ "California Invasive Plant Council Interactive Database". Cal-IPC. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  17. ^ M. Kobæk-Larsen; L. P. Christensen; W. Vach; J. Ritskes-Hoitinga; K. Brandt (2005). "Inhibitory Effects of Feeding with Carrots or (-)-Falcarinol on Development of Azoxymethane-Induced Preneoplastic Lesions in the Rat Colon". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (5): 1823–1827. doi:10.1021/jf048519s. PMID 15740080.
  18. ^ Werner, W. (2009). The Terminology of Medicinal Plants in English and German. Linguistic and didactic aspects (PDF).
  19. ^ the-history-of-pub-names Ordnance Survey guides getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk, accessed 11 November 2020
  20. ^ Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural icons and the meaning behind them, by Hans Beidermann, translated by James Hulbert 1992 P.187
  21. ^ Harper, Douglas. "ivy". Etymonline. Retrieved 24 December 2020.

External links edit

  • Kew plant profiles: Hedera helix (common ivy)
  • Hutchison, Peter (14 May 2010). . The Telegraph. Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  • Walkowiak, Radoslaw (2020). "Hedera helix ssp. helix, leaves of a wild specimen". ResearchGate. CTC Digital Plant Collection.

January 01, 1970
hedera, this, article, about, plants, family, araliaceae, typographic, ornamentation, fleuron, typography, hashgraph, hashgraph, redirects, here, other, plants, list, plants, known, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, hadera, commonly, called, plural,. This article is about plants in the family Araliaceae For the typographic ornamentation see Fleuron typography For Hedera Hashgraph see Hashgraph Ivy redirects here For other plants see list of plants known as ivy For other uses see Ivy disambiguation Not to be confused with Hadera Hedera commonly called ivy plural ivies is a genus of 12 15 species of evergreen climbing or ground creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae native to Western Europe Central Europe Southern Europe Macaronesia northwestern Africa and across central southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals and the name ivy especially denotes common ivy Hedera helix known in North America as English ivy which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls Hedera Hedera algeriensis in Lincoln Park Conservatory Chicago Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Apiales Family Araliaceae Subfamily Aralioideae Genus HederaL Species See text Synonyms 1 Helix Mitch Psedera Neck Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Taxonomy 4 Uses and cultivation 5 Problems and dangers 5 1 On trees 5 2 Invasive exotic 5 3 Toxicity 5 4 Stinging insects 6 Etymology and other names 7 Cultural symbolism 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksDescription edit nbsp Hedera helix adult leaves and unripe berries in Ayrshire Scotland On level ground ivies remain creeping not exceeding 5 20 cm height but on surfaces suitable for climbing including trees natural rock outcrops or man made structures such as quarry rock faces or built masonry and wooden structures they can climb to at least 30 m above the ground Ivies have two leaf types with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces from 2 m or more above ground The juvenile and adult shoots also differ the former being slender flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix the shoot to the substrate rock or tree bark the latter thicker self supporting and without roots The flowers are greenish yellow with five small petals they are produced in umbels in autumn to early winter and are very rich in nectar The fruit is a greenish black dark purple or rarely yellow berry 5 10 mm diameter with one to five seeds ripening in late winter to mid spring The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size particularly of the juvenile leaves and in the structure of the leaf trichomes and also in the size and to a lesser extent the colour of the flowers and fruit The chromosome number also differs between species The basic diploid number is 48 while some are tetraploid with 96 and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes 2 Ecology editIvies are natives of Eurasia and North Africa but have been introduced to North America and Australia They invade disturbed forest areas in North America 3 Ivy seeds are spread by birds 3 Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production both produced at times of the year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available 4 The ivy bee Colletes hederae is completely dependent on ivy flowers timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering 5 The fruit are eaten by a range of birds including thrushes blackcaps and woodpigeons 4 The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades lesser broad bordered yellow underwing scalloped hazel small angle shades small dusty wave which feeds exclusively on ivy swallow tailed moth and willow beauty A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy 6 Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy 7 It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments Taxonomy edit nbsp Hedera canariensis juvenile leaves Gomera Canary Islands nbsp Hedera algeriensis The following species are widely accepted they are divided into two main groups depending on whether they have scale like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves 2 8 9 Trichomes scale like Hedera algeriensis Hibberd Algerian ivy Algeria Tunisia Mediterranean coast Hedera canariensis Willd Canaries ivy Canary Islands Hedera colchica K Koch K Koch Persian ivy Alborz Caucasus Turkey Hedera cypria McAllister Cyprus ivy syn H pastuchovii subsp cypria McAll Hand Cyprus Troodos Mts Hedera iberica McAllister Ackerfield amp J Wen Iberian ivy SW Iberian coasts Hedera maderensis Madeiran ivy Madeira Hedera maroccana McAllister Moroccan ivy Morocco Hedera nepalensis K Koch Himalayan ivy syn H sinensis Tobl Hand Mazz Himalaya SW China Hedera pastuchovii G Woronow Pastuchov s ivy Caucasus Alborz Hedera rhombea Miq Siebold ex Bean Japanese ivy Japan Korea Taiwan Trichomes stellate Hedera azorica Carriere Azores ivy Azores Hedera helix L Common ivy syn H caucasigena Pojark H taurica Hibberd Carriere Europe and widely introduced elsewhere Hedera hibernica G Kirchn Bean Atlantic ivy syn H helix subsp hibernica G Kirchn D C McClint Atlantic western Europe The species of ivy are largely allopatric and closely related and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of H helix the first species described Several additional species have been described in the southern parts of the former Soviet Union but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists Hybrids have been recorded between several Hedera species including Atlantic ivy H hibernica with common ivy H helix 10 Hybridisation may also have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus 2 A well known hybrid involving ivies is the intergeneric hybrid Fatshedera lizei a cross between Fatsia japonica and Hedera hibernica This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and has never successfully been repeated the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation 11 12 Uses and cultivation edit nbsp When the ivy blooms in September it attracts hoverflies and other nectar feeders nbsp A variegated Hedera helix cultivar Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere for their evergreen foliage attracting wildlife and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition or to hide unsightly walls fences and tree stumps Numerous cultivars with variegated foliage and or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use 11 The American Ivy Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hedera and recognises over 400 registered cultivars 13 Problems and dangers editOn trees edit nbsp Ivy climbing on a pine tree pinus sylvestris in Headley UK Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees In Europe the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients light and water and senescent trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to windthrow damage 4 The UK s Woodland Trust says Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees but it doesn t harm the tree at all and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife 6 Harm and problems are more significant in North America where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks 14 Invasive exotic edit See also Hedera helix Invasive species Several ivy species have become a serious invasive species invasive exotic in natural native plant habitats especially riparian and woodland types and also a horticultural weed in gardens of the western and southern regions of North America with milder winters Ivies create a dense vigorously smothering shade tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and outcompete the native vegetation The use of ivies as ornamental plants in horticulture in California and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions 15 Similar problems exist in Australia For example in both countries the North African drought tolerant H canariensis and H algeriensis and European H helix were originally cultivated in garden park and highway landscaping but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems now necessitating costly eradication programs 16 Toxicity edit The berries are moderately toxic to humans Ivy foliage contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol Falcarinol is capable of inducing contact dermatitis It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells 17 Stinging insects edit The flowers of ivy are pollinated by Hymenoptera and are particularly attractive to the common wasp Etymology and other names editThe name ivy derives from Old English ifig cognate with German Efeu of unknown original meaning 18 The scientific name Hedera is the classical Latin name for the plant 11 Old regional common names in Britain no longer used include Bindwood and Lovestone for the way it clings and grows over stones and bricks US Pacific Coast regional common names for H canariensis include California ivy and Algerian ivy For H helix regional common names include common ivy Britain and Ireland and English ivy North America The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants including Boston ivy Japanese Creeper Parthenocissus tricuspidata in the family Vitaceae Cape ivy used interchangeably for Senecio angulatus and Delairea odorata Asteraceae poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans Anacardiaceae Swedish ivy Whorled Plectranthus Plectranthus verticillatus Lamiaceae and ground ivy Glechoma hederacea also Lamiaceae and Kenilworth ivy Cymbalaria muralis Plantaginaceae Cultural symbolism editLike many other evergreen plants which impressed European cultures by persisting through the winter ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits 6 In Ancient Rome it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk and such a wreath was worn by Bacchus the god of intoxication 6 Ivy bushes or ivy wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United Kingdom and many pubs are still called The Ivy 19 The clinging nature of ivy makes it a symbol of love and friendship there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds 6 and as it clings to dead trees and remains green it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval Christian symbolism 20 The traditional British Christmas carol The Holly and the Ivy uses ivy as a symbol for the Virgin Mary Ivy covered ruins were a staple of the Romantic movement in landscape painting for example Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard by Philip James de Loutherbourg 1790 Tintern Abbey West Front by Joseph Mallord William Turner 1794 and Netley Abbey by Francis Towne 1809 In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the sublime power of nature The image of ivy covered historic buildings gave the name Ivy League to a group of old and prestigious American universities 21 Ivy features extensively in the 2010 movie Arrietty and the poster for the film Gallery edit nbsp Hedera helix on trees near Srbsko Czech Republic nbsp Hedera colchica leaves and flowers nbsp Hedera hibernica with berries nbsp Hedera helix leaves Bremerhaven nbsp Hedera helix flowersSee also editAnjo Festival Bigbig Ivy List of poisonous plants NASA Clean Air StudyReferences edit World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Retrieved June 11 2014 a b c Ackerfield J amp Wen J 2002 A morphometric analysis of Hedera L the ivy genus Araliaceae and its taxonomic implications Adansonia ser 3 24 197 212 Full text Archived 2011 08 08 at the Wayback Machine a b Ingham C S Borman M M 2010 English Ivy Hedera spp Araliaceae Response to Goat Browsing Invasive Plant Science and Management 3 2 178 181 doi 10 1614 ipsm 09 021 1 S2CID 86767633 a b c Mitchell A F 1975 Three Forest Climbers Ivy Old Man s Beard and Honeysuckle Forest Record 102 Hymettus BWARS Information Sheet Ivy Bee Colletes hederae Archived 2011 04 28 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e Ivy Hedera helix Woodland Trust Retrieved 23 December 2019 English Heritage Ivy on Walls Seminar Report 19 May 2010 www geog ox ac uk accessed 11 November 2020 McAllister H 1982 New work on ivies Int Dendrol Soc Yearbook 1981 106 109 Germplasm Resources Information Network Species Records of Hedera Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine R H Marshall H A McAllister amp J D Armitage 2017 A summary of hybrids detected in the genus Hedera Araliaceae with the provision of three new names New Journal of Botany 7 1 2 8 1 a b c Huxley A ed 1992 New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 2 60 Macmillan ISBN 0 333 47494 5 Metcalfe D J 2005 Biological Flora of the British Isles no 268 Hedera helix L Journal of Ecology 93 632 648 Ivies The American Ivy Society Retrieved 12 October 2023 Hedera helix www fs fed us Retrieved 2021 01 21 Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non native Plants that Threaten Wildlands PDF Cal IPC 2003 02 28 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 06 12 Retrieved 2010 04 01 California Invasive Plant Council Interactive Database Cal IPC Retrieved 2014 05 27 M Kobaek Larsen L P Christensen W Vach J Ritskes Hoitinga K Brandt 2005 Inhibitory Effects of Feeding with Carrots or Falcarinol on Development of Azoxymethane Induced Preneoplastic Lesions in the Rat Colon Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 5 1823 1827 doi 10 1021 jf048519s PMID 15740080 Werner W 2009 The Terminology of Medicinal Plants in English and German Linguistic and didactic aspects PDF the history of pub names Ordnance Survey guides getoutside ordnancesurvey co uk accessed 11 November 2020 Dictionary of Symbolism Cultural icons and the meaning behind them by Hans Beidermann translated by James Hulbert 1992 P 187 Harper Douglas ivy Etymonline Retrieved 24 December 2020 External links editKew plant profiles Hedera helix common ivy Hutchison Peter 14 May 2010 Ivy is good for walls finds Oxford University study The Telegraph Telegraph Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 Retrieved 13 March 2014 Walkowiak Radoslaw 2020 Hedera helix ssp helix leaves of a wild specimen ResearchGate CTC Digital Plant Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hedera amp oldid 1215855439, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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