Under the Cronquist system, only the Apiaceae and Araliaceae were included here, and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids. The Pittosporaceae were placed within the Rosales, and many of the other forms within the family Cornaceae. Pennantia was in the family Icacinaceae. In the classification system of Dahlgren the families Apiaceae and Araliaceae were placed in the order Ariales, in the superorder Araliiflorae (also called Aralianae).
The present understanding of the Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of DNA sequences by phylogenetic methods.[6] The circumscriptions of some of the families have changed. In 2009, one of the subfamilies of Araliaceae was shown to be polyphyletic.[7]
Gynoeciaedit
The largest and obviously closely related families of Apiales are Araliaceae, Myodocarpaceae and Apiaceae, which resemble each other in the structure of their gynoecia. In this respect however, the Pittosporaceae is notably distinct from them.[8]
Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones, determined by the extent of fusion of the carpels. In most plants, the synascidiate (i.e. "united bottle-shaped") and symplicate zones are fertile and bear the ovules.[9] Each of the first three families possess mainly bi- or multilocular ovaries in a gynoecium with a long synascidiate, but very short symplicate zone, where the ovules are inserted at their transition, the so-called cross-zone (or "Querzone").[8]
In gynoecia of the Pittosporaceae, the symplicate is much longer than the synascidiate zone, and the ovules are arranged along the first. Members of the latter family consequently have unilocular ovaries with a single cavity between adjacent carpels.[8]
^ abcdAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
^Plunkett, Gregory M.; Chandler, Gregory T.; Lowry, Porter P.; Pinney, Steven M.; Sprenkle, Taylor S. (2004). "Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification". South African Journal of Botany. 70 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30220-9.
^Winkworth, Richard C.; Lundberg, Johannes; Donoghue, Michael J. (2008). "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". Taxon. 57 (1): 53–65.
^Philip D. Cantino; James A. Doyle; Sean W. Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead; Douglas E. Soltis; Pamela S. Soltis; Michael J. Donoghue (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta" (PDF). Taxon. 56 (3): 822–846. doi:10.2307/25065865. JSTOR 25065865.
^Tank, D. C.; Donoghue, M. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa". Systematic Botany. 35 (2): 425. doi:10.1600/036364410791638306. S2CID 27856073.
^Chandler, G. T.; Plunkett, G. M. (2004). "Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (2): 123. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00247.x.
^Nicolas, A. N.; Plunkett, G. M. (2009). "The demise of subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae) and the re-alignment of its genera across the entire order Apiales". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1): 134–151. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.010. PMID 19549570.
^ abcOskolski, Alexei A.; Sokoloff, Dmitry D.; Van Wyk, Ben-Erik (2010). "False paracarpy in Seemannaralia (Araliaceae): from bilocular ovary to unilocular fruit" (PDF). Annals of Botany. 106 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq084. PMC2889795. PMID 20462851. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^Pankhurst, R. J. (1992). Morphology of flowers and inflorescences (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–155. ISBN9780521438322.
January 01, 1970
apiales, order, flowering, plants, families, those, recognized, system, this, typical, newer, classifications, though, there, some, slight, variation, particular, torriceliaceae, also, divided, inflorescence, wild, carrot, daucus, carota, family, apiaceae, sci. The Apiales are an order of flowering plants The families are those recognized in the APG III system 1 This is typical of the newer classifications though there is some slight variation and in particular the Torriceliaceae may also be divided 2 Apiales Inflorescence of a wild carrot Daucus carota in the family Apiaceae Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Clade Campanulids Order ApialesNakai 1 Families 1 Apiaceae carrot family Araliaceae ginseng family Griseliniaceae Myodocarpaceae Pennantiaceae Pittosporaceae Torricelliaceae Under this definition well known members include carrots celery parsley and Hedera helix English ivy The order Apiales is placed within the asterid group of eudicots as circumscribed by the APG III system 1 Within the asterids Apiales belongs to an unranked group called the campanulids 3 and within the campanulids it belongs to a clade known in phylogenetic nomenclature as Apiidae 4 In 2010 a subclade of Apiidae named Dipsapiidae was defined to consist of the three orders Apiales Paracryphiales and Dipsacales 5 Taxonomy editUnder the Cronquist system only the Apiaceae and Araliaceae were included here and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids The Pittosporaceae were placed within the Rosales and many of the other forms within the family Cornaceae Pennantia was in the family Icacinaceae In the classification system of Dahlgren the families Apiaceae and Araliaceae were placed in the order Ariales in the superorder Araliiflorae also called Aralianae The present understanding of the Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of DNA sequences by phylogenetic methods 6 The circumscriptions of some of the families have changed In 2009 one of the subfamilies of Araliaceae was shown to be polyphyletic 7 Gynoecia editThe largest and obviously closely related families of Apiales are Araliaceae Myodocarpaceae and Apiaceae which resemble each other in the structure of their gynoecia In this respect however the Pittosporaceae is notably distinct from them 8 Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones determined by the extent of fusion of the carpels In most plants the synascidiate i e united bottle shaped and symplicate zones are fertile and bear the ovules 9 Each of the first three families possess mainly bi or multilocular ovaries in a gynoecium with a long synascidiate but very short symplicate zone where the ovules are inserted at their transition the so called cross zone or Querzone 8 In gynoecia of the Pittosporaceae the symplicate is much longer than the synascidiate zone and the ovules are arranged along the first Members of the latter family consequently have unilocular ovaries with a single cavity between adjacent carpels 8 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apiales nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Apiales a b c d Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 Plunkett Gregory M Chandler Gregory T Lowry Porter P Pinney Steven M Sprenkle Taylor S 2004 Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification South African Journal of Botany 70 3 371 381 doi 10 1016 s0254 6299 15 30220 9 Winkworth Richard C Lundberg Johannes Donoghue Michael J 2008 Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales Taxon 57 1 53 65 Philip D Cantino James A Doyle Sean W Graham Walter S Judd Richard G Olmstead Douglas E Soltis Pamela S Soltis Michael J Donoghue 2007 Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta PDF Taxon 56 3 822 846 doi 10 2307 25065865 JSTOR 25065865 Tank D C Donoghue M J 2010 Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa Systematic Botany 35 2 425 doi 10 1600 036364410791638306 S2CID 27856073 Chandler G T Plunkett G M 2004 Evolution in Apiales nuclear and chloroplast markers together in almost perfect harmony Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144 2 123 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2003 00247 x Nicolas A N Plunkett G M 2009 The demise of subfamily Hydrocotyloideae Apiaceae and the re alignment of its genera across the entire order Apiales Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 1 134 151 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2009 06 010 PMID 19549570 a b c Oskolski Alexei A Sokoloff Dmitry D Van Wyk Ben Erik 2010 False paracarpy in Seemannaralia Araliaceae from bilocular ovary to unilocular fruit PDF Annals of Botany 106 1 29 36 doi 10 1093 aob mcq084 PMC 2889795 PMID 20462851 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 28 April 2017 Pankhurst R J 1992 Morphology of flowers and inflorescences 1st pbk ed Cambridge England Cambridge University Press pp 153 155 ISBN 9780521438322 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Apiales amp oldid 1219248404, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
