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Delairea odorata

February 16, 2024

Delairea odorata is a climber within the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. One of the two species in the genus Delairea (the other being Delairea aparadensis), it was previously included in the genus Senecio as Senecio mikanioides.[3] It is known as Cape ivy in some parts of the world (US) and German ivy[4] in others (Britain, Ireland). Other names include parlor ivy and Italian ivy.[5]

Delairea odorata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Senecioneae
Genus: Delairea
Species:
D. odorata
Binomial name
Delairea odorata
Synonyms[2]
  • Delairea scandens Lem.
  • Senecio mikanioides Otto ex Walp.
  • Senecio scandens Juss. ex DC.

It is a twining perennial, herbaceous plant that grows 3 metres tall.[6] Its multi-lobed leaves somewhat resemble those of the unrelated English ivy. Originally used as an ornamental plant on trellises and as groundcover, it is now rarely cultivated because of its invasiveness, in addition to being a weed.[7]

Description edit

 
 

Delairea odorata is a fast-growing vine[8] that can climb to heights of 2–4 metres (7–13 ft).[7]

The glossy and semi-succulent leaves, which are 3–10 centimetres (1+1⁄4–4 in) long and 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) wide, are alternately arranged along the stems.They have 3-10 rather broad lobes. The upper leaf surface is light green, usually with a somewhat purple cast, while the reverse is somewhat silvery.[9]

The plant's stems and leaves will die between late summer and early autumn, being superseded by new shoots that employ the old stems as climbing support.[10]

Inflorescence edit

Its sweet-scented[11] discoid flowers are yellow, and lack the petal-like ray florets found in typical daisies. They have tiny tubular florets surrounded by an involucre of 8-10 small green phyllaries (3–5 millimetres (15⁄128–25⁄128 in) long). Flower-heads (2–7 millimetres (5⁄64–35⁄128 in) across and 2–5 millimetres (5⁄64–25⁄128 in) long) occur in compact clusters at the ends of the branches (terminal corymbs), with clusters consisting of about 15-50 flower-heads. Flowering occurs mostly during winter to early spring.[9]

The seeds (or achenes) are approximately 2 millimetres (5⁄64 in) long and are reddish-brown in colour, with a pappus of silky white hairs that is 5–6 millimetres (25⁄128–15⁄64 in) long.[9] Most of its seed in North America and possibly elsewhere is unviable, which may be due to a lack of effective pollinators. However, the plant readily reproduce from stem fragments, stolons, or rhizomes as small as 2.5 centimetres (63⁄64 in).[12]

Habitat and distribution edit

This plant is somewhat scarce in its native country of South Africa, where it was originally found in the Drakensberg Mountains, on forest edges, at elevations above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), in moist areas. Its presence in coastal areas (some of which are arid) in South Africa is probably more recent. In California, it is generally found in the coastal fog belt, with a few specimens found inland, particularly in subtropical riparian sites that feature permanent moisture.[12]

It is found in wetter, more temperate regions, but it may still be found in cooler subtropical environments, despite being frost tender. It prefers partial shade, but can withstand heavy shade. In cooler, damper areas, it can prosper in full sun. Despite its invasive nature, the plant is grown as an ornamental houseplant for its foliage.[12] Its active growth is from early autumn to late spring, with a dormant period in summer.[13]

Ecological impact edit

 
Covering native woodland in Hawaii

D. odorata has been an invasive species in coastal California[14][15][16][17] since 1892,[18] Hawaii,[17] coastal Oregon,[17] New Zealand[17] and southern Australia[17] (particularly in Victoria). The plant will cover shrubs and trees, inhibiting growth, and will also cover ground intensively over a wide area, thereby impeding the germination and growth of native seeds. It is toxic to animals who eat it and to fish, where it trails into waterways.[14]

D. odorata reaches reproductive maturity in two years, and can produce over 30,000 seeds annually.[7] In Hawaii, a purposely-introduced species of arctiinid moth (Galtara extensa), for the biological control of Senecio madagascariensis – both species originally from Madagascar – proved to feed also on D. odorata.[19]

D. odorata is the host of the ascomycete leaf spot fungus Cercospora delaireae, a species nova first described in 2013.[20] It is presently known only from the same South African native range as its host.[20] Due to the pathogen's effects – especially its leaf spot damage –C. delaireae is proposed as a potential biocontrol for D. odorata in its invasive ranges.[20]

Another organism from D. odorata's native range, the acrolepiid moth Digitivalva delaireae, can also be used as a biocontrol for D. odorata.[21] Mehelis et al., 2015 test its food preferences and find it is very selective for D. odorata.[21] Because it avoids any vulnerable native plants in California and Oregon it is a good choice specifically to control the infestations there.[21]

A report originating in California has claimed that, after walking through a thicket of Cape ivy in full bloom at his ranch, a man became lightheaded, fainted and had a seizure. Prior to this event, he had had coughing fits whilst trying to eradicate the plant, which had not been in flower at the time.[5]

Cultivation edit

 
Cultivated as a pot plant in India

Germany ivy is grown as a vine or groundcover, where it can vigorously climb up posts, hedges, trees and shrubs, fences, banks, and walls.[5] The plant is cultivated in landscaping for its ivy-like leaves and scented flowers in bright light or light shade away from abundant sunlight. Propagation is done by cuttings as its stems root readily both in water and soil, without the need for a rooting hormone. Pruning is encouraged for a bushy and compact growth.[22]

Although it can tolerate drought, it thrives better in moist soils, but it cannot withstand soggy soils. When overwatered, its leaves turn brown and have curled edges. Conversely, underwatering will cause its leaves to fall. The plant flourishes in moister winter months and particularly after rainfalls where it displays bright green foliage. During the dry months it may die back to its stems or maintain a minimal growth.[5] Pests include mealy bugs and aphids, and diseases include leaf spot and root rot.[22]

History edit

The plant was introduced to the United States in the 19th century as a Victorian era-style houseplant.[5] In the 1850s, in Geelong, the plant was described in the Geelong Advertiser, "the great stumps, over which the little boys played leap-frog, are either gone or covered with the Cape ivy". Furthermore, 1856 and 1864 columns in the Sydney Morning Herald mention a Cape Ivy observed on the dunes at Newcastle, New South Wales and Gulaga.[23] In 1909, it was introduced as an ornamental to Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Neal (1965) describes the plant as, "both a weed and an ornamental."[5]

Similar species edit

German ivy is very similar to Senecio angulatus, Senecio tamoides and Senecio macroglossus.[9] A feature that distinguishes this plant from Senecio angulatus and S. tamoides are the small ear-shaped appendages at the base of the stalks of the leaves and its pompom-like flowers which do not have obvious 'petals', whereas S. angulatus and S. tamoides have daisy-like flowers.[9][24] Atlas of Living Australia has misapplied S. tamoides for its D. odorata observations in Australia.[25]

 
Leaf comparison of S. angulatus, D. odorata and S. tamoides

Gallery edit

References edit

  1. ^ Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS) (1999). "Delairea Lem". Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  2. ^ The Plant List, Delairea odorata Lem.
  3. ^ Eda, Sayaka (1999). . Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
  4. ^ (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Delairea odorata Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division. Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i. January, 2003.Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  6. ^ Delairea odorata Lem. NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA ONLINE, PlantNET. G. J. Harden, 1992. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Delairea odorata PlantFileonline
  8. ^ Cape ivy (Delairea odorata) NSW Department of Industry
  9. ^ a b c d e Delairea odorata Environmental Weeds of Australia
  10. ^ DiTomaso, J. M., Kyser, G. B., Oneto, S. R., Wilson, R. G., Orloff, S. B., Anderson, L. W., ... & Mann, J. J. (2013). Weed Report: Delairea odorata Cape-ivy In: Weed control in natural areas in the western United States. Weed Research and Information Center, University of California, 544.
  11. ^ Cape Ivy Collated by HerbiGuide
  12. ^ a b c "Delairea odorata (Cape ivy)". CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-11-24. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  13. ^ Delairea odorata Lem. WEEDS AUSTRALIA - PROFILES. Retrieved 21 May, 2023
  14. ^ a b "Delairea odorata Profile". California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC). 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  15. ^ "Delairea odorata". Calflora. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  16. ^ "Delairea odorata". University and Jepson Herbaria. 2022-06-23. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  17. ^ a b c d e "cape ivy, Delairea odorata Asterales: Asteraceae". Invasive.Org. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  18. ^ Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (September 24, 2013). Weed Risk Assessment for Delairea odorata Lem. (Asteraceae) – Cape ivy (PDF) (Report).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CABI ISC 20143118470.
  19. ^ . North Hawaii News. October 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11.
  20. ^ a b c
    • Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; Liu, Jian-Kui; Ariyawansa, Hiran; Boehm, Eric; Boonmee, Saranyaphat; Braun, Uwe; Chomnunti, Putarak; Crous, Pedro W.; Dai, Dong-Qin; Diederich, Paul; Dissanayake, Asha; Doilom, Mingkhuan; Doveri, Francesco; Hongsanan, Singang; Jayawardena, Ruvishika; Lawrey, James D.; Li, Yan-Mei; Liu, Yong-Xiang; Lücking, Robert; Monkai, Jutamart; Muggia, Lucia; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Pang, Ka-Lai; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Senanayake, Indunil C.; Shearer, Carol A.; Suetrong, Satinee; Tanaka, Kazuaki; Thambugala, Kasun M.; Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Wikee, Saowanee; Wu, Hai-Xia; Zhang, Ying; Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña; Alias, S. Aisyah; Aptroot, André; Bahkali, Ali H.; Bezerra, Jose L.; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Camporesi, Erio; Chukeatirote, Ekachai; Gueidan, Cécile; Hawksworth, David L.; Hirayama, Kazuyuki; De Hoog, Sybren; Kang, Ji-Chuan; Knudsen, Kerry; Li, Wen-Jing; Li, Xing-Hong; Liu, Zou-Yi; Mapook, Ausana; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Miller, Andrew N.; Mortimer, Peter E.; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Raja, Huzefa A.; Scheuer, Christian; Schumm, Felix; Taylor, Joanne E.; Tian, Qing; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Wang, Yong; Xu, Jian-Chu; Yacharoen, Supalak; Yan, Ji-Ye; Zhang, Min (2013). "Families of Dothideomycetes". Fungal Diversity. Kunming Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Springer). 63 (1): 1–313. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0263-4. ISSN 1560-2745. S2CID 207464100.
    • Groenewald, J.Z.; Nakashima, C.; Nishikawa, J.; Shin, H.-D.; Park, J.-H.; Jama, A.N.; Groenewald, M.; Braun, U.; Crous, P.W. (2013). "Species concepts in Cercospora: spotting the weeds among the roses". Studies in Mycology. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. 75 (1): 115–170. doi:10.3114/sim0012. ISSN 0166-0616. PMC 3713887. PMID 24014899. S2CID 38490654.
  21. ^ a b c
    • Gaedike, R.; Krüger, M. (2002). "Digitivalva (Digitivalva) delaireae sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), a potential biological control agent for Delairea odorata (Asteraceae)" (PDF). African Entomology. Entomological Society of Southern Africa. 10 (2): 357–360. S2CID 83269876.[permanent dead link]
    • Balciunas, Joe; Mehelis, Chris (2006). Biological Control of Cape-ivy Project 2005-2006 Biennial Research Report (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Western Regional Research Center - Exotic & Invasive Weed Research Unit. pp. VII+25. S2CID 132397387. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
    • Olckers, T.; Coetzee, J.A.; Egli, D.; Martin, G.D.; Paterson, I.D.; Sutton, G.F.; Wood, A.R. (2021-12-31). "Biological Control of South African Plants that are Invasive Elsewhere in the World: A Review of Earlier and Current Programmes". African Entomology. Entomological Society of Southern Africa. 29 (3). doi:10.4001/003.029.1005. ISSN 1021-3589. S2CID 245628846.
    • Mehelis, Christopher N.; Balciunas, Joe K.; Reddy, Angelica M.; Van Der Westhuizen, Liame; Neser, Stefan; Moran, Patrick J. (2015-01-25). "Biology and Host Range of Digitivalva delaireae (Lepidoptera: Glyphipterigidae), a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Cape-ivy (Delairea odorata) in California and Oregon". Environmental Entomology. Entomological Society of America (OUP). 44 (2): 260–276. doi:10.1093/ee/nvu030. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 26313180. S2CID 419847.
  22. ^ a b How to grow and care for German Ivy (Senecio mikanioides) Indoors homeplantsguide.com. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  23. ^ "Cape Ivy (Delairea odorata)". Weeds of Melbourne. July 4, 2019.
  24. ^ Cape ivy (Delairea odorata) NSW WeedWise
  25. ^ "Search: species: Senecio tamoides - Occurrence records". Atlas of Living Australia. 1994. Retrieved 2022-10-19.

Bibliography edit

  • Nelson, Dave (1999). "Invasive Exotic Cape Ivy". Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  • Greater Wellington Regional Council, New Zealand. . Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  • Greater Wellington Regional Council, New Zealand. . Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.

External links edit

February 16, 2024
delairea, odorata, climber, within, family, asteraceae, that, native, south, africa, species, genus, delairea, other, being, delairea, aparadensis, previously, included, genus, senecio, senecio, mikanioides, known, cape, some, parts, world, german, others, bri. Delairea odorata is a climber within the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa One of the two species in the genus Delairea the other being Delairea aparadensis it was previously included in the genus Senecio as Senecio mikanioides 3 It is known as Cape ivy in some parts of the world US and German ivy 4 in others Britain Ireland Other names include parlor ivy and Italian ivy 5 Delairea odorataScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder AsteralesFamily AsteraceaeSubfamily AsteroideaeTribe SenecioneaeGenus DelaireaSpecies D odorataBinomial nameDelairea odorataLem 1 Synonyms 2 Delairea scandens Lem Senecio mikanioides Otto ex Walp Senecio scandens Juss ex DC It is a twining perennial herbaceous plant that grows 3 metres tall 6 Its multi lobed leaves somewhat resemble those of the unrelated English ivy Originally used as an ornamental plant on trellises and as groundcover it is now rarely cultivated because of its invasiveness in addition to being a weed 7 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Inflorescence 2 Habitat and distribution 2 1 Ecological impact 3 Cultivation 3 1 History 4 Similar species 5 Gallery 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp nbsp Delairea odorata is a fast growing vine 8 that can climb to heights of 2 4 metres 7 13 ft 7 The glossy and semi succulent leaves which are 3 10 centimetres 1 1 4 4 in long and 3 8 centimetres 1 1 4 3 1 4 in wide are alternately arranged along the stems They have 3 10 rather broad lobes The upper leaf surface is light green usually with a somewhat purple cast while the reverse is somewhat silvery 9 The plant s stems and leaves will die between late summer and early autumn being superseded by new shoots that employ the old stems as climbing support 10 Inflorescence edit Its sweet scented 11 discoid flowers are yellow and lack the petal like ray florets found in typical daisies They have tiny tubular florets surrounded by an involucre of 8 10 small green phyllaries 3 5 millimetres 15 128 25 128 in long Flower heads 2 7 millimetres 5 64 35 128 in across and 2 5 millimetres 5 64 25 128 in long occur in compact clusters at the ends of the branches terminal corymbs with clusters consisting of about 15 50 flower heads Flowering occurs mostly during winter to early spring 9 The seeds or achenes are approximately 2 millimetres 5 64 in long and are reddish brown in colour with a pappus of silky white hairs that is 5 6 millimetres 25 128 15 64 in long 9 Most of its seed in North America and possibly elsewhere is unviable which may be due to a lack of effective pollinators However the plant readily reproduce from stem fragments stolons or rhizomes as small as 2 5 centimetres 63 64 in 12 Habitat and distribution editThis plant is somewhat scarce in its native country of South Africa where it was originally found in the Drakensberg Mountains on forest edges at elevations above 1 500 metres 4 900 ft in moist areas Its presence in coastal areas some of which are arid in South Africa is probably more recent In California it is generally found in the coastal fog belt with a few specimens found inland particularly in subtropical riparian sites that feature permanent moisture 12 It is found in wetter more temperate regions but it may still be found in cooler subtropical environments despite being frost tender It prefers partial shade but can withstand heavy shade In cooler damper areas it can prosper in full sun Despite its invasive nature the plant is grown as an ornamental houseplant for its foliage 12 Its active growth is from early autumn to late spring with a dormant period in summer 13 Ecological impact edit nbsp Covering native woodland in HawaiiD odorata has been an invasive species in coastal California 14 15 16 17 since 1892 18 Hawaii 17 coastal Oregon 17 New Zealand 17 and southern Australia 17 particularly in Victoria The plant will cover shrubs and trees inhibiting growth and will also cover ground intensively over a wide area thereby impeding the germination and growth of native seeds It is toxic to animals who eat it and to fish where it trails into waterways 14 D odorata reaches reproductive maturity in two years and can produce over 30 000 seeds annually 7 In Hawaii a purposely introduced species of arctiinid moth Galtara extensa for the biological control of Senecio madagascariensis both species originally from Madagascar proved to feed also on D odorata 19 D odorata is the host of the ascomycete leaf spot fungus Cercospora delaireae a species nova first described in 2013 20 It is presently known only from the same South African native range as its host 20 Due to the pathogen s effects especially its leaf spot damage C delaireae is proposed as a potential biocontrol for D odorata in its invasive ranges 20 Another organism from D odorata s native range the acrolepiid moth Digitivalva delaireae can also be used as a biocontrol for D odorata 21 Mehelis et al 2015 test its food preferences and find it is very selective for D odorata 21 Because it avoids any vulnerable native plants in California and Oregon it is a good choice specifically to control the infestations there 21 A report originating in California has claimed that after walking through a thicket of Cape ivy in full bloom at his ranch a man became lightheaded fainted and had a seizure Prior to this event he had had coughing fits whilst trying to eradicate the plant which had not been in flower at the time 5 Cultivation edit nbsp Cultivated as a pot plant in IndiaGermany ivy is grown as a vine or groundcover where it can vigorously climb up posts hedges trees and shrubs fences banks and walls 5 The plant is cultivated in landscaping for its ivy like leaves and scented flowers in bright light or light shade away from abundant sunlight Propagation is done by cuttings as its stems root readily both in water and soil without the need for a rooting hormone Pruning is encouraged for a bushy and compact growth 22 Although it can tolerate drought it thrives better in moist soils but it cannot withstand soggy soils When overwatered its leaves turn brown and have curled edges Conversely underwatering will cause its leaves to fall The plant flourishes in moister winter months and particularly after rainfalls where it displays bright green foliage During the dry months it may die back to its stems or maintain a minimal growth 5 Pests include mealy bugs and aphids and diseases include leaf spot and root rot 22 History edit The plant was introduced to the United States in the 19th century as a Victorian era style houseplant 5 In the 1850s in Geelong the plant was described in the Geelong Advertiser the great stumps over which the little boys played leap frog are either gone or covered with the Cape ivy Furthermore 1856 and 1864 columns in the Sydney Morning Herald mention a Cape Ivy observed on the dunes at Newcastle New South Wales and Gulaga 23 In 1909 it was introduced as an ornamental to Kailua Kona Hawaii Neal 1965 describes the plant as both a weed and an ornamental 5 Similar species editGerman ivy is very similar to Senecio angulatus Senecio tamoides and Senecio macroglossus 9 A feature that distinguishes this plant from Senecio angulatus and S tamoides are the small ear shaped appendages at the base of the stalks of the leaves and its pompom like flowers which do not have obvious petals whereas S angulatus and S tamoides have daisy like flowers 9 24 Atlas of Living Australia has misapplied S tamoides for its D odorata observations in Australia 25 nbsp Leaf comparison of S angulatus D odorata and S tamoidesGallery edit nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Hawaii nbsp nbsp Monarch butterfly nbsp Leaf closeupReferences edit Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization ITIS 1999 Delairea Lem Integrated Taxonomic Information System on line database Retrieved 2008 03 31 The Plant List Delairea odorata Lem Eda Sayaka 1999 The Biogeography of Cape Ivy Delairea odorata Archived from the original on 2007 05 13 Retrieved 2007 05 20 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 a b c d e f Delairea odorata Forest Starr Kim Starr and Lloyd Loope United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division Haleakala Field Station Maui Hawai i January 2003 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Delairea odorata Lem NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA ONLINE PlantNET G J Harden 1992 Retrieved 28 March 2023 a b c Delairea odorata PlantFileonline Cape ivy Delairea odorata NSW Department of Industry a b c d e Delairea odorata Environmental Weeds of Australia DiTomaso J M Kyser G B Oneto S R Wilson R G Orloff S B Anderson L W amp Mann J J 2013 Weed Report Delairea odorata Cape ivy In Weed control in natural areas in the western United States Weed Research and Information Center University of California 544 Cape Ivy Collated by HerbiGuide a b c Delairea odorata Cape ivy CABI Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International 2019 11 24 Retrieved 2022 06 23 Delairea odorata Lem WEEDS AUSTRALIA PROFILES Retrieved 21 May 2023 a b Delairea odorata Profile California Invasive Plant Council Cal IPC 2017 03 20 Retrieved 2022 06 23 Delairea odorata Calflora Retrieved 2022 06 23 Delairea odorata University and Jepson Herbaria 2022 06 23 Retrieved 2022 06 23 a b c d e cape ivy Delairea odorata Asterales Asteraceae Invasive Org Retrieved 2022 06 23 Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture September 24 2013 Weed Risk Assessment for Delairea odorata Lem Asteraceae Cape ivy PDF Report a href Template Cite report html title Template Cite report cite report a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CABI ISC 20143118470 Miracle moth from Madagascar North Hawaii News October 7 2014 Archived from the original on 2014 10 11 a b c Hyde Kevin D Jones E B Gareth Liu Jian Kui Ariyawansa Hiran Boehm Eric Boonmee Saranyaphat Braun Uwe Chomnunti Putarak Crous Pedro W Dai Dong Qin Diederich Paul Dissanayake Asha Doilom Mingkhuan Doveri Francesco Hongsanan Singang Jayawardena Ruvishika Lawrey James D Li Yan Mei Liu Yong Xiang Lucking Robert Monkai Jutamart Muggia Lucia Nelsen Matthew P Pang Ka Lai Phookamsak Rungtiwa Senanayake Indunil C Shearer Carol A Suetrong Satinee Tanaka Kazuaki Thambugala Kasun M Wijayawardene Nalin N Wikee Saowanee Wu Hai Xia Zhang Ying Aguirre Hudson Begona Alias S Aisyah Aptroot Andre Bahkali Ali H Bezerra Jose L Bhat D Jayarama Camporesi Erio Chukeatirote Ekachai Gueidan Cecile Hawksworth David L Hirayama Kazuyuki De Hoog Sybren Kang Ji Chuan Knudsen Kerry Li Wen Jing Li Xing Hong Liu Zou Yi Mapook Ausana McKenzie Eric H C Miller Andrew N Mortimer Peter E Phillips Alan J L Raja Huzefa A Scheuer Christian Schumm Felix Taylor Joanne E Tian Qing Tibpromma Saowaluck Wanasinghe Dhanushka N Wang Yong Xu Jian Chu Yacharoen Supalak Yan Ji Ye Zhang Min 2013 Families of Dothideomycetes Fungal Diversity Kunming Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Springer 63 1 1 313 doi 10 1007 s13225 013 0263 4 ISSN 1560 2745 S2CID 207464100 Groenewald J Z Nakashima C Nishikawa J Shin H D Park J H Jama A N Groenewald M Braun U Crous P W 2013 Species concepts in Cercospora spotting the weeds among the roses Studies in Mycology Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 75 1 115 170 doi 10 3114 sim0012 ISSN 0166 0616 PMC 3713887 PMID 24014899 S2CID 38490654 a b c Gaedike R Kruger M 2002 Digitivalva Digitivalva delaireae sp n Lepidoptera Acrolepiidae a potential biological control agent for Delairea odorata Asteraceae PDF African Entomology Entomological Society of Southern Africa 10 2 357 360 S2CID 83269876 permanent dead link Balciunas Joe Mehelis Chris 2006 Biological Control of Cape ivy Project 2005 2006 Biennial Research Report PDF Report United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Western Regional Research Center Exotic amp Invasive Weed Research Unit pp VII 25 S2CID 132397387 Retrieved 2022 06 23 Olckers T Coetzee J A Egli D Martin G D Paterson I D Sutton G F Wood A R 2021 12 31 Biological Control of South African Plants that are Invasive Elsewhere in the World A Review of Earlier and Current Programmes African Entomology Entomological Society of Southern Africa 29 3 doi 10 4001 003 029 1005 ISSN 1021 3589 S2CID 245628846 Mehelis Christopher N Balciunas Joe K Reddy Angelica M Van Der Westhuizen Liame Neser Stefan Moran Patrick J 2015 01 25 Biology and Host Range of Digitivalva delaireae Lepidoptera Glyphipterigidae a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Cape ivy Delairea odorata in California and Oregon Environmental Entomology Entomological Society of America OUP 44 2 260 276 doi 10 1093 ee nvu030 ISSN 0046 225X PMID 26313180 S2CID 419847 a b How to grow and care for German Ivy Senecio mikanioides Indoors homeplantsguide com Retrieved 31 October 2022 Cape Ivy Delairea odorata Weeds of Melbourne July 4 2019 Cape ivy Delairea odorata NSW WeedWise Search species Senecio tamoides Occurrence records Atlas of Living Australia 1994 Retrieved 2022 10 19 Bibliography editCrockett James 1972 Foliage House Plants New York NY Time Life Books pp 142 143 ISBN 9780809411214 Nelson Dave 1999 Invasive Exotic Cape Ivy Retrieved 2007 05 07 Greater Wellington Regional Council New Zealand Greater Wellington German ivy Senecio mikanioides Archived from the original on October 15 2008 Retrieved 2008 01 16 Greater Wellington Regional Council New Zealand Greater Wellington Cape ivy Senecio angulatus Archived from the original on October 15 2008 Retrieved 2008 01 16 External links edit nbsp Media related to Delairea odorata at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Delairea odorata at Wikispecies Delairea odorata United States Fish and Wildlife Service Retrieved 2022 06 23 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Delairea odorata amp oldid 1191521441, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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