Haiphong
Haiphong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng) is the third-largest city in Vietnam and is the principal port city of the Red River Delta.[7] The municipality has an area of 1,562 km2 (603 sq mi), consisting of 8 urban districts and 7 rural districts. Two of the rural districts cover islands in the South China Sea: Bạch Long Vĩ and Cát Hải. It has a population of 2,359,000 in 2021. The city's economy has strength in manufacturing, as evident by large industrial parks and numerous smaller traditional handicraft villages.
Haiphong Hải Phòng | |
|---|---|
| City of Haiphong Thành phố Hải Phòng | |
From top, left to right: Downtown Haiphong, Haiphong seen from Haiphong Opera House, Lê Chân statue, Nguyen Binh Khiem overpass, Hai Phong Port, Đồ Sơn. | |
| Nickname: Flamboyant City (Thành phố hoa phượng đỏ) | |
Provincial location in Vietnam | |
| Coordinates: 20°51′54.5″N 106°41′01.8″E / 20.865139°N 106.683833°E | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Red River Delta |
| Seat | Hồng Bàng |
| Subdivision | 7 urban districts, 8 rural districts |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Haiphong People's Council |
| • Secretary of the Party | Trần Lưu Quang |
| • Chairman of People's Council | Phuong Giang Hồ |
| • Chairman of People's Committee | Nguyễn Văn Tùng |
| Area | |
| • Municipality (Class-1) | 1,561.76 km2 (603.00 sq mi) |
| Population (2022)[2] | |
| • Municipality (Class-1) | 2,088,000 |
| • Density | 1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 951,723 |
| Ethnic groups | |
| • Vietnamese | 99.6% |
| • Others | 0.4% |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (ICT) |
| Postal code | 04000 - 05000 |
| Area codes | 225 |
| License plate | 15, 16 |
| GRP (Nominal) | 2020[4][5] |
| - Total | US$12 billion |
| - Per capita | US$5.863 |
| HDI (2020) | 0.782 (4th)[6] |
| Climate | Cwa |
| International airport | Cat Bi International Airport |
| Website | Haiphong.gov.vn |
In the imperial era of Đại Việt, the Bạch Đằng River in Haiphong was a place of many legendary victories, led by now-legendary commanders Ngô Quyền and Trần Hưng Đạo. In the 16th century, Mạc dynasty has promoted the coastal settlement as a secondary capital, growing to become an important port town of Đàng Ngoài. After the French conquest of Vietnam, in 1888, the president of the French Third Republic, Sadi Carnot, promulgated a decree to establish Haiphong as one of the principal cities of the French Indochina. From 1954 to 1975, Haiphong served as the most important maritime city of North Vietnam. It was one of directly-controlled municipalities of a reunified Vietnam with Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 1976. In the 21st century, Haiphong is under active land reclamation, the most recent effort being the construction of South Đình Vũ dike in 2022.[8]
Haiphong is a popular seaside vacation spot and known for biological reservations in Cát Bà Island. For its extensive port, the city hosts the headquarter of Vietnam People's Navy. Phoenix flowers are commonly associated with Haiphong in Vietnamese culture.
History edit
Dynastic Vietnam edit
Mordern-day Haiphong was the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of the Trưng Sisters who rose against Chinese domination in 40 AD and ruled until their defeat in 43 AD. Lê Chân was known to have established the Hải tần Phòng thủ (“Defenced Sea-coast”) during the war against general Ma Yuan of the Han dynasty.[9][10] Centuries later under the reign of Nguyễn Emperor Tự Đức, the area earned the appellation: Hải-Dương thương-chính quan-phòng ("The trading defensive area of Hải Dương Province").
By the 19th century, at the end of Tự Đức's reign, the Hang Kenh Communal House in what is now the city's Le Chan District was made the administrative seat of An Dương District, restoring its regional importance.[11] The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port.
At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, a typhoon ravaged the area, killing about 3,000 people in and around Haiphong. Despite the damages, Haiphong was developed by the French to serve as Indochina's main naval base over the ensuing decades.
Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Vietnam War edit
Following the defeat of Japan in World War II, Vietnamese nationalists agitated for independence against French return. French forces landed in Haiphong and encountered resistance which resulted in the deaths of three French soldiers. In retaliation, the French ships, among them the cruiser Suffren, shelled the city, setting it ablaze[12] and precipitating the First Indochina War.[13][14] French infantry forces under the command of Jean-Étienne Valluy entered the city, fighting house to house with the support of armored units and airplanes.[15]
Late in the Vietnam War, Haiphong was subjected to heavy bombing by US Navy and Air Force strike aircraft because it was North Vietnam's only major port. U.S. Admiral Thomas H. Moorer ordered the mining of Haiphong harbor on 8 May 1972, effectively sealing the port. Until it was lifted, the mining caused no casualty.[16][17] Despite being targeted, the physical structure of the city was mostly unaffected by the war as the US had a self-imposed prohibition zone for the city. After the war, the city recovered its role as a significant industrial center.[11]
Geography edit
Haiphong is a coastal city located at the mouth of the Cấm River, in Vietnam's north-eastern coastal area, 120 kilometres or 75 miles east of Hanoi. The Bính Bridge crosses the Cam and connects the city with Thủy Nguyên District. It has a total natural area of 152,318.49 hectares or 376,387 acres (2001). It borders Quảng Ninh Province to the north, Hải Dương Province to the west, Thái Bình Province to the south, and the Gulf of Tonkin to the east. Bach Long Vi island, Cat Ba Island and the Long Châu islands, located in the Gulf, are also administered as part of the city. Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture or development purposes.[18]
Climate edit
Haiphong features a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and warm, dry winters. The city is noticeably wetter from April through October; roughly 90% of the city's annual rainfall (which totals approximately 1,700 millimetres or 67 inches) typically falls during these months. There is a noticeable difference in temperatures between the city's winters and summers. Haiphong's coolest months, January and February, sees average high temperatures reach 20 °C (68 °F) and average low temperatures at around 14 °C (57.2 °F). Its warmest months, June and July, sees average high temperatures hover around 33 °C (91.4 °F) and average low temperatures at around 26 °C (78.8 °F). Sea temperatures range from a low of 21 °C (70 °F) in February to a high of 30 °C (86 °F) during the months of July and August.[19]
| Climate data for Haiphong (Phù Liễn, Kiến An district) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) | 34.6 (94.3) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.4 (99.3) | 41.5 (106.7) | 39.5 (103.1) | 38.5 (101.3) | 39.4 (102.9) | 37.4 (99.3) | 36.6 (97.9) | 33.1 (91.6) | 29.9 (85.8) | 41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.4 (79.5) | 30.6 (87.1) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.5 (88.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.0 (84.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 22.1 (71.8) | 26.9 (80.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 23.1 (73.6) | 26.6 (79.9) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.8 (82.0) | 26.9 (80.4) | 24.7 (76.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 18.1 (64.6) | 23.2 (73.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) | 15.2 (59.4) | 17.7 (63.9) | 21.1 (70.0) | 24.1 (75.4) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.8 (69.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) | 4.5 (40.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 10.4 (50.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 15.6 (60.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 4.9 (40.8) | 4.5 (40.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 28.0 (1.10) | 27.4 (1.08) | 48.5 (1.91) | 85.3 (3.36) | 201.6 (7.94) | 238.1 (9.37) | 238.1 (9.37) | 353.0 (13.90) | 257.1 (10.12) | 136.3 (5.37) | 43.0 (1.69) | 22.8 (0.90) | 1,679.3 (66.11) |
| Average rainy days | 8.4 | 12.8 | 17.1 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 17.5 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 145.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.4 | 88.5 | 90.9 | 90.7 | 87.5 | 86.8 | 86.6 | 88.4 | 86.3 | 82.3 | 79.8 | 79.5 | 86.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 82.0 | 46.6 | 41.3 | 85.0 | 183.7 | 181.3 | 199.1 | 169.5 | 179.1 | 179.8 | 148.5 | 126.8 | 1,624.8 |
| Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[20] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina (1930-1931 and 1932-1933)[21] [22] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average temperature °C (°F) | 22 °C (72 °F) | 21 °C (70 °F) | 22 °C (72 °F) | 24 °C (75 °F) | 27 °C (81 °F) | 29 °C (84 °F) | 30 °C (86 °F) | 30 °C (86 °F) | 29 °C (84 °F) | 28 °C (82 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) | 23 °C (73 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) |
Administrative divisions edit
Haiphong is subdivided into 15 district-level sub-divisions:
- 8 rural districts:
- 7 urban districts:
They are further subdivided into 10 commune-level towns (or townlets), 148 communes, and 72 wards.
Table of local government districts edit
| District | Number of wards (communes and towns) | Area (km2) (2019) | Population (2019) | Density (people/km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dương Kinh | 6 wards | 48.85 | 60,319 | 1,235 |
| Đồ Sơn | 6 wards | 42.37 | 49,029 | 1,157 |
| Hải An | 8 wards | 95.93 | 132,943 | 1,504 |
| Kiến An | 10 wards | 26.7 | 118,047 | 4,421 |
| Hồng Bàng | 9 wards | 14.4 | 96,111 | 6,674 |
| Ngô Quyền | 12 wards | 10.97 | 165,309 | 15,069 |
| Lê Chân | 15 wards | 12.31 | 219,762 | 17,852 |
| Sub-Total (Urban Districts) | 66 wards | 243.99 | 841,520 | 3,449 |
| An Dương | 1 town + 15 communes | 98.32 | 195,717 | 1,991 |
| An Lão | 2 towns + 15 communes | 114.58 | 146,712 | 1,280 |
| Bạch Long Vĩ | - | 3.05 | 624 | 205 |
| Cát Hải | 2 towns + 10 communes | 327.66 | 32.090 | 98 |
| Kiến Thụy | 1 town + 17 communes | 107.53 | 140,417 | 1,306 |
| Tiên Lãng | 1 town + 22 communes | 189.04 | 154,789 | 819 |
| Vĩnh Bảo | 1 town + 29 communes | 180.6 | 182,835 | 1012 |
| Thủy Nguyên | 2 towns + 35 communes | 242.8 | 333,810 | 1,375 |
| Sub-Total (Rural Districts) | 10 towns + 141 communes | 1,263.58 | 1,191,352 | 943 |
| Total | 66 wards, 10 towns, 141 communes | 1,507.57 | 2,032,872 | 1,348 |
Economy edit
Haiphong is a major economic center of the North in particular and Vietnam in general both. Under French domination, Haiphong was level 1 city, equal to Saigon and Hanoi. The last years of the 19th century, the French had proposed to build Haiphong into the economic capital of Indochina.[23] Today, Haiphong is still one of the most important economic centers of Vietnam. In 2009, Haiphong state budget revenue reached 34,000 billion Vnd. In 2011, budget revenues in the city reached 47,725 billion, increase 19% compared to 2010.[24] In 2015, total revenues of the city reached 56 288 billion. Government plans that to 2020, Haiphong's revenues will be over 80,000 billion and the domestic revenue reach 20.000 billion. In the ranking of the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2013 of Vietnam, Haiphong city ranked at No. 15/63 provinces.[25] Haiphong has relationship of trading goods with more than 40 countries and territories around the world. Haiphong is striving to become one of the largest commercial centers of the country.[26]
Industry edit
Industry is a key sector in Haiphong including food processing, light industries and heavy industries. Major products include fish sauce, beer, cigarettes, textiles, paper, plastic pipes, cement, iron, pharmaceuticals, electric fans, motorbikes, steel pipes and ships and out-sourcing software implementation.[27] Most of these industries have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007, with the exceptions of the cigarette and pharmaceutical industries. Shipbuilding, steel pipes, plastic pipes and textiles are among the industries with the most rapid growth.[27]
There are also growing industries supplying products used by existing industries in the city. PetroVietnam set up a joint-venture PVTex with textile manufacturer Vinatex to build Vietnam's first polyester fiber plant in Haiphong. The factory will use by-products from oil-refining and reduce reliance on imported materials.[28] 270,600 people were employed in Haiphong's industry. 112,600 industrial jobs were created between 2000 and 2007.[27]
Agriculture, forestry and fishery edit
Despite its status as a city, around one third of Haiphong's area or 52,300 ha (as of 2007) are used for agriculture. Rice is the most important crop, taking up around 80% of the agricultural land with an output of 463,100 tons in 2007.[27] Other agricultural products include maize, sugar and peanuts.[27]
Haiphong has a relatively large fishing sector with an output of 79,705 tons (2007). Gross output has almost doubled between 2000 and 2007, mostly due to fast growth in aquaculture, which made up 60% of gross output in 2007. Despite its coastal location, sea fish contribute relatively little to the sector (around one fourth). Nam Định Province and Thái Bình Province have much larger fishing sectors and even the inland Hải Dương Province has a larger gross output from fishing than Haiphong.[27]
As of 2007, 315,500 were employed in agriculture and fishery, a significant decrease from 396,300 in 2000. However, these sectors still account for almost a third of total employment in Haiphong, a larger share than industry.[27] However, gross output in both agriculture and fishery have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007.
Demographics edit
Haiphong is the third most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of 2.103.500 for the metropolitan area (2015), encompassing an area of 1,507.57 km2 (582.08 sq mi), 46,1 % of population reside in the urban districts.[29] The gender distribution is half female (50.4%).[30]
Population growth edit
As of the 2009 census, Haiphong's average annual population growth rate was given as 4.0%. Haiphong's crude birth rate was recorded at 18.1 live births per 1000 persons vs the crude death rate of 7.6 per 1000 persons. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 77.1 years for women and 72.0 years for men, or 74.5 years overall. Infant mortality rate was measured at 11.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births, just over two points above the nation's average for urban areas. In the same census, the city's out-migration was 1.9% vs in-migration of 2.8% and, for a net migration rate of 0.9%.[30]
Education edit
- Haiphong Maritime High School
- Hai Phong Medical University
- Hai Phong University
- Tran Phu High School for the gifted
- Vietnam Maritime University
Transport edit
Roads edit
Haiphong is located at the junction of two National Highways: Route 5, leading west to Hanoi, and Route 10, leading south to Nam Định and onward to connect with National Route 1 at Ninh Bình. Highway 356 passes west–east from the Route 5/10 junction through Haiphong's city center all the way to the coast. A connecting road from route 5 to route 18 links Haiphong with Quảng Ninh Province. In 2015, the new highway connecting Haiphong with Hanoi was completed; this is the most modern highway in Vietnam and reduces the trip by one hour as compared to the previous route.[31]
Within the city there are several long-distance bus depots: Niem Nghia, Vinh Niem, Thuong Ly.
A new highway route was completed last year 2016 to make the transfer faster and easier. From Hanoi to Haiphong and back, it takes less than 2 hours to reach not so long as 3 hours as before. Also shorten the distance from Haiphong to Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen.
Tourists can easily catch a coach from Niem Nghia bus station to Hanoi or Cat Ba island, either Quang Ninh, or South of Vietnam.
Airports edit
The main airport serving Haiphong is Cat Bi International Airport with three flights daily to Ho Chi Minh city. In April 2011, Vietnam Airlines launched routes to Da Nang with 5 flights a week. An international airport for Haiphong, situated in Tien Lang district, is in the planning stages; if realized it would become the largest airport in northern Vietnam.
Seaports edit
Haiphong port is one of the largest ports in Vietnam and south-east Asia as a whole. The Port of Haiphong on the Cấm River is divided into three main docks: Hoang Dieu (Central terminal) located near the city's center, Chua Ve, and Dinh Vu both farther downstream to the east.[32] Several ferry terminals connect Haiphong with the neighboring Cát Hải and Cát Bà Islands; Ben Binh Ferry terminal is located near the city center while Dinh Vu Ferry is located on a spit of land on the coast. The government had approved the plans to build an international port in Lach Huyen – 15 kilometers from the current port. Once completed this will be one of the deepest port in Vietnam with draft of 14m, capable of receiving ships up to 100.000 DWT.
Railway edit
Haiphong station built in 1902 is the eastern terminus of the Kunming–Hai Phong Railway, also known as the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway. Built at by the French during their occupation, the railway once connected Haiphong to the city of Kunming in Yunnan, China, although service along the Chinese portion of the line is currently suspended. Rail travel from Haiphong with connections to the rest of the Vietnamese railway network is via Hanoi.
Passenger trains run daily from 6AM until 6PM from Hai Phong city to the capital Hanoi and back. The travel time between the two cities by rail is approximately 3 hours.
Cuisine edit
Hai Phong cuisine is known throughout Vietnam for seafood dishes. Seafood restaurants in the Do Son area are known for having very fresh and affordable shrimp, crab, fish, and squid. The style of seafood processing in Hai Phong follows a simple style, emphasizing the essence and freshness of ingredients themselves as opposed to the seasoning.
Dishes such as bánh đa cua (red noodle soup with crab), bún cá (fish rice noodle soup), bánh mỳ que cay (spicy stick-bread), cơm cháy hải sản (crispy rice cracker with seafood), nem cua bể (square crab spring rolls) are notable and popular dishes. These dishes can be found on the streets of other places like Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, but enjoying them on the Red Phoenix Flower City (the other name of Haiphong City) is still the most ideal because of the choice of raw ingredients and cooking secrets of local chefs. Hai Phong cuisine has been promoted to Europe at the Brest Maritime Festival 2008 (France) and resonated greatly.
In addition, Hai Phong also has many other dishes such as mantis shrimp hot pot, bean sprouts salad, sủi dìn, bánh bèo (Haiphong's version, which is different from Hue's version).
Notable people edit
- Mạc Đăng Dung (1483–1541) king of Đại Việt country, the founder of the Mạc dynasty
- Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (1491–1585) thinker, poet, prophet, Cao Dai religion saint
- Mai Trung Thu (1906–80) painter
- Văn Cao (1923–95) musician, poet, painter and composer of the national anthem of Vietnam Tiến Quân Ca
- Ngọc Sơn (born 1970) singer, songwriter
- Trà Giang (born 1942) film actress (born in Quảng Ngãi Province, grew up and schooled in Haiphong)
- Wong Kwok-hing (born 1949) Hong Kong trade unionist and a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (2004-2016)
- Phan Thị Hà Thanh (born 1991) artistic gymnast, first gymnast to win a world medal for Vietnam gymnastics (2011)
- Thu Phương (born 1972) famous pop singer and Haiphong native; she now lives in the U.S.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (March 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Twin towns – sister cities edit
Gallery edit
- Du Hang Pagoda
- Du Hang Pagoda Architecture
- The City's Opera House
- A Buddhist temple in Haiphong.
- Haiphong Cathedral (2007)
- Haiphong City International Exhibition Center
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai của cả nước năm 2018" [Announcements of area statistics for the whole country in 2018]. Act No. 2908/QĐ-BTNMT of 13 November 2019 (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam). – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 105. (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-03. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.
- ^ "Kinh tế - xã hội thành phố Hải Phòng giai đoạn 2016-2020 tạo đà và bứt phá" (in Vietnamese). Con số và sự kiện. 2021-03-22.
- ^ "Thu nhập người Hải Phòng: 11.800 USD/năm vào 2025". Tuổi Trẻ. 15 October 2020.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2021). Báo cáo Chỉ số phát triển con người Việt Nam giai đoạn 2016 – 2020 [Vietnam's Human Development Index (2016-2020)] (PDF) (Report). pp. 29–30. (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ^ "Hơn 2.200 tỉ đồng xây dựng đê biển Nam Đình Vũ, Hải Phòng". TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). 2022-11-17. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
- ^ "Nữ tướng Lê Chân và dấu ấn Hải Tần Phòng Thủ".
- ^ "Chương trình Famtrip"Hải tần Phòng thủ - Góc nhìn mới" tiếp tục giới thiệu nhiều địa danh lịch sử và ẩm thực Hải Phòng | Cổng Thông tin điện tử thành phố Hải phòng".
- ^ a b Haiphong's Culture 2017-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. HaiphongTourism.gov.vn
- ^ Vietnam by Spencer C. Tucker, page 47. "On 23 November DebeS delivered an ultimatum to the Vietnamese at Haiphong, ordering them to withdraw from the French section of the city, the Chinese quarter, and the port. He gave them only two hours to reply. When the time was up the French subjected the Vietnamese positions to air, land, and sea bombardment, the bulk of the firepower coming from the three- and eight-inch guns of the French Navy Cruiser Suffren. Only military targets were destroyed and not the Vietnamese quarter as some have claimed. Estimates of the number killed in the shelling and ensuing panic vary widely. Casualties up to 20,000 have been cited. French Admiral Battet later said that no more than 6,000 Vietnamese had died, but in 1981 Vu Quoc Uy, then chairman of the Haiphong municipal committee, told Stanley Karnow that the figure was only 500 to 1,000 dead. Others have put the figure as low as 200".
- ^ (in French) Maurice Vaïsse, L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine (1946–1954) : Adaptation ou inadaptation, 2000, p. 276
- ^ Plon, Le General de Gaulle et l'Indochine 1940–1946, page 210. "In connection with the naval bombardment, let us note that only the ships of small tonnage could go up the river of Haiphong. On November 23, two colonial sloops supported for the first time the French troops with their artillery to a limited effect: the Chevreuil with its double turret, with its two pairs of 100mm, Savorgnan de Brazza with its four turrets each of one 138mm. No battleship was present. On November 27 on that the evening, the cruiser Suffren was in the Bay d' Along, its tidal water prohibiting it access of the Cua Cam. It transported troops in reinforcement..."
- ^ Phillippe Devillers, Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952. Editions du Seuil, Paris. Third edition,1952, pp. 331–340
- ^ "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Thomas H. Moorer, 1981". openvault.wgbh.org. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.
- ^ Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014). "Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 12 (5): 267–272. Bibcode:2014FrEE...12..267M. doi:10.1890/130260.
- ^ a b Haiphong Climate Guide, Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology" (PDF).
- ^ The Yearbook of Indochina (1930-1931)
- ^ The Yearbook of Indochina (1932-1933)
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
- ^ [1][permanent dead link]
- ^ "General Ranking". www.pcivietnam.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g General Statistics Office (2009): Socio-economic Statistical Data of 63 Provinces and Cities, Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi
- ^ . The Saigon Times. 2010-05-14. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
- ^ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (May 27, 2010). "Background Note: Vietnam". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ a b The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing census: Major findings. General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
- ^ Administrator. "Hanoi – Hai Phong Expressway Project". www.vidifi.vn.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ "Đà Nẵng và Hải Phòng 60 năm tình nghĩa". haiphong.gov.vn (in Vietnamese). Haiphong. 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
- ^ ""Sister Cities & Affiliated Cities"". incheon.go.kr. Incheon Metropolitan City. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
- ^ "DEEP C shakes hand with City of Kitakyushu to promote investment". deepc.vn. DEEP C Industrial Zones. 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
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Notes edit
External links edit
- Official Website of Haiphong City 2012-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
- .
- History of Haiphong Vietnam: DanDuongDi Review- interactive Google Map with specific sites and historic views of the city from French colonial times.