fbpx
Wikipedia

Haiphong incident

April 17, 2023

The Haiphong Incident or the Haiphong Massacre occurred on November 23, 1946, when the French cruiser Suffren and several avisos[2] bombarded the Vietnamese coastal city of Haiphong, killing some 6,000 Vietnamese people.[1] The incident, also known as the Shelling of Haiphong, is thought of as the first armed clash in a series of events that would lead to the Battle of Hanoi on December 19, 1946, and with it the official outbreak of the First Indochina War.[3][4][5]

Haiphong Incident
Part of the First Indochina War

Haiphong on a map
DateNovember 23, 1946 (1946-11-23)
Location
Haiphong, French Indochina
Result

French victory

Territorial
changes		 French rule restored in Haiphong
Belligerents
French Republic Việt Minh
Commanders and leaders
Pierre-Louis Debès Unknown
Strength
1 heavy cruiser
3 avisos		 Unknown
Casualties and losses
20 to 29 killed Unknown
Around 6,000 Vietnamese killed[1]

Background

After World War II, the future of the Vietnamese territory was in question. After being under years of French colonial rule followed by Japanese rule during the war, Vietnam began to seek independence.[6] Specifically, the Japanese renounced French claims to the Vietnamese territory on March 9, 1945, officially declaring Vietnam independent over France and under the control of Emperor Bảo Đại.[7] This was counteracted by a rebellion on September 2, 1945, when Ho Chi Minh and his guerilla army declared the official birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[7] Ho Chi Minh became the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party, and demanded complete autonomy from Europe.[8]

The French disregarded these claims of autonomy and quickly moved to resettle Vietnam as a member for the French Union. However, complete colonization was no longer an option due to power dynamics in the west and on March 6, 1946, after receiving pressure from the western allies, Jean Sainteny, French Commissioner for Northern Indochina met with Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi and signed the Ho–Sainteny agreement.[9] The agreement officially gave Vietnam independence as "a free state with its own government, parliament, army and finances, forming part of the Indochinese Federation and the French Union".[10] Additionally, the treaty allowed for the French to have a military presence in Vietnam for the following five years.[11]

At the time of the signing, it was widely thought that Ho Chi Minh had given many concessions to the French. By allowing the continued presence of the French army, Ho allowed for a continuation of the French colonial control of the past.[12] The Communist newspaper Les Temps modernes criticized the signing of the deal, calling the agreement "the lamentable surrender of all our [Communists] ideological and political plans".[13] On the French side, Thierry d'Argenlieu illustrated French optimism regarding the treaty in a communiqué he wrote to the Parisian government: "On the French level, the armed forces are assured of a friendly reception and we are pre-empting any reproach for opening hostilities ... We are fully safeguarding French economic and cultural interests now and for the future."[14] Vietnamese worries in regards to the agreement soon came to fruition as France began to exert the same colonial authority it had formally denounced in the treaty. France created a virtual naval blockade of Haiphong by continuing to have a strong naval presence in the Gulf of Tonkin.[15] That led the Vietnamese to reach out for peace talks to curb French influence in the region. These peace talks came in the form of the Fontainebleau Agreements, which occurred at the Palace of Fontainebleau and were led by Phạm Văn Đồng for the Vietnamese and Max André on the side of the French, beginning on July 6, 1946.[16][17] The conference at the palace was held to discuss the provisions of the Ho-Sainteny Agreement.[17] At the conference, the French refused to revise the original treaty in any way. The Vietnamese leadership, led by Ho Chi Minh, settled to sign a modus vivendi, postponing talks to a later date.[17][18] These talks never occurred due to the outbreak of violence in November.

The Incident

 
The Dumont d'Urville in Dutch East Indies, 1930-1936

On the morning of November 20, 1946, a French patrol ship seized a Chinese junk attempting to bring contraband into Haiphong.[19] While seemingly routine, the seizure of the ship was the beginning of a chain of unfortunate events. Vietnamese soldiers reacted to the seizure by firing on the French ship from the shore, killing 23 soldiers.[15][20]Armed clashes immediately broke out on land between French and Vietnamese nationalists, with a French burial party being ambushed, losing six more men.[15][21] The French immediately worked to dissipate the conflict and stopped the outbreak by agreeing to respect Vietnamese sovereignty in Haiphong on November 22, 1946.[15]

This, however, was only the beginning of the incident. Once the news of the skirmish came to Admiral d'Argenlieu in Paris, he sent a cable to Jean Étienne Valluy, commander of French forces in Indochina, ordering him to use force against the Vietnamese in Haiphong. Valluy, in turn, sent an order to Colonel Debès, commander of the French troops at Haiphong, stating, "It appears clear that we are up against premeditated aggressions carefully staged by the Vietnamese regular army ... The moment has come to give a severe lesson to those who have treacherously attacked you. Use all the means at your disposal to make yourself complete master of Haiphong."[22][23] Debès then issued an ultimatum to the Vietnamese in Haiphong demanding a withdrawal from the French section and Chinese sections of the city, including the port.[23] In the order, Debès invoked the Franco-Chinese agreement of February 28, 1946 as justification for demanding the Vietnamese evacuation of parts of the city.[23] Debès argued that the treaty gave France protective rights over the Chinese in Vietnam and thus gave them jurisdiction to engage in combat.[24]

After the Vietnamese failed to evacuate in time, the French began a bombardment of the Vietnamese sections of the city, using three French avisos:[25] Chevreuil (Chamois-class minesweeping sloop),[26] Savorgnan de Brazza and Dumont d'Urville.[27]

The role of the cruiser Suffren in the bombardment is controversial, as some versions of events suggest the ship participated in the shelling and others claim it arrived after the action had already been carried out.[28] By November 28, 1946, Colonel Debès had taken complete control over the town.[29]

While reports about the total number of casualties from the bombardment range widely from upwards of twenty thousand to less than one hundred.[30] Today it is widely agreed that the number of casualties is very close to six thousand as reported by the French sociologist Paul Mus.[30]In return, French forces lost 20 to 29 men killed in Hai Phong from November 20 to 23.[31]

Aftermath

Attempted reconciliation

Immediately after the shelling, the French government sought peace. All violence was ended by the afternoon of November 22 and tensions seemed to have been alleviated. This was not the case. Less than two weeks after the shelling, after receiving pressure from Paris to "teach the Vietnamese a lesson" General Morlière ordered a complete Vietnamese withdrawal from the city, demanding all Viet Minh military elements to be evacuated from Haiphong.[30][32] By early December 1946, Haiphong was under complete French military occupation.[24]

The aggressive actions of the French regarding the occupation of Haiphong made it clear in the eyes of the Viet Minh that the French intended on maintaining a colonial presence in Vietnam.[33][34] The threat of the French establishing a separate southern state in Vietnam by besieging the city of Hanoi became a top priority for the Viet Minh to counteract.[34]

On December 2, as a final effort to maintain good relations between the two nations, French Commissioner Sainteny (of the Ho–Sainteny agreement) visited Hanoi to reach an agreement for a ceasefire. This proved unsuccessful as the French insistence on maintaining complete military control of Haiphong stalled all negotiations.[32] The December 16 election of the socialist Léon Blum as the Premier of France offered hope to Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese, as the French socialists had a much more tolerant policy towards Vietnamese independence.[4] That hope proved to be misplaced, as by the time Blum came into office violence between the Vietnamese and French was already widespread.

The onset of war

As relations between France and Vietnam continued to worsen, Ho Chi Minh issued a plea for peace between the two nations on December 12, stating, "Neither France nor Viet Nam can afford the luxury of a bloody war".[35] Ho, however, was not completely supported in his call for peace. Võ Nguyên Giáp, leader of the Vietnamese army was convinced that open confrontation was inevitable. Giap was certain that the takeover of Haiphong signaled France's intent to attack and take over Hanoi.[36] This led to Giap focusing on arming the Hanoi militias in preparation for an attack.[37] The Vietnamese media reflected the concerns of General Giap. In an article on December 10, 1946, a Hanoi newspaper stated, "The grave hour has arrived. The Hanoi Committee of the Việt Minh Front calls on the people to be calm, to be united, and to be ready to rise when the government gives the order [to rebel against the French]."[24] The Vietnamese people, in turn, reacted to the plea to prepare, building barricades in the streets of Hanoi and engaging in armed skirmishes with French legionnaires.[38]

The final ultimatum to the Vietnamese was issued on December 19, when General Morlière ordered the leading Viet Minh militia, Tu Ve ("self-defence"), to completely disarm.[35] That night, all electricity was turned off in Hanoi and the city was left in complete darkness.[39] The Vietnamese (specifically the Tu Ve militia) attacked the French from within Hanoi with machine guns, artillery, and mortars.[40] Thousands of French soldiers and Vietnamese civilians lost their lives.[4] The French reacted by storming Hanoi the following day, forcing the Vietnamese government to take refuge outside of the city.[41] Ho Chi Minh himself was forced to flee Hanoi for a more remote mountainous area.[1] The attack can be characterized as a preemptive strike against the French after the overtaking of Haiphong endangered Vietnamese claims to Hanoi and all of Vietnam. The uprising in Hanoi escalated the aggression between the French and Viet Minh into the First Indochina War.

References

  1. ^ a b c Cirillo, Roger (2015). The Shape of Battles to Come. Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. p. 187. ISBN 978-0813165752.
  2. ^ Vaïse, Maurice (2000). L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine (1946-1954): Adaptation ou inadaptation. p. 276.
  3. ^ "French Vietnam: A War of Illusions". Victorious Insurgencies: Four Rebellions That Shaped Our World. University Press of Kentucky, 2010. 69–140. Web.
  4. ^ a b c Devillers, Philippe, and Jean Lacouture. End of a War: Indochina, 1954. London: Pall Mall Press, 1969.
  5. ^ "Haiphong, Shelling of". Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Ed. Spencer C. Tucker. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Credo Reference. Web. 4 Feb. 2016.
  6. ^ Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 30–34.
  7. ^ a b Cooper, Nicola (2001). France in Indochina – Colonial Encounters. New York: Oxford International Publishers. p. 179. ISBN 1859734812.
  8. ^ Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 148–150.
  9. ^ Devillers, Phillipe; Lacouture, Jean (1969). End of a War, Indochina, 1954. London: Pall Mall Pres. pp. 8–9.
  10. ^ Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 153
  11. ^ Roger Levy, L'Indochine et Ses Traites, 1946. Paris: Centre D'Études de Politiques Étrangère, 1947, pp. 46–48, citing Notes Documentaires et Études, No. 548.
  12. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  13. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 233. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  14. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 71. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  15. ^ a b c d Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 182.
  16. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 72. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  17. ^ a b c Lockhart, Bruce McFarland, and William J. Duiker. Historical Dictionary of Vietnam. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2006. Print.
  18. ^ Sagar, D. J. (1991). Major Political Events in Indo-China 1945–1990. New York: Facts on File. pp. 4–8.
  19. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 79. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  20. ^ "The Haiphong incident". World History. 2015.
  21. ^ "The Haiphong incident". World History. 2015.
  22. ^ Quoted in Institut franco-suisse d'Études coloniales, France et Viet-Nam, p. 42
  23. ^ a b c Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 183.
  24. ^ a b c Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 185.
  25. ^ (in French) Maurice Vaïsse, L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine (1946-1954) : Adaptation ou inadaptation, 2000, p. 276
  26. ^ Bombardement de haiphong
  27. ^ La Terre du Dragon, tome 1
  28. ^ Hooper, Edwin Bickford; Allard, Dean C.; Fitzgerald, Oscar P.; Marolda, Edward J. (1977). The United States Navy and the Vietnam Conflict: The setting of the stage to 1959 (1st ed.). Naval History Division. p. 120. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  29. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 80. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  30. ^ a b c "Haiphong, Shelling of". Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Ed. Spencer C. Tucker. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Credo Reference. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.
  31. ^ Political Science Department, University of Arkansas. "French Indochina/Vietnam (1941-1954)".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ a b Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 184.
  33. ^ Le Monde, December 10, 1946
  34. ^ a b Modelski, George. "The Viet Minh Complex". Communism and Revolution: The Strategic Uses of Political Violence. Ed. Cyril E. Black and Thomas P. Thornton. Princeton University Press, 1964. 185–214. Web.
  35. ^ a b Hammer, Ellen (1954). The Struggle for Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 187.
  36. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 80. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  37. ^ Dalloz, Jacques; Bacon, Josephine (1990). The War in Indo-China 1945–1954. Dublin: Barnes and Noble Ltd. p. 81. ISBN 0-7171-1723-5.
  38. ^ Duiker, William J. The American Historical Review 94.4 (1989): 1156–1157. Web
  39. ^ Smith, R. B. "Towards a History of Vietnam, 1941–75". Modern Asian Studies 16.2 (1982): 311–333. Web
  40. ^ Zhai, Qiang. Contemporary Southeast Asia 32.2 (2010): 305–306. Web
  41. ^ Devillers, Phillipe; Lacouture, Jean (1969). End of a War, Indochina, 1954. London: Pall Mall Pres. p. 10.

See also

April 17, 2023
haiphong, incident, haiphong, incident, haiphong, massacre, occurred, november, 1946, when, french, cruiser, suffren, several, avisos, bombarded, vietnamese, coastal, city, haiphong, killing, some, vietnamese, people, incident, also, known, shelling, haiphong,. The Haiphong Incident or the Haiphong Massacre occurred on November 23 1946 when the French cruiser Suffren and several avisos 2 bombarded the Vietnamese coastal city of Haiphong killing some 6 000 Vietnamese people 1 The incident also known as the Shelling of Haiphong is thought of as the first armed clash in a series of events that would lead to the Battle of Hanoi on December 19 1946 and with it the official outbreak of the First Indochina War 3 4 5 Haiphong IncidentPart of the First Indochina WarHaiphong on a mapDateNovember 23 1946 1946 11 23 LocationHaiphong French IndochinaResultFrench victory Beginning of the First Indochina WarTerritorialchangesFrench rule restored in HaiphongBelligerentsFrench RepublicViệt MinhCommanders and leadersPierre Louis DebesUnknownStrength1 heavy cruiser3 avisosUnknownCasualties and losses20 to 29 killedUnknownAround 6 000 Vietnamese killed 1 Contents 1 Background 2 The Incident 3 Aftermath 3 1 Attempted reconciliation 3 2 The onset of war 4 References 5 See alsoBackground EditAfter World War II the future of the Vietnamese territory was in question After being under years of French colonial rule followed by Japanese rule during the war Vietnam began to seek independence 6 Specifically the Japanese renounced French claims to the Vietnamese territory on March 9 1945 officially declaring Vietnam independent over France and under the control of Emperor Bảo Đại 7 This was counteracted by a rebellion on September 2 1945 when Ho Chi Minh and his guerilla army declared the official birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 7 Ho Chi Minh became the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party and demanded complete autonomy from Europe 8 The French disregarded these claims of autonomy and quickly moved to resettle Vietnam as a member for the French Union However complete colonization was no longer an option due to power dynamics in the west and on March 6 1946 after receiving pressure from the western allies Jean Sainteny French Commissioner for Northern Indochina met with Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi and signed the Ho Sainteny agreement 9 The agreement officially gave Vietnam independence as a free state with its own government parliament army and finances forming part of the Indochinese Federation and the French Union 10 Additionally the treaty allowed for the French to have a military presence in Vietnam for the following five years 11 At the time of the signing it was widely thought that Ho Chi Minh had given many concessions to the French By allowing the continued presence of the French army Ho allowed for a continuation of the French colonial control of the past 12 The Communist newspaper Les Temps modernes criticized the signing of the deal calling the agreement the lamentable surrender of all our Communists ideological and political plans 13 On the French side Thierry d Argenlieu illustrated French optimism regarding the treaty in a communique he wrote to the Parisian government On the French level the armed forces are assured of a friendly reception and we are pre empting any reproach for opening hostilities We are fully safeguarding French economic and cultural interests now and for the future 14 Vietnamese worries in regards to the agreement soon came to fruition as France began to exert the same colonial authority it had formally denounced in the treaty France created a virtual naval blockade of Haiphong by continuing to have a strong naval presence in the Gulf of Tonkin 15 That led the Vietnamese to reach out for peace talks to curb French influence in the region These peace talks came in the form of the Fontainebleau Agreements which occurred at the Palace of Fontainebleau and were led by Phạm Văn Đồng for the Vietnamese and Max Andre on the side of the French beginning on July 6 1946 16 17 The conference at the palace was held to discuss the provisions of the Ho Sainteny Agreement 17 At the conference the French refused to revise the original treaty in any way The Vietnamese leadership led by Ho Chi Minh settled to sign a modus vivendi postponing talks to a later date 17 18 These talks never occurred due to the outbreak of violence in November The Incident Edit The Dumont d Urville in Dutch East Indies 1930 1936 On the morning of November 20 1946 a French patrol ship seized a Chinese junk attempting to bring contraband into Haiphong 19 While seemingly routine the seizure of the ship was the beginning of a chain of unfortunate events Vietnamese soldiers reacted to the seizure by firing on the French ship from the shore killing 23 soldiers 15 20 Armed clashes immediately broke out on land between French and Vietnamese nationalists with a French burial party being ambushed losing six more men 15 21 The French immediately worked to dissipate the conflict and stopped the outbreak by agreeing to respect Vietnamese sovereignty in Haiphong on November 22 1946 15 This however was only the beginning of the incident Once the news of the skirmish came to Admiral d Argenlieu in Paris he sent a cable to Jean Etienne Valluy commander of French forces in Indochina ordering him to use force against the Vietnamese in Haiphong Valluy in turn sent an order to Colonel Debes commander of the French troops at Haiphong stating It appears clear that we are up against premeditated aggressions carefully staged by the Vietnamese regular army The moment has come to give a severe lesson to those who have treacherously attacked you Use all the means at your disposal to make yourself complete master of Haiphong 22 23 Debes then issued an ultimatum to the Vietnamese in Haiphong demanding a withdrawal from the French section and Chinese sections of the city including the port 23 In the order Debes invoked the Franco Chinese agreement of February 28 1946 as justification for demanding the Vietnamese evacuation of parts of the city 23 Debes argued that the treaty gave France protective rights over the Chinese in Vietnam and thus gave them jurisdiction to engage in combat 24 After the Vietnamese failed to evacuate in time the French began a bombardment of the Vietnamese sections of the city using three French avisos 25 Chevreuil Chamois class minesweeping sloop 26 Savorgnan de Brazza and Dumont d Urville 27 The role of the cruiser Suffren in the bombardment is controversial as some versions of events suggest the ship participated in the shelling and others claim it arrived after the action had already been carried out 28 By November 28 1946 Colonel Debes had taken complete control over the town 29 While reports about the total number of casualties from the bombardment range widely from upwards of twenty thousand to less than one hundred 30 Today it is widely agreed that the number of casualties is very close to six thousand as reported by the French sociologist Paul Mus 30 In return French forces lost 20 to 29 men killed in Hai Phong from November 20 to 23 31 Aftermath EditAttempted reconciliation Edit Immediately after the shelling the French government sought peace All violence was ended by the afternoon of November 22 and tensions seemed to have been alleviated This was not the case Less than two weeks after the shelling after receiving pressure from Paris to teach the Vietnamese a lesson General Morliere ordered a complete Vietnamese withdrawal from the city demanding all Viet Minh military elements to be evacuated from Haiphong 30 32 By early December 1946 Haiphong was under complete French military occupation 24 The aggressive actions of the French regarding the occupation of Haiphong made it clear in the eyes of the Viet Minh that the French intended on maintaining a colonial presence in Vietnam 33 34 The threat of the French establishing a separate southern state in Vietnam by besieging the city of Hanoi became a top priority for the Viet Minh to counteract 34 On December 2 as a final effort to maintain good relations between the two nations French Commissioner Sainteny of the Ho Sainteny agreement visited Hanoi to reach an agreement for a ceasefire This proved unsuccessful as the French insistence on maintaining complete military control of Haiphong stalled all negotiations 32 The December 16 election of the socialist Leon Blum as the Premier of France offered hope to Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese as the French socialists had a much more tolerant policy towards Vietnamese independence 4 That hope proved to be misplaced as by the time Blum came into office violence between the Vietnamese and French was already widespread The onset of war Edit As relations between France and Vietnam continued to worsen Ho Chi Minh issued a plea for peace between the two nations on December 12 stating Neither France nor Viet Nam can afford the luxury of a bloody war 35 Ho however was not completely supported in his call for peace Vo Nguyen Giap leader of the Vietnamese army was convinced that open confrontation was inevitable Giap was certain that the takeover of Haiphong signaled France s intent to attack and take over Hanoi 36 This led to Giap focusing on arming the Hanoi militias in preparation for an attack 37 The Vietnamese media reflected the concerns of General Giap In an article on December 10 1946 a Hanoi newspaper stated The grave hour has arrived The Hanoi Committee of the Việt Minh Front calls on the people to be calm to be united and to be ready to rise when the government gives the order to rebel against the French 24 The Vietnamese people in turn reacted to the plea to prepare building barricades in the streets of Hanoi and engaging in armed skirmishes with French legionnaires 38 The final ultimatum to the Vietnamese was issued on December 19 when General Morliere ordered the leading Viet Minh militia Tu Ve self defence to completely disarm 35 That night all electricity was turned off in Hanoi and the city was left in complete darkness 39 The Vietnamese specifically the Tu Ve militia attacked the French from within Hanoi with machine guns artillery and mortars 40 Thousands of French soldiers and Vietnamese civilians lost their lives 4 The French reacted by storming Hanoi the following day forcing the Vietnamese government to take refuge outside of the city 41 Ho Chi Minh himself was forced to flee Hanoi for a more remote mountainous area 1 The attack can be characterized as a preemptive strike against the French after the overtaking of Haiphong endangered Vietnamese claims to Hanoi and all of Vietnam The uprising in Hanoi escalated the aggression between the French and Viet Minh into the First Indochina War References Edit a b c Cirillo Roger 2015 The Shape of Battles to Come Louisville University Press of Kentucky p 187 ISBN 978 0813165752 Vaise Maurice 2000 L Armee francaise dans la guerre d Indochine 1946 1954 Adaptation ou inadaptation p 276 French Vietnam A War of Illusions Victorious Insurgencies Four Rebellions That Shaped Our World University Press of Kentucky 2010 69 140 Web a b c Devillers Philippe and Jean Lacouture End of a War Indochina 1954 London Pall Mall Press 1969 Haiphong Shelling of Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political Social and Military History Ed Spencer C Tucker Santa Barbara ABC CLIO 2011 Credo Reference Web 4 Feb 2016 Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press pp 30 34 a b Cooper Nicola 2001 France in Indochina Colonial Encounters New York Oxford International Publishers p 179 ISBN 1859734812 Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press pp 148 150 Devillers Phillipe Lacouture Jean 1969 End of a War Indochina 1954 London Pall Mall Pres pp 8 9 Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press p 153 Roger Levy L Indochine et Ses Traites 1946 Paris Centre D Etudes de Politiques Etrangere 1947 pp 46 48 citing Notes Documentaires et Etudes No 548 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 68 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 233 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 71 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 a b c d Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press pp 182 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 72 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 a b c Lockhart Bruce McFarland and William J Duiker Historical Dictionary of Vietnam Lanham MD Scarecrow 2006 Print Sagar D J 1991 Major Political Events in Indo China 1945 1990 New York Facts on File pp 4 8 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 79 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 The Haiphong incident World History 2015 The Haiphong incident World History 2015 Quoted in Institut franco suisse d Etudes coloniales France et Viet Nam p 42 a b c Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press pp 183 a b c Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press p 185 in French Maurice Vaisse L Armee francaise dans la guerre d Indochine 1946 1954 Adaptation ou inadaptation 2000 p 276 Bombardement de haiphong La Terre du Dragon tome 1 Hooper Edwin Bickford Allard Dean C Fitzgerald Oscar P Marolda Edward J 1977 The United States Navy and the Vietnam Conflict The setting of the stage to 1959 1st ed Naval History Division p 120 Retrieved 11 December 2020 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 80 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 a b c Haiphong Shelling of Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political Social and Military History Ed Spencer C Tucker Santa Barbara ABC CLIO 2011 Credo Reference Web 17 Feb 2016 Political Science Department University of Arkansas French Indochina Vietnam 1941 1954 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press pp 184 Le Monde December 10 1946 a b Modelski George The Viet Minh Complex Communism and Revolution The Strategic Uses of Political Violence Ed Cyril E Black and Thomas P Thornton Princeton University Press 1964 185 214 Web a b Hammer Ellen 1954 The Struggle for Indochina Stanford California Stanford University Press pp 187 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 80 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 Dalloz Jacques Bacon Josephine 1990 The War in Indo China 1945 1954 Dublin Barnes and Noble Ltd p 81 ISBN 0 7171 1723 5 Duiker William J The American Historical Review 94 4 1989 1156 1157 Web Smith R B Towards a History of Vietnam 1941 75 Modern Asian Studies 16 2 1982 311 333 Web Zhai Qiang Contemporary Southeast Asia 32 2 2010 305 306 Web Devillers Phillipe Lacouture Jean 1969 End of a War Indochina 1954 London Pall Mall Pres p 10 See also EditFirst Indochina War topics Battle of Hanoi 1946 French Indochina France Vietnam relations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haiphong incident amp oldid 1144451974, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.