For organisms where the embryo develops inside the mother as opposed to an egg, see viviparity.
In human reproduction, a live birth occurs when a fetus exits the mother showing any definite sign of life such as voluntary movement, heartbeat, or pulsation of the umbilical cord, for however brief a time and regardless of whether the umbilical cord or placenta are intact.[1] After the fetus is expelled from the maternal body it is called a neonate. Whether the birth is vaginal or by caesarean section, and whether the neonate is ultimately viable, is irrelevant.
The definition of the term "live birth" was created by the World Health Organization in 1950, and is chiefly used for public health and statistical purposes. However, the term "live birth" was in common use long before 1950.[2]
In the United States, the term "born alive" is defined by federal law[3] known as the born alive rule. Live births are recorded on a U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth, also known as a birth certificate.[4] The United States recorded 3,605,201 live births in 2020 which is a 4% decrease from 2019 and the 6th consecutive year of decline in births.[5]
Not all pregnancies result in live births. A woman may choose to end her pregnancy by abortion. Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently.[6][7] Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after which fetal death is known as a stillbirth.[8] The death of the fetus or neonate at the end of the pregnancy, during labour and delivery, or just after birth is counted as perinatal mortality.
Measured in weeks, gestational age is a term used to describe how far along a pregnancy is starting from the first day of the woman's last menstrual cycle to the current date.[9] A baby born "at term" is between the gestational age of 37 weeks to 41 weeks. A preterm baby is born before the gestational age of 37 weeks. A pregnancy that lasts 41 weeks up to 42 weeks is called late-term and a pregnancy longer than 42 weeks is called post-term.[10] The general consensus is that a fetus is viable at 24 weeks, however, a live birth may occur earlier in gestation with the assistance from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) resources. Gestational age is the main determinant of whether a baby will be able to live and survive outside of the uterus.
Other factorsedit
While gestational age is the most significant predictor of fetal viability, the condition of the neonate at birth also significantly indicates how well it tolerates life outside of the mother. Factors measured at birth include birth weight, head circumference, and body length. An Apgar score is given at the time of birth to report the status of the newborn infant and the response to resuscitation if needed.[11]
Recoveryedit
The maternal recovery period directly following the events of human childbirth, regardless of whether it is a live birth, is called the postpartum period.
Special casesedit
There is one case report of a woman having a live birth derived from a frozen embryo obtained before she began cancer treatment.[12]
^World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Tenth Revision. Vol 2. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1993:129.
^Search full view Google Books for "live birth" prior to the year 1950.
^"1 U.S. Code § 8 - "Person", "human being", "child", and "individual" as including born-alive infant". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^"NVSS - Revisions of the U.S. Standard Certificates and Reports". www.cdc.gov. 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
^Hamilton, Brady; Martin, Joyce; Osterman, Michelle (May 2021). "Births: Provisional Data for 2020" (PDF). Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics Rapid Release. National Vital Statistics System. Report No. 012 – via CDC.
^The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. pp. 438–439. ISBN9781451148015. from the original on September 10, 2017.
^"What is pregnancy loss/miscarriage?". www.nichd.nih.gov/. July 15, 2013. from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^"Stillbirth: Overview". NICHD. September 23, 2014. from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
^"Gestational age: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
^"When Pregnancy Goes Past Your Due Date". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
^Yang, Dunsong; Brown, Samuel E.; Nguyen, Kevin; Reddy, Vijay; Brubaker, Cindy; Winslow, Kevin L. (1 June 2007). "Live birth after the transfer of human embryos developed from cryopreserved oocytes harvested before cancer treatment". Fertility and Sterility. 87 (6): 1469.e1–4. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1546. PMID 17418837.
February 16, 2024
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For organisms where the embryo develops inside the mother as opposed to an egg see viviparity In human reproduction a live birth occurs when a fetus exits the mother showing any definite sign of life such as voluntary movement heartbeat or pulsation of the umbilical cord for however brief a time and regardless of whether the umbilical cord or placenta are intact 1 After the fetus is expelled from the maternal body it is called a neonate Whether the birth is vaginal or by caesarean section and whether the neonate is ultimately viable is irrelevant The definition of the term live birth was created by the World Health Organization in 1950 and is chiefly used for public health and statistical purposes However the term live birth was in common use long before 1950 2 In the United States the term born alive is defined by federal law 3 known as the born alive rule Live births are recorded on a U S Standard Certificate of Live Birth also known as a birth certificate 4 The United States recorded 3 605 201 live births in 2020 which is a 4 decrease from 2019 and the 6th consecutive year of decline in births 5 Not all pregnancies result in live births A woman may choose to end her pregnancy by abortion Miscarriage also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently 6 7 Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation after which fetal death is known as a stillbirth 8 The death of the fetus or neonate at the end of the pregnancy during labour and delivery or just after birth is counted as perinatal mortality Contents 1 Statistical significance 2 Factors affecting viability 2 1 Gestational age 2 2 Other factors 3 Recovery 4 Special cases 5 See also 6 ReferencesStatistical significance editFactors affecting viability editGestational age edit Measured in weeks gestational age is a term used to describe how far along a pregnancy is starting from the first day of the woman s last menstrual cycle to the current date 9 A baby born at term is between the gestational age of 37 weeks to 41 weeks A preterm baby is born before the gestational age of 37 weeks A pregnancy that lasts 41 weeks up to 42 weeks is called late term and a pregnancy longer than 42 weeks is called post term 10 The general consensus is that a fetus is viable at 24 weeks however a live birth may occur earlier in gestation with the assistance from neonatal intensive care unit NICU resources Gestational age is the main determinant of whether a baby will be able to live and survive outside of the uterus Other factors edit While gestational age is the most significant predictor of fetal viability the condition of the neonate at birth also significantly indicates how well it tolerates life outside of the mother Factors measured at birth include birth weight head circumference and body length An Apgar score is given at the time of birth to report the status of the newborn infant and the response to resuscitation if needed 11 Recovery editThe maternal recovery period directly following the events of human childbirth regardless of whether it is a live birth is called the postpartum period Special cases editThere is one case report of a woman having a live birth derived from a frozen embryo obtained before she began cancer treatment 12 See also editChildbirth Maternal deathReferences edit World Health Organization International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems Tenth Revision Vol 2 Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 1993 129 Search full view Google Books for live birth prior to the year 1950 1 U S Code 8 Person human being child and individual as including born alive infant LII Legal Information Institute Retrieved 22 August 2017 NVSS Revisions of the U S Standard Certificates and Reports www cdc gov 2017 08 30 Retrieved 2018 10 23 Hamilton Brady Martin Joyce Osterman Michelle May 2021 Births Provisional Data for 2020 PDF Division of Vital Statistics National Center for Health Statistics Vital Statistics Rapid Release National Vital Statistics System Report No 012 via CDC The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics 4 ed Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 2012 pp 438 439 ISBN 9781451148015 Archived from the original on September 10 2017 What is pregnancy loss miscarriage www nichd nih gov July 15 2013 Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved March 14 2015 Stillbirth Overview NICHD September 23 2014 Archived from the original on October 5 2016 Retrieved October 4 2016 Gestational age MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia medlineplus gov Retrieved 2022 06 23 When Pregnancy Goes Past Your Due Date www acog org Retrieved 2022 06 23 The Apgar Score www acog org Retrieved 2022 06 25 Yang Dunsong Brown Samuel E Nguyen Kevin Reddy Vijay Brubaker Cindy Winslow Kevin L 1 June 2007 Live birth after the transfer of human embryos developed from cryopreserved oocytes harvested before cancer treatment Fertility and Sterility 87 6 1469 e1 4 doi 10 1016 j fertnstert 2006 07 1546 PMID 17418837 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Live birth human amp oldid 1183962608, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
