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Hominidae

January 09, 2024

For an explanation of very similar terms, see Homininae and Hominini.
Not to be confused with Hominoidea.
"Great apes" and "Hominid" redirect here. For other uses, see Great apes (disambiguation) and Hominid (disambiguation).
"Ape-men" redirects here. For other uses, see Apeman (disambiguation).

The Hominidae (/hɒˈmɪnɪdiː/), whose members are known as the great apes[note 1] or hominids (/ˈhɒmɪnɪdz/), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain.[1]

Hominidae[1]
Temporal range: Miocene–present, 17–0 Ma
The eight extant hominid species, one row per genus (humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Catarrhini
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidae
Gray, 1825[2]
Type genus
Homo
Linnaeus, 1758
Subfamilies

sister: Hylobatidae

Distribution of great ape species
Synonyms
  • Pongidae Elliot, 1913
  • Gorillidae Frechkop, 1943
  • Panidae Ciochon, 1983

Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans, apes, and their ancestors were considered to be "hominids".

The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term hominin, which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). The current meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century.[5]

Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago,[6] when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera.[7] Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.[7][8]

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Twenty-nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.[9]

Evolution edit

See also: Human evolution
 
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)

In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.

At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age—Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the "lesser apes", diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey.[10] Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus fossils found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics).[11] The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.

Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus.

Taxonomy edit

Further information: Human taxonomy

Terminology edit

 
Humans are one of the four extant hominid genera.

The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term "hominin". The meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of "hominid" that includes all the great apes including humans.

A number of very similar words apply to related classifications:

  • A hominoid, sometimes called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.
  • A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.
  • A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
  • A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and humans.[12]
  • A homininan, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including Australopithecina, but excluding chimpanzees.[13][14]
  • A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies.

A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below):

Hominoidea

Hylobatidae
   gibbons

Hominidae
Ponginae
Homininae
Gorillini
Hominini
Panina
Pan
chimpanzees
Hominina

Homo sapiens
     humans

homininans
hominins
hominines
hominids, great apes
hominoids, apes

Extant and fossil relatives of humans edit

 
Homo sapiens
 
A model of a modern human skull
 
A fossil hominid exhibit at The Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the subfamily Ponginae) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.

Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.)[15][16][17] But, those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.[18]

Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.[19]

The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their 'local family' or band. The theory of mind concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind.[20] This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.

However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees,[21] and some[who?] say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood.

Phylogeny edit

Below is a cladogram with extinct species.[22][23][24][failed verification] It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[25]

 

Taxonomy of Hominoidea (emphasis on family Hominidae): After an initial separation from the main line by the Hylobatidae (gibbons) some 18 million years ago, the line of Ponginae broke away, leading to the orangutan; later, the Homininae split into the tribes Hominini (led to humans and chimpanzees) and Gorillini (led to gorillas).

Extant edit

See also: List of hominoids

There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:[1]

Fossil edit

 
Replica of the skull sometimes known as "Nutcracker Man", found by Mary Leakey

In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.[27]

Family Hominidae

Description edit

 
Gorilla

The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30 to 40 kilograms (66 to 88 lb) in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140 to 180 kilograms (310 to 400 lb). In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.[33][34]

Behavior edit

Although most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use.[35] They build complex sleeping platforms, also called nests, in trees to sleep in at night, but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests, and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground.[36]

All species are omnivorous,[37] although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the Neolithic revolution, have consumed mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat.

Gestation in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.[35]

Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots.

This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily. In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity.

Legal status edit

Main articles: Great ape personhood, Great Ape Project, and Countries banning non-human ape experimentation

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and, per the Declaration on Great Apes, should be given basic human rights. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

On 25 June 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal.[38] On 8 September 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.[39]

Conservation edit

The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Great ape" is a common name rather than a taxonomic label, and there are differences in usage, even by the same author. The term may or may not include humans, as when Dawkins writes "Long before people thought in terms of evolution ... great apes were often confused with humans"[3] and "gibbons are faithfully monogamous, unlike the great apes which are our closer relatives."[4]

References edit

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  2. ^ Gray, J. E. (1825). "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe". Annals of Philosophy. New Series. 10: 337–334.
  3. ^ Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life (p/b ed.). London, England: Phoenix (Orion Books). p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7538-1996-8.
  4. ^ Dawkins (2005), p. 126.
  5. ^ Morton, Mary. "Hominid vs. hominin". Earth Magazine. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
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  7. ^ a b Dawkins R (2004) The Ancestor's Tale.
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  20. ^ Heyes, C. M. (1998). "Theory of Mind in Nonhuman Primates" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 21 (1): 101–14. doi:10.1017/S0140525X98000703. PMID 10097012. S2CID 6469633. bbs00000546.
  21. ^ Van Schaik C.P.; Ancrenaz, M; Borgen, G; Galdikas, B; Knott, CD; Singleton, I; Suzuki, A; Utami, SS; Merrill, M (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture". Science. 299 (5603): 102–105. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..102V. doi:10.1126/science.1078004. PMID 12511649. S2CID 25139547.
  22. ^ Grabowski, Mark; Jungers, William L. (2017). "Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 880. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..880G. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5638852. PMID 29026075.
  23. ^ Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839.
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  26. ^ Nater, Alexander; Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Nurcahyo, Anton; et al. (2 November 2017). "Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species". Current Biology. 27 (22): 3487–3498.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047. hdl:10230/34400. PMID 29103940.
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  30. ^ Haaramo, Mikko (10 November 2007). "Hominidae". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hominidae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Hominidae.
 
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Hominidae
  • , Great Apes and the Law (archived 13 April 2011)
  • NPR News: Toumaï the Human Ancestor
  • Hominid Species at TalkOrigins Archive
  • (archived 30 April 2013)
  • (archived 14 October 2007)
  • A new mediterranean hominoid-hominid link discovered, Anoiapithecus brevirostris, "Lluc": A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Link to graphical reconstruction
  • Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

January 09, 2024
hominidae, explanation, very, similar, terms, homininae, hominini, confused, with, hominoidea, great, apes, hominid, redirect, here, other, uses, great, apes, disambiguation, hominid, disambiguation, redirects, here, other, uses, apeman, disambiguation, whose,. For an explanation of very similar terms see Homininae and Hominini Not to be confused with Hominoidea Great apes and Hominid redirect here For other uses see Great apes disambiguation and Hominid disambiguation Ape men redirects here For other uses see Apeman disambiguation The Hominidae h ɒ ˈ m ɪ n ɪ d iː whose members are known as the great apes note 1 or hominids ˈ h ɒ m ɪ n ɪ d z are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera Pongo the Bornean Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan Gorilla the eastern and western gorilla Pan the chimpanzee and the bonobo and Homo of which only modern humans Homo sapiens remain 1 Hominidae 1 Temporal range Miocene present 17 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NThe eight extant hominid species one row per genus humans chimpanzees gorillas orangutans Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesSuborder HaplorhiniInfraorder SimiiformesParvorder CatarrhiniSuperfamily HominoideaFamily HominidaeGray 1825 2 Type genusHomoLinnaeus 1758SubfamiliesPonginae Homininaesister HylobatidaeDistribution of great ape speciesSynonymsPongidae Elliot 1913 Gorillidae Frechkop 1943 Panidae Ciochon 1983Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time The original meaning of hominid referred only to humans Homo and their closest extinct relatives However by the 1990s humans apes and their ancestors were considered to be hominids The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term hominin which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees Pan The current meaning of hominid includes all the great apes including humans Usage still varies however and some scientists and laypersons still use hominid in the original restrictive sense the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century 5 Within the taxon Hominidae a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans chimpanzees and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae see classification graphic below The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago 6 when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera 7 Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae the gibbons perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago 7 8 Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes certain animal rights organizations such as the Great Ape Project argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights Twenty nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing 9 Contents 1 Evolution 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Terminology 2 2 Extant and fossil relatives of humans 2 3 Phylogeny 2 3 1 Extant 2 3 2 Fossil 3 Description 4 Behavior 5 Legal status 6 Conservation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksEvolution editSee also Human evolution nbsp Sumatran orangutan Pongo abelii In the early Miocene about 22 million years ago there were many species of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus the earliest Old World monkey Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul Rangwapithecus Dendropithecus Limnopithecus Nacholapithecus Equatorius Nyanzapithecus Afropithecus Heliopithecus and Kenyapithecus all from East Africa At sites far distant from East Africa the presence of other generalized non cercopithecids that is non monkey primates of middle Miocene age Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France Spain and Austria is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene The most recent of these far flung Miocene apes hominoids is Oreopithecus from the fossil rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons family Hylobatidae the lesser apes diverged from that of the great apes some 18 12 million years ago and that of orangutans subfamily Ponginae diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons which may have originated in a still unknown South East Asian hominoid population but fossil proto orangutans dated to around 10 million years ago may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey 10 Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus fossils found in Greece Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago first the gorillas genus Gorilla and then the chimpanzees genus Pan split off from the line leading to humans Human DNA is approximately 98 4 identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms see human evolutionary genetics 11 The fossil record however of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited both poor preservation rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt and there they encountered antelope hyenas elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees which split was thought to have occurred around that time The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7 Ma and Orrorin tugenensis 6 Ma followed by Ardipithecus 5 5 4 4 Ma with species Ar kadabba and Ar ramidus Taxonomy editFurther information Human taxonomy Terminology edit nbsp Humans are one of the four extant hominid genera The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades these revisions have led to a varied use of the word hominid over time The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives what is now the modern meaning of the term hominin The meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually leading to a modern usage of hominid that includes all the great apes including humans A number of very similar words apply to related classifications A hominoid sometimes called an ape is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea extant members are the gibbons lesser apes family Hylobatidae and the hominids A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae the great apes orangutans gorillas chimpanzees and humans A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae gorillas chimpanzees and humans excludes orangutans A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini chimpanzees and humans 12 A homininan following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond 2000 would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini that is modern humans and their closest relatives including Australopithecina but excluding chimpanzees 13 14 A human is a member of the genus Homo of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies A cladogram indicating common names cf more detailed cladogram below Hominoidea Hylobatidae gibbonsHominidae Ponginae Pongo Pongo abeliiPongo tapanuliensisPongo pygmaeusorangutansHomininae Gorillini Gorilla Gorilla gorillaGorilla beringeigorillasHominini Panina Pan Pan troglodytesPan paniscuschimpanzeesHominina Homo sapiens humanshomininanshomininshominineshominids great apeshominoids apesExtant and fossil relatives of humans edit nbsp Homo sapiens nbsp A model of a modern human skull nbsp A fossil hominid exhibit at The Museum of Osteology Oklahoma City OklahomaHominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their extinct close relatives with the other great apes that is the orangutans gorillas and chimpanzees all being placed in a separate family the Pongidae However that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species the chimpanzees proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups this would require in this case the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping Thus many biologists now assign Pongo as the subfamily Ponginae to the family Hominidae The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae see classification graphic below A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans 15 16 17 But those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories 18 Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus Orrorin Ardipithecus Kenyanthropus and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus 19 The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97 of their DNA with the modern human genome and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their local family or band The theory of mind concept including such faculties as empathy attribution of mental state and even empathetic deception is a controversial criterion it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age whereas it has not been proven nor has it been disproven that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind 20 This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes as for example the capuchin monkeys However even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini such as Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis or even the australopithecines had a theory of mind it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees 21 and some who say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood Phylogeny edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Hominidae news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Below is a cladogram with extinct species 22 23 24 failed verification It is indicated approximately how many million years ago Mya the clades diverged into newer clades 25 Hominidae 18 Ponginae 14 Kenyapithecus 13 Mya Sivapithecus 9 Crown PonginaeAnkarapithecus 9 Gigantopithecus 0 1 Khoratpithecus 7 13 12 Pierolapithecus 11 Hispanopithecus 10 Lufengpithecus 7 Homininae Ouranopithecus 8 Crown Homininae 10 Hominini 7 Australopithecus incl Homo PanGorillini Crown GorilliniChororapithecus Nakalipithecus 10 Samburupithecus 9 nbsp Taxonomy of Hominoidea emphasis on family Hominidae After an initial separation from the main line by the Hylobatidae gibbons some 18 million years ago the line of Ponginae broke away leading to the orangutan later the Homininae split into the tribes Hominini led to humans and chimpanzees and Gorillini led to gorillas Extant edit See also List of hominoids There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera The following classification is commonly accepted 1 Family Hominidae humans and other great apes extinct genera and species excluded 1 Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Pongo pygmaeus morio Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan Pongo tapanuliensis 26 Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria Cameroon chimpanzee Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human Homo sapiens sapiensFossil edit nbsp Replica of the skull sometimes known as Nutcracker Man found by Mary LeakeyIn addition to the extant species and subspecies archaeologists paleontologists and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below based on the taxonomy shown 27 Family Hominidae Subfamily Ponginae 28 Tribe Lufengpithecini Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus Tribe Sivapithecini Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecus Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo orangutans Pongo hooijeri Subfamily Homininae 29 30 Tribe Dryopithecini Kenyapithecus Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Udabnopithecus Udabnopithecus garedziensis Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus placement disputed Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus placement disputed Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus wuduensis Dryopithecus fontani Dryopithecus brancoi Dryopithecus laietanus Dryopithecus crusafonti Rudapithecus Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus placement debated Chororapithecus abyssinicus Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Graecopithecus 31 Graecopithecus freybergi Sahelanthropus Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin Orrorin tugenensis Ardipithecus Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus Kenyanthropus platyops Praeanthropus 32 Praeanthropus bahrelghazali Praeanthropus anamensis Praeanthropus afarensis Australopithecus Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis also classified as H habilis Homo rudolfensis membership in Homo uncertain Homo habilis membership in Homo uncertain Homo naledi Dmanisi Man Homo georgicus thought by some to be an early subspecies of Homo erectus Homo ergaster considered by some to be an early subspecies of Homo erectus Homo erectus Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis Java Man Homo erectus erectus Lantian Man Homo erectus lantianensis Nanjing Man Homo erectus nankinensis Peking Man Homo erectus pekinensis Solo Man Homo erectus soloensis Tautavel Man Homo erectus tautavelensis Yuanmou Man Homo erectus yuanmouensis Flores Man or Hobbit Homo floresiensis Homo luzonensis Homo antecessor thought by some to be a late H erectus or early H heidelbergensis Homo heidelbergensis also classified as H sapiens heidelbergensis Homo cepranensis also classified as H heidelbergensis Homo helmei also classified as late H heidelbergensis or early H sapiens Homo tsaichangensis thought by some to be a subspecies of H erectus or a Denisovan Denisovans scientific name not yet assigned Neanderthal Homo neanderthalensis sometimes called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Homo rhodesiensis thought by some to be an African subspecies of H heidelbergensis or an early H sapiens Modern human Homo sapiens sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens Homo sapiens idaltu Archaic Homo sapiens Description edit nbsp GorillaThe great apes are tailless primates with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30 to 40 kilograms 66 to 88 lb in weight and the largest being the eastern gorillas with males weighing 140 to 180 kilograms 310 to 400 lb In all great apes the males are on average larger and stronger than the females although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons although they are especially large in gorillas The dental formula is 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene 33 34 Behavior editAlthough most living species are predominantly quadrupedal they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials and in some cases for tool use 35 They build complex sleeping platforms also called nests in trees to sleep in at night but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground 36 All species are omnivorous 37 although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions they resort to eating shoots and leaves often of bamboo a type of grass Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low quality forage but they still prefer fruit when it is available often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits Humans since the Neolithic revolution have consumed mostly cereals and other starchy foods including increasingly highly processed foods as well as many other domesticated plants including fruits and meat Gestation in great apes lasts 8 9 months and results in the birth of a single offspring or rarely twins The young are born helpless and require care for long periods of time Compared with most other mammals great apes have a remarkably long adolescence not being weaned for several years and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species longer in orangutans and humans As a result females typically give birth only once every few years There is no distinct breeding season 35 Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals although much larger groups are sometimes noted Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males In contrast groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit When fruit is hard to find they resort to eating leaves and shoots This fact is related to gorillas greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees that is the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily In both chimpanzees and gorillas the groups include at least one dominant male and young males leave the group at maturity Legal status editMain articles Great ape personhood Great Ape Project and Countries banning non human ape experimentation Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes certain animal rights organizations such as the Great Ape Project argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and per the Declaration on Great Apes should be given basic human rights In 1999 New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation and now 29 countries have currently instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing On 25 June 2008 the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make keeping apes for circuses television commercials or filming illegal 38 On 8 September 2010 the European Union banned the testing of great apes 39 Conservation editThe following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos Species Estimatednumber Conservationstatus RefsBornean orangutan 61 234 Critically endangered 40 Sumatran orangutan 6 667 Critically endangered 41 Tapanuli orangutan 800 Critically endangered 42 Western gorilla 200 000 Critically endangered 43 Eastern gorilla 6 000 Critically endangered 43 Chimpanzee 200 000 Endangered 44 45 Bonobo 10 000 Endangered 44 Human 8 011 003 000 N A 46 See also editBili ape Dawn of Humanity 2015 PBS film Great ape language Planet of the Apes franchise Great Ape Project Great ape research ban Great Apes Survival Partnership International Primate Day Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes List of human evolution fossils List of individual apes Oldest hominids Prehistoric Autopsy 2012 BBC documentary Primate cognition The Mind of an Ape Timeline of human evolutionNotes edit Great ape is a common name rather than a taxonomic label and there are differences in usage even by the same author The term may or may not include humans as when Dawkins writes Long before people thought in terms of evolution great apes were often confused with humans 3 and gibbons are faithfully monogamous unlike the great apes which are our closer relatives 4 References edit a b c d Groves C P 2005 Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 181 184 ISBN 0 801 88221 4 OCLC 62265494 Gray J E 1825 An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe Annals of Philosophy New Series 10 337 334 Dawkins R 2005 The Ancestor s Tale A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life p b ed London England Phoenix Orion Books p 114 ISBN 978 0 7538 1996 8 Dawkins 2005 p 126 Morton Mary Hominid vs hominin Earth Magazine Retrieved 17 July 2017 Andrew Hill Steven Ward 1988 Origin of the Hominidae The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 31 59 49 83 doi 10 1002 ajpa 1330310505 a b Dawkins R 2004 The Ancestor s Tale Query Hominidae Hylobatidae TimeTree Temple University 2015 Retrieved 28 December 2017 International Bans Laws Release amp Restitution for Chimpanzees releasechimps org Retrieved 19 December 2020 Srivastava 2009 Morphology of the Primates And Human Evolution PHI Learning Pvt Ltd p 87 ISBN 978 81 203 3656 8 Retrieved 6 November 2011 Chen Feng Chi Li Wen Hsiung 15 January 2001 Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees American Journal of Human Genetics 68 2 444 456 doi 10 1086 318206 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 1235277 PMID 11170892 B Wood 2010 Reconstructing human evolution Achievements challenges and opportunities Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 Suppl 2 8902 8909 Bibcode 2010PNAS 107 8902W doi 10 1073 pnas 1001649107 PMC 3024019 PMID 20445105 Wood Richmond B G 2000 Human evolution taxonomy and paleobiology Journal of Anatomy 197 Pt 1 19 60 doi 10 1046 j 1469 7580 2000 19710019 x PMC 1468107 PMID 10999270 In this suggestion the new subtribe of Hominina was to be designated as including the genus Homo exclusively so that Hominini would have two subtribes Australopithecina and Hominina with the only known genus in Hominina being Homo Orrorin 2001 has been proposed as a possible ancestor of Hominina but not Australopithecina Reynolds Sally C Gallagher Andrew 29 March 2012 African Genesis Perspectives on Hominin Evolution ISBN 9781107019959 Designations alternative to Hominina have been proposed Australopithecinae Gregory amp Hellman 1939 and Preanthropinae Cela Conde amp Altaba 2002 Brunet M et al 2002 A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad central Africa PDF Nature 418 6894 145 151 Bibcode 2002Natur 418 145B doi 10 1038 nature00879 PMID 12110880 S2CID 1316969 Cela Conde C J Ayala F J 2003 Genera of the human lineage PNAS 100 13 7684 7689 Bibcode 2003PNAS 100 7684C doi 10 1073 pnas 0832372100 PMC 164648 PMID 12794185 Wood B Lonergan N 2008 The hominin fossil record taxa grades and clades PDF J Anat 212 4 354 376 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7580 2008 00871 x PMC 2409102 PMID 18380861 GEOL 204 The Fossil Record The Scatterlings of Africa The Origins of Humanity www geol umd edu Retrieved 7 November 2019 Pickrell John 20 May 2003 Chimps Belong on Human Branch of Family Tree Study Says National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 1 June 2003 Retrieved 4 August 2007 Relationship Humans Gorillas Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine Watson E E et al 2001 Homo genus a review of the classification of humans and the great apes In Tobias P V et al eds Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia Florence Firenze Univ Press pp 311 323 Schwartz J H 1986 Primate systematics and a classification of the order Comparative primate biology volume 1 Systematics evolution and anatomy ed by D R Swindler and J Erwin pp 1 41 Alan R Liss New York Schwartz J H 2004b Issues in hominid systematics Zona Arqueologia 4 360 371 Heyes C M 1998 Theory of Mind in Nonhuman Primates PDF Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 1 101 14 doi 10 1017 S0140525X98000703 PMID 10097012 S2CID 6469633 bbs00000546 Van Schaik C P Ancrenaz M Borgen G Galdikas B Knott CD Singleton I Suzuki A Utami SS Merrill M 2003 Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture Science 299 5603 102 105 Bibcode 2003Sci 299 102V doi 10 1126 science 1078004 PMID 12511649 S2CID 25139547 Grabowski Mark Jungers William L 2017 Evidence of a chimpanzee sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon sized ancestor of apes Nature Communications 8 1 880 Bibcode 2017NatCo 8 880G doi 10 1038 s41467 017 00997 4 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 5638852 PMID 29026075 Nengo Isaiah Tafforeau Paul Gilbert Christopher C Fleagle John G Miller Ellen R Feibel Craig Fox David L Feinberg Josh Pugh Kelsey D 2017 New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution Nature 548 7666 169 174 Bibcode 2017Natur 548 169N doi 10 1038 nature23456 PMID 28796200 S2CID 4397839 Hominidae primate family Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 19 July 2019 Malukiewicz Joanna Hepp Crystal M Guschanski Katerina Stone Anne C 1 January 2017 Phylogeny of the jacchus group of Callithrix marmosets based on complete mitochondrial genomes American Journal of Physical Anthropology 162 1 157 169 doi 10 1002 ajpa 23105 ISSN 1096 8644 PMID 27762445 Fig 2 Divergence time estimates for the jacchus marmoset group based on the BEAST4 Di Fiore et al 2015 calibration scheme for alignment A Numbers at each node indicate the median divergence time estimate Nater Alexander Mattle Greminger Maja P Nurcahyo Anton et al 2 November 2017 Morphometric Behavioral and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species Current Biology 27 22 3487 3498 e10 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 09 047 hdl 10230 34400 PMID 29103940 Haaramo Mikko 14 January 2005 Hominoidea Mikko s Phylogeny Archive Haaramo Mikko 4 February 2004 Pongidae Mikko s Phylogeny Archive Haaramo Mikko 14 January 2005 Hominoidea Mikko s Phylogeny Archive Haaramo Mikko 10 November 2007 Hominidae Mikko s Phylogeny Archive Fuss J Spassov N Begun DR Bohme M 2017 Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe PLOS ONE 12 5 5 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1277127F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0177127 PMC 5439669 PMID 28531170 The Paleobiology Database www paleodatabase org Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Brace C Loring Mahler Paul Emil 1971 Post Pleistocene changes in the human dentition PDF American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34 2 191 203 doi 10 1002 ajpa 1330340205 hdl 2027 42 37509 PMID 5572603 Wrangham Richard 2007 Chapter 12 The Cooking Enigma In Charles Pasternak ed What Makes Us Human Oxford Oneworld Press ISBN 978 1 85168 519 6 a b Harcourt A H MacKinnon J amp Wrangham R W 1984 Macdonald D ed The Encyclopedia of Mammals New York Facts on File pp 422 439 ISBN 978 0 87196 871 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Deciding Where to Sleep Spatial Levels of Nesting Selection in Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes Living in Savanna at Issa Tanzania Alina Bradford 29 May 2015 Facts About Apes livescience com Retrieved 25 January 2021 Spanish parliament to extend rights to apes Reuters 25 June 2008 Retrieved 11 July 2008 New EU rules on animal testing ban use of apes Independent co uk 12 September 2010 Orangutan Action Plan 2007 2017 PDF in Indonesian Government of Indonesia 2007 p 5 Retrieved 1 May 2010 An estimate of the number of wild orangutans in 2004 Orangutan Action Plan 2007 2017 PDF Government of Indonesia 2007 Davis Nicola 2 November 2017 New species of orangutan discovered in Sumatra and is already endangered The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 3 November 2017 a b Gorillas on Thin Ice United Nations Environment Programme 15 January 2009 Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 Retrieved 19 May 2010 a b Vigilant Linda 2004 Chimpanzees Current Biology 14 10 R369 R371 doi 10 1016 j cub 2004 05 006 PMID 15186757 Chimpanzees U S and World Population Clock United States Census Bureau Retrieved 22 November 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hominidae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Hominidae nbsp The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of Hominidae The Animal Legal and Historical Center at Michigan State University College of Law Great Apes and the Law archived 13 April 2011 NPR News Toumai the Human Ancestor Hominid Species at TalkOrigins Archive For more details on Hominid species including photos of fossil hominids archived 30 April 2013 Scientific American magazine April 2006 Issue Why Are Some Animals So Smart archived 14 October 2007 A new mediterranean hominoid hominid link discovered Anoiapithecus brevirostris Lluc A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Link to graphical reconstruction Human Timeline Interactive Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History August 2016 Portals nbsp Evolutionary biology nbsp Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hominidae amp oldid 1194177117, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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