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Western chimpanzee

May 02, 2024

The western chimpanzee or West African chimpanzee[1] (Pan troglodytes verus) is a Critically Endangered subspecies of the common chimpanzee. It inhabits western Africa, specifically Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, but has been extirpated in three countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, and Togo.[1]

Western chimpanzee
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
Genus: Pan
Species:
P. troglodytes
Subspecies:
P. t. verus
Trinomial name
Pan troglodytes verus
Schwarz, 1934

Etymology edit

The taxonomical genus Pan is derived from the Greek god of fields, groves, and wooded glens, Pan. The species name troglodytes is Greek for 'cave-dweller', and was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his Handbuch der Naturgeschichte (Handbook of Natural History) published in 1779. Verus is Latin for 'true', and was given to this subspecies in 1934 by Ernst Schwarz, who originally named it as Pan satyrus verus.[2]

Taxonomy and genetics edit

The western chimpanzee (P. t. verus) is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), along with the central chimpanzee (P. t. troglodytes), the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. t. ellioti), and the eastern chimpanzee (P. t. schweinfurthii).[3] The western chimpanzee last shared a common ancestor with P. t. ellioti between 0.4 and 0.6 million years ago (mya) and with P. t. troglodytes and P. t. schweinfurthii 0.38–0.55 mya.[4]

Western chimpanzees are the most genetically differentiated and homozygous subspecies of the common chimpanzee.[5]

Distribution and habitat edit

The population of the western chimpanzee once spanned from southern Senegal all the way east to the Niger River.[1][6] Today, the largest populations remaining are found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.[1][7]

Behavior edit

 
A western chimpanzee using a wooden spear to hunt a Senegal bush-baby inside the branch, as his adolescent brother observes.

Diet and hunting edit

Male and female western chimpanzees differ in their prey. In Fongoli, Senegal, Senegal bushbabies account for 75% of females' prey and 47% of the males'. While males will prey more on monkeys, such as green monkeys (27%) and Guinea baboons (18%), only males were observed to hunt patas monkeys and only females were observed to hunt banded mongooses. Both will occasionally hunt bushbucks, preferring fawns, when given the chance. Adult, adolescent, and juvenile females are slightly more likely to hunt with tools than males of the same age group.[8] Chimpanzees near Kédougou, Senegal have been observed to create spears by breaking straight limbs off trees, stripping them of their bark and side branches, and sharpening one end with their teeth. They then used the weapons to hunt galagos sleeping in hollows.[9]

Unique behaviors edit

Western chimpanzees have unique behaviors never observed in any of the other subspecies of the chimpanzee. In fact, their behaviour is so diverged from that of their fellow subspecies of chimpanzee that it has been proposed West African chimpanzees may be a distinct species in their own right.[10] They make wooden spears to hunt other primates, use caves as homes, share plant foods with each other, and travel and forage during the night. They also submerge themselves in water and play in it to stay cool in the oppressive heat.[10][11][12]

Female west African chimpanzees are quite gregarious and often support one another in conflicts with males, resulting in a more gender-balanced hierarchy than that of the rigidly patriarchal east african chimpanzees.[citation needed] Female West African chimpanzees have been observed hunting and accompany males on territorial patrols, playing a more important role in social dynamics than other chimpanzee subspecies.[13] While it was traditionally accepted that only female chimpanzees immigrate and males remain in their natal troop for life, western chimpanzees uniquely exhibit female and male immigration between groups, suggesting males are less territorial and more willing to accept unfamiliar males.[14] Paternity tests indicate males frequently mate with females from several different communities, siring infants from them. There are even cases of solitary male western chimpanzees, while in any other population, a chimpanzee couldn't survive alone.[15] Male West African chimpanzees generally are respectful of females and do not forcibly confiscate food from them,[16] which may at least partly stem from the gregarious females forming alliances.[17] Among the Tai forest community, infants are often adopted by unrelated adults, with both sexes adopting infants in equal measure.[18] Female western chimpanzees also can rebuff the unwanted advances of males and select males to breed with on their own terms. This further is in line with the active and possibly co-dominant role female western chimpanzees play in their communities.[19]

Conservation status edit

The IUCN lists the western chimpanzee as Critically Endangered on the Red List of Threatened Species.[1] There are an estimated 21,300 to 55,600 individuals in the wild.[1] The primary threat to the western chimpanzee is habitat loss, although it is also killed for bushmeat.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Humle, T.; Boesch, C.; Campbell, G.; Junker, J.; Koops, K.; Kuehl, H.; Sop, T. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Pan troglodytes ssp. verus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15935A102327574. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15935A17989872.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  2. ^ Meder, A. (1995). "Men who named the African apes". Gorilla Journal (11). Germany.
  3. ^ Hof, J.; Sommer, V. (2010). Apes Like Us: Portraits of a Kinship. Mannheim: Edition Panorama. p. 114. ISBN 978-3-89823-435-1.
  4. ^ Gonder, M. K.; Locatelli, S.; Ghobrial, L.; Mitchell, M. W.; Kujawski, J. T.; Lankester, F. J.; Stewart, C.-B.; Tishkoff, S. A. (2011). "Evidence from Cameroon reveals differences in the genetic structure and histories of chimpanzee populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 4766–4771. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015422108. PMC 3064329. PMID 21368170.
  5. ^ de Manuel, M.; Kuhlwilm, M.; Frandsen, P.; et al. (2016). "Supplementary materials for chimpanzee genomic diversity reveals ancient admixture with bonobos". Science. 354 (6311): 1–129. doi:10.1126/science.aag2602. PMC 5546212. PMID 27789843.
  6. ^ . Panda.org. World Wide Fund for Nature. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  7. ^ "Regional action plan for the conservation of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) 2020–2030" (PDF). westernchimp.org/the-plan-overview. IUCN. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  8. ^ Pruetz, J. D.; Bertolani, P.; Ontl, K. B.; Lindshield, S.; Shelley, M.; Wessling, E. G. (15 April 2015). "New evidence on the tool-assisted hunting exhibited by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in a savannah habitat at Fongoli, Sénégal". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (4). Royal Society Publishing: 140507. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240507P. doi:10.1098/rsos.140507. PMC 4448863. PMID 26064638.
  9. ^ Pruetz, Jill D.; Bertolani, Paco (2007). "Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools". Current Biology. 17 (5): 412–417. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.042. PMID 17320393. S2CID 16551874.
  10. ^ a b Last, C. "Are western chimpanzees a new species of Pan?". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  11. ^ . National Geographic. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  12. ^ Fongoli chimps spearing. National Geographic.
  13. ^ Lemoine, S.; Boesch, C.; Preis, A.; Samuni, L.; Crockford, C.; Wittig, R. M. (2020). "Group dominance increases territory size and reduces neighbour pressure in wild chimpanzees". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (5): 200577. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700577L. doi:10.1098/rsos.200577. PMC 7277268. PMID 32537232.
  14. ^ Sugiyama, Y.; Koman, J. (1979). "Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea". Primates. 20 (3): 323–339. doi:10.1007/BF02373387. S2CID 9267686.
  15. ^ Sugiyama, Y. (1999). "Socioecological factors of male chimpanzee migration at Bossou, Guinea". Primates. 40 (1): 61–68. doi:10.1007/BF02557702. PMID 23179532. S2CID 24529322.
  16. ^ Larson, S. "Female chimps more likely than males to hunt with tools". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  17. ^ van Leeuwen, K. L. (28 October 2013). Bisexual bonding in West African chimpanzees: implications for the evolution of human sociality (Thesis). hdl:1874/285302.
  18. ^ Moskowitz, C. (26 January 2010). "Altruistic chimpanzees adopt orphans". livescience.com. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  19. ^ Stumpf, R. M.; Boesch, C. (October 2006). "The efficacy of female choice in chimpanzees of the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 60 (6): 749–765. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0219-8. S2CID 986042.

May 02, 2024
western, chimpanzee, western, chimpanzee, west, african, chimpanzee, troglodytes, verus, critically, endangered, subspecies, common, chimpanzee, inhabits, western, africa, specifically, côte, ivoire, guinea, liberia, mali, senegal, ghana, guinea, bissau, been,. The western chimpanzee or West African chimpanzee 1 Pan troglodytes verus is a Critically Endangered subspecies of the common chimpanzee It inhabits western Africa specifically Cote d Ivoire Guinea Liberia Mali Senegal Ghana Guinea Bissau but has been extirpated in three countries Benin Burkina Faso and Togo 1 Western chimpanzee Conservation status Critically Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae Tribe Hominini Genus Pan Species P troglodytes Subspecies P t verus Trinomial name Pan troglodytes verusSchwarz 1934 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy and genetics 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Diet and hunting 4 2 Unique behaviors 5 Conservation status 6 ReferencesEtymology editThe taxonomical genus Pan is derived from the Greek god of fields groves and wooded glens Pan The species name troglodytes is Greek for cave dweller and was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his Handbuch der Naturgeschichte Handbook of Natural History published in 1779 Verus is Latin for true and was given to this subspecies in 1934 by Ernst Schwarz who originally named it as Pan satyrus verus 2 Taxonomy and genetics editThe western chimpanzee P t verus is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes along with the central chimpanzee P t troglodytes the Nigeria Cameroon chimpanzee P t ellioti and the eastern chimpanzee P t schweinfurthii 3 The western chimpanzee last shared a common ancestor with P t ellioti between 0 4 and 0 6 million years ago mya and with P t troglodytes and P t schweinfurthii 0 38 0 55 mya 4 Western chimpanzees are the most genetically differentiated and homozygous subspecies of the common chimpanzee 5 Distribution and habitat editThe population of the western chimpanzee once spanned from southern Senegal all the way east to the Niger River 1 6 Today the largest populations remaining are found in Guinea Sierra Leone and Liberia 1 7 Behavior edit nbsp A western chimpanzee using a wooden spear to hunt a Senegal bush baby inside the branch as his adolescent brother observes Diet and hunting edit Male and female western chimpanzees differ in their prey In Fongoli Senegal Senegal bushbabies account for 75 of females prey and 47 of the males While males will prey more on monkeys such as green monkeys 27 and Guinea baboons 18 only males were observed to hunt patas monkeys and only females were observed to hunt banded mongooses Both will occasionally hunt bushbucks preferring fawns when given the chance Adult adolescent and juvenile females are slightly more likely to hunt with tools than males of the same age group 8 Chimpanzees near Kedougou Senegal have been observed to create spears by breaking straight limbs off trees stripping them of their bark and side branches and sharpening one end with their teeth They then used the weapons to hunt galagos sleeping in hollows 9 Unique behaviors edit Western chimpanzees have unique behaviors never observed in any of the other subspecies of the chimpanzee In fact their behaviour is so diverged from that of their fellow subspecies of chimpanzee that it has been proposed West African chimpanzees may be a distinct species in their own right 10 They make wooden spears to hunt other primates use caves as homes share plant foods with each other and travel and forage during the night They also submerge themselves in water and play in it to stay cool in the oppressive heat 10 11 12 Female west African chimpanzees are quite gregarious and often support one another in conflicts with males resulting in a more gender balanced hierarchy than that of the rigidly patriarchal east african chimpanzees citation needed Female West African chimpanzees have been observed hunting and accompany males on territorial patrols playing a more important role in social dynamics than other chimpanzee subspecies 13 While it was traditionally accepted that only female chimpanzees immigrate and males remain in their natal troop for life western chimpanzees uniquely exhibit female and male immigration between groups suggesting males are less territorial and more willing to accept unfamiliar males 14 Paternity tests indicate males frequently mate with females from several different communities siring infants from them There are even cases of solitary male western chimpanzees while in any other population a chimpanzee couldn t survive alone 15 Male West African chimpanzees generally are respectful of females and do not forcibly confiscate food from them 16 which may at least partly stem from the gregarious females forming alliances 17 Among the Tai forest community infants are often adopted by unrelated adults with both sexes adopting infants in equal measure 18 Female western chimpanzees also can rebuff the unwanted advances of males and select males to breed with on their own terms This further is in line with the active and possibly co dominant role female western chimpanzees play in their communities 19 Conservation status editThe IUCN lists the western chimpanzee as Critically Endangered on the Red List of Threatened Species 1 There are an estimated 21 300 to 55 600 individuals in the wild 1 The primary threat to the western chimpanzee is habitat loss although it is also killed for bushmeat 1 References edit a b c d e f g h Humle T Boesch C Campbell G Junker J Koops K Kuehl H Sop T 2016 errata version of 2016 assessment Pan troglodytes ssp verus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T15935A102327574 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 2 RLTS T15935A17989872 en Retrieved 8 August 2021 Meder A 1995 Men who named the African apes Gorilla Journal 11 Germany Hof J Sommer V 2010 Apes Like Us Portraits of a Kinship Mannheim Edition Panorama p 114 ISBN 978 3 89823 435 1 Gonder M K Locatelli S Ghobrial L Mitchell M W Kujawski J T Lankester F J Stewart C B Tishkoff S A 2011 Evidence from Cameroon reveals differences in the genetic structure and histories of chimpanzee populations Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 12 4766 4771 doi 10 1073 pnas 1015422108 PMC 3064329 PMID 21368170 de Manuel M Kuhlwilm M Frandsen P et al 2016 Supplementary materials for chimpanzee genomic diversity reveals ancient admixture with bonobos Science 354 6311 1 129 doi 10 1126 science aag2602 PMC 5546212 PMID 27789843 Western chimpanzee population amp distribution Panda org World Wide Fund for Nature 1 June 2007 Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 Retrieved 9 March 2009 Regional action plan for the conservation of western chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus 2020 2030 PDF westernchimp org the plan overview IUCN Retrieved 3 November 2022 Pruetz J D Bertolani P Ontl K B Lindshield S Shelley M Wessling E G 15 April 2015 New evidence on the tool assisted hunting exhibited by chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus in a savannah habitat at Fongoli Senegal Royal Society Open Science 2 4 Royal Society Publishing 140507 Bibcode 2015RSOS 240507P doi 10 1098 rsos 140507 PMC 4448863 PMID 26064638 Pruetz Jill D Bertolani Paco 2007 Savanna Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus Hunt with Tools Current Biology 17 5 412 417 doi 10 1016 j cub 2006 12 042 PMID 17320393 S2CID 16551874 a b Last C Are western chimpanzees a new species of Pan Scientific American Blog Network Retrieved 6 October 2020 Almost human National Geographic 15 May 2012 Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 Retrieved 13 December 2012 Fongoli chimps spearing National Geographic Lemoine S Boesch C Preis A Samuni L Crockford C Wittig R M 2020 Group dominance increases territory size and reduces neighbour pressure in wild chimpanzees Royal Society Open Science 7 5 200577 Bibcode 2020RSOS 700577L doi 10 1098 rsos 200577 PMC 7277268 PMID 32537232 Sugiyama Y Koman J 1979 Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou Guinea Primates 20 3 323 339 doi 10 1007 BF02373387 S2CID 9267686 Sugiyama Y 1999 Socioecological factors of male chimpanzee migration at Bossou Guinea Primates 40 1 61 68 doi 10 1007 BF02557702 PMID 23179532 S2CID 24529322 Larson S Female chimps more likely than males to hunt with tools Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 5 November 2020 van Leeuwen K L 28 October 2013 Bisexual bonding in West African chimpanzees implications for the evolution of human sociality Thesis hdl 1874 285302 Moskowitz C 26 January 2010 Altruistic chimpanzees adopt orphans livescience com Retrieved 24 February 2021 Stumpf R M Boesch C October 2006 The efficacy of female choice in chimpanzees of the Tai Forest Cote d Ivoire Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 60 6 749 765 doi 10 1007 s00265 006 0219 8 S2CID 986042 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Western chimpanzee amp oldid 1211226464, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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