Archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Archaics are distinguished from anatomically modern humans by having a thick skull, prominent supraorbital ridges (brow ridges) and the lack of a prominent chin.[9][10]
Anatomically modern humans appeared around 300,000 years ago in Africa,[4][5][6] and 70,000 years ago gradually supplanted the "archaic" human varieties. Non-modern varieties of Homo are certain to have survived until after 30,000 years ago, and perhaps until as recently as 12,000 years ago.[b] According to recent genetic studies, modern humans may have bred with two or more groups of archaic humans, including Neanderthals and Denisovans.[11] Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans, pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits which originated 500,000–800,000 years ago.[12][13][14] In August 2023, scientists reported the discovery of an unknown ancient human hominin that may have lived 300,000 years ago in China.[15][16]
The category archaic human lacks a single, agreed definition.[9] According to one definition, Homo sapiens is a single species comprising several subspecies that include the archaics and modern humans. Under this definition, modern humans are referred to as Homo sapiens sapiens and archaics are also designated with the prefix "Homosapiens". For example, the Neanderthals are Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and Homo heidelbergensis is Homo sapiens heidelbergensis. Other taxonomists prefer not to consider archaics and modern humans as a single species but as several different species. In this case the standard taxonomy is used, i.e. Homo rhodesiensis, or Homo neanderthalensis.[9]
The evolutionary dividing lines that separate modern humans from archaic humans and archaic humans from Homo erectus are unclear. The earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans such as the Omo remains from 195,000 years ago, Homo sapiens idaltu from 160,000 years ago, and Qafzeh remains from 90,000 years ago are recognizably modern humans. These early modern humans possess a number of archaic traits, such as moderate, but not prominent, brow ridges.
The emergence of archaic humans is sometimes used as an example of punctuated equilibrium.[17] This occurs when a species undergoes significant biological evolution within a relatively short period. Subsequently, the species undergoes very little change for long periods until the next punctuation. The brain size of archaic humans expanded significantly from 900 cm3 (55 cu in) in erectus to 1,300 cm3 (79 cu in). Since the peak of human brain size during the archaics, it has begun to decline.[18]
Robin Dunbar has argued that archaic humans were the first to use language. Based on his analysis of the relationship between brain size and hominin group size, he concluded that because archaic humans had large brains, they must have lived in groups of over 120 individuals. Dunbar argues that it was not possible for hominins to live in such large groups without using language, otherwise there could be no group cohesion and the group would disintegrate. By comparison, chimpanzees live in smaller groups of up to 50 individuals.[19][20]
^Which of these, if any, are included under the term "archaic human" is a matter of definition and varies among authors.
Citations
^Stringer, C. (2016). "The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 371 (1698): 20150237. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237. PMC4920294. PMID 27298468.
^ abHammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (Jul 2017). "The Omo-Kibish I pelvis". Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.
^White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6491): 742–747. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332. S2CID 4432091.
^ abCallaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ abSample, Ian (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
^ abHublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
^Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (Jan 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC8791829. PMID 35022610.
^Hublin, J. J. (2009). "The origin of Neandertals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16022–16027. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616022H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904119106. JSTOR 40485013. PMC2752594. PMID 19805257.
^Barker, Graeme (1999). Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Routledge. ISBN978-0415213295 – via Google Books.
^Mitchell, Alanna (January 30, 2012). "DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell-All". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^Telegraph Reporters (14 August 2012). "Neanderthals did not interbreed with humans, scientists find". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
^"Neanderthals 'unlikely to have interbred with human ancestors'". The Guardian. Press Association. 4 February 2013.
^Lowery, Robert K.; Uribe, Gabriel; Jimenez, Eric B.; Weiss, Mark A.; Herrera, Kristian J.; Regueiro, Maria; Herrera, Rene J. (2013). "Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms". Gene. 530 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005. PMID 23872234.
^Israely, Yogev (7 August 2023). "Remains found in China may belong to previously unknown human lineage - Scientists in eastern China examined a jawbone, fragments of a skull and various foot bones from a hominin that lived approximately 300,000 years ago; Findings suggest this particular lineage bears a closer resemblance to Homo sapiens, or modern-day humans". YNet News. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^Wu, Xiujie; et al. (1 September 2023). "Morphological and morphometric analyses of a late Middle Pleistocene hominin mandible from Hualongdong, China". Journal of Human Evolution. 182. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103411. PMID 37531709. S2CID 260407114. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^Huyssteen, Van; Huyssteen, Wentzel Van (2006). Alone in the World?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN978-0802832467 – via Google Books.
^Zyga, Lisa (15 March 2010). "Cro Magnon skull shows that our brains have shrunk". phys.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^. Cambridge Core. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009.
^Dunbar (1993). Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0674363366.
External linksedit
(archived 16 August 2009)
Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?
archaic, humans, number, varieties, homo, grouped, into, broad, category, archaic, humans, period, that, precedes, contemporary, emergence, earliest, early, modern, humans, homo, sapiens, around, among, earliest, remains, sapiens, those, from, jebel, irhoud, m. A number of varieties of Homo are grouped into the broad category of archaic humans a in the period that precedes and is contemporary to the emergence of the earliest early modern humans Homo sapiens around 300 ka Among the earliest remains of H sapiens are those from Jebel Irhoud in Morocco about 315 ka Florisbad in South Africa 259 ka 1 2 3 4 5 6 and Omo Kibish I Omo I in southern Ethiopia c 195 or 233 ka 2 7 The term typically includes H antecessor H bodoensis Denisovans H denisova H heidelbergensis 600 200 ka Neanderthals H neanderthalensis 430 25 ka 8 and H rhodesiensis 300 125 ka Homo rhodesiensis Broken Hill Cranium dated to 324 000 to 274 000 years ago Archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1 200 to 1 400 cubic centimeters which overlaps with the range of modern humans Archaics are distinguished from anatomically modern humans by having a thick skull prominent supraorbital ridges brow ridges and the lack of a prominent chin 9 10 Anatomically modern humans appeared around 300 000 years ago in Africa 4 5 6 and 70 000 years ago gradually supplanted the archaic human varieties Non modern varieties of Homo are certain to have survived until after 30 000 years ago and perhaps until as recently as 12 000 years ago b According to recent genetic studies modern humans may have bred with two or more groups of archaic humans including Neanderthals and Denisovans 11 Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits which originated 500 000 800 000 years ago 12 13 14 In August 2023 scientists reported the discovery of an unknown ancient human hominin that may have lived 300 000 years ago in China 15 16 Contents 1 Terminology and definition 2 Brain size expansion 3 Origin of language 4 Fossils 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksTerminology and definition editThe category archaic human lacks a single agreed definition 9 According to one definition Homo sapiens is a single species comprising several subspecies that include the archaics and modern humans Under this definition modern humans are referred to as Homo sapiens sapiens and archaics are also designated with the prefix Homo sapiens For example the Neanderthals are Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis is Homo sapiens heidelbergensis Other taxonomists prefer not to consider archaics and modern humans as a single species but as several different species In this case the standard taxonomy is used i e Homo rhodesiensis or Homo neanderthalensis 9 The evolutionary dividing lines that separate modern humans from archaic humans and archaic humans from Homo erectus are unclear The earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans such as the Omo remains from 195 000 years ago Homo sapiens idaltu from 160 000 years ago and Qafzeh remains from 90 000 years ago are recognizably modern humans These early modern humans possess a number of archaic traits such as moderate but not prominent brow ridges Brain size expansion edit nbsp Anatomical comparison of the skulls of anatomically modern humans left and Homo neanderthalensis right The emergence of archaic humans is sometimes used as an example of punctuated equilibrium 17 This occurs when a species undergoes significant biological evolution within a relatively short period Subsequently the species undergoes very little change for long periods until the next punctuation The brain size of archaic humans expanded significantly from 900 cm3 55 cu in in erectus to 1 300 cm3 79 cu in Since the peak of human brain size during the archaics it has begun to decline 18 Origin of language editMain article Origin of language Robin Dunbar has argued that archaic humans were the first to use language Based on his analysis of the relationship between brain size and hominin group size he concluded that because archaic humans had large brains they must have lived in groups of over 120 individuals Dunbar argues that it was not possible for hominins to live in such large groups without using language otherwise there could be no group cohesion and the group would disintegrate By comparison chimpanzees live in smaller groups of up to 50 individuals 19 20 Fossils editFurther information List of human evolution fossils Altamura Man Atapuerca Mountains Sima de los Huesos Cro magnon Man Dragon Man Kabwe skull Ndutu cranium Saldanha man Steinheim skullSee also editDawn of Humanity 2015 PBS film Early human migrations Evolution of human intelligence Human evolution Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans Middle Paleolithic Neanderthal extinction Recent African origin of modern humans Toba catastrophe theoryReferences editFootnotes There is no universal consensus on this terminology and varieties of archaic humans are included under the binomial name of either H sapiens or H erectus by some authors Which of these if any are included under the term archaic human is a matter of definition and varies among authors Citations Stringer C 2016 The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 371 1698 20150237 doi 10 1098 rstb 2015 0237 PMC 4920294 PMID 27298468 a b Hammond Ashley S Royer Danielle F Fleagle John G Jul 2017 The Omo Kibish I pelvis Journal of Human Evolution 108 199 219 doi 10 1016 j jhevol 2017 04 004 ISSN 1095 8606 PMID 28552208 White Tim D Asfaw B DeGusta D Gilbert H Richards G D Suwa G Howell F C 2003 Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash Ethiopia Nature 423 6491 742 747 Bibcode 2003Natur 423 742W doi 10 1038 nature01669 PMID 12802332 S2CID 4432091 a b Callaway Ewan 7 June 2017 Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species history Nature doi 10 1038 nature 2017 22114 Retrieved 11 June 2017 a b Sample Ian 7 June 2017 Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story The Guardian Retrieved 7 June 2017 a b Hublin Jean Jacques Ben Ncer Abdelouahed Bailey Shara E Freidline Sarah E Neubauer Simon Skinner Matthew M Bergmann Inga Le Cabec Adeline Benazzi Stefano Harvati Katerina Gunz Philipp 2017 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud Morocco and the pan African origin of Homo sapiens PDF Nature 546 7657 289 292 Bibcode 2017Natur 546 289H doi 10 1038 nature22336 PMID 28593953 S2CID 256771372 Vidal Celine M Lane Christine S Asfawrossen Asrat et al Jan 2022 Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa Nature 601 7894 579 583 Bibcode 2022Natur 601 579V doi 10 1038 s41586 021 04275 8 PMC 8791829 PMID 35022610 Hublin J J 2009 The origin of Neandertals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 38 16022 16027 Bibcode 2009PNAS 10616022H doi 10 1073 pnas 0904119106 JSTOR 40485013 PMC 2752594 PMID 19805257 a b c Dawkins 2005 Archaic homo sapiens The Ancestor s Tale Boston Mariner ISBN 978 0618619160 Barker Graeme 1999 Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology Routledge ISBN 978 0415213295 via Google Books Mitchell Alanna January 30 2012 DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell All The New York Times Retrieved January 31 2012 Telegraph Reporters 14 August 2012 Neanderthals did not interbreed with humans scientists find Telegraph co uk Archived from the original on 2022 01 12 Neanderthals unlikely to have interbred with human ancestors The Guardian Press Association 4 February 2013 Lowery Robert K Uribe Gabriel Jimenez Eric B Weiss Mark A Herrera Kristian J Regueiro Maria Herrera Rene J 2013 Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms Gene 530 1 83 94 doi 10 1016 j gene 2013 06 005 PMID 23872234 Israely Yogev 7 August 2023 Remains found in China may belong to previously unknown human lineage Scientists in eastern China examined a jawbone fragments of a skull and various foot bones from a hominin that lived approximately 300 000 years ago Findings suggest this particular lineage bears a closer resemblance to Homo sapiens or modern day humans YNet News Archived from the original on 7 August 2023 Retrieved 7 August 2023 Wu Xiujie et al 1 September 2023 Morphological and morphometric analyses of a late Middle Pleistocene hominin mandible from Hualongdong China Journal of Human Evolution 182 doi 10 1016 j jhevol 2023 103411 PMID 37531709 S2CID 260407114 Archived from the original on 7 August 2023 Retrieved 7 August 2023 Huyssteen Van Huyssteen Wentzel Van 2006 Alone in the World Wm B Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 978 0802832467 via Google Books Zyga Lisa 15 March 2010 Cro Magnon skull shows that our brains have shrunk phys org Retrieved 14 June 2017 Behavioral and Brain Sciences Cambridge Core Archived from the original on June 26 2009 Dunbar 1993 Grooming Gossip and the Evolution of Language Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674363366 External links editEarly and Late Archaic Homo Sapiens and Anatomically Modern Homo Sapiens archived 16 August 2009 Origins of Modern Humans Multiregional or Out of Africa Homo sapiens Museum of Natural History archived 9 July 2009 Human Timeline Interactive Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History August 2016 Portals nbsp Evolutionary biology nbsp Paleontology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Archaic humans amp oldid 1187889580, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
