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Wikipedia

Unity (game engine)

December 18, 2023

Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies, first announced and released in June 2005 at Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a Mac OS X game engine. The engine has since been gradually extended to support a variety of desktop, mobile, console and virtual reality platforms. It is particularly popular for iOS and Android mobile game development, is considered easy to use for beginner developers, and is popular for indie game development.[6]

Unity
Developer(s)Unity Technologies
Initial release1.0 / June 8, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-06-08)
Stable release
Unity 2023.1.5 (Tech Stream)
Unity 2022.3.5f1 (LTS) /
July 18, 2023; 4 months ago (2023-07-18)[1]
July 13, 2023; 5 months ago (2023-07-13)[2]
Preview release
2023.1.0b11 (Beta)
2023.2.0a22 (Alpha) /
August 8, 2022; 16 months ago (2022-08-08)[3]
July 10, 2023; 5 months ago (2023-07-10)[4]
Written in
  • C++ (runtime)[5]
  • C# (Unity Scripting API)
PlatformSee § Supported platforms
LicenseProprietary software
Websiteunity.com

The engine can be used to create three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) games, as well as interactive simulations and other experiences.[7][8] The engine has been adopted by industries outside video gaming, such as film, automotive, architecture, engineering, construction, and the United States Armed Forces.[9]

History

The Unity game engine launched in 2005, aiming to "democratize" game development by making it accessible to more developers.[7][10] The next year, Unity was named runner-up in the Best Use of Mac OS X Graphics category in Apple Inc.'s Apple Design Awards.[11] Unity was initially released for Mac OS X, later adding support for Microsoft Windows and Web browsers.[12]

Unity 2.0 (2007)

Unity 2.0 launched in 2007 with approximately 50 new features.[13] The release included an optimized terrain engine for detailed 3D environments, real-time dynamic shadows, directional lights and spotlights, video playback, and other features.[13] The release also added features whereby developers could collaborate more easily.[13] It included a Networking Layer for developers to create multiplayer games based on the User Datagram Protocol, offering Network Address Translation, State Synchronization, and Remote Procedure Calls.[13] When Apple launched its App Store in 2008, Unity quickly added support for the iPhone.[12] For several years, the engine was uncontested on the iPhone and it became well-known with iOS game developers.[7]

Unity 3.0 (2010)

Unity 3.0 launched in September 2010 with features expanding the engine's graphics features for desktop computers and video game consoles.[14] In addition to Android support, Unity 3 featured integration of Illuminate Labs' Beast Lightmap tool, deferred rendering, a built-in tree editor, native font rendering, automatic UV mapping, and audio filters, among other things.[14] In 2012 VentureBeat wrote, "Few companies have contributed as much to the flowing of independently produced games as Unity Technologies. [...] More than 1.3 million developers are using its tools to create gee-whiz graphics in their iOS, Android, console, PC, and web-based games. Unity wants to be the engine for multi-platform games, period."[15] A May 2012 survey by Game Developer magazine indicated Unity as its top game engine for mobile platforms.[16]

Unity 4.0 (2012)

In November 2012, Unity Technologies delivered Unity 4.0.[17] This version added DirectX 11 and Adobe Flash support, new animation tools called Mecanim, and access to the Linux preview.[17]

Facebook integrated a software development kit for games using the Unity game engine in 2013.[18] This featured tools that allowed tracking advertising campaigns and deep linking, where users were directly linked from social media posts to specific portions within games, and easy in-game-image sharing.[18] In 2016, Facebook developed a new PC gaming platform with Unity.[19] Unity provided support for Facebook's gaming platforms, and Unity developers could more quickly export and publish games to Facebook.[19]

Unity 5 (2015)

The Verge said of 2015's Unity 5 release: "Unity started with the goal of making game development universally accessible. [...] Unity 5 is a long-awaited step towards that future."[20] With Unity 5, the engine improved its lighting and audio.[21] Through WebGL, Unity developers could add their games to compatible Web browsers with no plug-ins required for players.[21] Unity 5.0 offered real-time global illumination, light mapping previews, Unity Cloud, a new audio system, and the Nvidia PhysX 3.3 physics engine.[21] The fifth generation of the Unity engine also introduced Cinematic Image Effects to help make Unity games look less generic.[22] Unity 5.6 added new lighting and particle effects, updated the engine's overall performance, and added native support for Nintendo Switch, Facebook Gameroom, Google Daydream, and the Vulkan graphics API.[23] It introduced a 4K video player capable of running 360-degree videos for virtual reality.[23]

However, some gamers criticized Unity's accessibility due to the high volume of quickly produced games published on the Steam distribution platform by inexperienced developers.[24] Former CEO John Riccitiello said in an interview that he believes this to be a side-effect of Unity's success in democratizing game development: "If I had my way, I'd like to see 50 million people using Unity – although I don't think we're going to get there any time soon. I'd like to see high school and college kids using it, people outside the core industry. I think it's sad that most people are consumers of technology and not creators. The world's a better place when people know how to create, not just consume, and that's what we're trying to promote."[25]

Unity (2017–present)

In December 2016, Unity Technologies announced that they would change the version numbering system for Unity from sequence-based identifiers to year of release to align the versioning with their more frequent release cadence; Unity 5.6 was therefore followed by Unity 2017.[26] Unity 2017 tools featured a real-time graphics rendering engine, color grading and worldbuilding, live operations analytics and performance reporting.[27] Unity 2017.2 underscored Unity Technologies' plans beyond video games.[27] This included new tools such as Timeline, which allowed developers to drag-and-drop animations into games, and Cinemachine, a smart camera system within games.[27] Unity 2017.2 also integrated Autodesk's 3DS Max and Maya tools into the Unity engine for a streamlined asset sharing in-game iteration process.[28]

Unity 2018 featured the Scriptable Render Pipeline for developers to create high-end graphics.[29] This included the High-Definition Rendering Pipeline for console and PC experiences, and the Lightweight Rendering Pipeline (later renamed to the Universal Render Pipeline[30]) for mobile, virtual reality, and augmented reality.[29] Unity 2018 also included machine learning tools, such as Imitation Learning, whereby games learn from real player habits, support for Magic Leap, and templates for new developers.[29]

The C# source code of Unity was published under a "reference-only" license in March 2018, which prohibits reuse and modification.[31]

As of 2020, software built with Unity's game engine was running on more than 1.5 billion devices. According to Unity, apps made with their game engine account for 50 percent of all mobile games, and are downloaded more than 3 billion times per month, and approximately 15,000 new projects are started daily with its software.[32][33] Financial Times reported that Unity's engine "powers some of the world's most lucrative mobile games", such as Pokémon Go and Activision's Call of Duty Mobile.[34]

In June 2020, Unity introduced the Mixed and Augmented Reality Studio (MARS), which provides developers with additional functionality for rules-based generation of augmented reality (AR) applications.[35] Unity released Unity Forma, an automotive and retail solution tool, on December 9, 2020.[36]

Unity acquired Finger Food Advanced Technology Group in 2020, as it aimed to bolster its non-video game uses and offer additional design help to customers.[32][33] The company went public in September 2020, to further expand use of its game engine into industries outside of gaming.[37]

In June 2020, Unity announced the Unity Editor will support Apple Silicon. The first beta version shipped later that year.[38][39]

Unity 2021 brought multiple new features such as Bolt, Unity's Visual Scripting system, a new multiplayer library to support multiplayer games, improved Il2cpp runtime performance, Volumetric clouds for the High Definition Render pipeline.[40] Shadow caching and Screen Space Global Illumination for HDRP.[41] For the Universal Render Pipeline it added new features such as point light shadows, Deferred renderer and general core engine improvements and fixes.[42][43] Full Apple Silicon support was also added in Unity 2021.2. Unity Hub support for Apple Silicon editors arrived in version 3.0 in January 2022.[44]

Changes to Unity 2022 were intended to improve productivity by reducing the time required to enter play mode and import files, and implementing visual search queries and multiselection in the package manager.[45] For 2D projects, changes focused on accelerating core software, import, animation, and physics. Sprite atlasing was revised. Support for PSD extension files and layer management were added to the 2D PSD Importer, and Delaunay tessellation for 2D physics was added.[45]

On October 9, 2023, Unity announced that Riccitiello would be leaving the company, appointing Jim Whitehurst as interim CEO and President.[46][47][48]

On November 16, 2023, Unity announced that the next version of the engine would be called Unity 6, reverting back to the previous version numbering convention. Unity 6 is planned for release in 2024, with planned features including new generative AI tools called Unity Muse and Unity Sentis.[49]

Features

Unity gives users the ability to create games and experiences in both 2D and 3D, and the engine offers a primary scripting API in C# using Mono, for both the Unity editor in the form of plugins, and games themselves, as well as drag and drop functionality.[50] Prior to C# being the primary programming language used for the engine, it previously supported Boo, which was removed with the release of Unity 5,[51] and a Boo-based implementation of JavaScript called UnityScript, which was deprecated in August 2017, after the release of Unity 2017.1, in favor of C#.[52][53]

Within 2D games, Unity allows importation of sprites and an advanced 2D world renderer. For 3D games, Unity allows specification of texture compression, mipmaps, and resolution settings for each platform that the game engine supports,[54] and provides support for bump mapping, reflection mapping, parallax mapping, screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO), dynamic shadows using shadow maps, render-to-texture and full-screen post-processing effects.[55]

Two separate render pipelines are available, High Definition Render Pipeline (HDRP) and Universal Render Pipeline (URP, previously LWRP), in addition to the legacy built-in pipeline.[56][57] All three render pipelines are incompatible with each other.[58] Unity offers a tool to upgrade shaders using the legacy renderer to URP or HDRP.

Creators can develop and sell user-generated assets to other game makers via the Unity Asset Store. This includes 3D and 2D assets and environments for developers to buy and sell.[59] Unity Asset Store launched in 2010. By 2018, there had been approximately 40 million downloads through the digital store.[60]

Supported platforms

Unity is a cross-platform engine.[61] The Unity editor is supported on Windows, macOS, and the Linux platform, while the engine itself currently supports building games for more than 19 different platforms, including mobile, desktop, consoles, and virtual reality.[62][63] Unity 2020 LTS officially supports the following platforms:[64]

Formerly supported platforms are Wii,[81] Wii U,[82] PlayStation 3,[83] Xbox 360,[83] Tizen,[84] PlayStation Vita,[85] 3DS,[86] BlackBerry 10,[87] Windows Phone 8,[87] Samsung Smart TV,[88] Gear VR,[63] Daydream,[89] Vuforia,[73] Facebook Gameroom,[89] and Stadia.[90] Unity formerly supported other platforms including its own Unity Web Player, a Web browser plugin.[69] However, it was deprecated in favor of WebGL.[91] Since version 5, Unity has been offering its WebGL bundle compiled to JavaScript using a 2-stage language translator (C# to C++ and finally to JavaScript).[92]

Unity was the default software development kit (SDK) used for Nintendo's Wii U video game console, with a free copy included by Nintendo with each Wii U developer license. Unity Technologies called this bundling of a third-party SDK an "industry first".[15][93]

In August 2023, Unity China announced that it would soon launch a Chinese edition called Tuanjie Engine (Chinese: 团结引擎; pinyin: Tuánjié Yǐnqíng) based on Unity 2022 LTS, which includes support for Chinese platforms like Weixin Mini Game, OpenHarmony and AliOS.[94]

Licensing

During its first ten years as a product, the paid versions of Unity were sold outright; in 2016, the corporation changed to a subscription model.[89] Unity has free and paid licensing options. The free license is for personal use or smaller companies generating less than $100,000 annually, later raised to $200,000, and the subscriptions are based on revenues generated by the games using Unity.[95][63] The subscription-based versions also include additional features geared towards professional projects, including analytics, performance analysis and error reporting, and Cloud Build among others.[96]

The paid option, Unity Pro, had been required for developers that had over $200,000 in annual revenue, but this also could have been provided for console developers through a Preferred Platform License from the console manufacturer. The Unity Pro keys would have been part of the other SDK from the console manufacturer that the developer paid for. In May 2016, Unity released "Unity Plus", a mid-range tier between Personal and Pro that provides tools and benefits oriented towards "first-time commercial developers".[97]

In June 2021, Unity changed its licensing terms to require any developer making games on the closed console systems (PlayStation, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox) regardless of revenue to have a Unity Pro license or a Preferred Platform License Key from the manufacturers. Sony and Nintendo provide this as part of the SDK, but Microsoft had yet to implement this functionality for their SDK.[98] The engine source code is licensed on a "per-case basis via special arrangements".[99]

Runtime fee

On September 12, 2023, Unity announced that use of the engine would become subject to royalties (referred to as a "runtime fee") beginning in January 2024, calculated per-installation and charged monthly, if the product reaches specific revenue and lifetime installation thresholds. Unity states that monetizing the runtime in this manner is required to "allow creators to keep the ongoing financial gains from player engagement."[100][101]

The new terms faced criticism from game developers who had been using Unity for years, particularly regarding how this fee would be calculated and enforced, and the implications for demos, freemium games and bundles distributed for charitable causes.[102][103][104] The change was considered to be contradictory to statements made by former CEO John Riccitiello in 2015 when Unity originally announced its shift to free and subscription-based models, stating that all users would "get the full power of Unity for free", and that there would not be royalties (in contrast to Unreal Engine, which had recently switched to free distribution but with royalties paid above a specific revenue threshold).[105][96]

Unity subsequently issued a statement clarifying the definition of a chargeable "installation", and announced that the fee would not apply to charity games or bundles.[106][107] Many indie developers, including Among Us developer Innersloth[108] and Slay the Spire developer Mega Crit,[109] announced that they would switch to other game engines.

An analysis by Ars Technica found that several older versions of Unity's terms of service would allow developers to continue to release their software without having to pay the new fee, as long as they did not update their project after the January 1, 2024, date.[105] Ars Technica also discovered that Unity had apparently removed a GitHub repository that permitted developers to track changes in Unity's terms of service;[105] Mega Crit accused Unity of having done so to apply their new financial model to games retroactively.[110][111] An analysis by Game Developer came to the conclusion that the changes were intended to encourage games with large install bases such as Genshin Impact, Subway Surfers and Hearthstone to migrate to Unity services in order to get a fee reduction. The article noted that the Operate Solutions division, handling in-app-purchase services for example, was far more profitable than the Create division, and added that "The many indie developers who will be left by the roadside are completely incidental to Unity’s goals, and are not going to be a significant factor in its future decision making."[112] Gameindustry.biz described the move as "self-combustion" and identified the changes as an example of enshittification.[113]

In response to this negative feedback, Unity Technologies introduced revised runtime fee terms on September 22, 2023. These included removing any fees for uses of Unity Personal for projects funded up to $200,000 (an increase from the previous $100,000 threshold), fees would only apply to games developed with Unity 2024 and beyond without any retroactive fees, and the fee would be based on the lesser of 2.5% of monthly revenue or a calculated value based on monthly engagements, both which rely only on self-reporting of these numbers.[114][115]

Usage

Video games

The engine is used in games including Pokémon Go, Monument Valley, Call of Duty: Mobile, Beat Saber and Cuphead according to the Financial Times.[116]

As of 2018, Unity had been used to create approximately half of the mobile games on the market and 60 percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content,[117] including approximately 90 percent on emerging augmented reality platforms, such as Microsoft HoloLens, and 90 percent of Samsung Gear VR content.[95] Unity technology is the basis for most virtual reality and augmented reality experiences, and Fortune said Unity "dominates the virtual reality business".[118][119][120] Unity Machine Learning Agents is open-source software whereby the Unity platform connects to machine learning programs, including Google's TensorFlow.[121] Using trial and error in Unity Machine Learning Agents, virtual characters use reinforcement learning to build creative strategies in lifelike virtual landscapes.[121] The software is used to develop robots and self-driving cars.[121]

Non-gaming industries

In the 2010s, Unity Technologies used its game engine to transition into other industries using the real-time 3D platform, including film and automotive.[122][123] Unity first experimented in filmmaking with Adam, a short film about a robot escaping from prison. Later, Unity partnered with filmmaker Neill Blomkamp, whose Oats Studios used the engine's tools, including real-time rendering and Cinemachine, to create two computer-generated short films, Adam: The Mirror and Adam: The Prophet.[122] At the 2017 Unite Europe conference in Amsterdam, Unity focused on filmmaking with Unity 2017.1's new Cinemachine tool.[59] In 2018, Disney Television Animation launched three shorts, called Baymax Dreams, that were created using the Unity engine.[124] The Unity engine was also used by Disney to create backgrounds for the 2019 film The Lion King.[125]

Automakers use Unity's technology to create full-scale models of new vehicles in virtual reality, build virtual assembly lines, and train workers.[123] Unity's engine is used by DeepMind, an Alphabet Inc. company, to train artificial intelligence.[126] Other uses being pursued by Unity Technologies include architecture, engineering, and construction.[127]

Mascot

On December 16, 2013, Unity Technologies Japan revealed an official mascot character named Unity-chan (ユニティちゃん, Yuniti-chan), real name Kohaku Ōtori (大鳥 こはく, Ōtori Kohaku) (voiced by Asuka Kakumoto [ja; zh]). The character's associated game data was released in early 2014.[128][129] The character was designed by Unity Technologies Japan designer "ntny" as an open-source heroine character.[130] The company allows the use of Unity-chan and related characters in secondary projects under certain licenses.[131] For example, Unity-chan appears as a playable character in Runbow.[132]

See also

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  • Official website  

December 18, 2023
unity, game, engine, unity, cross, platform, game, engine, developed, unity, technologies, first, announced, released, june, 2005, apple, worldwide, developers, conference, game, engine, engine, since, been, gradually, extended, support, variety, desktop, mobi. Unity is a cross platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies first announced and released in June 2005 at Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a Mac OS X game engine The engine has since been gradually extended to support a variety of desktop mobile console and virtual reality platforms It is particularly popular for iOS and Android mobile game development is considered easy to use for beginner developers and is popular for indie game development 6 UnityDeveloper s Unity TechnologiesInitial release1 0 June 8 2005 18 years ago 2005 06 08 Stable releaseUnity 2023 1 5 Tech Stream Unity 2022 3 5f1 LTS July 18 2023 4 months ago 2023 07 18 1 July 13 2023 5 months ago 2023 07 13 2 Preview release2023 1 0b11 Beta 2023 2 0a22 Alpha August 8 2022 16 months ago 2022 08 08 3 July 10 2023 5 months ago 2023 07 10 4 Written inC runtime 5 C Unity Scripting API PlatformSee Supported platformsLicenseProprietary softwareWebsiteunity wbr comThe engine can be used to create three dimensional 3D and two dimensional 2D games as well as interactive simulations and other experiences 7 8 The engine has been adopted by industries outside video gaming such as film automotive architecture engineering construction and the United States Armed Forces 9 Contents 1 History 1 1 Unity 2 0 2007 1 2 Unity 3 0 2010 1 3 Unity 4 0 2012 1 4 Unity 5 2015 1 5 Unity 2017 present 2 Features 3 Supported platforms 4 Licensing 4 1 Runtime fee 5 Usage 5 1 Video games 5 2 Non gaming industries 6 Mascot 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistoryThe Unity game engine launched in 2005 aiming to democratize game development by making it accessible to more developers 7 10 The next year Unity was named runner up in the Best Use of Mac OS X Graphics category in Apple Inc s Apple Design Awards 11 Unity was initially released for Mac OS X later adding support for Microsoft Windows and Web browsers 12 Unity 2 0 2007 Unity 2 0 launched in 2007 with approximately 50 new features 13 The release included an optimized terrain engine for detailed 3D environments real time dynamic shadows directional lights and spotlights video playback and other features 13 The release also added features whereby developers could collaborate more easily 13 It included a Networking Layer for developers to create multiplayer games based on the User Datagram Protocol offering Network Address Translation State Synchronization and Remote Procedure Calls 13 When Apple launched its App Store in 2008 Unity quickly added support for the iPhone 12 For several years the engine was uncontested on the iPhone and it became well known with iOS game developers 7 Unity 3 0 2010 Unity 3 0 launched in September 2010 with features expanding the engine s graphics features for desktop computers and video game consoles 14 In addition to Android support Unity 3 featured integration of Illuminate Labs Beast Lightmap tool deferred rendering a built in tree editor native font rendering automatic UV mapping and audio filters among other things 14 In 2012 VentureBeat wrote Few companies have contributed as much to the flowing of independently produced games as Unity Technologies More than 1 3 million developers are using its tools to create gee whiz graphics in their iOS Android console PC and web based games Unity wants to be the engine for multi platform games period 15 A May 2012 survey by Game Developer magazine indicated Unity as its top game engine for mobile platforms 16 Unity 4 0 2012 In November 2012 Unity Technologies delivered Unity 4 0 17 This version added DirectX 11 and Adobe Flash support new animation tools called Mecanim and access to the Linux preview 17 Facebook integrated a software development kit for games using the Unity game engine in 2013 18 This featured tools that allowed tracking advertising campaigns and deep linking where users were directly linked from social media posts to specific portions within games and easy in game image sharing 18 In 2016 Facebook developed a new PC gaming platform with Unity 19 Unity provided support for Facebook s gaming platforms and Unity developers could more quickly export and publish games to Facebook 19 Unity 5 2015 The Verge said of 2015 s Unity 5 release Unity started with the goal of making game development universally accessible Unity 5 is a long awaited step towards that future 20 With Unity 5 the engine improved its lighting and audio 21 Through WebGL Unity developers could add their games to compatible Web browsers with no plug ins required for players 21 Unity 5 0 offered real time global illumination light mapping previews Unity Cloud a new audio system and the Nvidia PhysX 3 3 physics engine 21 The fifth generation of the Unity engine also introduced Cinematic Image Effects to help make Unity games look less generic 22 Unity 5 6 added new lighting and particle effects updated the engine s overall performance and added native support for Nintendo Switch Facebook Gameroom Google Daydream and the Vulkan graphics API 23 It introduced a 4K video player capable of running 360 degree videos for virtual reality 23 However some gamers criticized Unity s accessibility due to the high volume of quickly produced games published on the Steam distribution platform by inexperienced developers 24 Former CEO John Riccitiello said in an interview that he believes this to be a side effect of Unity s success in democratizing game development If I had my way I d like to see 50 million people using Unity although I don t think we re going to get there any time soon I d like to see high school and college kids using it people outside the core industry I think it s sad that most people are consumers of technology and not creators The world s a better place when people know how to create not just consume and that s what we re trying to promote 25 Unity 2017 present In December 2016 Unity Technologies announced that they would change the version numbering system for Unity from sequence based identifiers to year of release to align the versioning with their more frequent release cadence Unity 5 6 was therefore followed by Unity 2017 26 Unity 2017 tools featured a real time graphics rendering engine color grading and worldbuilding live operations analytics and performance reporting 27 Unity 2017 2 underscored Unity Technologies plans beyond video games 27 This included new tools such as Timeline which allowed developers to drag and drop animations into games and Cinemachine a smart camera system within games 27 Unity 2017 2 also integrated Autodesk s 3DS Max and Maya tools into the Unity engine for a streamlined asset sharing in game iteration process 28 Unity 2018 featured the Scriptable Render Pipeline for developers to create high end graphics 29 This included the High Definition Rendering Pipeline for console and PC experiences and the Lightweight Rendering Pipeline later renamed to the Universal Render Pipeline 30 for mobile virtual reality and augmented reality 29 Unity 2018 also included machine learning tools such as Imitation Learning whereby games learn from real player habits support for Magic Leap and templates for new developers 29 The C source code of Unity was published under a reference only license in March 2018 which prohibits reuse and modification 31 As of 2020 software built with Unity s game engine was running on more than 1 5 billion devices According to Unity apps made with their game engine account for 50 percent of all mobile games and are downloaded more than 3 billion times per month and approximately 15 000 new projects are started daily with its software 32 33 Financial Times reported that Unity s engine powers some of the world s most lucrative mobile games such as Pokemon Go and Activision s Call of Duty Mobile 34 In June 2020 Unity introduced the Mixed and Augmented Reality Studio MARS which provides developers with additional functionality for rules based generation of augmented reality AR applications 35 Unity released Unity Forma an automotive and retail solution tool on December 9 2020 36 Unity acquired Finger Food Advanced Technology Group in 2020 as it aimed to bolster its non video game uses and offer additional design help to customers 32 33 The company went public in September 2020 to further expand use of its game engine into industries outside of gaming 37 In June 2020 Unity announced the Unity Editor will support Apple Silicon The first beta version shipped later that year 38 39 Unity 2021 brought multiple new features such as Bolt Unity s Visual Scripting system a new multiplayer library to support multiplayer games improved Il2cpp runtime performance Volumetric clouds for the High Definition Render pipeline 40 Shadow caching and Screen Space Global Illumination for HDRP 41 For the Universal Render Pipeline it added new features such as point light shadows Deferred renderer and general core engine improvements and fixes 42 43 Full Apple Silicon support was also added in Unity 2021 2 Unity Hub support for Apple Silicon editors arrived in version 3 0 in January 2022 44 Changes to Unity 2022 were intended to improve productivity by reducing the time required to enter play mode and import files and implementing visual search queries and multiselection in the package manager 45 For 2D projects changes focused on accelerating core software import animation and physics Sprite atlasing was revised Support for PSD extension files and layer management were added to the 2D PSD Importer and Delaunay tessellation for 2D physics was added 45 On October 9 2023 Unity announced that Riccitiello would be leaving the company appointing Jim Whitehurst as interim CEO and President 46 47 48 On November 16 2023 Unity announced that the next version of the engine would be called Unity 6 reverting back to the previous version numbering convention Unity 6 is planned for release in 2024 with planned features including new generative AI tools called Unity Muse and Unity Sentis 49 FeaturesUnity gives users the ability to create games and experiences in both 2D and 3D and the engine offers a primary scripting API in C using Mono for both the Unity editor in the form of plugins and games themselves as well as drag and drop functionality 50 Prior to C being the primary programming language used for the engine it previously supported Boo which was removed with the release of Unity 5 51 and a Boo based implementation of JavaScript called UnityScript which was deprecated in August 2017 after the release of Unity 2017 1 in favor of C 52 53 Within 2D games Unity allows importation of sprites and an advanced 2D world renderer For 3D games Unity allows specification of texture compression mipmaps and resolution settings for each platform that the game engine supports 54 and provides support for bump mapping reflection mapping parallax mapping screen space ambient occlusion SSAO dynamic shadows using shadow maps render to texture and full screen post processing effects 55 Two separate render pipelines are available High Definition Render Pipeline HDRP and Universal Render Pipeline URP previously LWRP in addition to the legacy built in pipeline 56 57 All three render pipelines are incompatible with each other 58 Unity offers a tool to upgrade shaders using the legacy renderer to URP or HDRP Creators can develop and sell user generated assets to other game makers via the Unity Asset Store This includes 3D and 2D assets and environments for developers to buy and sell 59 Unity Asset Store launched in 2010 By 2018 there had been approximately 40 million downloads through the digital store 60 Supported platformsUnity is a cross platform engine 61 The Unity editor is supported on Windows macOS and the Linux platform while the engine itself currently supports building games for more than 19 different platforms including mobile desktop consoles and virtual reality 62 63 Unity 2020 LTS officially supports the following platforms 64 Mobile platforms iOS 65 Android 65 Android TV 66 tvOS 67 Desktop platforms Windows 65 Universal Windows Platform 68 Mac 10 Linux 69 Web platform WebGL 63 Console platforms PlayStation 4 65 PlayStation 5 70 Xbox One 10 Xbox Series X S 71 Nintendo Switch 65 Virtual Extended reality platforms Oculus 65 PlayStation VR 72 Google s ARCore 73 Apple s ARKit 74 Windows Mixed Reality 75 HoloLens 76 Magic Leap 77 and via Unity XR SDK 78 Steam VR 79 Google Cardboard 80 Formerly supported platforms are Wii 81 Wii U 82 PlayStation 3 83 Xbox 360 83 Tizen 84 PlayStation Vita 85 3DS 86 BlackBerry 10 87 Windows Phone 8 87 Samsung Smart TV 88 Gear VR 63 Daydream 89 Vuforia 73 Facebook Gameroom 89 and Stadia 90 Unity formerly supported other platforms including its own Unity Web Player a Web browser plugin 69 However it was deprecated in favor of WebGL 91 Since version 5 Unity has been offering its WebGL bundle compiled to JavaScript using a 2 stage language translator C to C and finally to JavaScript 92 Unity was the default software development kit SDK used for Nintendo s Wii U video game console with a free copy included by Nintendo with each Wii U developer license Unity Technologies called this bundling of a third party SDK an industry first 15 93 In August 2023 Unity China announced that it would soon launch a Chinese edition called Tuanjie Engine Chinese 团结引擎 pinyin Tuanjie Yǐnqing based on Unity 2022 LTS which includes support for Chinese platforms like Weixin Mini Game OpenHarmony and AliOS 94 LicensingDuring its first ten years as a product the paid versions of Unity were sold outright in 2016 the corporation changed to a subscription model 89 Unity has free and paid licensing options The free license is for personal use or smaller companies generating less than 100 000 annually later raised to 200 000 and the subscriptions are based on revenues generated by the games using Unity 95 63 The subscription based versions also include additional features geared towards professional projects including analytics performance analysis and error reporting and Cloud Build among others 96 The paid option Unity Pro had been required for developers that had over 200 000 in annual revenue but this also could have been provided for console developers through a Preferred Platform License from the console manufacturer The Unity Pro keys would have been part of the other SDK from the console manufacturer that the developer paid for In May 2016 Unity released Unity Plus a mid range tier between Personal and Pro that provides tools and benefits oriented towards first time commercial developers 97 In June 2021 Unity changed its licensing terms to require any developer making games on the closed console systems PlayStation Nintendo Switch and Xbox regardless of revenue to have a Unity Pro license or a Preferred Platform License Key from the manufacturers Sony and Nintendo provide this as part of the SDK but Microsoft had yet to implement this functionality for their SDK 98 The engine source code is licensed on a per case basis via special arrangements 99 Runtime fee On September 12 2023 Unity announced that use of the engine would become subject to royalties referred to as a runtime fee beginning in January 2024 calculated per installation and charged monthly if the product reaches specific revenue and lifetime installation thresholds Unity states that monetizing the runtime in this manner is required to allow creators to keep the ongoing financial gains from player engagement 100 101 The new terms faced criticism from game developers who had been using Unity for years particularly regarding how this fee would be calculated and enforced and the implications for demos freemium games and bundles distributed for charitable causes 102 103 104 The change was considered to be contradictory to statements made by former CEO John Riccitiello in 2015 when Unity originally announced its shift to free and subscription based models stating that all users would get the full power of Unity for free and that there would not be royalties in contrast to Unreal Engine which had recently switched to free distribution but with royalties paid above a specific revenue threshold 105 96 Unity subsequently issued a statement clarifying the definition of a chargeable installation and announced that the fee would not apply to charity games or bundles 106 107 Many indie developers including Among Us developer Innersloth 108 and Slay the Spire developer Mega Crit 109 announced that they would switch to other game engines An analysis by Ars Technica found that several older versions of Unity s terms of service would allow developers to continue to release their software without having to pay the new fee as long as they did not update their project after the January 1 2024 date 105 Ars Technica also discovered that Unity had apparently removed a GitHub repository that permitted developers to track changes in Unity s terms of service 105 Mega Crit accused Unity of having done so to apply their new financial model to games retroactively 110 111 An analysis by Game Developer came to the conclusion that the changes were intended to encourage games with large install bases such as Genshin Impact Subway Surfers and Hearthstone to migrate to Unity services in order to get a fee reduction The article noted that the Operate Solutions division handling in app purchase services for example was far more profitable than the Create division and added that The many indie developers who will be left by the roadside are completely incidental to Unity s goals and are not going to be a significant factor in its future decision making 112 Gameindustry biz described the move as self combustion and identified the changes as an example of enshittification 113 In response to this negative feedback Unity Technologies introduced revised runtime fee terms on September 22 2023 These included removing any fees for uses of Unity Personal for projects funded up to 200 000 an increase from the previous 100 000 threshold fees would only apply to games developed with Unity 2024 and beyond without any retroactive fees and the fee would be based on the lesser of 2 5 of monthly revenue or a calculated value based on monthly engagements both which rely only on self reporting of these numbers 114 115 UsageVideo games The engine is used in games including Pokemon Go Monument Valley Call of Duty Mobile Beat Saber and Cuphead according to the Financial Times 116 As of 2018 update Unity had been used to create approximately half of the mobile games on the market and 60 percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content 117 including approximately 90 percent on emerging augmented reality platforms such as Microsoft HoloLens and 90 percent of Samsung Gear VR content 95 Unity technology is the basis for most virtual reality and augmented reality experiences and Fortune said Unity dominates the virtual reality business 118 119 120 Unity Machine Learning Agents is open source software whereby the Unity platform connects to machine learning programs including Google s TensorFlow 121 Using trial and error in Unity Machine Learning Agents virtual characters use reinforcement learning to build creative strategies in lifelike virtual landscapes 121 The software is used to develop robots and self driving cars 121 Non gaming industries In the 2010s Unity Technologies used its game engine to transition into other industries using the real time 3D platform including film and automotive 122 123 Unity first experimented in filmmaking with Adam a short film about a robot escaping from prison Later Unity partnered with filmmaker Neill Blomkamp whose Oats Studios used the engine s tools including real time rendering and Cinemachine to create two computer generated short films Adam The Mirror and Adam The Prophet 122 At the 2017 Unite Europe conference in Amsterdam Unity focused on filmmaking with Unity 2017 1 s new Cinemachine tool 59 In 2018 Disney Television Animation launched three shorts called Baymax Dreams that were created using the Unity engine 124 The Unity engine was also used by Disney to create backgrounds for the 2019 film The Lion King 125 Automakers use Unity s technology to create full scale models of new vehicles in virtual reality build virtual assembly lines and train workers 123 Unity s engine is used by DeepMind an Alphabet Inc company to train artificial intelligence 126 Other uses being pursued by Unity Technologies include architecture engineering and construction 127 MascotOn December 16 2013 Unity Technologies Japan revealed an official mascot character named Unity chan ユニティちゃん Yuniti chan real name Kohaku Ōtori 大鳥 こはく Ōtori Kohaku voiced by Asuka Kakumoto ja zh The character s associated game data was released in early 2014 128 129 The character was designed by Unity Technologies Japan designer ntny as an open source heroine character 130 The company allows the use of Unity chan and related characters in secondary projects under certain licenses 131 For example Unity chan appears as a playable character in Runbow 132 See also nbsp Video games portalList of game engines List of WebGL frameworksReferences Unity download archive Unity Archived from the original on January 10 2020 Retrieved March 15 2023 Long Term Support Unity Archived from the original on February 16 2023 Unity 2022 2 beta resources Unity Archived from the original on August 10 2022 Retrieved August 11 2022 Unity 2023 1 alpha Unity Archived from the original on October 8 2022 Retrieved March 15 2023 Brodkin Jon June 3 2013 How Unity3D Became a Game Development Beast Archived from the original on October 19 2018 Retrieved August 28 2020 Dealessandri Marie January 16 2020 What is the best game engine is Unity right for you GamesIndustry biz Gamer Network Archived from the original on April 4 2020 Retrieved April 27 2021 a b c Axon Samuel September 27 2016 Unity at 10 For better or worse game development has never been easier Ars Technica Archived from the original on October 5 2018 Retrieved October 17 2018 Takahashi Dean September 15 2018 John Riccitiello Q amp A How Unity CEO views Epic s Fortnite success VentureBeat Archived from the original on September 17 2018 Retrieved October 17 2018 Government amp Aerospace Unity Archived from the original on September 13 2021 Retrieved August 28 2021 a b c McWhertor Michael October 22 2014 Former EA CEO John Riccitiello is now head of Unity Polygon Archived from the original on December 5 2018 Retrieved October 17 2018 Smykill Jeff August 9 2006 Apple Design Award winners announced ArsTechnica Archived from the original on January 19 2015 Retrieved January 18 2015 a b Brodkin Jon June 3 2013 How Unity3D Became a Game Development Beast Dice Insights Archived from the original on October 19 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 a b c d Cohen Peter October 11 2007 Unity 2 0 game engine now available PCWorld Archived from the original on March 20 2019 Retrieved January 14 2019 a b Girard Dave September 27 2010 Unity 3 brings very expensive dev tools at a very low price Ars Technica Archived from the original on February 24 2014 Retrieved January 14 2019 a b Helgason David November 2 2012 Game developers start your Unity 3D engines GamesBeat Interview Interviewed by Dean Takahashi VentureBeat Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Retrieved July 13 2014 Mobile game developer survey leans heavily toward iOS Unity Game Developer May 24 2012 Archived from the original on July 3 2014 Retrieved February 22 2022 a b Tach Dave November 14 2012 Unity 4 0 available for download today with DX 11 support and Linux preview Polygon Archived from the original on March 20 2019 Retrieved January 14 2019 a b Cohen David November 1 2013 How Facebook Integrated With The Unity Game Engine Adweek Archived from the original on December 12 2018 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Cohen David August 19 2016 Facebook Developing New PC Gaming Platform Teams Up With Unity Technologies Adweek Archived from the original on December 11 2018 Retrieved October 29 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