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Gaziantep

February 16, 2024

Gaziantep (Turkish pronunciation: [ɡaːˈziantep]), historically Aintab and still informally called Antep (pronounced [ˈantep]), is a major city in south-central Turkey. It is the capital of the Gaziantep Province, in the westernmost part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region and partially in the Mediterranean Region. It is located approximately 185 km (115 mi) east of Adana and 97 km (60 mi) north of Aleppo, Syria and situated on the Sajur River. The city is thought to be located on the site of ancient Antiochia ad Taurum and is near ancient Zeugma.

Gaziantep
Metropolitan municipality
Clockwise from top: Gaziantep Castle, Şirehan, Alaüddevle Mosque, Gaziantep skyline, Büdeyri Hanı [tr] and Tahtani Mosque, Liberation Mosque (former St. Mary's Cathedral)
Emblem of Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality
Gaziantep
Location of Gaziantep within Turkey
Gaziantep
Gaziantep (Asia)
Gaziantep
Gaziantep (Europe)
Coordinates: 37°03′46″N 37°22′45″E / 37.06278°N 37.37917°E / 37.06278; 37.37917
Country Turkey
RegionSoutheastern Anatolia
ProvinceGaziantep
Government
 • MayorFatma Şahin (AK Party)
Area
 • Metropolitan municipality6,819 km2 (2,633 sq mi)
 • Urban
2,960 km2 (1,140 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,250 km2 (870 sq mi)
Population
 (31/12/2021 estimation)[1]
 • Metropolitan municipality2,130,432
 • Density310/km2 (810/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,808,948
 • Urban density610/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,775,904
 • Metro density790/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
DemonymAintaban[2]: 75 
GDP
[3]
 • Metropolitan municipalityTRY 148.558 billion
US$ 16.545 billion (2021)
 • Per capitaTRY 70,228
US$ 7,819 (2021)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
27x xx
Area code342 & 343
Licence plate27
Websitewww.gaziantep.gov.tr

As of the 2021 census, the Gaziantep province (Metropolitan municipality) was home to 2,130,432 inhabitants, of whom 1,775,904 lived in the metropolitan area made of two (out of three) urban districts of Şahinbey and Şehitkamil, as Oğuzeli is not conurbated. It is the sixth-most populous city in Turkey. Gaziantep is a diverse city inhabited mostly by ethnic Turks and a significant minority of Kurds and Syrian refugees. It was historically populated by Turkmens, Armenians, Jews, and a plethora of other ethnic groups.

In February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.

Name edit

Due to the city's contact with various ethnic groups and cultures throughout its history, the name of the city has many variants and alternatives, such as:

The several theories for the origin of the current name include:[citation needed]

  • Aïntap may be derived from khantap, meaning "king's land" in the Hittite language.
  • Aïn, an Arabic and Aramaic word meaning "spring", and tab as a word of praise.
  • Antep could be a corruption of the Arabic 'aīn ṭayyib meaning "good spring".[11] However, the Arabic name for the city is spelled with t (ت), not ṭ (ط).
  • Ayin dab or Ayin debo in Aramaic, meaning "spring of the wolf"

History edit

 
The Gypsy Girl is being displayed at Zeugma Mosaic Museum.
 
Funerary portrait of a man, Palmyra (Syria), second or third century AD, presented in Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology
 
View of Antep's historic city centre
 
Gaziantep Mevlevi Culture and Foundation Works Museums about the Sufi whirling dervishes of Gaziantep
 
Zeugma Mosaic Museum in Gaziantep

Hellenistic period edit

Gaziantep is the probable site of the Hellenistic city of Antiochia ad Taurum[12] ("Antiochia in the Taurus Mountains").

Medieval history edit

During its early history, Aintab was largely a fortress overshadowed by the city of Dülük, some 12 km to the north. Aintab came to prominence after an earthquake in the 14th century devastated Dülük.[2]: 22  Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the region passed to the Umayyads in 661 AD and the Abbasids in 750. It was ravaged several times during the Arab–Byzantine wars. After the disintegration of the Abbasid dynasty, the city was ruled successively by the Tulunids, the Ikhshidids, and the Hamdanids.[citation needed] In 962, it was recaptured by the Byzantines, upon the expansion led by Nikephoros II Phokas.[13]

After Afshin Bey captured the fortress in 1067, Aintab fell to Seljuk rule[14] and was administered by Seljuk emirs of Damascus. One of these emirs, Tutush I appointed Armenian noble Thoros of Edessa as the governor of the region.[15]

It was captured by the Crusaders and united to the Maras Seigneurship in the County of Edessa in 1098. The region continued to be ruled by independent or vassalized Armenian lords, such as Kogh Vasil.[16] It reverted to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1150, was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1155–1157 and 1204–1206 and captured by the Zengids in 1172 and the Ayyubids in 1181. It was retaken by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1218.[citation needed]

With the turn of the 13th-century, Dülük became one of Aintab's dependencies according to geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi. In the next century, Aintab was the capital of its district and a town with fine markets much frequented by merchants and travellers, while Duluk was in ruins, according to Abulfeda.[17] Still, Aintab continued to be hotly contested throughout these centuries.[2]: 22–3  It was besieged by the Mongols in 1270.[2]: 23 

It repeatedly changed hands between the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate or the Dulkadirids, a Turkoman vassal state of the Mamluks. Gaziantep was near the southern frontier of the Dulkadir emirate, and on several occasions it slipped out of their control.[2]: 23  The Ilkhans ruled over it between 1260 and 1261, 1271–1272, 1280–1281 and 1299–1317. The Mamluks controlled the city between 1261 and 1271, 1272–1280, 1281–1299, 1317–1341, 1353–1378, 1381–1389. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Dulkadir leader Sevli Beg in 1390. Although the Mamluks and their Dulkadirid vassals could control the city from 1395 until the Ottoman conquest in 1516, the city was besieged by Timur in 1400, and then in 1420 by the Ak Koyunlu leader Kara Yusuf.[2]: 23 

These attacks all caused destruction and suffering among the local population. But at the same time, the city was "acquiring a reputation as a cultured urban center". Badr al-Din al-Ayni, an Aintab native who became a successful diplomat, judge, and historian under the Mamluks, wrote at the end of the 1300s that the city was called "little Bukhara" because so many scholars came to study there. Ayni also left a firsthand account of the suffering caused during Sevli Beg's siege in 1390.[2]: 23 

Another rough patch for Aintab's people came in the late 1460s, when the Dulkadir prince Şehsuvar rebelled against the Mamluks.[2]: 25  Mamluk forces captured Aintab in May 1468, driving out Şehsuvar's forces; a report by the governor of Aleppo indicates that resistance had been fierce. Just a month later, Şehsuvar recaptured Aintab after four "engagements" with Mamluk forces. After Şehsuvar's final defeat and public execution by the Mamluks in 1473, Gaziantep enjoyed a period of relative peace and stability under his brother and successor Alaüddevle. Alaüddevle appears to have considered Gaziantep an important possession and commissioned several constructions in the city, including a reservoir and a large mosque in the middle of town. The city's fortress was also renovated, completed in 1481. These repairs were likely ordered by the Mamluk sultan Qaitbay during his tour of northern Syria in 1477; his name is inscribed above the entrance portal, perhaps symbolically marking his territory.[2]: 26 

The end of the Dulkadir principality came around 1515. Alaüddevle refused to fight alongside the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. The Ottomans used this as a pretext to overthrow him, and in June 1515 he was executed.[2]: 24  As Alaüddevle had been a Mamluk vassal, the Mamluks considered this an affront, and the Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri mobilized an army and marched north towards Aleppo.[2]: 25 

The conflict over the region meant that in Gaziantep, anxieties about the fate of the city and its surroundings must have been high. Later court records from the early 1540s provide documentary evidence of "dislocation and loss of population" as people fled; this may have been more pronounced in rural areas than in the city itself.[2]: 30 

Ottoman period edit

The Ottoman Empire captured Gaziantep just before the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, under the reign of Sultan Selim I. In the Ottoman period, Aintab was a sanjak centred initially in the Dulkadir Eyalet (1516–1818), and later in the Aleppo vilayet (1908–1918). It was also a kaza in the Aleppo vilayet (1818–1908). The city established itself as a centre for commerce due to its location straddling trade routes.

Although it was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia only between 1155–1157 and 1204–1206, for most of the last two millennia, Gaziantep hosted a large Armenian community. Armenians played a significant role in the city's history, culture, welfare, and prosperity. These communities no longer exist in the city due to the Hamidian massacres in 1895 and the Armenian genocide in 1915.

Gaziantep served a significant trade route within the Ottoman Empire. Armenians were active in manufacturing, agriculture production and, most notably, trade, and became the wealthiest ethnic group in the city,[18] until their wealth was confiscated during the Armenian genocide.[19]

Battle of Marj Dabiq edit

At the beginning of his campaign against the Mamluks in 1516, the Ottoman sultan Selim I brought his army to Gaziantep en route to Syria. The city's Mamluk governor, Yunus Beg, submitted to Selim without a fight and gave him the keys to the castle on 20 August.[2]: 26  The next day, 21 August, Selim set up camp outside the city "with great majesty and pomp" and held meetings with local military commanders to discuss strategy for the upcoming battle.[2]: 26–7  The fateful Battle of Marj Dabiq took place just days later, on 24 August. Gaziantep, although not an active battle site, thus played a strategic role in the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk sultanate.[2]: 27 

The Ottoman victory at Marj Dabiq had profound consequences for Gaziantep, although its inhabitants had no way of knowing at the time. For the first time in almost 1,000 years, Gaziantep was located in the middle of an empire rather than a contested border region. It lost its strategic importance, but also its vulnerability to attack. For four centuries, until the French occupation in 1921, Gaziantep was relatively peaceful.[2]: 27 

Economic recovery edit

In the short term, though, Gaziantep was still reeling from the instability before (and after) the Ottoman conquest.[2]: 28–9  During that period, Gaziantep had suffered from "depredation", as well as fear caused by political uncertainty.[2]: 29  Besides political conflict, the city's economic slump at this time can also be partly attributed to a general decline in commerce in the eastern Mediterranean region that caused a general economic downturn in the region in the early 1500s.[2]: 31–2 

Only around the 1530s, when the Ottoman authorities turned their attention to the territories recently conquered from Dulkadir, do cadastral records indicate renewed prosperity in Gaziantep.[2]: 28, 30–1  An important event was Süleyman the Magnificent's successful Mesopotamian campaign against Safavid Iran in 1534-36, which took Baghdad and increased the security of trade routes in Gaziantep's region.[2]: 31  As with the earlier economic downturn, the renewed prosperity in Gaziantep in the 1530s was part of a broader regional pattern of economic growth during this period.[2]: 32 

As a disclaimer – some of this apparent economic growth may be an artifact of using tax documents as a source. Tax assessors may have simply been doing more accurate counts in later surveys, or the government might have been applying more strict scrutiny as their control increased.[2]: 32  Part of this was deliberate – the Ottomans had a policy of lowering taxes in recently conquered territories, both to placate locals and to provide an economic stimulus to help war-torn areas recover.[2]: 32–3  Later, as their control solidified, the authorities would raise taxes again. According to Leslie Peirce, this seems to have been the case in Gaziantep – tax rates in 1536 were significantly lower than the rates in 1520, which she assumes were the pre-Ottoman rates. The rates went up again in the 1543 survey, which she interprets as the Ottomans raising taxes again in the meantime.[2]: 33 

Administrative changes edit

The Dulkadir emirate didn't simply go away immediately after the Ottoman victory at Marj Dabiq. It stuck around as an Ottoman vassal until 1522, when the last Dulkadir ruler "resisted discipline by the Ottoman administration". The Ottomans had him executed and officially dismantled the Dulkadir principality, annexing its territories to the empire to form the beglerbeglik of Dulkadir.[2]: 25 

Despite being part of the former Dulkadir territories, though, the sanjak of Gaziantep was initially put under the beglerbeglik of Aleppo instead of Dulkadir. This indicates how, just as in the Mamluk period, Gaziantep was then seen more as part of northern Syria than as part of Anatolia. The area was "culturally mixed", and many locals were bilingual in Turkish and Arabic (as well as other languages). Gaziantep's cultural and economic ties were mostly with Aleppo, which was a major international center of trade.[2]: 27 

At some point in the 1530s, Gaziantep was moved into the beglerbeglik of Dulkadir, whose capital was Maraş. Even though it was now administratively part of Dulkadir, Gaziantep remained commercially more connected to Aleppo.[2]: 27 

17th through 19th centuries edit

The 17th-century Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi noted it had 3,900 shops and two bedestens.

In 1818, Gaziantep was moved back into the Aleppo province.[2]: 27 

By the end of the 19th century, Aintab had a population of about 45,000, two-thirds of whom were Muslim—largely Turkish, but also partially Arab. A large community of Christians lived in the Armenian community. In the 19th century, considerable American Protestant Christian missionary activity occurred in Aintab.[20][21] In particular, Central Turkey College was founded in 1874 by the American Mission Board and largely served the Armenian community. The Armenians were systemically slaughtered during the Hamidian massacres in 1895 and later the Armenian genocide in 1915.[22][23] Consequently, the Central Turkey College was transferred to Aleppo in 1916.

 
Aintab in mid-19th century

Turkish period edit

After the First World War and Armistice of Mudros, Gaziantep was occupied by the United Kingdom on 17 December 1918, and it was transferred to France on 5 November 1919.[24] The French Armenian Legion was also involved in occupation. In April 1920 irregular Turkish troops known as Kuva-yi Milliye besieged the city,[25] but the 10-month-long battle resulted in French victory.[26] Around 6,000 Turkish civilians were killed in the process.[27]

The French made the last attempt to revive the Armenian community in the city during the Siege of Aintab, where the Armenians who fled the genocide were promised their homes back in their native lands. However, on 25 December 1921, the Treaty of Ankara was signed, and as a result, the French evacuated the city.

According to Ümit Kurt, born in modern-day Gaziantep and an academic at Harvard's Center for Middle East Studies, "The famous battle of Aintab against the French … seems to have been as much the organised struggle of a group of genocide profiteers seeking to hold onto their loot as it was a fight against an occupying force. The resistance … sought to make it impossible for the Armenian repatriates to remain in their native towns, terrorising them [again] to make them flee. In short, not only did the local … landowners, industrialists, and civil-military bureaucratic elites lead to the resistance movement, but they also financed it to cleanse Aintab of Armenians."[28] The same Turkish families who made their wealth through the expropriation of Armenians in 1915 and 1921/1922 continued to dominate the city's politics through the one-party period of the Republic of Turkey.[29]

In 2013, Turkey, a member state of NATO, requested deployment of MIM-104 Patriot missiles to Gaziantep to be able to respond faster in a case of military operation against Turkish soil in the Syrian Civil War, which was accepted.[30]

Video showing damage to the castle and the nearby Şirvani Mosque on the day of the 2023 earthquake. Gaziantep Castle was first built by the Hittite Empire as an observation point and later built into a main castle by the Roman Empire.

On 6 February 2023, the city and nearby areas were devastated by catastrophic earthquakes. Around 900 buildings collapsed[31] and 10,777 other buildings were heavily damaged in the city, which have been slated for demolition.[32] Historic buildings including the Gaziantep Castle, the Şirvani Mosque and the Liberation Mosque were also heavily damaged.

Geography edit

The city is located on the Aintab plateau.

Climate edit

 
 
Köppen map of Gaziantep Province and surrounding regions:[33]
  •   BSh
  •   Csa
  •   Dsa
  •   Dsb

Gaziantep has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa, Trewartha: Cs), with very hot, dry summers and cool, wet and often snowy winters.

According to 1966 data, on average, Gaziantep experiences 4.6 snowy days per winter with 10 days of snow cover, along with 2.5 days of hail.[34]: 302 

Climate data for Gaziantep (1991–2020, extremes 1940–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		37.8
(100.0) 		40.2
(104.4) 		44.0
(111.2) 		42.8
(109.0) 		40.8
(105.4) 		36.4
(97.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		25.2
(77.4) 		44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		26.0
(78.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.2
(97.2) 		31.8
(89.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		22.3
(72.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		24.2
(75.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		16.0
(60.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.1
(64.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		17.5
(63.5) 		11.7
(53.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		10.5
(50.9)
Record low °C (°F) −17.5
(0.5) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−11
(12) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−15
(5) 		−17.5
(0.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 98.1
(3.86) 		89.6
(3.53) 		68.9
(2.71) 		56.1
(2.21) 		32.9
(1.30) 		9.2
(0.36) 		10.6
(0.42) 		8.5
(0.33) 		13.1
(0.52) 		42.6
(1.68) 		67.5
(2.66) 		104.5
(4.11) 		601.6
(23.69)
Average precipitation days 13.17 12.20 12.20 10.67 8.00 2.47 0.77 0.70 2.23 6.93 8.57 12.73 90.6
Average relative humidity (%) 74.2 70.8 64.7 61.3 56.0 47.5 43.9 46.9 49.4 57.2 67.2 73.7 59.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 111.6 124.3 164.3 192.0 220.1 261.0 275.9 269.7 234.0 198.4 153.0 105.4 2,309.7
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.6 4.4 5.3 6.4 7.1 8.7 8.9 8.7 7.8 6.4 5.1 3.4 6.3
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[35]
Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1991-2020)[36]

Politics edit

The current mayor of Gaziantep is Fatma Şahin,[37] who had previously served as the minister of family and social policies in the third cabinet of Erdoğan.

Mayors edit

Mayors of Gaziantep[38]
Mayor Years of service
Fatma Şahin 2014–present
Asım Güzelbey 2004–2014
Celal Doğan 1989–2004
Ömer Arpacıoğlu 1984–1989

Economy edit

 
Medical Park Hospital in Gaziantep

Gaziantep is famous for its regional specialities: copperware and "Yemeni" sandals, specific to the region, are two examples. The city is an economic centre for Southeastern and Eastern Turkey. The number of large industrial businesses established in Gaziantep comprise four percent of Turkish industry in general, while small industries comprise six percent. Also, Gaziantep has the largest organised industrial area in Turkey and holds first position in exports and imports.[39] The city is the centre of the green olive oil-based Nizip Soap industry.

Traditionally, commerce in Gaziantep was centre in covered markets known as 'Bedesten' or 'Hans', the best known of which are the Zincirli Bedesten, Hüseyin Pasha Bedesten and Kemikli Bedesten.

Gaziantep also has a developing tourist industry. Development around the base of the castle upgrades the beauty and accessibility to the castle and to the surrounding copper workshops. New restaurants and tourist-friendly businesses are moving into the area. In comparison with some other regions of Turkey, tourists are still a novelty in Gaziantep and the locals make them very welcome.[citation needed] Many students studying the English language are willing to be guides for tourists.

Gaziantep is one of the leading producers of machined carpets in the world. It exported approximately US$700 million of machine-made carpets in 2006. There are over 100 carpet facilities in the Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone.[citation needed]

With its extensive olive groves, vineyards, and pistachio orchards, Gaziantep is one of the important agricultural and industrial centres of Turkey.[citation needed]

Gaziantep is the centre of pistachio cultivation in Turkey, producing 60,000 metric tons (59,000 long tons; 66,000 short tons) in 2007, and lends its name to the Turkish word for pistachio, Antep fıstığı, meaning "Antep nut".

Gaziantep is the main centre for pistachio processing in Turkey, with some 80% of the country's pistachio processing (such as shelling, packaging, exporting, and storage) being done in the city.[40] "Antep fıstığı" is a protected geographical indication in Turkey; it was registered under this status in 2000.[40]

In 2009, the largest enclosed shopping centre in the city and region, Sanko Park, opened, and began drawing a significant number of shoppers from Syria.[41]

Ties between Turkey and Syria have severely deteriorated since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011.

Demographics edit

Gaziantep is mostly inhabited by Turks.[42] It is also inhabited by a significant minority of Kurds,[42] about 450 thousand people,[43] and roughly 470 thousand Syrian refugees.[42]

History edit

In early 14th century, Arab geographer Dimashki noted that the people of Aintab were Turkomans.[17] Aintab continued to be Turkish or Turkoman majority through 18th,[44] 19th,[45][46][47][48] and 20th centuries.[49][50][10][4] Armenians inhabited Aintab from at least 10th century until the Armenian genocide.[51] Having abandoned Armenian in favour of Turkish as early as the 16th century,[52] the Armenians of Aintab predominantly spoke Turkish,[53][44][54][55][48] while the usage of Armenian increased after 1850.[52] The city also housed a smaller Jewish minority predominantly of Sephardic origin.[56] The Jewish population quickly decreased in mid-20th century, reaching zero people by 1980s.[57] Unlike most Southeastern Anatolian cities, the city of Gaziantep did not have a significant Kurdish minority until the 20th century, when it saw an increase in its Kurdish population through economically motivated migration from Turkish Kurdistan.[58] Up until the late 2010s, the Kurdish population increased to one fourth of the city and the province with 400,000 - 450,000 Kurds.[43] In the late Ottoman era, the city included a number of Europeans and Americans.[59] Aintab also had a sizable Uzbek minority dating back to the Ottoman rule.[60][61]

 
Gaziantep synagogue is rumoured to be 800 years old,[62] although it may have been constructed in the 19th century.[57]
Mother tongue composition of the city proper of Gaziantep in 1927 according to Turkish census[63]
Languages Speakers %
Turkish 38,281 95.7
Arabic 873 2.2
Kurdish 491 1.2
Other 359 0.9
Total 40,004 100

Culture edit

Cuisine edit

 
Lahmacun
 
Baklava

Gaziantep is largely regarded as the city with the richest cuisine in Turkey.[64] It was the first city in Turkey to be designated as a City of Gastronomy by UNESCO in 2015.[65][66] In 2013, Gaziantep baklava became the first Turkish product with a European protected designation of origin and geographical indication.[67]

The cuisine of Aintab was attested to be "rich" by many travellers throughout the centuries. 19th-century British traveller noted:[68]

"The padishah himself would do well to visit Aintab, just to taste the rich food to be found there."

Types of kofta (Turkish: köfte; Gaziantep dialect: küfte[69]) include içli küfte (lit. 'stuffed kofta'), sini küfte, yoğurtlu küfte, yağlı küfte (lit. 'greasy kofta'), tahinli küfte, pendir ekmekli küfte (lit. 'kofta with bread and cheese'), and more.[70] Some koftas do not include any meat such as yapma[71] and malhıtalı küfte (lit. 'lentil kofta').[72]

Pilafs in the Aintab cuisine often accompany the main dish and aren't the main course alone. Traditionally, bulgur is used for the pilafs. The bulgur pilafs can include orzo (Şehriyeli bulgur pilavı; Şʿāreli burgul pilov) or ground beef (Kıymalı aş or Meyhane pilavı, lit. 'tavern pilaf').[70]

There are several types of exclusively-Armenian soups in Aintab cuisine. These include vardapet soup and omız zopalı.[70]

Vegetable dishes of Aintab often include meat but can be vegetarian as well. These include dorgama (doğrama), moussaka, bezelye, bakla, kuru fasulye, mutanya, türlü,[70] and kabaklama.[73] Dolma is a very common dish, different variants of which are cooked. One is kış dolması (lit. 'winter dolma'), for which dried vegetables, such as squash, eggplants, and peppers are used.

 
Dolmalık balcan (Turkish: Dolmalık patlıcan) is a variant of smaller eggplants that are specifically used for dolmas.

Common sweets include bastık and sucuk.

 
Sucuk

Local Turkish dialect edit

The local Turkish dialect of Gaziantep is classified as a part of the Western Turkish dialects based on phonetic and grammatical similarities.[74][75] The dialect carries influences mainly from Armenian and Arabic.[76] The local Turkish dialect of Gaziantep is an integral part of the native identity of the city[77] and is being preserved through often humorous plays by theatrical troupes, such as Çeled Uşaglar (lit. naughty children).[78]

Museums edit

 
Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology
 
The Oceanus and Tethys mosaic in Zeugma Mosaic Museum

The Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology has collections of ceramic pieces from the Neolithic Age; various objects, figures and seals from the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages; stone and bronze objects, jewellery, ceramics, coins, glass objects, mosaics and statues from the Hittite, Urartu, Greek Persian, Roman, Commagene, and Byzantine periods.

The Zeugma Mosaic Museum houses mosaics from Zeugma and other mosaics, a total of 1,700 square metres (18,000 sq ft).[79][citation needed] It opened to the public on 9 September 2011.[80]

The Hasan Süzer Ethnography Museum, a restored late-Ottoman stone building, has the old life style decoration and collections of various weapons, documents, instruments used in the defence of the city as well as the photographs of local resistance heroes. It was originally built in 1906 as the home of Garouj Karamanoukian.

Some of the other historical remains are the Zeugma (also called Belkıs in Turkish), and Kargamış ruins by the town of Nizip and slightly more to the north, Rumkale.

Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop is an open-air museum located in the village known by the same name, 30 km (19 mi) south of the town of Islahiye. It is the largest open-air sculpture workshop in the Near East and the ruins in the area date back to the Hittites.

The Gaziantep Defence Museum: before you enter the Panorama Museum located within the Gaziantep Castle, you encounter the statues of three local heroes Molla Mehmet Karayılan, Şehit Mehmet Kâmil and Şahin Bey at the entrance. As you enter the museum, you hear the echoes: "I am from Antep. I am a hawk (Şahin)." The Gaziantep War Museum, in a historic Antep house (also known as the Nakıpoğlu House) is dedicated to the memory of the 6,317 who died defending the city, becoming symbols of Turkey's national unity and resolve for maintaining independence. The story of how the Battle of Antep is narrated with audio devices and chronological panels.

  •  
    Gaziantep War Museum Courtyard
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    Gaziantep War Museum Arms display
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    Gaziantep War Museum Strategy
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    Gaziantep War Museum Smithy
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    Gaziantep War Museum Mining
  •  
    Gaziantep War Museum Children at war

Gaziantep Mevlevi Lodge Foundation Museum The Antep Mevlevi Lodge in 1638 as a Mevlevi monastery. The dervish lodge is part of the mosque's külliye (Islamic-Ottoman social complex centred around a mosque). It is entered via a courtyard which opens off the courtyard of the mosque. In 2007, the building was opened as the Gaziantep Mevlevi Culture and Foundation Works Museums.

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    Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum Study group
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    Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum Whirling
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    Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum Musicians
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    Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum Graves

Emine Göğüş Cuisine Museum Gaziantep is known for its cuisine and food culture. A historical stone house built in 1904 has been restored and turned into the Emine Göğüş Cuisine Museum. The museum opened as part of the celebrations for the 87th anniversary of Gaziantep's liberation from French occupation.

Historical sites edit

 
Wall paintings and floor mosaics in Zeugma

Places of worship edit

See also: List of places of worship in Gaziantep

Liberation Mosque, the former Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God (Surp Asdvadzadzin), was converted into a mosque after the liberation of the city from the occupying French forces following the Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921). The French forces which occupied the city between 1918 and 1921 included the French Armenian Legion.

Boyacı Mosque, a historic mosque in the Şahinbey district, was built by Kadı Kemalettin in 1211 and completed in 1357. It has one of the world's oldest wooden minbars which is elaborately adorned with Koranic verses, stars and geometric patterns. Its minaret is considered one of the symbols of the city.

Şirvani Mosque (Şirvani Mehmet Efendi Mosque), also called İki Şerefeli Cami, is one of the oldest mosques of Gaziantep, located in the Seferpaşa district. It was built by Şirvani Mehmet Efendi.

Ömeriye Mosque, a mosque in the Düğmeci district. Tradition states that it was first built during the period of the Islamic Caliphate under the second Caliph, Omar (hence its name), which would make it the oldest known mosque in Gaziantep. The modern mosque was restored at the site in 1850. It is known for its black and red marble mihrab.

Şeyh Fethullah Mosque, a historic mosque built in 1563 and located in Kepenek. It has adjoining Turkish baths and a medrese.

 
Minaret of the Boyacı Camii Mosque

Nuri Mehmet Pasha Mosque, a mosque in Çukur built in 1786 by nobleman Nuri Mehmet Pasha. Between 1958 and 1968, it was changed into museum but was reinstated as a mosque after an extensive restoration.

Ahmet Çelebi Mosque, a mosque in Ulucanlar that was built by Hacı Osman, in 1672. It is noted for its elaborate wooden interior.

Tahtani Mosque, a wooden mosque located in Şahinbey, that was built in 1557. The mosque has a unique red marble mihrab.

Alaüddevle Mosque (Ali Dola Mosque), built by Dulkadir bey Alaüddevle Bozkurt. Its construction started in 1479 and was completed in 1515. It has been restored recently with the addition of a new entrance.

Ali Nacar Mosque, a mosque in Yaprak, Şehitkamil, is one of the biggest mosques in Gaziantep, originally built by Ali Nacar. It was enlarged in 1816.

Eyüpoğlu Mosque, a mosque built by the local Islamic saint Eyüboğlu Ahmet during the 14th century. There has been a major restoration, so much so that the present structure hardly resembles the original building.

Kendirli Church, a church that was built in 1860 by means of the assistance of French missionaries and Napoleon III. It is a Catholic Armenian church. It has a rectangular plan and was built through white cut stones on a foundation of black cut stone within a large garden.

Bazaars edit

Zincirli Bedesten is the Ottoman-era covered bazaar of Gaziantep and was built in 1781 by Hüseyin Pasha of Darende. From records, it is known that there was formerly an epigraph on the south gate written by Kusuri; however, this inscription is not in place today. This bazaar was used as a wholesale market hall for meat, fruit and vegetables.

Bakırcılar çarşısi is the coppersmith bazaar of Gaziantep. This trade has existed in the region for over 500 years. The bazaar is part of the official culture route designed to help visitors discover the traditions and culture of the city.

Inns edit

Anatolia Inn The exact date of the inn's (caravanserai) construction is unknown, but it is estimated to have been built in the early 19th century. It is a two-storey building with two courtyards. It is said to have been built by Muhsinzade Hadji Mehmet Bey in 1892. The inn was repaired in 1985 and parts of the top floor were rebuilt.

Kürkçü Inn Classic Ottoman Inn in Boyacı built in 1890.

Old Wheat Inn The original building was constructed by Mustafa Ağa in 1640 to provide an income for the dervish lodge, but was completely destroyed in a fire. The exact construction date of the present building is unknown; however the architectural style suggests the 19th century.

Şire Inn The building is built on a rectangular plan and contains many motifs of classical Ottoman inn architecture. It was built with evenly cut stones and the pitched roof is covered by tiles.

Tobacco Inn This inn has no epigraph showing the dates of construction or renovation, but according to historical data, the estimated date of construction is the late 17th century. Ownership was passed to Hüseyin Ağa, son of Nur Ali Ağa, in the early 19th century.

Yüzükçü Inn The construction date of this inn is unknown. The epigraph on the main gate of the inn is dated 1800, but the building apparently had been built earlier and was repaired at this date. The first owners of the inn were Asiye, the daughter of Battal Bey and Emine Hatun, the daughter of Hadji Osman Bey.

Other edit

Zeugma is an ancient city which was established at the shallowest passable part of the river Euphrates, within the boundaries of the present-day Belkıs village in Gaziantep Province. Due to the strategic character of the region in terms of military and commerce since antiquity (Zeugma was the headquarters of an important Roman legion, the Legio IV Scythica, near the border with Parthia) the city has maintained its importance for centuries, also during the Byzantine period.

Gaziantep Castle, also known as Gala (lit. 'the castle'), located in the centre of the city displays the historic past and architectural style of the city. Although the history of castle is not fully known, as a result of the excavations conducted there, Bronze Age settlement layers are thought to exist under the section existing on the surface of the soil.

Pişirici Kastel, a "kastel" (fountain) which used to be a part of a bigger group of buildings, is thought to have been built in 1282. "Kastels" are water fountains built below ground, and they are structures peculiar to Gaziantep. They are places for ablution, prayer, washing and relaxation.

Old houses of Gaziantep, the traditional houses that are located in the old city: Eyüboğlu, Türktepe, Tepebaşı, Bostancı, Kozluca, Şehreküstü and Kale. They are made of locally found keymik rock and have an inner courtyard called the hayat, which is the focal point of the house.

Tahmis Coffee House, a coffee house that was built by Mustafa Ağa Bin Yusuf, a Turkmen[81] ağa and flag officer, in 1635–1638, in order to provide an income for the dervish lodge. The building suffered two big fires in 1901 and 1903.

Transportation edit

The city is served by Oğuzeli Airport, which has commercial flights to domestic and regional international destinations. The city is served by Turkish State Railways which operates the Gaziantep Railway Station in the city centre.

Gaziantep has a three line light rail system called the Gaziantep Tram. The Gaziantep Tram consists of three lines, is 35 km long and carries 75,000 passengers daily. The system opened in 2011 and was extended in 2012 and 2014.

Gaziray is a commuter rail line serving Gaziantep, Turkey. Being 25 km (16 mi) long, the line is the fourth largest commuter rail system in the country.[82] The system is also a part of major upgrades along the Mersin-Adana-Osmaniye-Gaziantep railway corridor.[83] There are a total of 16 stations on the 25.532 kilometres (15.865 mi) long Gaziray line, two of which are underground, all of which are suitable for disabled access.[84]

Gaziray Suburban Railway Network Stations
Rank Station Connection Class Notes
1 Baspinar Level Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone
2 OSB-3 Level Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone
3 OSB-4 Level Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone
4 Dolice Level Dolice (Dülük) Ancient City
5 Stadium Level Kalyon Stadium
6 Beylerbeyi Level
7 Fistiklik Gaziantep Intercity Bus Terminal Level
8 Selimiye Level Kayaönü
9 Adliye Underground Gaziantep Courthouse, Şehitkamil State Hospital, TEDAŞ
10 Topraklik Underground
11 Mucahitler Level Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, SANKO University Hospital, NCR International Hospital
12 Gaziantep Gaziantep Central Railway Station - T1 - T3 Level Zeugma Mosaic Museum
13 Golluce Level İnayet Topçuoğlu Hospital
14 Seyrantepe Level Küsget Industrial Zone
15 Mustafa Yavuz Level Küsget Industrial Zone
16 Taslica Level Oduncular Industrial Zone

Education edit

Gaziantep Anatolian High School (founded in 1976) is a public school focusing on English language education.

Gaziantep Science High School is a public boarding high school in Gaziantep, Turkey with a curriculum concentrating on natural sciences and mathematics, and with teaching in Turkish.

There is also a variety of high schools consisting of both private and public schools, including Gaziantep Fen Lisesi. Gaziantep College Foundation is one of the oldest colleges in Gaziantep. Gaziantep College Foundation's (abbv. GKV) science high school is the most successful high school in Gaziantep.

Sanko College is a younger but successful school in Gaziantep. Its facility is one of the most qualified school facilities in Turkey. Sanko's newest science and technology high school is also considered a very good school.

The main campus of Gaziantep University is located 10 km (6 mi) away from the city centre. The institution acquired state university status in 1987, but had already offered higher education since 1973 as an extension campus of the Middle East Technical University. It is one of the largest universities in Turkey, boasting 27,000 students.

Hasan Kalyoncu University (Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi) is a private university established in 2008. Currently, the university has five faculties, three institutes and three vocational schools.[85]

Zirve University (Zirve Üniversitesi) was a private university established in 2009. As of 2016, the university had five faculties. The university was closed by the government in 2016 and its facilities transferred to Gaziantep University.

The youngest university in Gaziantep is Sanko University (Sanko Üniversitesi). Established in 2013, Sanko University is the first "thematic university" in Turkey.

Sports edit

Club Sport Established League Venue
ALG Spor Women's football 1998 Women's Football Super League Batur Stadium
Gaziantepspor Football 1969 Bölgesel Amatör Lig New Gaziantep Stadium
Gazişehir Gaziantep F.K. Football 1988 Süper Lig New Gaziantep Stadium
Gazikentspor Women's football 2006 Women's Second League Gazikent Stadium
Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyespor (Played with sponsporship of Royal Halı since 2012) Basketball 2007 Turkish Basketball League Kamil Ocak Sports Hall
Gaziantep Polis Gücü SK Men's Hockey Hockey 2003 Turkish Hockey Super League
Gaziantep Asyaspor women's football 2021 Women'sFootball Super League Aktoprak Football Field

Beslenspor has played in the Turkish Basketball League between 1986 and 1992 and presented Gaziantep at basketball once.

Cityscape edit

The historical core of Gaziantep is located on the Alleben Creek to the north and with heights to the south.[86]: 64  The location of the city among these heights was likely because of their defensibility.[86]: 64 

Historically, the main trade axis was the route from the castle then going southeast along the road to Aleppo.[87]: 8, 13  A number of hans were built along this street.[87]: 8  Due to the hot climate, the city's streets were very narrow in order to maximize shade from the buildings.[87]: 9  Orientation of buildings was important so they couldn't see into each other's courtyards (an important private space, especially for women) and so that they wouldn't block sunlight from neighboring houses.[87]: 6, 9 

Generally, the city's population was organized according to ethno-religious groups who lived close together in the same neighborhood.[87]: 9–10  Around the time of World War I, the city's population was divided between Muslims in the east and non-Muslims (mostly Armenians) in the west.[88]: 197  Muslims lived in the Karagöz, Çukur, Tıslaki, and Şekeroğlu districts; Armenians lived in the Akyol and Bey districts; and Jews lived in the Düğmeci and Karagöz districts.[87]: 10 

An early city planning effort took place in 1891 under Mustafa Ağa, the first mayor of Gaziantep, involving a city plan and province map.[86]: 64  According to Kuyucu and Özer, though, the resulting maps and plans are unavailable.[86]: 64  Another early city plan for Gaziantep was drawn up by Barsumyan and Nazaryan in the early 1920s, during the Turkish War of Independence.[88]: 197 [87]: 11  The Barsumyan-Nazaryan plan included an airport for the city but omitted any railway connections.[88]: 197  During this period, because the Jewish and Armenian communities had left the city during the war period, the city did not expand into new areas; instead, now-vacant neighborhoods were used to meet new demand.[86]: 64 

The Jansen plan (1938) edit

In the first years of the Republic of Turkey, new city planning laws were enacted requiring all major cities to have development plans.[86]: 64  In 1938, the Gaziantep municipality requested that Hermann Jansen draw up a plan for the city.[88]: 200 : 199–200  The resulting Jansen plan was the first large-scale city planning initiative in Gaziantep, and many of its proposals were ultimately put into action.[86]: 67 

The Jansen plan sought to preserve the existing urban character of Gaziantep while also planning new areas outside the traditional core.[86]: 64  It mainly focused on new development on the north, south, and west sides of the city.[88]: 200  New industrial zones were drawn up along important transportation arteries, particularly the Nizip and Aleppo roads.[88]: 200  The most important was a 33-hectare industrial zone on the north side of town, which was to be connected to the railway network.[88]: 200  The new industrial area was specifically chosen to be on the northeast because the prevailing wind direction is from the northwest, so this way air pollution wouldn't be blown over the city.[86]: 66 

The plan introduced several important changes to the city's transportation network.[86]: 64  One of the most important was the addition of a rail line to connect Gaziantep to the national rail system.[86]: 64  Up to now, Turkish railway construction had ignored Gaziantep (partly because of its mountainous surroundings); a national railway plan also introduced in 1938 left Gaziantep unconnected to the rail network.[88]: 198–9  The Jansen plan represented the first major proposal to construct a railway to Gaziantep.[88]: 200  Jansen wanted to put the train station on the north side of the city, for multiple reasons.[86]: 64–5  First, because the topography on the north side is flatter; and second, because putting a railway on the south side would separate the old town from the new planned residential areas further south, which Jansen wanted to avoid.[86]: 65 

Jansen also planned significant changes to the city's streets, opening up several new boulevards and widening pre-existing streets to help make a continuous transportation network.[86]: 65  He proposed combining the Narlı and Aleppo roads into İsmet İnönü Caddesi, which was to be the main transportation axis of the city.[86]: 65  The existing commercial axis along the Aleppo road, lined with hans and marketplaces, was to be expanded with new commercial buildings along the new İnönü Cd.[86]: 65–6  The plan also sought to create a SW-NE axis connecting the Kilis and Nizip roads by way of İstasyon Caddesi in the north and Atatürk Caddesi in the west; this axis would also be connected to İnönü Cd.[86]: 65  Two important pre-existing streets in the old town, Suburcu Cd and Eski Saray Cd, would also be expanded and connected with these other streets.[86]: 65  Finally, besides road and rail, Jansen also proposed the construction of an airport on the west side of town.[86]: 65 

One of the most important features of the Jansen Plan was the designation of a green belt along Alleben Creek, running east–west across the entire city, where no construction was to take place.[86]: 66  This would provide a large open recreational area.[86]: 66  Jansen also proposed a large area to the north of the creek to be used for sports fields and a hippodrome, although these were never built.[86]: 66 

The Jansen plan zoned for new residential areas to the south of the old city.[86]: 65  This may have been done to follow the pre-existing main axis along the southbound Aleppo road.[86]: 65  It may have also been because Jansen wanted the existing houses of the old city to be visible from the south.[86]: 65  He wanted to build new residential areas in a similar fashion, with two-story houses arranged on parallel streets that followed the slope of hills.[86]: 65  In order to provide space for the southward residential expansion, Jansen proposed that the pre-existing cemetery on the south side of town be moved to a new planned location in the northeast.[86]: 65–6 

To the northwest of the old city, Jansen wanted to build one-story houses among vineyards in a low-density agricultural area.[86]: 65  The proposed workers' quarter, in the northeast near the planned industrial zone, was to follow a similar plan, with low-cost single-story houses.[86]: 65 

For the city's new administrative buildings, Jansen chose to develop the Çukurbostan area, located in the old city center but with some vacant space available.[86]: 66  In a departure from his typical policy of not modifying the old urban fabric, also proposed demolishing some existing buildings and altering the pre-existing street layout to accommodate this new construction.[86]: 66 

Impact edit

Many elements of the Jansen plan were ultimately put into action, and it had a significant influence on how Gaziantep was built during the 20th century.[86]: 66  It especially shaped the city's transport network: the construction of a rail line on the north side, the opening of new transportation axes such as İnönü Cd, and the expansion of existing roads were all realized.[86]: 66  The expansion of commercial areas along the old Aleppo road led to the development of İnönü Cd as one of the city's main commercial axes, a role it still plays today.[86]: 66  The airport area he proposed, however, was never built – in the 1950s, as urbanization and population growth created new demand, the area was turned into a residential zone instead.[86]: 66 

The planned residential expansion to the south did take place, as did the proposed relocation of the cemetery to the northeast, but ultimately the main direction of residential expansion shifted to the northwest instead.[86]: 66  This is partly because the hilly area to the south is less conducive for construction.[86]: 67  The industrial zone on the northeast was built, but the adjacent workers' quarter never materialized.[86]: 66  Although the recreational areas to the north were never built, the Alleben green belt became an important green space in the city, and it remains to this day (although some of it has since been turned over for new construction).[86]: 66  Jansen's recommendation of low-rise development also succeeded at preserving the silhouette of the city until the 1970s.[86]: 66 

One failing of the Jansen plan was that it significantly underestimated the population growth of the city during the next 50 years, particularly after 1945.[86]: 66  This lack led to the growth of uncontrolled, unplanned settlements in the city.[86]: 67  In addition, Jansen's general non-intervention policy with the old city center proved insufficient to maintain its character – in the absence of managed oversight, many old buildings ended up deteriorating, ultimately getting demolished, and then being replaced with new structures that architecturally did not blend in.[86]: 67 

The Aru-Söylemezoğlu plan (1955) edit

By the 1950s, Gaziantep's rapid growth was outpacing the Jansen plan's limits, resulting in the creation of unplanned settlements (such as Karşıyaka in the north and Düztepe in the south) and prompting the creation of a new city plan.[89]: 556  This plan, drawn up by Kemal Ahmet Aru and Hamit Kemali Söylemezoğlu in 1955, continued the basic principles of the Jansen plan while adding some revisions.[89]: 556  The city's shape remained compact and focused around a single center, which was now being extended towards the south and west.[89]: 556–7 

The main goal of the Aru-Söylemezoğlu plan was to provide new housing to meet the needs of the growing urban population.[89]: 560  There was also an effort to shift from agriculturally-oriented economy to industrial.[89]: 560 

Among the important features introduced in the Aru-Söylemezoğlu plan were the railway station, now in its current location, and the addition of the new İpek Yolu highway as a northwards continuation of İstasyon Cd.[89]: 556  The new planned upscale residential neighborhoods of Bahçelievler, Kavaklık, and Öğretmenevleri signalled a shift towards building new neighborhoods to the southwest.[89]: 556  Ordu Cd, a westward extension of Atatürk Cd, was opened up, and the Kilis-Aleppo axis shifted to this route.[89]: 556–7  In general, the Aru-Söylemezoğlu plan planned a grid plan for the city's streets.[87]: 10 

The area north of Alleben Creek, which under the Jansen plan had been designated as recreational areas, were converted into residential development under Aru-Söylemezoğlu plan.[89]: 557  Several small new industrial areas were also developed around Nizip Cd, Araban Yolu, and İpek Yolu.[89]: 556 

The Can plan (1973) edit

In 1973, a competition was organized under the supervision of İller Bank to draft a third city zoning plan for Gaziantep; it was held simultaneously with ones in Konya and Kayseri.[89]: 557  The Gaziantep contest was won by a team led by Zühtü Can and also including Yalçın Alaybeyoğlu, Abdullah Dellaloğlu, Müzeyyen Can, and Haluk Aral.[89]: 557  The resulting Can plan consisted of several stages guiding the city's development until a target year of 1995, when they projected a population of 1 million for Gaziantep.[89]: 557 

The Can plan focused on developing Gaziantep as an industrial center, with an increasing share of land dedicated to industrial use.[89]: 557  These industrial areas were also increasingly set apart from residential areas.[89]: 561  The Can plan envisioned a three-pole city with industrial areas at the west and east ends and new residential development in the south.[89]: 557  Gaziantep's Organized Industrial Zone had been established in 1969 and was one of the first in Turkey.[89]: 558  By 1978, manufacturing had reached 11.6% of Gaziantep's GDP,[89]: 561  compared to about 17% for the country as a whole.[90]

The 1970s were Gaziantep's highest period of immigration.[89]: 558  New residential development during this period was clustered into two main areas.[89]: 558  The first area was neighborhoods on the south and east sides of town like Karşıyaka, Düztepe, and Çıksorut, where many manufacturing jobs were available.[89]: 558  The second consisted of areas on the north and west where relatively higher-income people who worked in the service sector lived.[89]: 558  The patterns for urban development differed between these two areas.[89]: 558  In the south and east, there was an irregular settlement pattern formed by purchasing land around factories.[89]: 558  In the north and west, there was a regular grid of wide streets lined with houses and apartment complexes.[89]: 558 

Beginning in the mid-1980s, the Can plan was undermined by illegal building and zoning amnesties, which disrupted the plan's form and caused the city to grow in unplanned ways.[89]: 558  The municipal government tried to address the situation by performing piecemeal interventions to rehabilitate these areas, but ultimately the effect was that poorly integrated pockets of the city were formed.[89]: 558 

The Aldan plan (1990) edit

The problem of illegal construction in the late 80s, combined with the introduction of the Metropolitan Municipality Law and changes to national zoning regulations such as Zoning Law 3194 (both giving cities increased authority in urban planning as opposed to the central government), necessitated an updated city plan.[89]: 558, 61  This plan, the fourth one in Gaziantep's history, was drafted in 1990 by H. Oğuz Aldan.[89]: 558  The Aldan plan had a target year of 2005, with a predicted population of about 1.8 million.[89]: 558  It planned for the city to expand to 8010 ha, of which 26% would be residential, 22% would be industrial, and 17% would be open green spaces.[89]: 558 

The Aldan plan followed a metropolitan, polycentric model, with new commercial zones mixed in with the residential areas to serve as secondary urban centers.[89]: 558  The main directions for new development were toward the west and south.[89]: 558  A new ring road on the east, south, and west helped boost growth in these directions.[89]: 558  Some of the new secondary centers were built in the Karataş and İbrahimli areas.[89]: 559  Another major addition was a new commercial area on the east side of the city called the Gaziantep Ticaret ve Endüstri Merkezi (Gaziantep Trade and Industry Center), or GATEM for short.[89]: 559  Located on the Araban-Adıyaman highway, on the city's outskirts, the GATEM was to occpuy 40 ha and also include an intercity bus terminal.[89]: 559 

In the 21st century edit

Since the 2000s, a number of smaller-scale targeted projects have taken place, such as local rezoning of industrial areas in the Ünaldı neighborhood; reworking unplanned settlements that do not meet building standards; and various other development projects (for example in areas like Bağlarbaşı, Geneyik, Sarıgüllük, Halep Bulvarı, Kilis Yolu, and Orta Tepe).[89]: 559–60 

Zoo edit

 
Ramphastos vitellinus at the Gaziantep Zoo

Gaziantep Zoo is one of the largest zoos in Turkey. Especially interesting are the bird pavilion and the aquarium. Gaziantep Zoo offers a large variety of animals, attractive picnic grounds, and a cafeteria. The facility is established on 1,000,000-square-metre (11,000,000 sq ft) field. There are 264 species and 6,814 animals.

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    Gaziantep Zoo White deer
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    Red-necked wallaby
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    Gaziantep Zoo Eagles

International relations edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Twin towns — sister cities edit

Gaziantep is twinned with:[91][92][93]

Notable people from Gaziantep edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Turkey: Administrative Division (Provinces and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Peirce, Leslie (2003). Morality Tales: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520228924. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  3. ^ "Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts". www.turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b Sarafean, Georg Avedis (1957). A Briefer History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural, Religious, Educational, Political, Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab. Boston: Union of the Armenians of Aintab. p. 11. from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022. The population of Aintab in 1914, before the Armenian deportations started, was about 80,000;. The Armenians constituted a minority-30,000. These were divided as follows: Armenian protestants—4000; Catholics—400; and the rest, i.e., the bulk of Armenians belonging to the Armenian national apostolic church. Apostolic is a designation, chiefly because the Armenian church was founded by the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholemew. There were 2000 Kurds and a few hundred Cherkesse immigrants from the Caucasus regions, and the remainder of the 80,000; population consisted of Turks, who formed a majority group in the city.
  5. ^ ibn al-Qalanisi, H.A.R. Gibb, editor and translator, The Damascus chronicle of the Crusades, London 1932, p. 367.
  6. ^ Golius, Jacobus (1669). Muhammedis fil. Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur, Elementa astronomica, Arabicè & Latinè. Cum notis ad res exoticas sive Orientales, quae in iis occurrunt. Opera Jacobi Golii. Amsterdam. p. 273. from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  7. ^ Saint-Martin, M. J. (1818). Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur l'Arménie: suivis du texte arménien de l'histoire des princes Orpélians, par Etienne Orpélian ... et de celui des géographies attribuées à Moyse de Khoren et au docteur Vartan, avec plusieurs autres pièces relatives à l'histoire d'Arménie : le tout accompagné d'une traduction française et de notes, Volume 1. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. p. 197. from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  8. ^ . Gaziantep.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  9. ^ Chyet, Michael L. (7 January 2020). FERHENGA BIRÛSKÎ Kurmanji - English Dictionary Volume One: A - L. Transnational Press London. ISBN 978-1-912997-04-6. from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
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  12. ^ Anna Teresa Serventi (1957). "Una statuetta hiittita". Rivista Degli Studi Orientali (in Italian). 32: 241–246. JSTOR 41922836. Aintab, Gazi Antep in Turkish, about 80 km north-northeast from Aleppo and about 40 km from the Syrian-Turkish border, is commonly held to be the site of Antiochia ad Taurum
  13. ^ Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century Ce. Brill. p. 225. ISBN 9004117415. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
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  18. ^ Ümit Kurt (13 April 2021). The Armenians of Aintab The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674259898. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
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  29. ^ Kurt, Ümit (2019). "From Aintab to Gaziantep: The Reconstitution of an Elite on the Ottoman Periphery". The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7. "Official Turkish historiography claims that the Turkish–French war in Aintab was a heroic struggle for national independence, which earned the city glory and its grand title, ghazi (conqueror). Gaziantep's 'heroic epic' was in fact a struggle whose incentive was to wipe out the Armenian presence in the city for good. Its main motive was to ensure that the Armenians of Aintab would never be able to return to the city. Whether forcibly removed or through various administrative measures, the outcome of all of these 'struggles' rendered it impossible for Armenian repatriates to remain in their native cities, towns or villages. Hoping to make these people flee their homeland again, the brave national warriors continued to terrorise them. When the Armenians left Aintab for good in 1921–2, their leftover houses, fields, estates and other properties were sold at bargain prices."
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February 16, 2024
gaziantep, turkish, pronunciation, ɡaːˈziantep, historically, aintab, still, informally, called, antep, pronounced, ˈantep, major, city, south, central, turkey, capital, province, westernmost, part, turkey, southeastern, anatolia, region, partially, mediterran. Gaziantep Turkish pronunciation ɡaːˈziantep historically Aintab and still informally called Antep pronounced ˈantep is a major city in south central Turkey It is the capital of the Gaziantep Province in the westernmost part of Turkey s Southeastern Anatolia Region and partially in the Mediterranean Region It is located approximately 185 km 115 mi east of Adana and 97 km 60 mi north of Aleppo Syria and situated on the Sajur River The city is thought to be located on the site of ancient Antiochia ad Taurum and is near ancient Zeugma GaziantepMetropolitan municipalityClockwise from top Gaziantep Castle Sirehan Alauddevle Mosque Gaziantep skyline Budeyri Hani tr and Tahtani Mosque Liberation Mosque former St Mary s Cathedral Emblem of Gaziantep Metropolitan MunicipalityGaziantepLocation of Gaziantep within TurkeyShow map of TurkeyGaziantepGaziantep Asia Show map of AsiaGaziantepGaziantep Europe Show map of EuropeCoordinates 37 03 46 N 37 22 45 E 37 06278 N 37 37917 E 37 06278 37 37917Country TurkeyRegionSoutheastern AnatoliaProvinceGaziantepGovernment MayorFatma Sahin AK Party Area Metropolitan municipality6 819 km2 2 633 sq mi Urban2 960 km2 1 140 sq mi Metro2 250 km2 870 sq mi Population 31 12 2021 estimation 1 Metropolitan municipality2 130 432 Density310 km2 810 sq mi Urban1 808 948 Urban density610 km2 1 600 sq mi Metro1 775 904 Metro density790 km2 2 000 sq mi DemonymAintaban 2 75 GDP 3 Metropolitan municipalityTRY 148 558 billionUS 16 545 billion 2021 Per capitaTRY 70 228US 7 819 2021 Time zoneUTC 3 TRT Postal code27x xxArea code342 amp 343Licence plate27Websitewww gaziantep gov trAs of the 2021 census the Gaziantep province Metropolitan municipality was home to 2 130 432 inhabitants of whom 1 775 904 lived in the metropolitan area made of two out of three urban districts of Sahinbey and Sehitkamil as Oguzeli is not conurbated It is the sixth most populous city in Turkey Gaziantep is a diverse city inhabited mostly by ethnic Turks and a significant minority of Kurds and Syrian refugees It was historically populated by Turkmens Armenians Jews and a plethora of other ethnic groups In February 2023 the city was heavily damaged by the 2023 Turkey Syria earthquake Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Hellenistic period 2 2 Medieval history 2 3 Ottoman period 2 3 1 Battle of Marj Dabiq 2 3 2 Economic recovery 2 3 3 Administrative changes 2 3 4 17th through 19th centuries 2 4 Turkish period 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Politics 4 1 Mayors 5 Economy 6 Demographics 6 1 History 7 Culture 7 1 Cuisine 7 2 Local Turkish dialect 7 3 Museums 7 4 Historical sites 7 4 1 Places of worship 7 4 2 Bazaars 7 4 3 Inns 7 4 4 Other 8 Transportation 9 Education 10 Sports 11 Cityscape 11 1 The Jansen plan 1938 11 1 1 Impact 11 2 The Aru Soylemezoglu plan 1955 11 3 The Can plan 1973 11 4 The Aldan plan 1990 11 5 In the 21st century 11 6 Zoo 12 International relations 12 1 Twin towns sister cities 13 Notable people from Gaziantep 14 See also 15 ReferencesName editDue to the city s contact with various ethnic groups and cultures throughout its history the name of the city has many variants and alternatives such as Hantab Hamtab or Hatab as known by the Crusaders 4 5 Antab and its variants in vulgar Turkish and Armenian since 17th century the latest 6 7 Aintab عين تاب in Ottoman Turkish Gazi Ayintap in official Turkish after February 1921 when the Turkish parliament honored the city as غازى عینتاب Ghazi Aintab to commemorate its resistance to the French Siege of Aintab during the Franco Turkish War Gaziantep in official Turkish after 1928 8 Aintab عينتاب in Arabic Entab or Dilok in Kurdish 9 Aintab or Verdun Turc in French 10 The several theories for the origin of the current name include citation needed Aintap may be derived from khantap meaning king s land in the Hittite language Ain an Arabic and Aramaic word meaning spring and tab as a word of praise Antep could be a corruption of the Arabic ain ṭayyib meaning good spring 11 However the Arabic name for the city is spelled with t ت not ṭ ط Ayin dab or Ayin debo in Aramaic meaning spring of the wolf History edit nbsp The Gypsy Girl is being displayed at Zeugma Mosaic Museum nbsp Funerary portrait of a man Palmyra Syria second or third century AD presented in Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology nbsp View of Antep s historic city centre nbsp Gaziantep Mevlevi Culture and Foundation Works Museums about the Sufi whirling dervishes of Gaziantep nbsp Zeugma Mosaic Museum in GaziantepHellenistic period edit Gaziantep is the probable site of the Hellenistic city of Antiochia ad Taurum 12 Antiochia in the Taurus Mountains Medieval history edit During its early history Aintab was largely a fortress overshadowed by the city of Duluk some 12 km to the north Aintab came to prominence after an earthquake in the 14th century devastated Duluk 2 22 Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant the region passed to the Umayyads in 661 AD and the Abbasids in 750 It was ravaged several times during the Arab Byzantine wars After the disintegration of the Abbasid dynasty the city was ruled successively by the Tulunids the Ikhshidids and the Hamdanids citation needed In 962 it was recaptured by the Byzantines upon the expansion led by Nikephoros II Phokas 13 After Afshin Bey captured the fortress in 1067 Aintab fell to Seljuk rule 14 and was administered by Seljuk emirs of Damascus One of these emirs Tutush I appointed Armenian noble Thoros of Edessa as the governor of the region 15 It was captured by the Crusaders and united to the Maras Seigneurship in the County of Edessa in 1098 The region continued to be ruled by independent or vassalized Armenian lords such as Kogh Vasil 16 It reverted to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in 1150 was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1155 1157 and 1204 1206 and captured by the Zengids in 1172 and the Ayyubids in 1181 It was retaken by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in 1218 citation needed With the turn of the 13th century Duluk became one of Aintab s dependencies according to geographer Yaqut al Hamawi In the next century Aintab was the capital of its district and a town with fine markets much frequented by merchants and travellers while Duluk was in ruins according to Abulfeda 17 Still Aintab continued to be hotly contested throughout these centuries 2 22 3 It was besieged by the Mongols in 1270 2 23 It repeatedly changed hands between the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate or the Dulkadirids a Turkoman vassal state of the Mamluks Gaziantep was near the southern frontier of the Dulkadir emirate and on several occasions it slipped out of their control 2 23 The Ilkhans ruled over it between 1260 and 1261 1271 1272 1280 1281 and 1299 1317 The Mamluks controlled the city between 1261 and 1271 1272 1280 1281 1299 1317 1341 1353 1378 1381 1389 It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Dulkadir leader Sevli Beg in 1390 Although the Mamluks and their Dulkadirid vassals could control the city from 1395 until the Ottoman conquest in 1516 the city was besieged by Timur in 1400 and then in 1420 by the Ak Koyunlu leader Kara Yusuf 2 23 These attacks all caused destruction and suffering among the local population But at the same time the city was acquiring a reputation as a cultured urban center Badr al Din al Ayni an Aintab native who became a successful diplomat judge and historian under the Mamluks wrote at the end of the 1300s that the city was called little Bukhara because so many scholars came to study there Ayni also left a firsthand account of the suffering caused during Sevli Beg s siege in 1390 2 23 Another rough patch for Aintab s people came in the late 1460s when the Dulkadir prince Sehsuvar rebelled against the Mamluks 2 25 Mamluk forces captured Aintab in May 1468 driving out Sehsuvar s forces a report by the governor of Aleppo indicates that resistance had been fierce Just a month later Sehsuvar recaptured Aintab after four engagements with Mamluk forces After Sehsuvar s final defeat and public execution by the Mamluks in 1473 Gaziantep enjoyed a period of relative peace and stability under his brother and successor Alauddevle Alauddevle appears to have considered Gaziantep an important possession and commissioned several constructions in the city including a reservoir and a large mosque in the middle of town The city s fortress was also renovated completed in 1481 These repairs were likely ordered by the Mamluk sultan Qaitbay during his tour of northern Syria in 1477 his name is inscribed above the entrance portal perhaps symbolically marking his territory 2 26 The end of the Dulkadir principality came around 1515 Alauddevle refused to fight alongside the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 The Ottomans used this as a pretext to overthrow him and in June 1515 he was executed 2 24 As Alauddevle had been a Mamluk vassal the Mamluks considered this an affront and the Mamluk sultan Qansuh al Ghawri mobilized an army and marched north towards Aleppo 2 25 The conflict over the region meant that in Gaziantep anxieties about the fate of the city and its surroundings must have been high Later court records from the early 1540s provide documentary evidence of dislocation and loss of population as people fled this may have been more pronounced in rural areas than in the city itself 2 30 Ottoman period edit The Ottoman Empire captured Gaziantep just before the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 under the reign of Sultan Selim I In the Ottoman period Aintab was a sanjakcentred initially in the Dulkadir Eyalet 1516 1818 and later in the Aleppo vilayet 1908 1918 It was also a kaza in the Aleppo vilayet 1818 1908 The city established itself as a centre for commerce due to its location straddling trade routes Although it was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia only between 1155 1157 and 1204 1206 for most of the last two millennia Gaziantep hosted a large Armenian community Armenians played a significant role in the city s history culture welfare and prosperity These communities no longer exist in the city due to the Hamidian massacres in 1895 and the Armenian genocide in 1915 Gaziantep served a significant trade route within the Ottoman Empire Armenians were active in manufacturing agriculture production and most notably trade and became the wealthiest ethnic group in the city 18 until their wealth was confiscated during the Armenian genocide 19 Battle of Marj Dabiq edit At the beginning of his campaign against the Mamluks in 1516 the Ottoman sultan Selim I brought his army to Gaziantep en route to Syria The city s Mamluk governor Yunus Beg submitted to Selim without a fight and gave him the keys to the castle on 20 August 2 26 The next day 21 August Selim set up camp outside the city with great majesty and pomp and held meetings with local military commanders to discuss strategy for the upcoming battle 2 26 7 The fateful Battle of Marj Dabiq took place just days later on 24 August Gaziantep although not an active battle site thus played a strategic role in the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk sultanate 2 27 The Ottoman victory at Marj Dabiq had profound consequences for Gaziantep although its inhabitants had no way of knowing at the time For the first time in almost 1 000 years Gaziantep was located in the middle of an empire rather than a contested border region It lost its strategic importance but also its vulnerability to attack For four centuries until the French occupation in 1921 Gaziantep was relatively peaceful 2 27 Economic recovery edit In the short term though Gaziantep was still reeling from the instability before and after the Ottoman conquest 2 28 9 During that period Gaziantep had suffered from depredation as well as fear caused by political uncertainty 2 29 Besides political conflict the city s economic slump at this time can also be partly attributed to a general decline in commerce in the eastern Mediterranean region that caused a general economic downturn in the region in the early 1500s 2 31 2 Only around the 1530s when the Ottoman authorities turned their attention to the territories recently conquered from Dulkadir do cadastral records indicate renewed prosperity in Gaziantep 2 28 30 1 An important event was Suleyman the Magnificent s successful Mesopotamian campaign against Safavid Iran in 1534 36 which took Baghdad and increased the security of trade routes in Gaziantep s region 2 31 As with the earlier economic downturn the renewed prosperity in Gaziantep in the 1530s was part of a broader regional pattern of economic growth during this period 2 32 As a disclaimer some of this apparent economic growth may be an artifact of using tax documents as a source Tax assessors may have simply been doing more accurate counts in later surveys or the government might have been applying more strict scrutiny as their control increased 2 32 Part of this was deliberate the Ottomans had a policy of lowering taxes in recently conquered territories both to placate locals and to provide an economic stimulus to help war torn areas recover 2 32 3 Later as their control solidified the authorities would raise taxes again According to Leslie Peirce this seems to have been the case in Gaziantep tax rates in 1536 were significantly lower than the rates in 1520 which she assumes were the pre Ottoman rates The rates went up again in the 1543 survey which she interprets as the Ottomans raising taxes again in the meantime 2 33 Administrative changes edit The Dulkadir emirate didn t simply go away immediately after the Ottoman victory at Marj Dabiq It stuck around as an Ottoman vassal until 1522 when the last Dulkadir ruler resisted discipline by the Ottoman administration The Ottomans had him executed and officially dismantled the Dulkadir principality annexing its territories to the empire to form the beglerbeglik of Dulkadir 2 25 Despite being part of the former Dulkadir territories though the sanjak of Gaziantep was initially put under the beglerbeglik of Aleppo instead of Dulkadir This indicates how just as in the Mamluk period Gaziantep was then seen more as part of northern Syria than as part of Anatolia The area was culturally mixed and many locals were bilingual in Turkish and Arabic as well as other languages Gaziantep s cultural and economic ties were mostly with Aleppo which was a major international center of trade 2 27 At some point in the 1530s Gaziantep was moved into the beglerbeglik of Dulkadir whose capital was Maras Even though it was now administratively part of Dulkadir Gaziantep remained commercially more connected to Aleppo 2 27 17th through 19th centuries edit The 17th century Turkish traveller Evliya Celebi noted it had 3 900 shops and two bedestens In 1818 Gaziantep was moved back into the Aleppo province 2 27 By the end of the 19th century Aintab had a population of about 45 000 two thirds of whom were Muslim largely Turkish but also partially Arab A large community of Christians lived in the Armenian community In the 19th century considerable American Protestant Christian missionary activity occurred in Aintab 20 21 In particular Central Turkey College was founded in 1874 by the American Mission Board and largely served the Armenian community The Armenians were systemically slaughtered during the Hamidian massacres in 1895 and later the Armenian genocide in 1915 22 23 Consequently the Central Turkey College was transferred to Aleppo in 1916 nbsp Aintab in mid 19th centuryTurkish period edit After the First World War and Armistice of Mudros Gaziantep was occupied by the United Kingdom on 17 December 1918 and it was transferred to France on 5 November 1919 24 The French Armenian Legion was also involved in occupation In April 1920 irregular Turkish troops known as Kuva yi Milliye besieged the city 25 but the 10 month long battle resulted in French victory 26 Around 6 000 Turkish civilians were killed in the process 27 The French made the last attempt to revive the Armenian community in the city during the Siege of Aintab where the Armenians who fled the genocide were promised their homes back in their native lands However on 25 December 1921 the Treaty of Ankara was signed and as a result the French evacuated the city According to Umit Kurt born in modern day Gaziantep and an academic at Harvard s Center for Middle East Studies The famous battle of Aintab against the French seems to have been as much the organised struggle of a group of genocide profiteers seeking to hold onto their loot as it was a fight against an occupying force The resistance sought to make it impossible for the Armenian repatriates to remain in their native towns terrorising them again to make them flee In short not only did the local landowners industrialists and civil military bureaucratic elites lead to the resistance movement but they also financed it to cleanse Aintab of Armenians 28 The same Turkish families who made their wealth through the expropriation of Armenians in 1915 and 1921 1922 continued to dominate the city s politics through the one party period of the Republic of Turkey 29 In 2013 Turkey a member state of NATO requested deployment of MIM 104 Patriot missiles to Gaziantep to be able to respond faster in a case of military operation against Turkish soil in the Syrian Civil War which was accepted 30 source source source source source source source Video showing damage to the castle and the nearby Sirvani Mosque on the day of the 2023 earthquake Gaziantep Castle was first built by the Hittite Empire as an observation point and later built into a main castle by the Roman Empire On 6 February 2023 the city and nearby areas were devastated by catastrophic earthquakes Around 900 buildings collapsed 31 and 10 777 other buildings were heavily damaged in the city which have been slated for demolition 32 Historic buildings including the Gaziantep Castle the Sirvani Mosque and the Liberation Mosque were also heavily damaged Geography editThe city is located on the Aintab plateau Climate edit nbsp nbsp Koppen map of Gaziantep Province and surrounding regions 33 BSh Csa Dsa DsbGaziantep has a hot summer Mediterranean climate Koppen Csa Trewartha Cs with very hot dry summers and cool wet and often snowy winters According to 1966 data on average Gaziantep experiences 4 6 snowy days per winter with 10 days of snow cover along with 2 5 days of hail 34 302 Climate data for Gaziantep 1991 2020 extremes 1940 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 19 0 66 2 24 3 75 7 28 1 82 6 34 0 93 2 37 8 100 0 40 2 104 4 44 0 111 2 42 8 109 0 40 8 105 4 36 4 97 5 27 3 81 1 25 2 77 4 44 0 111 2 Mean daily maximum C F 8 4 47 1 10 2 50 4 15 0 59 0 20 3 68 5 26 0 78 8 31 9 89 4 36 0 96 8 36 2 97 2 31 8 89 2 25 0 77 0 16 5 61 7 10 4 50 7 22 3 72 1 Daily mean C F 3 9 39 0 5 1 41 2 9 3 48 7 14 0 57 2 19 3 66 7 24 8 76 6 28 7 83 7 28 7 83 7 24 2 75 6 17 7 63 9 10 2 50 4 5 6 42 1 16 0 60 8 Mean daily minimum C F 0 4 32 7 0 9 33 6 4 2 39 6 8 3 46 9 13 0 55 4 18 1 64 6 22 1 71 8 22 1 71 8 17 5 63 5 11 7 53 1 5 4 41 7 1 9 35 4 10 5 50 9 Record low C F 17 5 0 5 15 6 3 9 11 12 4 3 24 3 0 4 32 7 4 5 40 1 9 0 48 2 10 8 51 4 3 4 38 1 3 9 25 0 9 7 14 5 15 5 17 5 0 5 Average precipitation mm inches 98 1 3 86 89 6 3 53 68 9 2 71 56 1 2 21 32 9 1 30 9 2 0 36 10 6 0 42 8 5 0 33 13 1 0 52 42 6 1 68 67 5 2 66 104 5 4 11 601 6 23 69 Average precipitation days 13 17 12 20 12 20 10 67 8 00 2 47 0 77 0 70 2 23 6 93 8 57 12 73 90 6Average relative humidity 74 2 70 8 64 7 61 3 56 0 47 5 43 9 46 9 49 4 57 2 67 2 73 7 59 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 111 6 124 3 164 3 192 0 220 1 261 0 275 9 269 7 234 0 198 4 153 0 105 4 2 309 7Mean daily sunshine hours 3 6 4 4 5 3 6 4 7 1 8 7 8 9 8 7 7 8 6 4 5 1 3 4 6 3Source 1 Turkish State Meteorological Service 35 Source 2 NOAA humidity 1991 2020 36 Politics editThe current mayor of Gaziantep is Fatma Sahin 37 who had previously served as the minister of family and social policies in the third cabinet of Erdogan Mayors edit Mayors of Gaziantep 38 Mayor Years of serviceFatma Sahin 2014 presentAsim Guzelbey 2004 2014Celal Dogan 1989 2004Omer Arpacioglu 1984 1989Economy edit nbsp Medical Park Hospital in GaziantepGaziantep is famous for its regional specialities copperware and Yemeni sandals specific to the region are two examples The city is an economic centre for Southeastern and Eastern Turkey The number of large industrial businesses established in Gaziantep comprise four percent of Turkish industry in general while small industries comprise six percent Also Gaziantep has the largest organised industrial area in Turkey and holds first position in exports and imports 39 The city is the centre of the green olive oil based Nizip Soap industry Traditionally commerce in Gaziantep was centre in covered markets known as Bedesten or Hans the best known of which are the Zincirli Bedesten Huseyin Pasha Bedesten and Kemikli Bedesten Gaziantep also has a developing tourist industry Development around the base of the castle upgrades the beauty and accessibility to the castle and to the surrounding copper workshops New restaurants and tourist friendly businesses are moving into the area In comparison with some other regions of Turkey tourists are still a novelty in Gaziantep and the locals make them very welcome citation needed Many students studying the English language are willing to be guides for tourists Gaziantep is one of the leading producers of machined carpets in the world It exported approximately US 700 million of machine made carpets in 2006 There are over 100 carpet facilities in the Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone citation needed With its extensive olive groves vineyards and pistachio orchards Gaziantep is one of the important agricultural and industrial centres of Turkey citation needed Gaziantep is the centre of pistachio cultivation in Turkey producing 60 000 metric tons 59 000 long tons 66 000 short tons in 2007 and lends its name to the Turkish word for pistachio Antep fistigi meaning Antep nut Gaziantep is the main centre for pistachio processing in Turkey with some 80 of the country s pistachio processing such as shelling packaging exporting and storage being done in the city 40 Antep fistigi is a protected geographical indication in Turkey it was registered under this status in 2000 40 In 2009 the largest enclosed shopping centre in the city and region Sanko Park opened and began drawing a significant number of shoppers from Syria 41 Ties between Turkey and Syria have severely deteriorated since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011 Demographics editGaziantep is mostly inhabited by Turks 42 It is also inhabited by a significant minority of Kurds 42 about 450 thousand people 43 and roughly 470 thousand Syrian refugees 42 History edit In early 14th century Arab geographer Dimashki noted that the people of Aintab were Turkomans 17 Aintab continued to be Turkish or Turkoman majority through 18th 44 19th 45 46 47 48 and 20th centuries 49 50 10 4 Armenians inhabited Aintab from at least 10th century until the Armenian genocide 51 Having abandoned Armenian in favour of Turkish as early as the 16th century 52 the Armenians of Aintab predominantly spoke Turkish 53 44 54 55 48 while the usage of Armenian increased after 1850 52 The city also housed a smaller Jewish minority predominantly of Sephardic origin 56 The Jewish population quickly decreased in mid 20th century reaching zero people by 1980s 57 Unlike most Southeastern Anatolian cities the city of Gaziantep did not have a significant Kurdish minority until the 20th century when it saw an increase in its Kurdish population through economically motivated migration from Turkish Kurdistan 58 Up until the late 2010s the Kurdish population increased to one fourth of the city and the province with 400 000 450 000 Kurds 43 In the late Ottoman era the city included a number of Europeans and Americans 59 Aintab also had a sizable Uzbek minority dating back to the Ottoman rule 60 61 nbsp Gaziantep synagogue is rumoured to be 800 years old 62 although it may have been constructed in the 19th century 57 Mother tongue composition of the city proper of Gaziantep in 1927 according to Turkish census 63 Languages Speakers Turkish 38 281 95 7Arabic 873 2 2Kurdish 491 1 2Other 359 0 9Total 40 004 100Culture editCuisine edit nbsp Lahmacun nbsp BaklavaGaziantep is largely regarded as the city with the richest cuisine in Turkey 64 It was the first city in Turkey to be designated as a City of Gastronomy by UNESCO in 2015 65 66 In 2013 Gaziantep baklava became the first Turkish product with a European protected designation of origin and geographical indication 67 The cuisine of Aintab was attested to be rich by many travellers throughout the centuries 19th century British traveller noted 68 The padishah himself would do well to visit Aintab just to taste the rich food to be found there Types of kofta Turkish kofte Gaziantep dialect kufte 69 include icli kufte lit stuffed kofta sini kufte yogurtlu kufte yagli kufte lit greasy kofta tahinli kufte pendir ekmekli kufte lit kofta with bread and cheese and more 70 Some koftas do not include any meat such as yapma 71 and malhitali kufte lit lentil kofta 72 Pilafs in the Aintab cuisine often accompany the main dish and aren t the main course alone Traditionally bulgur is used for the pilafs The bulgur pilafs can include orzo Sehriyeli bulgur pilavi Sʿareli burgul pilov or ground beef Kiymali as or Meyhane pilavi lit tavern pilaf 70 There are several types of exclusively Armenian soups in Aintab cuisine These include vardapet soup and omiz zopali 70 Vegetable dishes of Aintab often include meat but can be vegetarian as well These include dorgama dograma moussaka bezelye bakla kuru fasulye mutanya turlu 70 and kabaklama 73 Dolma is a very common dish different variants of which are cooked One is kis dolmasi lit winter dolma for which dried vegetables such as squash eggplants and peppers are used nbsp Dolmalik balcan Turkish Dolmalik patlican is a variant of smaller eggplants that are specifically used for dolmas Common sweets include bastik and sucuk nbsp SucukLocal Turkish dialect edit The local Turkish dialect of Gaziantep is classified as a part of the Western Turkish dialects based on phonetic and grammatical similarities 74 75 The dialect carries influences mainly from Armenian and Arabic 76 The local Turkish dialect of Gaziantep is an integral part of the native identity of the city 77 and is being preserved through often humorous plays by theatrical troupes such as Celed Usaglar lit naughty children 78 Museums edit nbsp Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology nbsp The Oceanus and Tethys mosaic in Zeugma Mosaic MuseumThe Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology has collections of ceramic pieces from the Neolithic Age various objects figures and seals from the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages stone and bronze objects jewellery ceramics coins glass objects mosaics and statues from the Hittite Urartu Greek Persian Roman Commagene and Byzantine periods The Zeugma Mosaic Museum houses mosaics from Zeugma and other mosaics a total of 1 700 square metres 18 000 sq ft 79 citation needed It opened to the public on 9 September 2011 80 The Hasan Suzer Ethnography Museum a restored late Ottoman stone building has the old life style decoration and collections of various weapons documents instruments used in the defence of the city as well as the photographs of local resistance heroes It was originally built in 1906 as the home of Garouj Karamanoukian Some of the other historical remains are the Zeugma also called Belkis in Turkish and Kargamis ruins by the town of Nizip and slightly more to the north Rumkale Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop is an open air museum located in the village known by the same name 30 km 19 mi south of the town of Islahiye It is the largest open air sculpture workshop in the Near East and the ruins in the area date back to the Hittites The Gaziantep Defence Museum before you enter the Panorama Museum located within the Gaziantep Castle you encounter the statues of three local heroes Molla Mehmet Karayilan Sehit Mehmet Kamil and Sahin Bey at the entrance As you enter the museum you hear the echoes I am from Antep I am a hawk Sahin The Gaziantep War Museum in a historic Antep house also known as the Nakipoglu House is dedicated to the memory of the 6 317 who died defending the city becoming symbols of Turkey s national unity and resolve for maintaining independence The story of how the Battle of Antep is narrated with audio devices and chronological panels nbsp Gaziantep War Museum Courtyard nbsp Gaziantep War Museum Arms display nbsp Gaziantep War Museum Strategy nbsp Gaziantep War Museum Smithy nbsp Gaziantep War Museum Mining nbsp Gaziantep War Museum Children at warGaziantep Mevlevi Lodge Foundation Museum The Antep Mevlevi Lodge in 1638 as a Mevlevi monastery The dervish lodge is part of the mosque s kulliye Islamic Ottoman social complex centred around a mosque It is entered via a courtyard which opens off the courtyard of the mosque In 2007 the building was opened as the Gaziantep Mevlevi Culture and Foundation Works Museums nbsp Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum Study group nbsp Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum Whirling nbsp Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum Musicians nbsp Gaziantep Mevlevi Museum GravesEmine Gogus Cuisine Museum Gaziantep is known for its cuisine and food culture A historical stone house built in 1904 has been restored and turned into the Emine Gogus Cuisine Museum The museum opened as part of the celebrations for the 87th anniversary of Gaziantep s liberation from French occupation Historical sites edit nbsp Wall paintings and floor mosaics in ZeugmaPlaces of worship edit See also List of places of worship in Gaziantep Liberation Mosque the former Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God Surp Asdvadzadzin was converted into a mosque after the liberation of the city from the occupying French forces following the Franco Turkish War 1918 1921 The French forces which occupied the city between 1918 and 1921 included the French Armenian Legion Boyaci Mosque a historic mosque in the Sahinbey district was built by Kadi Kemalettin in 1211 and completed in 1357 It has one of the world s oldest wooden minbars which is elaborately adorned with Koranic verses stars and geometric patterns Its minaret is considered one of the symbols of the city Sirvani Mosque Sirvani Mehmet Efendi Mosque also called Iki Serefeli Cami is one of the oldest mosques of Gaziantep located in the Seferpasa district It was built by Sirvani Mehmet Efendi Omeriye Mosque a mosque in the Dugmeci district Tradition states that it was first built during the period of the Islamic Caliphate under the second Caliph Omar hence its name which would make it the oldest known mosque in Gaziantep The modern mosque was restored at the site in 1850 It is known for its black and red marble mihrab Seyh Fethullah Mosque a historic mosque built in 1563 and located in Kepenek It has adjoining Turkish baths and a medrese nbsp Minaret of the Boyaci Camii MosqueNuri Mehmet Pasha Mosque a mosque in Cukur built in 1786 by nobleman Nuri Mehmet Pasha Between 1958 and 1968 it was changed into museum but was reinstated as a mosque after an extensive restoration Ahmet Celebi Mosque a mosque in Ulucanlar that was built by Haci Osman in 1672 It is noted for its elaborate wooden interior Tahtani Mosque a wooden mosque located in Sahinbey that was built in 1557 The mosque has a unique red marble mihrab Alauddevle Mosque Ali Dola Mosque built by Dulkadir bey Alauddevle Bozkurt Its construction started in 1479 and was completed in 1515 It has been restored recently with the addition of a new entrance Ali Nacar Mosque a mosque in Yaprak Sehitkamil is one of the biggest mosques in Gaziantep originally built by Ali Nacar It was enlarged in 1816 Eyupoglu Mosque a mosque built by the local Islamic saint Eyuboglu Ahmet during the 14th century There has been a major restoration so much so that the present structure hardly resembles the original building Kendirli Church a church that was built in 1860 by means of the assistance of French missionaries and Napoleon III It is a Catholic Armenian church It has a rectangular plan and was built through white cut stones on a foundation of black cut stone within a large garden Bazaars edit Zincirli Bedesten is the Ottoman era covered bazaar of Gaziantep and was built in 1781 by Huseyin Pasha of Darende From records it is known that there was formerly an epigraph on the south gate written by Kusuri however this inscription is not in place today This bazaar was used as a wholesale market hall for meat fruit and vegetables Bakircilar carsisi is the coppersmith bazaar of Gaziantep This trade has existed in the region for over 500 years The bazaar is part of the official culture route designed to help visitors discover the traditions and culture of the city Inns edit Anatolia Inn The exact date of the inn s caravanserai construction is unknown but it is estimated to have been built in the early 19th century It is a two storey building with two courtyards It is said to have been built by Muhsinzade Hadji Mehmet Bey in 1892 The inn was repaired in 1985 and parts of the top floor were rebuilt Kurkcu Inn Classic Ottoman Inn in Boyaci built in 1890 Old Wheat Inn The original building was constructed by Mustafa Aga in 1640 to provide an income for the dervish lodge but was completely destroyed in a fire The exact construction date of the present building is unknown however the architectural style suggests the 19th century Sire Inn The building is built on a rectangular plan and contains many motifs of classical Ottoman inn architecture It was built with evenly cut stones and the pitched roof is covered by tiles Tobacco Inn This inn has no epigraph showing the dates of construction or renovation but according to historical data the estimated date of construction is the late 17th century Ownership was passed to Huseyin Aga son of Nur Ali Aga in the early 19th century Yuzukcu Inn The construction date of this inn is unknown The epigraph on the main gate of the inn is dated 1800 but the building apparently had been built earlier and was repaired at this date The first owners of the inn were Asiye the daughter of Battal Bey and Emine Hatun the daughter of Hadji Osman Bey Other edit Zeugma is an ancient city which was established at the shallowest passable part of the river Euphrates within the boundaries of the present day Belkis village in Gaziantep Province Due to the strategic character of the region in terms of military and commerce since antiquity Zeugma was the headquarters of an important Roman legion the Legio IV Scythica near the border with Parthia the city has maintained its importance for centuries also during the Byzantine period Gaziantep Castle also known as Gala lit the castle located in the centre of the city displays the historic past and architectural style of the city Although the history of castle is not fully known as a result of the excavations conducted there Bronze Age settlement layers are thought to exist under the section existing on the surface of the soil Pisirici Kastel a kastel fountain which used to be a part of a bigger group of buildings is thought to have been built in 1282 Kastels are water fountains built below ground and they are structures peculiar to Gaziantep They are places for ablution prayer washing and relaxation Old houses of Gaziantep the traditional houses that are located in the old city Eyuboglu Turktepe Tepebasi Bostanci Kozluca Sehrekustu and Kale They are made of locally found keymik rock and have an inner courtyard called the hayat which is the focal point of the house Tahmis Coffee House a coffee house that was built by Mustafa Aga Bin Yusuf a Turkmen 81 aga and flag officer in 1635 1638 in order to provide an income for the dervish lodge The building suffered two big fires in 1901 and 1903 Transportation editThe city is served by Oguzeli Airport which has commercial flights to domestic and regional international destinations The city is served by Turkish State Railways which operates the Gaziantep Railway Station in the city centre Gaziantep has a three line light rail system called the Gaziantep Tram The Gaziantep Tram consists of three lines is 35 km long and carries 75 000 passengers daily The system opened in 2011 and was extended in 2012 and 2014 Gaziray is a commuter rail line serving Gaziantep Turkey Being 25 km 16 mi long the line is the fourth largest commuter rail system in the country 82 The system is also a part of major upgrades along the Mersin Adana Osmaniye Gaziantep railway corridor 83 There are a total of 16 stations on the 25 532 kilometres 15 865 mi long Gaziray line two of which are underground all of which are suitable for disabled access 84 Gaziray Suburban Railway Network Stations Rank Station Connection Class Notes1 Baspinar Level Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone2 OSB 3 Level Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone3 OSB 4 Level Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone4 Dolice Level Dolice Duluk Ancient City5 Stadium Level Kalyon Stadium6 Beylerbeyi Level7 Fistiklik Gaziantep Intercity Bus Terminal Level8 Selimiye Level Kayaonu9 Adliye Underground Gaziantep Courthouse Sehitkamil State Hospital TEDAS10 Topraklik Underground11 Mucahitler Level Dr Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital SANKO University Hospital NCR International Hospital12 Gaziantep Gaziantep Central Railway Station T1 T3 Level Zeugma Mosaic Museum13 Golluce Level Inayet Topcuoglu Hospital14 Seyrantepe Level Kusget Industrial Zone15 Mustafa Yavuz Level Kusget Industrial Zone16 Taslica Level Oduncular Industrial ZoneEducation editGaziantep Anatolian High School founded in 1976 is a public school focusing on English language education Gaziantep Science High School is a public boarding high school in Gaziantep Turkey with a curriculum concentrating on natural sciences and mathematics and with teaching in Turkish There is also a variety of high schools consisting of both private and public schools including Gaziantep Fen Lisesi Gaziantep College Foundation is one of the oldest colleges in Gaziantep Gaziantep College Foundation s abbv GKV science high school is the most successful high school in Gaziantep Sanko College is a younger but successful school in Gaziantep Its facility is one of the most qualified school facilities in Turkey Sanko s newest science and technology high school is also considered a very good school The main campus of Gaziantep University is located 10 km 6 mi away from the city centre The institution acquired state university status in 1987 but had already offered higher education since 1973 as an extension campus of the Middle East Technical University It is one of the largest universities in Turkey boasting 27 000 students Hasan Kalyoncu University Hasan Kalyoncu Universitesi is a private university established in 2008 Currently the university has five faculties three institutes and three vocational schools 85 Zirve University Zirve Universitesi was a private university established in 2009 As of 2016 the university had five faculties The university was closed by the government in 2016 and its facilities transferred to Gaziantep University The youngest university in Gaziantep is Sanko University Sanko Universitesi Established in 2013 Sanko University is the first thematic university in Turkey Sports editClub Sport Established League VenueALG Spor Women s football 1998 Women s Football Super League Batur StadiumGaziantepspor Football 1969 Bolgesel Amator Lig New Gaziantep StadiumGazisehir Gaziantep F K Football 1988 Super Lig New Gaziantep StadiumGazikentspor Women s football 2006 Women s Second League Gazikent StadiumGaziantep Buyuksehir Belediyespor Played with sponsporship of Royal Hali since 2012 Basketball 2007 Turkish Basketball League Kamil Ocak Sports HallGaziantep Polis Gucu SK Men s Hockey Hockey 2003 Turkish Hockey Super LeagueGaziantep Asyaspor women s football 2021 Women sFootball Super League Aktoprak Football FieldBeslenspor has played in the Turkish Basketball League between 1986 and 1992 and presented Gaziantep at basketball once Cityscape editThe historical core of Gaziantep is located on the Alleben Creek to the north and with heights to the south 86 64 The location of the city among these heights was likely because of their defensibility 86 64 Historically the main trade axis was the route from the castle then going southeast along the road to Aleppo 87 8 13 A number of hans were built along this street 87 8 Due to the hot climate the city s streets were very narrow in order to maximize shade from the buildings 87 9 Orientation of buildings was important so they couldn t see into each other s courtyards an important private space especially for women and so that they wouldn t block sunlight from neighboring houses 87 6 9 Generally the city s population was organized according to ethno religious groups who lived close together in the same neighborhood 87 9 10 Around the time of World War I the city s population was divided between Muslims in the east and non Muslims mostly Armenians in the west 88 197 Muslims lived in the Karagoz Cukur Tislaki and Sekeroglu districts Armenians lived in the Akyol and Bey districts and Jews lived in the Dugmeci and Karagoz districts 87 10 An early city planning effort took place in 1891 under Mustafa Aga the first mayor of Gaziantep involving a city plan and province map 86 64 According to Kuyucu and Ozer though the resulting maps and plans are unavailable 86 64 Another early city plan for Gaziantep was drawn up by Barsumyan and Nazaryan in the early 1920s during the Turkish War of Independence 88 197 87 11 The Barsumyan Nazaryan plan included an airport for the city but omitted any railway connections 88 197 During this period because the Jewish and Armenian communities had left the city during the war period the city did not expand into new areas instead now vacant neighborhoods were used to meet new demand 86 64 The Jansen plan 1938 edit In the first years of the Republic of Turkey new city planning laws were enacted requiring all major cities to have development plans 86 64 In 1938 the Gaziantep municipality requested that Hermann Jansen draw up a plan for the city 88 200 199 200 The resulting Jansen plan was the first large scale city planning initiative in Gaziantep and many of its proposals were ultimately put into action 86 67 The Jansen plan sought to preserve the existing urban character of Gaziantep while also planning new areas outside the traditional core 86 64 It mainly focused on new development on the north south and west sides of the city 88 200 New industrial zones were drawn up along important transportation arteries particularly the Nizip and Aleppo roads 88 200 The most important was a 33 hectare industrial zone on the north side of town which was to be connected to the railway network 88 200 The new industrial area was specifically chosen to be on the northeast because the prevailing wind direction is from the northwest so this way air pollution wouldn t be blown over the city 86 66 The plan introduced several important changes to the city s transportation network 86 64 One of the most important was the addition of a rail line to connect Gaziantep to the national rail system 86 64 Up to now Turkish railway construction had ignored Gaziantep partly because of its mountainous surroundings a national railway plan also introduced in 1938 left Gaziantep unconnected to the rail network 88 198 9 The Jansen plan represented the first major proposal to construct a railway to Gaziantep 88 200 Jansen wanted to put the train station on the north side of the city for multiple reasons 86 64 5 First because the topography on the north side is flatter and second because putting a railway on the south side would separate the old town from the new planned residential areas further south which Jansen wanted to avoid 86 65 Jansen also planned significant changes to the city s streets opening up several new boulevards and widening pre existing streets to help make a continuous transportation network 86 65 He proposed combining the Narli and Aleppo roads into Ismet Inonu Caddesi which was to be the main transportation axis of the city 86 65 The existing commercial axis along the Aleppo road lined with hans and marketplaces was to be expanded with new commercial buildings along the new Inonu Cd 86 65 6 The plan also sought to create a SW NE axis connecting the Kilis and Nizip roads by way of Istasyon Caddesi in the north and Ataturk Caddesi in the west this axis would also be connected to Inonu Cd 86 65 Two important pre existing streets in the old town Suburcu Cd and Eski Saray Cd would also be expanded and connected with these other streets 86 65 Finally besides road and rail Jansen also proposed the construction of an airport on the west side of town 86 65 One of the most important features of the Jansen Plan was the designation of a green belt along Alleben Creek running east west across the entire city where no construction was to take place 86 66 This would provide a large open recreational area 86 66 Jansen also proposed a large area to the north of the creek to be used for sports fields and a hippodrome although these were never built 86 66 The Jansen plan zoned for new residential areas to the south of the old city 86 65 This may have been done to follow the pre existing main axis along the southbound Aleppo road 86 65 It may have also been because Jansen wanted the existing houses of the old city to be visible from the south 86 65 He wanted to build new residential areas in a similar fashion with two story houses arranged on parallel streets that followed the slope of hills 86 65 In order to provide space for the southward residential expansion Jansen proposed that the pre existing cemetery on the south side of town be moved to a new planned location in the northeast 86 65 6 To the northwest of the old city Jansen wanted to build one story houses among vineyards in a low density agricultural area 86 65 The proposed workers quarter in the northeast near the planned industrial zone was to follow a similar plan with low cost single story houses 86 65 For the city s new administrative buildings Jansen chose to develop the Cukurbostan area located in the old city center but with some vacant space available 86 66 In a departure from his typical policy of not modifying the old urban fabric also proposed demolishing some existing buildings and altering the pre existing street layout to accommodate this new construction 86 66 Impact edit Many elements of the Jansen plan were ultimately put into action and it had a significant influence on how Gaziantep was built during the 20th century 86 66 It especially shaped the city s transport network the construction of a rail line on the north side the opening of new transportation axes such as Inonu Cd and the expansion of existing roads were all realized 86 66 The expansion of commercial areas along the old Aleppo road led to the development of Inonu Cd as one of the city s main commercial axes a role it still plays today 86 66 The airport area he proposed however was never built in the 1950s as urbanization and population growth created new demand the area was turned into a residential zone instead 86 66 The planned residential expansion to the south did take place as did the proposed relocation of the cemetery to the northeast but ultimately the main direction of residential expansion shifted to the northwest instead 86 66 This is partly because the hilly area to the south is less conducive for construction 86 67 The industrial zone on the northeast was built but the adjacent workers quarter never materialized 86 66 Although the recreational areas to the north were never built the Alleben green belt became an important green space in the city and it remains to this day although some of it has since been turned over for new construction 86 66 Jansen s recommendation of low rise development also succeeded at preserving the silhouette of the city until the 1970s 86 66 One failing of the Jansen plan was that it significantly underestimated the population growth of the city during the next 50 years particularly after 1945 86 66 This lack led to the growth of uncontrolled unplanned settlements in the city 86 67 In addition Jansen s general non intervention policy with the old city center proved insufficient to maintain its character in the absence of managed oversight many old buildings ended up deteriorating ultimately getting demolished and then being replaced with new structures that architecturally did not blend in 86 67 The Aru Soylemezoglu plan 1955 edit By the 1950s Gaziantep s rapid growth was outpacing the Jansen plan s limits resulting in the creation of unplanned settlements such as Karsiyaka in the north and Duztepe in the south and prompting the creation of a new city plan 89 556 This plan drawn up by Kemal Ahmet Aru and Hamit Kemali Soylemezoglu in 1955 continued the basic principles of the Jansen plan while adding some revisions 89 556 The city s shape remained compact and focused around a single center which was now being extended towards the south and west 89 556 7 The main goal of the Aru Soylemezoglu plan was to provide new housing to meet the needs of the growing urban population 89 560 There was also an effort to shift from agriculturally oriented economy to industrial 89 560 Among the important features introduced in the Aru Soylemezoglu plan were the railway station now in its current location and the addition of the new Ipek Yolu highway as a northwards continuation of Istasyon Cd 89 556 The new planned upscale residential neighborhoods of Bahcelievler Kavaklik and Ogretmenevleri signalled a shift towards building new neighborhoods to the southwest 89 556 Ordu Cd a westward extension of Ataturk Cd was opened up and the Kilis Aleppo axis shifted to this route 89 556 7 In general the Aru Soylemezoglu plan planned a grid plan for the city s streets 87 10 The area north of Alleben Creek which under the Jansen plan had been designated as recreational areas were converted into residential development under Aru Soylemezoglu plan 89 557 Several small new industrial areas were also developed around Nizip Cd Araban Yolu and Ipek Yolu 89 556 The Can plan 1973 edit In 1973 a competition was organized under the supervision of Iller Bank to draft a third city zoning plan for Gaziantep it was held simultaneously with ones in Konya and Kayseri 89 557 The Gaziantep contest was won by a team led by Zuhtu Can and also including Yalcin Alaybeyoglu Abdullah Dellaloglu Muzeyyen Can and Haluk Aral 89 557 The resulting Can plan consisted of several stages guiding the city s development until a target year of 1995 when they projected a population of 1 million for Gaziantep 89 557 The Can plan focused on developing Gaziantep as an industrial center with an increasing share of land dedicated to industrial use 89 557 These industrial areas were also increasingly set apart from residential areas 89 561 The Can plan envisioned a three pole city with industrial areas at the west and east ends and new residential development in the south 89 557 Gaziantep s Organized Industrial Zone had been established in 1969 and was one of the first in Turkey 89 558 By 1978 manufacturing had reached 11 6 of Gaziantep s GDP 89 561 compared to about 17 for the country as a whole 90 The 1970s were Gaziantep s highest period of immigration 89 558 New residential development during this period was clustered into two main areas 89 558 The first area was neighborhoods on the south and east sides of town like Karsiyaka Duztepe and Ciksorut where many manufacturing jobs were available 89 558 The second consisted of areas on the north and west where relatively higher income people who worked in the service sector lived 89 558 The patterns for urban development differed between these two areas 89 558 In the south and east there was an irregular settlement pattern formed by purchasing land around factories 89 558 In the north and west there was a regular grid of wide streets lined with houses and apartment complexes 89 558 Beginning in the mid 1980s the Can plan was undermined by illegal building and zoning amnesties which disrupted the plan s form and caused the city to grow in unplanned ways 89 558 The municipal government tried to address the situation by performing piecemeal interventions to rehabilitate these areas but ultimately the effect was that poorly integrated pockets of the city were formed 89 558 The Aldan plan 1990 edit The problem of illegal construction in the late 80s combined with the introduction of the Metropolitan Municipality Law and changes to national zoning regulations such as Zoning Law 3194 both giving cities increased authority in urban planning as opposed to the central government necessitated an updated city plan 89 558 61 This plan the fourth one in Gaziantep s history was drafted in 1990 by H Oguz Aldan 89 558 The Aldan plan had a target year of 2005 with a predicted population of about 1 8 million 89 558 It planned for the city to expand to 8010 ha of which 26 would be residential 22 would be industrial and 17 would be open green spaces 89 558 The Aldan plan followed a metropolitan polycentric model with new commercial zones mixed in with the residential areas to serve as secondary urban centers 89 558 The main directions for new development were toward the west and south 89 558 A new ring road on the east south and west helped boost growth in these directions 89 558 Some of the new secondary centers were built in the Karatas and Ibrahimli areas 89 559 Another major addition was a new commercial area on the east side of the city called the Gaziantep Ticaret ve Endustri Merkezi Gaziantep Trade and Industry Center or GATEM for short 89 559 Located on the Araban Adiyaman highway on the city s outskirts the GATEM was to occpuy 40 ha and also include an intercity bus terminal 89 559 In the 21st century edit Since the 2000s a number of smaller scale targeted projects have taken place such as local rezoning of industrial areas in the Unaldi neighborhood reworking unplanned settlements that do not meet building standards and various other development projects for example in areas like Baglarbasi Geneyik Sarigulluk Halep Bulvari Kilis Yolu and Orta Tepe 89 559 60 Zoo edit nbsp Ramphastos vitellinus at the Gaziantep ZooGaziantep Zoo is one of the largest zoos in Turkey Especially interesting are the bird pavilion and the aquarium Gaziantep Zoo offers a large variety of animals attractive picnic grounds and a cafeteria The facility is established on 1 000 000 square metre 11 000 000 sq ft field There are 264 species and 6 814 animals nbsp Gaziantep Zoo White deer nbsp Red necked wallaby nbsp Gaziantep Zoo EaglesInternational relations editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey Twin towns sister cities edit Gaziantep is twinned with 91 92 93 nbsp Aleppo Syria nbsp Aryanah Tunisia nbsp Cetinje Montenegro nbsp Duisburg Germany nbsp Irbid Jordan nbsp Karlstad Sweden nbsp Kermanshah Iran nbsp Kharkiv Ukraine nbsp Kuwait City Kuwait nbsp Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany nbsp Nicosia Cyprus nbsp Ostrava Czech Republic nbsp Sabaragamuwa Sri Lanka nbsp Tripoli Lebanon nbsp Celje SloveniaNotable people from Gaziantep editSee Category People from GaziantepSee also edit nbsp Turkey portalFranco Turkish War Cilicia War Rumkale ZeugmaReferences edit Turkey Administrative Division Provinces and Districts Population Statistics Charts and Map Archived from the original on 31 August 2021 Retrieved 12 September 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Peirce Leslie 2003 Morality Tales Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab University of California Press ISBN 9780520228924 Retrieved 23 February 2023 Statistics by Theme gt National Accounts gt Regional Accounts www turkstat gov tr Retrieved 11 May 2023 a b Sarafean Georg Avedis 1957 A Briefer History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural Religious Educational Political Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab Boston Union of the Armenians of Aintab p 11 Archived from the original on 4 September 2022 Retrieved 4 September 2022 The population of Aintab in 1914 before the Armenian deportations started was about 80 000 The Armenians constituted a minority 30 000 These were divided as follows Armenian protestants 4000 Catholics 400 and the rest i e the bulk of Armenians belonging to the Armenian national apostolic church Apostolic is a designation chiefly because the Armenian church was founded by the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholemew There were 2000 Kurds and a few hundred Cherkesse immigrants from the Caucasus regions and the remainder of the 80 000 population consisted of Turks who formed a majority group in the city ibn al Qalanisi H A R Gibb editor and translator The Damascus chronicle of the Crusades London 1932 p 367 Golius Jacobus 1669 Muhammedis fil Ketiri Ferganensis qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur Elementa astronomica Arabice amp Latine Cum notis ad res exoticas sive Orientales quae in iis occurrunt Opera Jacobi Golii Amsterdam p 273 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 15 July 2022 Saint Martin M J 1818 Memoires historiques et geographiques sur l Armenie suivis du texte armenien de l histoire des princes Orpelians par Etienne Orpelian et de celui des geographies attribuees a Moyse de Khoren et au docteur Vartan avec plusieurs autres pieces relatives a l histoire d Armenie le tout accompagne d une traduction francaise et de notes Volume 1 Paris Imprimerie Royale p 197 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 15 July 2022 Gaziantep Valilik Gaziantep gov tr Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 Retrieved 3 October 2012 Chyet Michael L 7 January 2020 FERHENGA BIRUSKI Kurmanji English Dictionary Volume One A L Transnational Press London ISBN 978 1 912997 04 6 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 13 February 2021 a b Abadie Maurice 1959 Turk Verdunu Gaziantep Antep in dort muhasarasi Gaziantep Kultur Dernegi Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2021 Diana Darke 1 May 2014 Eastern Turkey Bradt Travel Guides pp 214 ISBN 978 1 84162 490 7 Anna Teresa Serventi 1957 Una statuetta hiittita Rivista Degli Studi Orientali in Italian 32 241 246 JSTOR 41922836 Aintab Gazi Antep in Turkish about 80 km north northeast from Aleppo and about 40 km from the Syrian Turkish border is commonly held to be the site of Antiochia ad Taurum Brett Michael 2001 The Rise of the Fatimids The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra Tenth Century Ce Brill p 225 ISBN 9004117415 Retrieved 10 March 2023 Gullu Ramazan Erhan 2010 Antep Ermenileri sosyal kulturel ve siyasi hayat IQ Kultur Sanat Yayincilik p 43 Theotokis Georgios 2021 Bohemond of Taranto Crusader and Conqueror Pen and Sword p 101 ISBN 9781526744319 Retrieved 10 March 2023 Hovanissian Richard G Payaslian Simon eds 2008 Armenian Cilicia Mazda Publishers p 33 a b Le Strange Guy 1890 Palestine Under the Moslems A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A D 650 to 1500 Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers Houghton Mifflin and Company p 387 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2022 Dimashki writes in the early part of the fourteenth century lies north east of Halab It is a place with a strong castle The people are Turkomans There is a small river here and gardens Dim 205 Umit Kurt 13 April 2021 The Armenians of Aintab The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674259898 Retrieved 10 March 2023 The Armenians of Aintab Umit Kurt Archived from the original on 11 May 2021 Retrieved 11 May 2021 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions The Missionary Herald January 1900 passim Archived 2023 02 06 at the Wayback Machine Alice Shepard Riggs Shepard of Aintab Medical Missionary amongst Armenians Turks Kurds and Arabs in Aintab ISBN 1903656052 Umit Kurt The Armenians of Aintab The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 2021 Kevorkian Raymond 2011 The Armenian Genocide a Complete History London I B Tauris amp Co pp 605 610 ISBN 9780857719300 Altinoz Ismail 1999 Dulkadir Eyaleti nin Kurulusunda Antep Sehri XVI Yuzyil Gaziantep Cumhuriyetin 75 Yilina Armagan p 146 Simsir Bilal Ingiliz Belgelerinde Ataturk 1919 1938 Volume 3 Istanbul Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi p 168 Documents on British foreign policy 1919 1939 London H M Stationery Office 1970 vol 15 p 155 Bir mecbur adam in romani Radikal 08 01 2010 in Turkish Umit Kurt Destruction of Aintab Armenians and Emergence of the New Wealthy Class Plunder of Armenian Wealth in Aintab 1890s 1920s Ph D Dissertation Clark University Worcester MA Strassler Center of Holocaust and Genocide Studies 19 April 2016 quoted in Robert Fisk A beautiful mosque and the dark period of the Armenian genocide The Independent 15 October 2016 Kurt Umit 2019 From Aintab to Gaziantep The Reconstitution of an Elite on the Ottoman Periphery The End of the Ottomans The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism Bloomsbury Academic pp 318 319 ISBN 978 1 78831 241 7 Official Turkish historiography claims that the Turkish French war in Aintab was a heroic struggle for national independence which earned the city glory and its grand title ghazi conqueror Gaziantep s heroic epic was in fact a struggle whose incentive was to wipe out the Armenian presence in the city for good Its main motive was to ensure that the Armenians of Aintab would never be able to return to the city Whether forcibly removed or through various administrative measures the outcome of all of these struggles rendered it impossible for Armenian repatriates to remain in their native cities towns or villages Hoping to make these people flee their homeland again the brave national warriors continued to terrorise them When the Armenians left Aintab for good in 1921 2 their leftover houses fields estates and other properties were sold at bargain prices Patriotlar devrede Milliyet in Turkish 30 August 2013 Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 Retrieved 28 October 2020 Bakan Kurum Gaziantep de 900 Bina Yikildi in Turkish Anadoludabugun com 8 February 2023 Bakanlik duyurdu Sehir sehir hasar tespit durumlari in Turkish Diken com tr 14 February 2023 Present and future Koppen Geiger climate classification maps at 1 km resolution Nature Scientific Data DOI 10 1038 sdata 2018 214 Kalelioglu Ejder 1966 Gaziantep Platosu ve Cevresinin Iklimi Gaziantep Plateau and the Climate of Its Vicinity PDF Ankara University Language and History Geography Department Journal of Research 1 297 320 Retrieved 22 December 2023 Resmi Istatistikler Illerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri 1991 2020 in Turkish Turkish State Meteorological Service Archived from the original on 29 June 2021 Retrieved 28 June 2021 World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991 2020 World Meteorological Organization Retrieved 2 August 2023 Gaziantep Secim Sonuclari 31 Mart Gaziantep Yerel Secim Sonuclari secim haberler com in Turkish Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Retrieved 19 May 2020 Eski Belediye Baskanlarimiz gaziantep bel tr in Turkish Gaziantep Municipality Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 26 July 2023 Statistics in Turkish Gaziantep Chamber of Industry Archived from the original on 31 January 2009 a b Ayaydin Esber 10 June 2022 Gaziantep ve Sanliurfa arasinda ismi paylasilamayan lezzet Fistik Anadolu Agency Archived from the original on 24 December 2022 Retrieved 24 December 2022 Syrians New Ardor for a Turkey Looking Eastward Archived 2017 05 12 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times July 24 2010 a b c Yoon John 7 February 2023 Gaziantep a city millenniums old has long been a hub for trade and cultures The New York Times Retrieved 11 February 2023 Gaziantep s population is a mixture of communities including the ethnic Turks who make up the majority Professor Casana said Since the Syrian civil war began in 2011 Gaziantep has become home to about 470 000 Syrian refugees according to the United Nations But even before the war busloads of Syrians were crossing the border almost daily to shop in Gaziantep as Turkey pushed stronger economic ties with Syria Syrians who now make up more than 20 percent of the population have transformed Gaziantep investing and bringing business skills and cheap labor Many of the city s textile factories were built by Syrian migrants Turkish and Syrian companies share buildings and workers Hundreds of cafes restaurants and pastry shops there cater to Syrians There is also a large Kurdish community mostly concentrated in certain towns and neighborhoods Professor Casana said Kurds have been involved in a long running conflict with the Turkish government The Islamic State which has fought Kurds in Syria has also targeted the Kurds in Gaziantep including the 2014 bombing of a Kurdish wedding an attack that killed more than 50 people a b Kahvecioglu Ayse 28 August 2016 5 yil sonrasi icin uyarilar Milliyet Archived from the original on 28 November 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2021 a b Busching Anton Friedrich 1787 A F Buschings grosse Erdbeschreibung Asia Abth 1 Brno p 447 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 2 July 2022 Alle Christen die gegen Norden von Haleb wohnen sind Armenier Fast in allen Dorfern und Flecken zwischen Haleb und Aintab wird turkisch aber kein arabisch gesprochen In der Gegend von Aintab halten sich die turkomanischen Stamme Aucher Eloy Remi 1843 Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 a 1838 revues et annotees par M le comte Jaubert Volume 1 Paris Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret p 87 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 1 July 2022 Aintab peut avoir 15 000 haibtants Turcs Armeniens schismatiques et quelques Grecs Konversations Lexikon Leipzig Bibliographisches Institut 1885 p 242 Aintab Stadt im nordlichen Syrien 104 km nordlich von Aleppo am Flusse Sadschur mit Baumwoll Seide und Lederindustrie reichem Obstbau und etwa 20 000 meist turkmen Einwohnern darunter ca 5000 Armenier und 1200 Brotestanten A ist Hauptstation der nordamerikanisch evangelischen Mission Reclus Elisee 1895 The Earth And Its Inhabitants Asia Vol IV South western Asia New York D Appleton and Company p 232 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 1 July 2022 Aintab which is chiefly inhabited by Turkomans a b Farley James Lewis 1862 The Resources of Turkey Considered with Especial Reference to the Profitable Investment of Capital in the Ottoman Empire London Longman Green Longman and Roberts pp 243 244 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 10 June 2022 The population amounts to 27 000 souls of whom 18 000 are Turks 8 500 Armenians and 500 Jews Turkish is the language universally used the Armenians having completely forgotten ther mother tongue though in the books which they make use of they employ the Armenian characters from their superior simplicity to the Arabic The inhabitants of the country are chiefly Turks who claim their property in the land as far as back as the time of the old Seljoukian dynasty Turks residing at Aintab who form the wealthy portion of its Mussulman population Hogarth David George 1911 Aintab Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed p 441 The Moslem inhabitants are mainly of Turkoman origin and used to owe fealty to chieftains of the family of Chapan Oglu whose headquarters were at Yuzgat in Cappadocia Le Coq de Kerland Robert 1907 Un chemin de fer en Asie Mineure Paris p 71 Apres avoir suivi la route des caravanes vers Sam la ligne atteint la ville de Aintab habitee surtout par les Turcomans a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Cay Mustafa Murat 13 March 2019 AN ASSESSMENT OF A GESAR S BOOK AINTAB S STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE AND THE ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR OF ANTEP ARMENIANS DURING THE INVASIONS THE ANATOMY OF A PARADOX International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences 10 35 282 312 Retrieved 26 July 2021 a b Vaux Bert 2000 Notes on the Armenian Dialect of Ayntab Annual of Armenian Linguistics 20 55 82 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Pococke Richard 1745 A DESCRIPTION OF THE EAST AND Some Other COUNTRIES OBSERVATIONS on PALAESTINE or the HOLY LAND SYRIA MESOPOTAMIA CYPRUS and CANDIA Volume 2 London W Bowyer p 155 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 8 July 2022 de La Harpe Jean Francois 1801 Abrege de l histoire generale des voyages Paris chez Moutardier p 362 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 2 July 2022 Malte Brun Conrad 1822 Universal Geography Or a Description of All the Parts of the World on a New Plan Asia 2 ed Edinburgh Longman Hurst Rees Orme and Brown p 134 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 9 June 2022 Besalel Yusuf Gaziantep ve Van Yahudileri Salom Gazetesi in Turkish Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 Retrieved 15 October 2021 a b Altaras Nesi 31 May 2019 Gaziantep Yahudileri ve Sinagogu Hatirlanmali Avlaremoz Archived from the original on 30 December 2022 Retrieved 30 December 2022 Coskun Bezen Balamir Yildiz Nielsen Selin 30 September 2018 Encounters in the Turkey Syria Borderland Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 53 ISBN 9781527516922 Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 9 June 2022 Aksoy Metin Taskin Faruk Summer 2015 Antep Amerikan Hastanesi ve Bolge Halki Uzerindeki Etkisi 1880 1920 AINTAB AMERICAN HOSPITAL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE REGION PEOPLE 1880 1920 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Archived from the original on 21 January 2023 Retrieved 21 January 2023 Gaziantep Usulu Malhitali Kofte nefis yemek tarifleri 22 November 2018 Retrieved 9 February 2023 Antep Usulu Kabaklama nefis yemek tarifleri 22 June 2016 Archived from the original on 21 January 2023 Retrieved 21 January 2023 Karahan Leyla 1996 Anadolu agizlarinin siniflandirilmasi Turk Dil Kurumu Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Karahan Leyla Winter 2013 GRAMATIKAL OLCUTLERLE BELIRLENEN TURKIYE TURKCESI AGIZ GRUPLARINDA LEKSIK VERILERIN ANLAMLILIGI UZERINE BIR ARASTIRMA Diyalektolog 7 1 9 Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Kurt Umit 2021 The Armenians of Aintab The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province Harvard University Press p 31 ISBN 9780674259898 Archived from the original on 6 February 2023 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Antep Agzini Unutturmayacagiz Gaziantep Haberler in Turkish Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Boncuk Mehmet Dunyanin en meshur yerel tiyatrosu Sabah in Turkish Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Zeugma Mosaic Museum Strolling Along A Neighbourhood of Ancient Treasures 11 June 2013 Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 Retrieved 22 December 2017 the Zeugma Mosaic Museum Turkey 14 March 2015 Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 Retrieved 22 December 2017 Guler Mustafa 2016 ANTEP AYINTAB MEVLEVIHANESI NIN MIMARI OLARAK INCELENMESI VE DEGERLENDIRILMESI Istem 27 14 43 77 Archived from the original on 27 July 2021 Retrieved 27 July 2021 Mersin Adnana Osmaniye Gaziantep Hizli Demiryolu Projesi tcdd gov tr in Turkish Archived from the original on 1 July 2018 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Gaziray tcdd gov tr in Turkish Archived from the original on 29 January 2019 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Gaziulas in Turkish Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 21 January 2022 Hasan Kalyoncu Universitesi Egitimin Hayat Boyu Seninle Gaziantep Archived from the original on 21 September 2015 Retrieved 25 September 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Kuyucu Feyza Ozer Yasemen Say September October 2019 Hermann Jansen in Planlama Ilkelerini Gaziantep Kent Plani Uzerinden Okumak Mimarlik Dergisi 409 63 7 Retrieved 21 February 2023 a b c d e f g h Gurbuz Yildirim Esra 2017 Understanding Gaziantep s Traditional Spatial Organization in the Context of Socio cultural Effects PDF ATINer s Conference Paper Series PLA2017 2303 1 20 Retrieved 21 February 2023 a b c d e f g h i Ayci Hilal Ozer Derya Gulec Gulec Abdulkadir 2020 A Spatial Analysis of Gaziantep Railway and Its Station Throughout History Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 51 2 196 208 doi 10 3311 PPar 15799 S2CID 225257359 Retrieved 19 February 2023 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Yenice M Serhat Karadayi Yenice Tulay 2018 Gaziantep Kenti Planlama Deneyimleri Uzerine Bir Surec Degerlendirmesi Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 17 2 552 62 doi 10 21547 jss 374644 Retrieved 21 February 2023 Manufacturing value added of GDP Turkiye World Bank Retrieved 22 February 2023 Kardes Sehirlerimiz PDF gaziantep bel tr in Turkish Gaziantep 2013 p 43 Archived from the original PDF on 6 February 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2020 Gaziantep ludwigshafen de in German Ludwigshafen am Rhein Archived from the original on 6 February 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2020 Twin towns of Minsk minsk gov by Minsk Archived from the original on 9 September 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2020 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gaziantep Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gaziantep amp oldid 1203964378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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