Celje
Celje (pronounced [ˈtsɛ̀ːljɛ] (listen), German: Cilli, German pronunciation: [ˈt͡sɪli] (listen))[3] is the fourth-largest city in Slovenia. It is a regional center of the traditional Slovenian region of Styria and the administrative seat of the City Municipality of Celje (Slovene: Mestna občina Celje). The town of Celje is located below Upper Celje Castle (407 m or 1,335 ft) at the confluence of the Savinja, Hudinja, Ložnica, and Voglajna rivers in the lower Savinja Valley, and at the crossing of the roads connecting Ljubljana, Maribor, Velenje, and the Central Sava Valley. It lies 238 m (781 ft) above mean sea level (MSL).[1]
Celje Cilli | |
|---|---|
Celje from Celje Castle in 2016 | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): The Princely Town (Slovene: Knežje mesto) | |
Celje Location of the city of Celje in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°14′09″N 15°16′03″E / 46.23583°N 15.26750°ECoordinates: 46°14′09″N 15°16′03″E / 46.23583°N 15.26750°E | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Celje |
| Town rights | 11 April 1451 |
| Districts & local communities | List
|
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Matija Kovač |
| Area | |
| • Total | 22.7 km2 (8.8 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 238 m (781 ft) |
| Population (2020)[2] | |
| • Total | 37,872 |
| • Density | 1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi) |
| • Municipality | 50,039 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 3000 |
| Area code | 03 |
| Vehicle registration | CE |
| Climate | Cfb |
| Website | www |
| Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, census of 2002. | |
Name
Celje was known as Celeia during the Roman period. Early attestations of the name during or following Slavic settlement include Cylia in 452, ecclesiae Celejanae in 579, Zellia in 824, in Cilia in 1310, Cilli in 1311, and Celee in 1575. The proto-Slovene name *Ceľe or *Celьje, from which modern Slovene Celje developed, was borrowed from Vulgar Latin Celeae. The name is of pre-Roman origin and its further etymology is unclear.[4] In the local Slovene dialect, Celje is called Cjele or Cele. In German it is called Cilli, and it is known in Italian as Cilli or Celie.
History
Early history
The first settlement in the area of Celje appeared during the Hallstatt era. The settlement was known in the Celtic times and to Ancient Greek historians as Kelea;[5] findings suggest that Celts coined Noric money in the region.
Once the area was incorporated in the Roman Empire in 15 BC, it was known as Civitas Celeia. It received municipal rights in AD 45 under the name municipium Claudia Celeia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius (41-54). Records suggest that the town was rich and densely populated, secured with the walls and towers, containing multi-storied marble palaces, wide squares, and streets. It was called Troia secunda, the second; or small Troy. A Roman road through Celeia led from Aquileia (Sln. Oglej) to Pannonia. Celeia soon became a flourishing Roman colony, and many great buildings were constructed, such as the temple of Mars, which was known across the Empire. Celeia was incorporated into Aquileia ca. 320 under the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272-337).
The city was razed by Slavic tribes during the Migration period of the 5th and 6th centuries, but was rebuilt in the Early Middle Ages. The first mention of Celje in the Middle Ages was under the name of Cylie in Wolfhold von Admont's Chronicle, which was written between 1122 and 1137. The town was the seat of the Counts of Celje from 1341 to 1456 It acquired market-town status in the first half of the 14th century and town privileges from Count Frederick II on 11 April 1451.
After the Counts of Celje died out in 1456, the region was inherited by the Habsburgs of Austria and administered by the Duchy of Styria. The city walls and defensive moat were built in 1473. The town defended itself against Turks and in 1515 during great Slovene peasant revolt against peasants, who had taken Old Castle.
Many local nobles converted to Protestantism during the Protestant Reformation, but the region was converted back to Roman Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation. Celje became part of the Habsburgs' Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1867, after the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, the town became part of Austria-Hungary.
19th century
The first service on the Vienna-Trieste railway line came through Celje on 27 April 1846. In 1895, Celje secondary school, established in 1808, began to teach in Slovene.
At the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, Celje was a center of German nationalism which had repercussions for Slovenes. The 1910 census showed that 66.8% of the population was German.[6] A symbol of this was the German Cultural Center (German: Deutsches Haus), built in 1906 and opened on 15 May 1907, today it is Celje Hall (Slovene: Celjski dom). The centuries-old German name of the town, Cilli, sounded no longer German enough to some German residents, the form Celle being preferred by many.
Population growth was steady during this period. In 1900, Celje had 6,743 inhabitants and by 1924 this had grown to 7,750. The National Hall (Narodni dom), which hosts the Mayors Office and Town Council today, was built in 1896. The first telephone line was installed in 1902 and the city received electric power in 1913.
Slovene and German ethnic nationalism increased during the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 as a result of World War I, Celje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Yugoslavia). During this period, the town experienced a rapid industrialization and a substantial growth in population.
Second World War
Celje was occupied by Nazi Germany in April 1941. The Gestapo arrived in Celje on 16 April 1941 and were followed three days later by SS leader Heinrich Himmler, who inspected Stari pisker prison. During the war the city suffered from allied bombing, aimed at important communication lines and military installations. The National Hall was severely damaged.
The toll of the war on the city was heavy. The city (including nearby towns) had a pre-war population of 20,000 and lost 575 people during the war, mostly between the ages of 20 and 30. More than 1,500 people were deported to Serbia or into the German interior of the Third Reich. Around 300 people were interned and around 1,000 people imprisoned in Celje's prisons. An unknown number of citizens were forcibly conscripted into the German army. Around 600 "stolen children" were taken to Nazi Germany for Germanization. A monument in Celje called Vojna in mir (War and Peace) by the sculptor Jakob Savinšek, commemorates the World War II era.
After the end of the war, the remaining German-speaking portion of the populace was expelled. Anti-tank trenches and other sites were used to create 25 mass graves in Celje and its immediate surroundings and were filled with Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian militia members that had collaborated with the Germans, as well as ethnic German civilians from Celje and surrounding areas.
Independent Slovenia
Celje became part of independent Slovenia following the Ten-Day War in 1991. On 7 April 2006, Celje became the seat of a new Diocese of Celje, created by Pope Benedict XVI within the Archdiocese of Maribor.
Sights
The town's tourist sights include a Grayfriars' monastery founded in 1241[7] and a palace from the 16th century.
The parish church, dating from the 14th century, with its beautiful Gothic chapel, is an interesting specimen of medieval architecture. The so-called German church, in Romanesque style, belonged to the monastery, which was closed in 1808. The throne of the counts of Cilli is preserved here, and also the tombs of several members of the family.[7]
Geography
Climate
Celje has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).
| Climate data for Celje | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) | 20.6 (69.1) | 25.7 (78.3) | 28.4 (83.1) | 31.1 (88.0) | 34.2 (93.6) | 34.1 (93.4) | 39.7 (103.5) | 30.6 (87.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.2 (68.4) | 36.9 (98.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 6.8 (44.2) | 11.6 (52.9) | 16.4 (61.5) | 21.6 (70.9) | 24.6 (76.3) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 21.7 (71.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.5 (40.1) | 15.9 (60.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) | 1.0 (33.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | 9.8 (49.6) | 14.9 (58.8) | 18.3 (64.9) | 19.9 (67.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 14.6 (58.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 4.7 (40.5) | 0.6 (33.1) | 9.8 (49.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.7) | −4.2 (24.4) | −0.2 (31.6) | 3.9 (39.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | 13.8 (56.8) | 13.4 (56.1) | 9.7 (49.5) | 5.9 (42.6) | 0.9 (33.6) | −3.0 (26.6) | 4.7 (40.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) | −27.0 (−16.6) | −23.4 (−10.1) | −6.5 (20.3) | −3.4 (25.9) | 0.8 (33.4) | 4.5 (40.1) | 2.9 (37.2) | −2.5 (27.5) | −8.5 (16.7) | −19.4 (−2.9) | −23.1 (−9.6) | −27.2 (−17.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47 (1.9) | 50 (2.0) | 71 (2.8) | 71 (2.8) | 90 (3.5) | 132 (5.2) | 122 (4.8) | 125 (4.9) | 118 (4.6) | 115 (4.5) | 93 (3.7) | 78 (3.1) | 1,113 (43.8) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 140 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 64 | 96 | 128 | 156 | 205 | 209 | 242 | 227 | 166 | 115 | 67 | 53 | 1,728 |
| Source: Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO)[8] (data for 1981-2010;Sunshine data:1971-2000) | |||||||||||||
Symbols
The coat of arms of Celje are based on the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje.
The coat-of-arms of Celje was selected for the national arms immediately after World War I in 1918, when Slovenia together with Croatia and Serbia formed the original Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). A similar coat of arms was integrated into the Slovenian national arms in 1991.
Districts and local communities
The city of Celje is divided into 10 districts (mestne četrti) and the municipality 9 local communities (krajevne skupnosti):
| Districts
| Local communities
|
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1439 | 1,000 | — |
| 1798 | 1,400 | +0.09% |
| 1820 | 1,635 | +0.71% |
| 1834 | 1,511 | −0.56% |
| 1840 | 1,793 | +2.89% |
| 1900 | 6,743 | +2.23% |
| 1924 | 7,750 | +0.58% |
| 1940 | 20,000 | +6.10% |
| 2010 | 37,777 | +0.91% |
| 2011 | 37,520 | −0.68% |
| 2012 | 37,584 | +0.17% |
| 2013 | 37,490 | −0.25% |
| 2014 | 37,628 | +0.37% |
| 2015 | 37,540 | −0.23% |
| Source: [9] | ||
In 1991 the population consisted of:
- Slovenians: 33,434 (82.1%)
- Serbs: 1,864 (4.6%)
- Croats: 1,687 (4.1%)
- ethnic Muslims: 466 (1.1%)
- Yugoslavs: 405 (1%)
- Albanians: 189
- Macedonians: 140
- Montenegrins: 93
- Hungarians: 41
- Others: 82
- Unknown: 1,972 (4.8%)
- Undeclared: 249
- Regionally declared: 88
Town of Celje has 37,490 citizens as of 2002: Municipality:
- Male: 22,744;
- Female: 24,816;
- Households: 18,410;
- Mean number of household members: 2.6;
- Apartments: 19,578;
- Buildings with apartments: 8,090.
The Celje annual municipal festival is held on April 11.
Education
Celje does not have its own university, although some college-level education has been established in the city.
- The Faculty of Logistics, formally part of the University of Maribor, was established in Celje in 2005.
- International School for Social and Business Studies
- Faculty of Commercial and Business Sciences
- UP Faculty of Management
Law and government
Mayor
The current mayor of Celje is Bojan Šrot.
Vice mayors
The current mayors of Celje are Breda Arnšek and Vladimir Ljubek.
Courts
In Celje there are three courts of general jurisdiction:
- Celje Higher Court;
- Celje District Court;
- Celje Local Court.
In addition to that there are also Celje Labour Court for resolving labour law disputes and an external department of Administrative Court for resolving disputes arising from administrative procedures.
Communications
Postal number: SI-3000 (from 1991). (Old one: 63000 (between 1945–1991)).
Twin cities and friendship towns
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2015) |
Celje is twinned with[10]
- Grevenbroich, Germany, since 1986
- Singen, Germany, since 1990
- Slavonski Brod, Croatia, since 2010[10][11]
- Doboj, Bosnia and Hercegovina, since 1965
- Pánd, Hungary, since 1998
Celje has friendship agreements with:
- Budva, Montenegro
- Cherepovets, Russia
- Ćuprija, Serbia
- Graz, Austria
- Spittal an der Drau, Austria
Notable residents and people born in Celje
- Anna of Celje (1381–1416), second wife of Jogaila, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania
- Lenore Aubert (1918–1993), Hollywood actress and model
- Barbara of Celje (1390/1395–1451), second wife of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
- Trude Breitschopf (1915–2001), film actress
- Gregor Cankar (born 1975), athlete
- Jolanda Čeplak (born 1976), athlete
- Anica Černej (1900–1944), poet, author, and schoolmistress
- Janez Drnovšek (1950–2008), politician, statesman, and third president of Slovenia
- Janez Drozg (1933–2005), television director
- Dejan Glavnik (born 1975), Slovenian extreme cyclist
- Damjana Golavšek (born 1964), singer
- Bojan Gorišek (born 1962), pianist
- Hermann II of Celje (1365–1435), Count of Celje, Ortenburg and Seger
- Andrej Hieng (1925–2000), writer, playwright, screenwriter and dramaturgist
- Andrej Inkret (1943–2015), critic, essayist, theatrologist and dramaturgist
- Romana Jordan Cizelj (born 1966), physicist and politician
- Boban Jović (born 1991), footballer
- Jelko Kacin (born 1955), politician
- Alma Karlin (1889–1950), traveller, author, poet, and collector
- Margareta of Celje (1411–1480), noblewoman member of the House of Celje, duchess of Głogów and Ścinawa.
- Margit Korondi (born 1932), gymnast, Olympic champion
- Janez K. Lapajne (1937–2012), geophysicist and seismologist[12]
- Janez Lapajne (born 1967), film director
- Marianne Elisabeth Lloyd-Dolbey (1919-1994), personal secretary to the Brunei sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III
- Janko Orožen (1891–1989), historian, honorary citizen
- Oto Pestner (born 1956), musician and singer
- Milan Pogačnik (born 1946), politician
- Lucija Polavder (born 1984), judoka
- Elza Premšak (1914–1947), worker, victim of the communist regime
- Fran Roš (1898–1976), writer, poet, playwright, honorary citizen
- Johann Gabriel Seidl (1804–1875), archeologist, poet, storyteller and dramatist
- Bina Štampe Žmavc (born 1952), poet and author
- Tina Trstenjak (born 1990), judoka, Olympic champion
- Beno Udrih (born 1982), basketball player
- Bogumil Vošnjak (1882–1955), scholar, politician, diplomat
- Urška Žolnir (born 1981), judoka, Olympic champion
Gallery
The Celje Ceiling from the Old's Counts Mansion (17th century)
Stane Street, with the cathedral in the background
An old postcard of the railway station in front, Celje Hall on the right, and the Iron Court (Železni dvor, Eisenhof) on the far left
The National Hall (Narodni dom), today the town hall, (Jan Vladimír Hráský, 1895–1896)
The Celje Hall (Celjski dom), (Peter Paul Brang, 1905–1906)
The Celje Water Tower, part of the town walls, built after 1451
Upper Celje Castle, viewed from the banks of the Savinja River in Pečovnik toward the northeast
View over Celje from Old town castle
References
- ^ a b [Height above sea level of seats of municipalities] (in Slovenian and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2002. Archived from the original on 2013-05-24.
- ^ "Largest settlements by number of population". Place Names. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ^ "Celje". Slovenski pravopis 2001 (in Slovenian).
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2009). Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 87.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
- ^ For more information on the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census, see Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Vienna 1911.
- ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cilli". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 366.
- ^ "Celjie Climate normals 1981-2010" (PDF). ARSO. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
- ^ Orožen, pp. 362-365
- ^ a b "Partnerska mesta" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2018-09-08.
- ^ Sporazum o prijateljstvu i suradnji između Grada Slavonskog Broda i Mestne občine Celje
- ^ Motnikar, Barbara Šket, & Andrej Gosar. 2012. Obituaries: Janez Lapajne, 1937–2012. IASPEI Newsletter (June/July): 4. 2015-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- Media related to Celje at Wikimedia Commons
- Celje on Geopedia
- Celje travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website
- (in Slovene)