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Dülük

December 15, 2023

Dülük (Armenian: Տլուք, romanized: Tlukʿ) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şehitkamil, Gaziantep Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 2,826 (2022).[2] It is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Gaziantep city center. Its ancient name was Doliche (Greek: Δολίχη).

Dülük
Neighbourhood
Dülük
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 37°09′N 37°22′E / 37.150°N 37.367°E / 37.150; 37.367
CountryTurkey
ProvinceGaziantep
DistrictŞehitkamil
Elevation
950 m (3,120 ft)
Population
 (2022)
2,826
Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Postal code
27630
Area code0342

History edit

Finds in Tell Dülük include stone tools from 30 to 40 thousand years ago. These tools are from a Neolithic culture, unofficially dubbed the "Dulicien culture" by researchers.

Hittite period edit

During the Hittite period, it was a stop on the road connecting the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia. It was also a religious center. The sanctuary of the Hittite god Teshub was just to the north of the village.[3]

Hellenistic period edit

In the literary sources, the existence of the Hellenistic colony is not attested before the 2nd century BC. It is speculated that part of the original colonial population of Doliche came from the homonymous Thessalian city. The discovery of Rhodean amphorae handles suggest communications with the Aegean Sea during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.[4] The Seleucids adopted the worship of the local storm-god as Zeus Dolichenus, identified with Baal.[5] At this time it was a small city on the road from Germanicia to Zeugma.[5]

Doliche was at one time considered to belong to the ancient region of Cyrrhestica.[5] It was ruled by the Kingdom of Commagene "for about 35 years";[6] after being governed by Antiochus Theos, it might have been incorporated into the Roman province of Syria as early as 31 BCE.[7]

Roman period edit

Commagene was definitively annexed to the Roman Empire in 72 CE.[8] It was incorporated into the Roman province of Syria, Under Roman rule, Doliche remained part of the region of Commagene, a region of the Roman province of Syria, and as that was portioned of the provinces Coele-Syria and ultimately of Syria Euphratensis.

The worship of Jupiter Dolichenus became widespread from the mid-second to the mid-third century CE, particularly though not exclusively in the Roman army.[9] A number of religious monuments of Jupiter Dolichenus refer to him as the "god of the Commagenians".[10]

Doliche struck its own coins from the reign of Marcus Aurelius to Caracalla.[11] Archaeological finds in Doliche include an underground Mithraic temple, rock graves and stone quarries from which giant rock blocks are produced.

The Marcianus (Ancient Greek: Μαρκιανὸς), who was Apollonius of Athens follower, was from Doliche.[12]

In 2014, a team of German archaeologists from the University of Münster announced the excavation of a relief depicting an Iron Age deity previously unknown to them on a stele among the remains of Mar Solomon,[13] a medieval monastery uncovered during 2010 excavations in Doliche. The monastery had been known only through writings indicating that it had been used through the era of the crusades. The University of Münster's Asia Minor Research Centre has been conducting excavation work at the main sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus under the direction of Engelbert Winter and Michael Blömer and is supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft, DFG). The international group consists of archaeologists, historians, architects, conservators, archaeozoologists, geoinformation scientists, and excavation workers. Winter's field work at the sanctuary dates back to 2001.

Medieval history edit

The town, of strategic importance due to its location at the intersection of roads linking the major cities of the region, was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm during the first decades of the Muslim conquests. It hence became a frontier outpost of the nascent Islamic Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire, forming part of the fortified frontier zone (al-'Awasim) after the reign of Harun al-Rashid.[14]

In the middle of the 10th century, it played a role in the conflict between resurgent Byzantium and the Hamdanid emirate of Sayf al-Dawla, and was retaken by the Byzantines in 962.[14] The town again became a battleground during the Crusades until it was definitely captured by atabeg Nur al-Din of Aleppo in 1155; by that time, it had declined to obscurity, its fortress in ruins and the once prosperous town reduced to a small village.[14]

During the Crusades, the town was called Tulupa, and part of the Crusader County of Edessa.

Ecclesiastical history edit

Doliche was an episcopal see, suffragan of the Metropolitan of Hierapolis Bambyce (capital of Euphratensis, in the civil diocese of Oriens), in the sway of the patriarchate of Antioch.

The names of eight of its Byzantine bishops are known:

The see figures in the first Notitiae Episcopatuum,[17] about 840. There is a dubious claim that Doliche later took the place of Hierapolis as metropolis.[18]

Although the Arab conquest wiped the Byzantine institutions, Christianity persisted. Fourteen Jacobite Bishops are known from the eighth to ninth century.[11][19]

Titular see edit

The diocese was nominally restored in the eighteenth century by the Roman Catholic Church as Latin titular bishopric of Doliche (Latin = Curiate Italian) / Dolichen(us) (Latin).[11]

It has had only Episcopal rank bishops, and as of 2022, it is vacant.

References edit

  1. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ Ministry of Culture and Tourism page (in Turkish)
  4. ^ Getzel_M._Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea and Africa, California University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-520-24148-7, p. 156.
  5. ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, 1911, s.v. Aintab, p. 441.
  6. ^ Michael Blömer; Engelbert Winter (2011). Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates. Homer Kitabevi. p. 19. ISBN 978-9944-483-35-3.
  7. ^ Fergus Millar (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 453. ISBN 0-674-77885-5.
  8. ^ Ewald, Heinrich (1886). The history of Israel, Volume 8. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 23.
  9. ^ Michael Speidel (1978). The Religion of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. Leiden: Brill.
  10. ^ CIL III, 07834; CIL III, 07832; AE 1988, 00962.
  11. ^ a b c d Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907-1912
  12. ^ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, §2.26.1
  13. ^ Cluster of Excellence, Unique Roman relief discovered: Depiction of unknown god in Turkey; Relics from 2,000 years of cult history excavated, ScienceDaily, 10 November 2014. (with image of the deity)
  14. ^ a b c Sourdel, Dominique (1991). "Dulūk". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 624. ISBN 90-04-07026-5.
  15. ^ Brooks, The Sixth Book of Select Letters of Severus, London, 1904, II, 89, 90, 345-350, 352)
  16. ^ Lequien (Or. Christ., II, 937)
  17. ^ ed. Parthey
  18. ^ Vailhe, in Échos d'Orient, X, 94 sqq. and 367 sqq.)
  19. ^ "Revue de l'Orient chretien", VI, 195

Sources and external links edit

  • GCatholic - (former &) titular Latin see
Bibliography - ecclesiastical history
  • Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 436
  • Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 937-940
  • Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 3, p. 187; vol. 6, p. 198
  • Franz Cumont, Etudes syriennes, Paris 1917, pp. 173 seq.
  • Raymond Janin, lemma 'Doliché', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIV, Paris 1960, coll. 578-580

December 15, 2023
dülük, armenian, Տլուք, romanized, tlukʿ, neighbourhood, municipality, district, şehitkamil, gaziantep, province, turkey, population, 2022, about, kilometres, from, gaziantep, city, center, ancient, name, doliche, greek, Δολίχη, neighbourhoodlocation, turkeyco. Duluk Armenian Տլուք romanized Tlukʿ is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sehitkamil Gaziantep Province Turkey 1 Its population is 2 826 2022 2 It is about 10 kilometres 6 2 mi from Gaziantep city center Its ancient name was Doliche Greek Dolixh DulukNeighbourhoodDulukLocation in TurkeyCoordinates 37 09 N 37 22 E 37 150 N 37 367 E 37 150 37 367CountryTurkeyProvinceGaziantepDistrictSehitkamilElevation950 m 3 120 ft Population 2022 2 826Time zoneTRT UTC 3 Postal code27630Area code0342 Contents 1 History 1 1 Hittite period 1 2 Hellenistic period 1 3 Roman period 1 4 Medieval history 2 Ecclesiastical history 2 1 Titular see 3 References 4 Sources and external linksHistory editFinds in Tell Duluk include stone tools from 30 to 40 thousand years ago These tools are from a Neolithic culture unofficially dubbed the Dulicien culture by researchers Hittite period edit During the Hittite period it was a stop on the road connecting the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia It was also a religious center The sanctuary of the Hittite god Teshub was just to the north of the village 3 Hellenistic period edit In the literary sources the existence of the Hellenistic colony is not attested before the 2nd century BC It is speculated that part of the original colonial population of Doliche came from the homonymous Thessalian city The discovery of Rhodean amphorae handles suggest communications with the Aegean Sea during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC 4 The Seleucids adopted the worship of the local storm god as Zeus Dolichenus identified with Baal 5 At this time it was a small city on the road from Germanicia to Zeugma 5 Doliche was at one time considered to belong to the ancient region of Cyrrhestica 5 It was ruled by the Kingdom of Commagene for about 35 years 6 after being governed by Antiochus Theos it might have been incorporated into the Roman province of Syria as early as 31 BCE 7 Roman period edit Commagene was definitively annexed to the Roman Empire in 72 CE 8 It was incorporated into the Roman province of Syria Under Roman rule Doliche remained part of the region of Commagene a region of the Roman province of Syria and as that was portioned of the provinces Coele Syria and ultimately of Syria Euphratensis The worship of Jupiter Dolichenus became widespread from the mid second to the mid third century CE particularly though not exclusively in the Roman army 9 A number of religious monuments of Jupiter Dolichenus refer to him as the god of the Commagenians 10 Doliche struck its own coins from the reign of Marcus Aurelius to Caracalla 11 Archaeological finds in Doliche include an underground Mithraic temple rock graves and stone quarries from which giant rock blocks are produced The Marcianus Ancient Greek Markianὸs who was Apollonius of Athens follower was from Doliche 12 In 2014 a team of German archaeologists from the University of Munster announced the excavation of a relief depicting an Iron Age deity previously unknown to them on a stele among the remains of Mar Solomon 13 a medieval monastery uncovered during 2010 excavations in Doliche The monastery had been known only through writings indicating that it had been used through the era of the crusades The University of Munster s Asia Minor Research Centre has been conducting excavation work at the main sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus under the direction of Engelbert Winter and Michael Blomer and is supported by the German Research Foundation Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft DFG The international group consists of archaeologists historians architects conservators archaeozoologists geoinformation scientists and excavation workers Winter s field work at the sanctuary dates back to 2001 Medieval history edit The town of strategic importance due to its location at the intersection of roads linking the major cities of the region was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm during the first decades of the Muslim conquests It hence became a frontier outpost of the nascent Islamic Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire forming part of the fortified frontier zone al Awasim after the reign of Harun al Rashid 14 In the middle of the 10th century it played a role in the conflict between resurgent Byzantium and the Hamdanid emirate of Sayf al Dawla and was retaken by the Byzantines in 962 14 The town again became a battleground during the Crusades until it was definitely captured by atabeg Nur al Din of Aleppo in 1155 by that time it had declined to obscurity its fortress in ruins and the once prosperous town reduced to a small village 14 During the Crusades the town was called Tulupa and part of the Crusader County of Edessa Ecclesiastical history editDoliche was an episcopal see suffragan of the Metropolitan of Hierapolis Bambyce capital of Euphratensis in the civil diocese of Oriens in the sway of the patriarchate of Antioch The names of eight of its Byzantine bishops are known Archelaus present at the First Council of Nicaea 325 and at the Synod of Antioch 341 Olympius attended the schismatical synod of Philippopolis held in 347 by Arian bishops opposing the decisions of the canonical Council of Serdica 344 Cyrion at the Council of Seleucia 359 Maris during whose consecration circa 330 an Arian woman fatally stabbed Eusebius of Samosata a bitter adversary of that heresy he attended the First Council of Constantinople 381 Abibus a Nestorian too old in 431 to attend the Council of Ephesus which deposed him as heretic in 434 Athanasius his successor elected by the council Timothy a correspondent of Theodoret present at the Robber Council of Ephesus at a Synod of Antioch in 450 on the orthodoxy of Athanasius of Perra and at the Council of Chalcedon 451 in 457 he signed the decreto of Patriarch Gennadius I of Constantinople against simony Philoxenus a nephew of the celebrated Philoxenus of Hierapolis deposed as a Severian Encratite in 518 for Monophysitism reinstated in 533 after recanting that heresy in Constantinople 11 15 16 The see figures in the first Notitiae Episcopatuum 17 about 840 There is a dubious claim that Doliche later took the place of Hierapolis as metropolis 18 Although the Arab conquest wiped the Byzantine institutions Christianity persisted Fourteen Jacobite Bishops are known from the eighth to ninth century 11 19 Titular see edit The diocese was nominally restored in the eighteenth century by the Roman Catholic Church as Latin titular bishopric of Doliche Latin Curiate Italian Dolichen us Latin 11 It has had only Episcopal rank bishops and as of 2022 update it is vacant References edit Mahalle Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory Retrieved 12 July 2023 Address based population registration system ADNKS results dated 31 December 2022 Favorite Reports XLS TUIK Retrieved 12 July 2023 Ministry of Culture and Tourism page in Turkish Getzel M Cohen The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria the Red Sea and Africa California University Press 2006 ISBN 0 520 24148 7 p 156 a b c Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th edition 1911 s v Aintab p 441 Michael Blomer Engelbert Winter 2011 Commagene The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates Homer Kitabevi p 19 ISBN 978 9944 483 35 3 Fergus Millar 1993 The Roman Near East 31 BC AD 337 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 453 ISBN 0 674 77885 5 Ewald Heinrich 1886 The history of Israel Volume 8 Longmans Green amp Co p 23 Michael Speidel 1978 The Religion of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army Leiden Brill CIL III 07834 CIL III 07832 AE 1988 00962 a b c d Catholic Encyclopedia 1907 1912 Philostratus Lives of the Sophists 2 26 1 Cluster of Excellence Unique Roman relief discovered Depiction of unknown god in Turkey Relics from 2 000 years of cult history excavated ScienceDaily 10 November 2014 with image of the deity a b c Sourdel Dominique 1991 Duluk The Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Volume II C G Leiden and New York BRILL p 624 ISBN 90 04 07026 5 Brooks The Sixth Book of Select Letters of Severus London 1904 II 89 90 345 350 352 Lequien Or Christ II 937 ed Parthey Vailhe in Echos d Orient X 94 sqq and 367 sqq Revue de l Orient chretien VI 195Sources and external links editGCatholic former amp titular Latin seeBibliography ecclesiastical historyPius Bonifacius Gams Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae Leipzig 1931 p 436 Michel Lequien Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus Paris 1740 vol II coll 937 940 Konrad Eubel Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi vol 3 p 187 vol 6 p 198 Franz Cumont Etudes syriennes Paris 1917 pp 173 seq Raymond Janin lemma Doliche in Dictionnaire d Histoire et de Geographie ecclesiastiques vol XIV Paris 1960 coll 578 580 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Duluk amp oldid 1176071711, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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