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Enix

January 01, 1970

For the Spanish municipality, see Enix, Spain.

Enix Corporation[a] was a Japanese multimedia publisher who handled and oversaw video games, manga, guidebooks, and merchandise. It was founded in 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima as Eidansha Boshu Service Center, initially as a tabloid publisher and later attempting to branch into real estate management. Beginning in 1982, Enix began publishing video games. Three notable early collaborators were designers Yuji Horii and Koichi Nakamura, and composer Koichi Sugiyama. Horii, Nakamura and Sugiyama would all work on the 1986 role playing video game (RPG) Dragon Quest for the Family Computer; one of the earliest successful RPGs for consoles, it spawned a franchise of the same name which remains Enix's best-known product.

Enix Corporation
Native name
株式会社エニックス
Kabushiki gaisha Enikkusu
FormerlyEidansha Boshu Service Center
Company typeKabushiki gaisha
Industry
FoundedSeptember 22, 1975; 48 years ago (1975-09-22)
FounderYasuhiro Fukushima
DefunctApril 1, 2003; 21 years ago (2003-04-01)
FateMerged with Square
SuccessorSquare Enix
Headquarters
Shibuya, Tokyo
,
Japan
Key people
Products
¥7,459 million (March 2002)
¥ 4,276 million (March 2002)
Number of employees
134 (March 2002)
SubsidiariesSee Company structure and affiliates
Website
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

They would gain notoriety as a publisher for several studios and their properties including tri-Ace, Tose, Chunsoft and Quintet. It also founded the Gangan Comics imprint family, and created international subsidiaries or partnerships related to technology development, publishing and education. In the early 2000s, due to rising game development costs, Enix entered discussions about merging with Square, a rival company known for the Final Fantasy franchise. The merger eventually went ahead in 2003 forming Square Enix, with Enix as the surviving corporate entity.

History edit

1975-1989: Origins, Dragon Quest edit

Enix was founded under the name Eidansha Boshu Service Center on September 22, 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima.[1] An architect-turned-business entrepreneur, Fukushima initially founded Eidansha as a publishing company focused on advertising tabloids for real estate.[3]: 77–81  On February 5, 1980, Eidansha Boshu created a wholly owned subsidiary Eidansya Fudousan for the purpose of specializing in real estate trading and brokerage, being renamed Eidansha Systems the following year.[4] It was based in Shinjuku, Tokyo.[1] During 1982 Eidansha Boshu made an unsuccessful attempt to become a nationwide chain. Fukushima decided to invest his capital into the emerging video game market; during this period on August 30, Eidansya Fudousan was renamed Enix Corporation.[5][3]: 77–81  The name Enix was a play on both the mythological Phoenix, and the early computer ENIAC.[3]: 77–81 [6]

Seeking game proposals, Fukushima organized a competition dubbed the "Enix Game Hobby Program Contest" in both computer and manga magazines, offering a prize of ¥1 million (US$10,000) for a game prototype which could be published by Enix.[3]: 77–81 [7] Among the winners were Yuji Horii, then a writer for Weekly Shōnen Jump, with the sports game Love Match Tennis;[8] designer Koichi Nakamura with the puzzle game Door Door;[7] and self-trained programmer Kazuro Morita with the simulation video game Morita's Battlefield.[9] During the next few years, Enix would publish titles for both the PC market and the fledgling Japanese console market.[10][3]: 77–81  Using his royalties, Morita established the developer Random House and developed several PC and console titles including the Morita's Shogi series.[9][11] In collaboration with Nakamura's new company Chunsoft, Horii notably created the adventure game The Portopia Serial Murder Case (1983), then during discussions around a port of the game to the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System) Horii and Nakamura decided to develop a role-playing video game (RPG) for the platform.[3]: 84–89 

The RPG, titled Dragon Quest, began development in 1985.[3]: 84–89 [12] Horii and Nakamura acted as designers, composer Koichi Sugiyama created the score for the game, and Dragon Ball artist Akira Toriyama was brought on board for art design.[3]: 84–89 [13] While meeting with initially slow sales, Dragon Quest became a critical and commercial success, selling over one million copies in Japan.[3]: 84–89 [12] The success of Dragon Quest spawned a franchise of the same name, which would become Enix's highest-grossing property.[10][1] Horii, Sugiyama and Toriyama remained mainstays with the series.[14] Chunsoft developed the next five Dragon Quest titles.[7] While the Dragon Quest series proved successful, Enix continued publishing PC titles to maintain financial stability.[3]: 77–81  The company also began selling merchandise themed after Dragon Quest in 1988 with character statues and toys, expanding to board and card games the following year.[15]

In October 1983, Enix co-founded Konishiroku Enix with Konishiroku Photo Company, later purchasing all shares in January 1989. A second subsidiary, Enix Products, was established in March 1988 for the sale of publications and character merchandise. Both subsidiaries along with the original Enix were merged into their parent company Eidansha Boshu in April 1989, which renamed itself Enix Corporation.[4][16]

1990-1999: Publishing and collaborations edit

In 1990, Enix published their first third-party console title ActRaiser for the Super Famicom. The game was developed by Quintet, a Japanese independent developer made up of former Nihon Falcom staff.[17] Enix acted as publisher for all of Quintet's subsequent Super Famicom games in Japan.[18] Enix had begun publishing guidebooks for the Dragon Quest series,[19] between 1988 and 1991 the company decided to make print publication their second major business section alongside video game publishing. This was to ensure their income did not entirely depend on Dragon Quest.[20][21] This eventually led to Enix launching the Gangan Comics imprint family, beginning with Monthly Shonen Gangan March 1991.[19][22] Following its first publication with Monthly Shonen Gangan in March 1991, several other manga imprints with magazine and tankōbon editions were created for different genres including Monthly G-Fantasy and Monthly Shonen Gag-OU.[22] The company also expanded their merchandise range to include other notable series including Mario and Pokémon.[15] In February 1991, Enix registered with the Japan Securities Dealers Association to offer shares for public purchase.[4]

Following Dragon Quest V (1992), Chunsoft left as main series developer, wanting to create their own titles.[7] In the years following, Chunsoft continued collaborating with Enix on spin-off Dragon Quest titles including early entries in their Mystery Dungeon franchise.[7][23] The next two entries were developed by Heartbeat, a company founded by former Chunsoft staff dedicated to developing Dragon Quest titles.[24][25] Heartbeat would handle main series production until going on sabbatical in 2002.[25][26] From 1994, Enix acted as publisher for Horii's Itadaki Street series, taking over the series from ASCII.[27] They also frequently acted as publisher for titles from Tamtam,[28] and created the Dragon Quest Monsters spin-off series with developer Tose.[29]

Enix were initially pitched unsuccessfully by Wolf Team with Tales of Phantasia, which was ultimately published by Namco in 1995.[30] Enix later acted as publisher for Star Ocean (1996), developed by former Tales of Phantasia staff members who split from Wolf Team to form tri-Ace.[31][32] In partnership with Enix, tri-Ace developed three further Star Ocean titles,[33][34][35] and the Norse mythology-inspired RPG Valkyrie Profile (1999).[36] Enix also notably helped publish two Western console titles; Riven (1998) and Tomb Raider III (1999).[37][38] In August 1996, Enix moved from Shinjuku to offices in Shibuya.[4] In contrast to other companies at the time, which were leaving behind cartridge-based Nintendo 64 for the disc-based PlayStation, Enix announced in 1997 that they would publish titles for both platforms.[39] They later stated their intention to develop for the GameCube.[40] In August 1999, Enix was listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange's first section, which includes the largest companies on the exchange.[4]

2000-2003: Internal troubles, merger edit

Beginning in the early 2000s, Enix's manga publishing division went through a period of turbulence as several editors expressed dissatisfaction with Enix's focus on Dragon Quest media and the shōnen demographic, a growing lack of creative freedom, and rising tensions between authors and editors.[41][42] Editor Yoshihiro Hosaka and a number of other Gangan associates founded Mag Garden in 2001, which became a market rival through the Monthly Comic Blade magazine.[43] Mag Garden's foundation triggered a mass departure of creatives and legal battles with Enix over manga copyright ownership. The issues were resolved in 2003 when Enix agreed to partially invest in Mag Garden.[43][44] The manga division's troubles were lessened with the beginning of Fullmetal Alchemist, which proved highly popular.[42] Enix also suffered from financial losses due to the delayed releases of Dragon Quest VII (2000) and Dragon Quest Monsters 2 (2001).[5][45][46] Some notable titles begun or announced during the 2000s were PlayStation 2 titles in the Grandia series,[26][47] the MMORPG Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion from Puraguru,[48] and the action role-playing game Drakengard from Cavia.[49]

In 2001, citing the rising cost of game development, Enix expressed interest in merging with either Square or Namco.[50] They ultimately began talks with Square, a market rival and developer of the Final Fantasy franchise. Talks were temporarily halted when Square suffered financially due to the failure of the 2001 feature film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within.[51] Following the commercial success of Final Fantasy X (2001) and Kingdom Hearts (2002), talks went ahead on the merger with Enix as Square's finances stabilized; Square's then-CEO Yoichi Wada described it as a merger of two companies "at their height".[52] Despite this, some shareholders had doubts about the merger, notably Square's founder Masafumi Miyamoto, who would find himself holding significantly less shares and having a smaller controlling stake if the deal went ahead as initially planned.[53] Miyamoto's issue was resolved by altering the exchange ratio to one Square share for 0.85 Enix shares, and the merger was greenlit.[54] The merger resulted in Square Enix being formed on April 1, 2003, with Enix as the surviving corporate entity and Square dissolving its departments and subsidiaries into the new company.[54][55] Enix's last two published titles were Star Ocean: Till the End of Time and Dragon Quest Monsters: Caravan Heart, both in 2003.[56][57] Fantasy Earth and Drakengard were published after the merger.[48][58]

Company structure and affiliates edit

See also: List of Enix video games and List of Enix home computer games

During reports on the merger with Square, Takashi Oya of Deutsche Securities described Enix as "[outsourcing] game development and [having] few in-house creators" compared to Square's focus on internal development.[59] At the time of the merger, Enix had two development divisions; one managing the Dragon Quest series led by Yuu Miyake, and a supervisory division made up of producers.[60] Speaking in 1997, Quintet staff described their company as a "subcontractor" for Enix, being involved in its projects even when not acting as a publisher.[18] Horii notably created Armor Project as a company to oversee Dragon Quest for Enix, with him comparing the relationship to that between an editor and an artist. Armor Project survived as an associate of Square Enix, growing into a larger entity over the years.[61]

Enix Webstar Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. was a company formed between Enix and Mauritius Webstar Inc. in 2001 to develop online and mobile phone games in China and, later, other parts of Asia. The subsidiary was carried over after the merger between Square and Enix, but was dissolved in 2005 after the establishment of Square Enix China.[62][63] Digital Entertainment Academy Co., Ltd. was established as a partially owned subsidiary in 1991.[16] Originally called Toshima Ku Hokkaido University, the school was founded to teach game development.[64]

Enix America Corporation was the corporation's first American localization subsidiary based in Redmond, Washington.[65] It was organized after the release of Dragon Warrior by Nintendo of America in 1989. The subsidiary came into existence in 1990, but closed in November 1995 when the parent company decided to no longer release products in North America[66] due to poor sales.[67] One of the games they published, King Arthur & the Knights of Justice, was Enix's first and only North America exclusive game.[68] Enix America, Inc., Enix's last American localization subsidiary, was organized in 1999 after the release of Dragon Warrior Monsters through a joint venture with Eidos.[69] Paul Handelman, who was part of Enix America Corporation's staff, returned to lead Enix America, Inc. as president. The corporation was in existence until 2003, ceasing to exist after the merger with Square Co., Ltd.[70] It was based in Seattle, Washington.[71] Several of Enix's localized games were published by other companies including Nintendo and Sony Computer Entertainment.[72]

Legacy edit

The Dragon Quest series became one of the most popular video game series in Japan, spinning off into a multimedia franchise, and entering mainstream popular culture in the country.[73][74] Several publications have cited the original game as a pioneer for the genre on home consoles, influencing the development of other popular series.[75][76][77] Enix's Gangan Comics imprint, in addition to publishing a number of successful series, was credited by critic Tsuyoshi Ito with helping manga appeal to a wider cross-demographic audience that blending the shōnen and shōjo manga styles.[78] Hosaka also credited Enix with introducing fantasy into the wider mainstream market, and as a pioneer of publishers directly investing in and having creative input into anime adaptations of their work.[79]

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Notes edit

  1. ^ Japanese: 株式会社エニックス, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Enikkusu

External links edit

  • (in English) (archives)
  • (in Japanese) (archives)

January 01, 1970
enix, spanish, municipality, spain, corporation, japanese, multimedia, publisher, handled, oversaw, video, games, manga, guidebooks, merchandise, founded, 1975, yasuhiro, fukushima, eidansha, boshu, service, center, initially, tabloid, publisher, later, attemp. For the Spanish municipality see Enix Spain Enix Corporation a was a Japanese multimedia publisher who handled and oversaw video games manga guidebooks and merchandise It was founded in 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima as Eidansha Boshu Service Center initially as a tabloid publisher and later attempting to branch into real estate management Beginning in 1982 Enix began publishing video games Three notable early collaborators were designers Yuji Horii and Koichi Nakamura and composer Koichi Sugiyama Horii Nakamura and Sugiyama would all work on the 1986 role playing video game RPG Dragon Quest for the Family Computer one of the earliest successful RPGs for consoles it spawned a franchise of the same name which remains Enix s best known product Enix CorporationNative name株式会社エニックスRomanized nameKabushiki gaisha EnikkusuFormerlyEidansha Boshu Service CenterCompany typeKabushiki gaishaIndustryVideo games Publishing Anime MangaFoundedSeptember 22 1975 48 years ago 1975 09 22 FounderYasuhiro FukushimaDefunctApril 1 2003 21 years ago 2003 04 01 FateMerged with SquareSuccessorSquare EnixHeadquartersShibuya Tokyo JapanKey peopleYasuhiro Fukushima CEO Keiji Honda President ProductsList of Enix games List of Enix home computer gamesOperating income 7 459 million March 2002 Net income 4 276 million March 2002 Number of employees134 March 2002 SubsidiariesSee Company structure and affiliatesWebsitewww enix co jpFootnotes references 1 2 They would gain notoriety as a publisher for several studios and their properties including tri Ace Tose Chunsoft and Quintet It also founded the Gangan Comics imprint family and created international subsidiaries or partnerships related to technology development publishing and education In the early 2000s due to rising game development costs Enix entered discussions about merging with Square a rival company known for the Final Fantasy franchise The merger eventually went ahead in 2003 forming Square Enix with Enix as the surviving corporate entity Contents 1 History 1 1 1975 1989 Origins Dragon Quest 1 2 1990 1999 Publishing and collaborations 1 3 2000 2003 Internal troubles merger 2 Company structure and affiliates 3 Legacy 4 References 4 1 Notes 5 External linksHistory edit1975 1989 Origins Dragon Quest edit Enix was founded under the name Eidansha Boshu Service Center on September 22 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima 1 An architect turned business entrepreneur Fukushima initially founded Eidansha as a publishing company focused on advertising tabloids for real estate 3 77 81 On February 5 1980 Eidansha Boshu created a wholly owned subsidiary Eidansya Fudousan for the purpose of specializing in real estate trading and brokerage being renamed Eidansha Systems the following year 4 It was based in Shinjuku Tokyo 1 During 1982 Eidansha Boshu made an unsuccessful attempt to become a nationwide chain Fukushima decided to invest his capital into the emerging video game market during this period on August 30 Eidansya Fudousan was renamed Enix Corporation 5 3 77 81 The name Enix was a play on both the mythological Phoenix and the early computer ENIAC 3 77 81 6 Seeking game proposals Fukushima organized a competition dubbed the Enix Game Hobby Program Contest in both computer and manga magazines offering a prize of 1 million US 10 000 for a game prototype which could be published by Enix 3 77 81 7 Among the winners were Yuji Horii then a writer for Weekly Shōnen Jump with the sports game Love Match Tennis 8 designer Koichi Nakamura with the puzzle game Door Door 7 and self trained programmer Kazuro Morita with the simulation video game Morita s Battlefield 9 During the next few years Enix would publish titles for both the PC market and the fledgling Japanese console market 10 3 77 81 Using his royalties Morita established the developer Random House and developed several PC and console titles including the Morita s Shogi series 9 11 In collaboration with Nakamura s new company Chunsoft Horii notably created the adventure game The Portopia Serial Murder Case 1983 then during discussions around a port of the game to the Famicom Nintendo Entertainment System Horii and Nakamura decided to develop a role playing video game RPG for the platform 3 84 89 The RPG titled Dragon Quest began development in 1985 3 84 89 12 Horii and Nakamura acted as designers composer Koichi Sugiyama created the score for the game and Dragon Ball artist Akira Toriyama was brought on board for art design 3 84 89 13 While meeting with initially slow sales Dragon Quest became a critical and commercial success selling over one million copies in Japan 3 84 89 12 The success of Dragon Quest spawned a franchise of the same name which would become Enix s highest grossing property 10 1 Horii Sugiyama and Toriyama remained mainstays with the series 14 Chunsoft developed the next five Dragon Quest titles 7 While the Dragon Quest series proved successful Enix continued publishing PC titles to maintain financial stability 3 77 81 The company also began selling merchandise themed after Dragon Quest in 1988 with character statues and toys expanding to board and card games the following year 15 In October 1983 Enix co founded Konishiroku Enix with Konishiroku Photo Company later purchasing all shares in January 1989 A second subsidiary Enix Products was established in March 1988 for the sale of publications and character merchandise Both subsidiaries along with the original Enix were merged into their parent company Eidansha Boshu in April 1989 which renamed itself Enix Corporation 4 16 1990 1999 Publishing and collaborations edit In 1990 Enix published their first third party console title ActRaiser for the Super Famicom The game was developed by Quintet a Japanese independent developer made up of former Nihon Falcom staff 17 Enix acted as publisher for all of Quintet s subsequent Super Famicom games in Japan 18 Enix had begun publishing guidebooks for the Dragon Quest series 19 between 1988 and 1991 the company decided to make print publication their second major business section alongside video game publishing This was to ensure their income did not entirely depend on Dragon Quest 20 21 This eventually led to Enix launching the Gangan Comics imprint family beginning with Monthly Shonen Gangan March 1991 19 22 Following its first publication with Monthly Shonen Gangan in March 1991 several other manga imprints with magazine and tankōbon editions were created for different genres including Monthly G Fantasy and Monthly Shonen Gag OU 22 The company also expanded their merchandise range to include other notable series including Mario and Pokemon 15 In February 1991 Enix registered with the Japan Securities Dealers Association to offer shares for public purchase 4 Following Dragon Quest V 1992 Chunsoft left as main series developer wanting to create their own titles 7 In the years following Chunsoft continued collaborating with Enix on spin off Dragon Quest titles including early entries in their Mystery Dungeon franchise 7 23 The next two entries were developed by Heartbeat a company founded by former Chunsoft staff dedicated to developing Dragon Quest titles 24 25 Heartbeat would handle main series production until going on sabbatical in 2002 25 26 From 1994 Enix acted as publisher for Horii s Itadaki Street series taking over the series from ASCII 27 They also frequently acted as publisher for titles from Tamtam 28 and created the Dragon Quest Monsters spin off series with developer Tose 29 Enix were initially pitched unsuccessfully by Wolf Team with Tales of Phantasia which was ultimately published by Namco in 1995 30 Enix later acted as publisher for Star Ocean 1996 developed by former Tales of Phantasia staff members who split from Wolf Team to form tri Ace 31 32 In partnership with Enix tri Ace developed three further Star Ocean titles 33 34 35 and the Norse mythology inspired RPG Valkyrie Profile 1999 36 Enix also notably helped publish two Western console titles Riven 1998 and Tomb Raider III 1999 37 38 In August 1996 Enix moved from Shinjuku to offices in Shibuya 4 In contrast to other companies at the time which were leaving behind cartridge based Nintendo 64 for the disc based PlayStation Enix announced in 1997 that they would publish titles for both platforms 39 They later stated their intention to develop for the GameCube 40 In August 1999 Enix was listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange s first section which includes the largest companies on the exchange 4 2000 2003 Internal troubles merger edit Beginning in the early 2000s Enix s manga publishing division went through a period of turbulence as several editors expressed dissatisfaction with Enix s focus on Dragon Quest media and the shōnen demographic a growing lack of creative freedom and rising tensions between authors and editors 41 42 Editor Yoshihiro Hosaka and a number of other Gangan associates founded Mag Garden in 2001 which became a market rival through the Monthly Comic Blade magazine 43 Mag Garden s foundation triggered a mass departure of creatives and legal battles with Enix over manga copyright ownership The issues were resolved in 2003 when Enix agreed to partially invest in Mag Garden 43 44 The manga division s troubles were lessened with the beginning of Fullmetal Alchemist which proved highly popular 42 Enix also suffered from financial losses due to the delayed releases of Dragon Quest VII 2000 and Dragon Quest Monsters 2 2001 5 45 46 Some notable titles begun or announced during the 2000s were PlayStation 2 titles in the Grandia series 26 47 the MMORPG Fantasy Earth The Ring of Dominion from Puraguru 48 and the action role playing game Drakengard from Cavia 49 In 2001 citing the rising cost of game development Enix expressed interest in merging with either Square or Namco 50 They ultimately began talks with Square a market rival and developer of the Final Fantasy franchise Talks were temporarily halted when Square suffered financially due to the failure of the 2001 feature film Final Fantasy The Spirits Within 51 Following the commercial success of Final Fantasy X 2001 and Kingdom Hearts 2002 talks went ahead on the merger with Enix as Square s finances stabilized Square s then CEO Yoichi Wada described it as a merger of two companies at their height 52 Despite this some shareholders had doubts about the merger notably Square s founder Masafumi Miyamoto who would find himself holding significantly less shares and having a smaller controlling stake if the deal went ahead as initially planned 53 Miyamoto s issue was resolved by altering the exchange ratio to one Square share for 0 85 Enix shares and the merger was greenlit 54 The merger resulted in Square Enix being formed on April 1 2003 with Enix as the surviving corporate entity and Square dissolving its departments and subsidiaries into the new company 54 55 Enix s last two published titles were Star Ocean Till the End of Time and Dragon Quest Monsters Caravan Heart both in 2003 56 57 Fantasy Earth and Drakengard were published after the merger 48 58 Company structure and affiliates editSee also List of Enix video games and List of Enix home computer games During reports on the merger with Square Takashi Oya of Deutsche Securities described Enix as outsourcing game development and having few in house creators compared to Square s focus on internal development 59 At the time of the merger Enix had two development divisions one managing the Dragon Quest series led by Yuu Miyake and a supervisory division made up of producers 60 Speaking in 1997 Quintet staff described their company as a subcontractor for Enix being involved in its projects even when not acting as a publisher 18 Horii notably created Armor Project as a company to oversee Dragon Quest for Enix with him comparing the relationship to that between an editor and an artist Armor Project survived as an associate of Square Enix growing into a larger entity over the years 61 Enix Webstar Network Technology Beijing Co Ltd was a company formed between Enix and Mauritius Webstar Inc in 2001 to develop online and mobile phone games in China and later other parts of Asia The subsidiary was carried over after the merger between Square and Enix but was dissolved in 2005 after the establishment of Square Enix China 62 63 Digital Entertainment Academy Co Ltd was established as a partially owned subsidiary in 1991 16 Originally called Toshima Ku Hokkaido University the school was founded to teach game development 64 Enix America Corporation was the corporation s first American localization subsidiary based in Redmond Washington 65 It was organized after the release of Dragon Warrior by Nintendo of America in 1989 The subsidiary came into existence in 1990 but closed in November 1995 when the parent company decided to no longer release products in North America 66 due to poor sales 67 One of the games they published King Arthur amp the Knights of Justice was Enix s first and only North America exclusive game 68 Enix America Inc Enix s last American localization subsidiary was organized in 1999 after the release of Dragon Warrior Monsters through a joint venture with Eidos 69 Paul Handelman who was part of Enix America Corporation s staff returned to lead Enix America Inc as president The corporation was in existence until 2003 ceasing to exist after the merger with Square Co Ltd 70 It was based in Seattle Washington 71 Several of Enix s localized games were published by other companies including Nintendo and Sony Computer Entertainment 72 Legacy editThe Dragon Quest series became one of the most popular video game series in Japan spinning off into a multimedia franchise and entering mainstream popular culture in the country 73 74 Several publications have cited the original game as a pioneer for the genre on home consoles influencing the development of other popular series 75 76 77 Enix s Gangan Comics imprint in addition to publishing a number of successful series was credited by critic Tsuyoshi Ito with helping manga appeal to a wider cross demographic audience that blending the shōnen and shōjo manga styles 78 Hosaka also credited Enix with introducing fantasy into the wider mainstream market and as a pioneer of publishers directly investing in and having creative input into anime adaptations of their work 79 References edit a b c d ENIX OUTLINE OF THE COMPANY June 3 2002 Archived from the original on June 3 2002 Consolidated Financial Data PDF March 8 2003 Archived from the original PDF on March 8 2003 a b c d e f g h i j Koehler Chris 2004 Power Up How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life United States Brady Games ISBN 978 0 7440 0424 3 a b c d e Square Enix 2019 Annual Report PDF Square Enix 2019 p 29 Archived from the original PDF on December 4 2019 Retrieved December 3 2019 a b Fujii Daiji January 2006 Entrepreneurial choices of strategic options in Japan s RPG development PDF Report Faculty of Economics Okayama University Archived from the original PDF on October 8 2006 Retrieved April 26 2008 Smith David June 26 2005 What s in a Name 1UP com p 3 Archived from the original on April 26 2006 Retrieved July 27 2008 a b c d e Chunsoft 30th Anniversary 2014 Interview Shmuplations Archived from the original on March 7 2022 Retrieved August 12 2022 堀井雄二 調査団 アドベンチャーゲームは如何に日本のストーリーゲームを発展させていったか 前編 Automaton Media in Japanese December 20 2017 Archived from the original on May 30 2020 Retrieved May 13 2023 a b コンピュータ新人類の研究 Bungeishunju 1994 pp 162 168 ISBN 4 1674 4102 0 a b DeMaria Rusel Wilson Johnny L 2004 Across the Pacific High Score The Illustrated History of Electronic Games 2nd ed McGraw Hill Professional p 374 ISBN 978 0 07 223172 4 蘇るPC 8801伝説永久保存版 ASCII Corporation 2006 pp 86 93 ISBN 4 7561 4730 5 a b Gifford Kevin 20 Dragon Warrior Though Art a Hero The Essential 50 Archives The Most Important Games Ever Made 1UP com Archived from the original on January 2 2013 Retrieved March 26 2011 Oxford Nadia May 26 2010 Getting to Know Dragon Warrior Again and Again 1up Archived from the original on May 31 2016 Retrieved July 7 2011 スクウェア エニックス DS ドラゴンクエストIX 星空の守り人 発表Wi Fiで4人同時プレイに対応したオンラインアクションRPG Game Watch Impress in Japanese December 12 2006 Archived from the original on December 1 2008 Retrieved August 18 2022 a b Enixグッズ事業 in Japanese Enix Archived from the original on May 5 1999 Retrieved May 13 2023 a b Square Enix Square Enix History timeline Square Enix Archived from the original on May 30 2007 Retrieved August 20 2007 Szczepaniak John August 4 2014 The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers Vol 1 SMG Szczepaniak a b Kuboki Kei Loe Casey January 1997 Japan Now Quintet GameFan Vol 5 no 1 Metropolis Media p 122 ISSN 1092 7212 a href Template Cite magazine html title Template Cite magazine cite magazine a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b エニックス社長福嶋康博 ドラクエ すそ野広がる インタビュー流通 Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun in Japanese The Nikkei May 19 1990 p 11 出版事業に参入 エニックス まず ドラクエ 関連本 Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun in Japanese The Nikkei September 1 1988 p 7 エニックス ドラクエ攻略 の次は 一般書籍を拡充 漫画単行本 小説など Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun in Japanese The Nikkei August 3 1991 p 4 a b Enix Publications Enix Archived from the original on November 17 1999 Retrieved May 13 2023 Game Maestro Vol 2 Producer Director Edition 2 by Hidekuni Shida 2000 p 24 ホーム in Japanese Heartbeat Archived from the original on December 5 1998 Retrieved May 13 2023 a b Feena December 26 2002 Enix Comments On DQVIII As Heart Beat Steps Away RPGFan Archived from the original on February 21 2002 Retrieved January 11 2009 a b Eric Malenfant Eve C Nicole Kirk 2002 Enix Interview With Justin Lucas RPGFan Archived from the original on October 22 2002 Retrieved June 21 2008 懐かしスーパーファミコン パーフェクトガイド in Japanese Magazine Box September 21 2016 p 23 ISBN 4 8664 0008 0 作品一覧 in Japanese Tamtam Archived from the original on February 5 2002 Retrieved May 13 2023 トーセの謎 Mystery of Tose Famitsu in Japanese No 1478 Kadokawa Corporation March 30 2017 Translation Villner Par Schaufelberger Fredrik September 2009 Square Enix Level in Swedish 29 Sweaden 44 59 Interview avec Shuichi Kobayashi producteur de Star Ocean 5 FFWorld March 16 2016 Archived from the original on November 29 2020 Retrieved May 13 2023 Star Ocean Developer Interviews Shmuplations Archived from the original on April 12 2023 Retrieved May 13 2023 スターオーシャン セカンドストーリー in Japanese tri Ace Archived from the original on October 6 2000 Retrieved May 13 2023 Bilyk Andrew P 2000 Star Ocean Sequel Headed for Game Boy RPGamer Archived from the original on April 4 2015 Retrieved September 7 2016 IGN Staff May 16 2003 E3 2003 Star Ocean Till the End of Time Interview IGN Retrieved April 3 2016 ヴァルキリープロファイル in Japanese tri Ace Archived from the original on October 7 2000 Retrieved May 13 2023 超美麗グラフィックで構築された謎の島を冒険する Riven The Sequel to Myst Game Watch Impress in Japanese Archived from the original on April 26 2003 Retrieved May 13 2023 PS トゥームレイダー3 Famitsu in Japanese Archived from the original on November 24 2015 Retrieved May 13 2023 Enix To Develop Titles For The PlayStation IGN January 9 1997 Archived from the original on June 6 2011 Retrieved July 19 2008 Enix Supports Cube IGN January 31 2002 Archived from the original on February 1 2002 Retrieved May 13 2023 Matsuzaki Takeshi February 7 2020 マンガ家の力 編集者の意義 第1回 松崎武吏の 編集道 上 MangaBox in Japanese Archived from the original on June 26 2022 Retrieved May 13 2023 a b Matsuzaki Takeshi February 12 2020 マンガ家の力 編集者の意義 第2回 松崎武吏の 編集道 下 MangaBox in Japanese Archived from the original on June 26 2022 Retrieved May 13 2023 a b Mag Garden to be Enlisted on the Tokyo Stock Exchange s Mothers Market Animaxis September 19 2003 Archived from the original on October 15 2007 Retrieved May 13 2023 Mag Garden l effondrement des ventes de prepublication et la piste des adaptations Mata Web in French Archived from the original on July 14 2011 Retrieved May 13 2023 Dragon Quest VII Sells Like Crazy IGN April 28 2000 Archived from the original on January 22 2007 Retrieved June 1 2008 Long Andrew November 14 2001 Enix Announces Figures RPGamer Archived from the original on March 11 2005 Retrieved July 29 2007 エニックスとゲームアーツが協力 シリーズ最新作 グランディアX 発売決定 Dengeki Online in Japanese June 1 2001 Archived from the original on February 19 2023 Retrieved May 13 2023 a b ヴァニラウェア神谷盛治氏 大西憲太郎氏インタビュー マフィア梶田が オーディンスフィア レイヴスラシル の魅力について聞いた 4Gamer net in Japanese January 23 2016 Archived from the original on February 17 2016 Retrieved October 8 2016 エニックスが放つ新作アクションRPG ドラッグ オン ドラグーン Famitsu in Japanese December 12 2002 Archived from the original on February 27 2018 Retrieved September 16 2022 Square Enix and Namco Reveal First Tie up Details IGN June 18 2001 Archived from the original on June 4 2011 Retrieved July 19 2008 Long Andrew 2003 Square Enix Gives Chrono Break Trademark Some Playmates RPGamer Archived from the original on November 13 2014 Retrieved June 1 2008 Square and Enix to merge IGN November 25 2002 Archived from the original on November 24 2013 Retrieved December 25 2013 Winkler Chris January 10 2003 Square Founder Complains About Planned Merger RPGFan Archived from the original on February 14 2003 Retrieved January 15 2016 a b Square Enix Merger gets greenlight RPGFan January 14 2003 Archived from the original on February 13 2003 Retrieved December 25 2013 Game software firms Enix Square to merge on April 1 Japan Times November 27 2002 Archived from the original on July 13 2017 Retrieved March 11 2017 Harwood Justin February 9 2003 Star Ocean 3 to Have Fight Simulator RPGamer Archived from the original on April 5 2003 Retrieved May 13 2023 Wollenschlaeger Alex March 28 2003 Japandemonium From Safety to Where RPGamer Archived from the original on September 7 2008 Retrieved January 11 2009 注目のA RPG ドラッグオンドラグーン の発売が9月11日に 価格は6 800円に決定 Dengeki Online February 26 2018 Archived from the original on February 26 2018 Retrieved July 3 2003 Jim November 26 2002 Japan Game Software Firms Square Enix to Merge GameCubicle com Archived from the original on February 5 2006 Retrieved December 28 2013 Winkler Chris September 20 2003 Square Enix Talks Current Status RPGFan Archived from the original on March 22 2012 Retrieved August 1 2007 Haywald Justin September 20 2018 Yuji Horii on the legacy of Dragon Quest Polygon Archived from the original on September 20 2018 Retrieved August 18 2022 History 1975 2003 Square Enix Archived from the original on April 14 2023 Retrieved May 13 2023 Square Enix enhanced a presence in the Chinese online and mobile game market with a 100 Square Enix subsidiary based in Beijing PDF Square Enix staff February 28 2005 Archived PDF from the original on May 6 2006 Retrieved July 27 2008 Digital Entertainment Academy history in Japanese Digital Entertainment Academy Archived from the original on December 19 2007 Retrieved July 21 2008 Gamasutra Selecting Save on the Games We Make Part 1 www gamasutra com February 23 2012 Archived from the original on September 23 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 Enix on a Quest Nintendo Power Epic Center No 80 Nintendo of America January 1996 p 58 Enix Corp Japan U S Business Report November 1 1999 Averill Alan March 1995 King Arthur amp the Knights of Justice Nintendo Power Epic Center No 70 Nintendo of America p 36 Our first Epic Center developer focus zooms in on King Arthur amp the Knights of Justice from Enix Manley amp Associates is breaking ground with this game as the first American developer of a major adventure for Enix Tidwell Mike August 3 1999 News from Enix RPGamer Archived from the original on March 10 2005 Retrieved July 29 2008 Stone Cortney 2003 Enix America Shuts Down RPGamer Archived from the original on November 6 2006 Retrieved September 11 2007 About Enix November 29 1999 Archived from the original on November 29 1999 Star Ocean The Second Story Official U S PlayStation Magazine Vol 2 no 8 Ziff Davis May 1999 p 46 Kishida Maya エンターテインメント Vol 2 堀井 雄二 インタビュー Entertainment Vol 2 Interview of Yuji Horii Japan Media Arts Plaza Archived from the original on June 14 2010 Retrieved October 15 2011 CEDEC 2009 ドラクエ は藤子さんになれたらいい 堀井氏が基調講演 CEDEC 2009 Dragon QuestFuji s Good Time Horii Keynote in Japanese Famitsu September 1 2009 Archived from the original on July 9 2011 Retrieved February 14 2011 Top 100 Games of All Time Next Generation No 21 Imagine Media September 1996 p 51 The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards Role Playing Games Honorable Mention Dragon Warrior Gamasutra October 6 2006 Archived from the original on March 13 2011 Retrieved March 28 2011 Clone Warriors RPGs Inspired by Dragon Quest The 25th Anniversary of Dragon Quest 1up Archived from the original on October 27 2011 Retrieved September 1 2011 Ito Tsuyoshi 2005 テヅカ イズ デッド ひらかれたマンガ表現論へ in Japanese NTT Publishing pp 13 28 ISBN 4 7571 4129 7 マンガ出版を核にコンテンツビジネスを展開 AnimeAnime jp in Japanese March 4 2005 Archived from the original on November 3 2012 Retrieved May 13 2023 Notes edit Japanese 株式会社エニックス Hepburn Kabushiki gaisha EnikkusuExternal links editOfficial website in English archives Official website in Japanese archives Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Enix amp oldid 1225137093, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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