For the language of the mainland Carib of South America, see Carib language.
The Kalinago language, also known as Igneri (Iñeri, Inyeri, etc.), was an Arawakan language historically spoken by the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Kalinago proper became extinct by about 1920 due to population decline and colonial period deportations resulting in language death, but an offshoot survives as Garifuna, primarily in Central America.
Iñeri (Kalinago) among other Pre-Columbian languages of the Antilles
Despite its name, Kalinago was not closely related to the Carib language of the mainland Caribs. Instead, it appears to have been a development of the Arawakan language spoken by the islands' earlier Igneri inhabitants, which incoming Caribs adopted in the pre-Columbian era. During the French colonial period, Carib men also spoke a Cariban-derived pidgin amongst themselves.
At the time of European contact, the Kalinago lived throughout the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, from Guadeloupe to Grenada. Contemporary traditions indicated the Caribs (or Kaliphuna) had conquered these islands from their previous inhabitants, the Igneri. Because the Kalinago were thought to have descended from the mainland Caribs (Kalina) of South America, it was long assumed that they spoke Carib or a related Cariban language. However, studies in the 20th century determined that the language of the Antillean Caribs was not Cariban, but Arawakan, related to the Lokono language on the South American mainland and more distantly to the Taíno language of the Greater Antilles.[1]
Modern scholars have proposed several hypotheses accounting for the prevalence of an Arawak language among the Kalinago. Scholars such as Irving Rouse suggested that Caribs from South America conquered the Igneri but did not displace them, and took on their language over time.[1] Others doubt there was an invasion at all. Sued Badillo proposed that Igneri living in the Lesser Antilles adopted the "Carib" identity due to their close economic and political ties with the rising mainland Carib polity in the 16th century.[2] In any event, the fact that the Kalinago' language evidently derived from a pre-existing Arawakan variety has led some linguists to term it "Igneri". It appears to have been as distinct from Taíno as from mainland Arawak varieties.[1]
During the period of French colonization in the 17th century, and possibly earlier, male Kalinago used a Cariban-based pidgin in addition to the Arawakan Kalinago language. The pidgin was evidently similar to one used by mainland Caribs to communicate with their Arawak neighbors. Berend J. Hoff and Douglas Taylor hypothesized that it dated to the time of the Carib expansion through the islands, and that males maintained it to emphasize their origins.[3] However, scholars who doubt the existence of a Carib invasion suggest this pidgin was a later development acquired by contact with indigenous peoples of the mainland.[2]
A number of people also pronounced /ɕ/ as an alveolar [s].[4]
Referencesedit
^ abcRouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN0300051816. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
^ abHill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. p. 54. ISBN0252073843. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
^Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN0300051816. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
^Josephs, Keisha M. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Kalinago. University of Arizona.
January 01, 1970
kalinago, language, language, mainland, carib, south, america, carib, language, also, known, igneri, iñeri, inyeri, arawakan, language, historically, spoken, kalinago, lesser, antilles, caribbean, kalinago, proper, became, extinct, about, 1920, population, dec. For the language of the mainland Carib of South America see Carib language The Kalinago language also known as Igneri Ineri Inyeri etc was an Arawakan language historically spoken by the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Kalinago proper became extinct by about 1920 due to population decline and colonial period deportations resulting in language death but an offshoot survives as Garifuna primarily in Central America KalinagoIgneriKalhiphonaNative toWindward Islands Guadeloupe to Grenada except Barbados EthnicityKalinago IgneriExtinct1920s in Dominica survives in Garifuna Language familyArawakan NorthernTa ArawakanIgneriKalinagoEarly formIgneriLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code crb class extiw title iso639 3 crb crb a Linguist ListGlottologisla1278 Ineri Kalinago among other Pre Columbian languages of the Antilles Despite its name Kalinago was not closely related to the Carib language of the mainland Caribs Instead it appears to have been a development of the Arawakan language spoken by the islands earlier Igneri inhabitants which incoming Caribs adopted in the pre Columbian era During the French colonial period Carib men also spoke a Cariban derived pidgin amongst themselves Contents 1 History 2 Phonology 2 1 Vowels 2 2 Consonants 3 ReferencesHistory editAt the time of European contact the Kalinago lived throughout the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe to Grenada Contemporary traditions indicated the Caribs or Kaliphuna had conquered these islands from their previous inhabitants the Igneri Because the Kalinago were thought to have descended from the mainland Caribs Kalina of South America it was long assumed that they spoke Carib or a related Cariban language However studies in the 20th century determined that the language of the Antillean Caribs was not Cariban but Arawakan related to the Lokono language on the South American mainland and more distantly to the Taino language of the Greater Antilles 1 Modern scholars have proposed several hypotheses accounting for the prevalence of an Arawak language among the Kalinago Scholars such as Irving Rouse suggested that Caribs from South America conquered the Igneri but did not displace them and took on their language over time 1 Others doubt there was an invasion at all Sued Badillo proposed that Igneri living in the Lesser Antilles adopted the Carib identity due to their close economic and political ties with the rising mainland Carib polity in the 16th century 2 In any event the fact that the Kalinago language evidently derived from a pre existing Arawakan variety has led some linguists to term it Igneri It appears to have been as distinct from Taino as from mainland Arawak varieties 1 During the period of French colonization in the 17th century and possibly earlier male Kalinago used a Cariban based pidgin in addition to the Arawakan Kalinago language The pidgin was evidently similar to one used by mainland Caribs to communicate with their Arawak neighbors Berend J Hoff and Douglas Taylor hypothesized that it dated to the time of the Carib expansion through the islands and that males maintained it to emphasize their origins 3 However scholars who doubt the existence of a Carib invasion suggest this pidgin was a later development acquired by contact with indigenous peoples of the mainland 2 Phonology editVowels edit Front Central Back plain nasal plain nasal plain nasal Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ u ũ Mid e ẽ o o Open a a Consonants edit Kalinago has 15 consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal plain asp Stop p t k Fricative ɸ s ɕ x h Nasal m n nʰ ɲ Approximant w l j Flap ɾ A number of people also pronounced ɕ as an alveolar s 4 References edit a b c Rouse Irving 1992 The Tainos Yale University Press p 21 ISBN 0300051816 Retrieved June 17 2014 a b Hill Jonathan David Santos Granero Fernando 2002 Comparative Arawakan Histories Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia University of Illinois Press p 54 ISBN 0252073843 Retrieved June 17 2014 Rouse Irving 1992 The Tainos Yale University Press pp 21 22 ISBN 0300051816 Retrieved June 17 2014 Josephs Keisha M 2019 A Descriptive Grammar of Kalinago University of Arizona Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kalinago language amp oldid 1176041899, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
