Demography of England

The demography of England has since 1801 been measured by the decennial national census, and is marked by centuries of population growth and urbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably. The population of England at the 2021 census was 56,489,800.^[4]

Demographics of England
Population pyramid of England in 2020
Population	56,489,800 (2021)
Density	434/km^2 (1,120/sq mi)^[1]
Fertility rate	1.61 (2021)
Age structure
0–14 years	17.4% (2021)^[2]
15–64 years	64.1%
65 and over	18.6%
Nationality
Nationality	English (2021)
Major ethnic	White: 81.0% White British: 73.5%^[3] (2021) White Irish: 0.9% Other White: 6.6%
Minor ethnic	Asian British: (9.7%) Black British: (4.2%) British Mixed: (2.9%) Other: (2.2%)
Language
Spoken	British English

Map of population density in England as at the 2011 census

The non-metropolitan counties and unitary authorities of England in 2008 by total population.

Population

See also: Population of the countries of the United Kingdom

The population of England in 2021 was estimated to be 56,489,800.^[4][5] This is the most recent census.^[4] In the previous census, in 2011, the population was 53,012,456.

Data for the 2021 census:

• Female: 28,833,712
• Male: 27,656,336
• Total population: 56,489,800 ^[6]
• Total Fertility Rate: 1.61 (2021)^[7]

Historical population

 

Population of England over time

See also: Black Death, Domesday Book, Protestation Returns of 1642, and Compton Census

Population 5000–100BC

Year	Pop.	±%
50000BC	below 6000	—
30000BC	100,000	—
18000BC	300,000	+200.0%
01000BC	1,500,000	+400.0%
Source: ^[8]

Population 1100–1700

Year	Pop.	±%
1086	1,710,000	—
1190	3,100,000	+81.3%
1220	3,970,000	+28.1%
1250	4,230,000	+6.5%
1279	4,430,000	+4.7%
1290	4,750,000	+7.2%
1315	4,690,000	−1.3%
1325	4,120,000	−12.2%
1348	4,810,000	+16.7%
1351	2,600,000	−45.9%
1377	2,500,000	−3.8%
1400	2,080,000	−16.8%
1430	2,020,000	−2.9%
1450	1,900,000	−5.9%
1490	2,140,000	+12.6%
1522	2,350,000	+9.8%
1541	2,830,000	+20.4%
1560	3,200,000	+13.1%
1600	4,110,000	+28.4%
1650	5,310,000	+29.2%
1700	5,200,000	−2.1%
Source: ^[9]^[10]

Population 1801–2021

Year	Pop.	±%
1801	8,287,907	—
1811	9,405,342	+13.5%
1821	11,178,050	+18.8%
1831	12,976,329	+16.1%
1841	14,847,888	+14.4%
1851	16,738,495	+12.7%
1861	18,753,390	+12.0%
1871	21,361,235	+13.9%
1881	24,397,385	+14.2%
1891	27,231,229	+11.6%
1901	30,072,180	+10.4%
1911	33,561,235	+11.6%
1921	35,230,225	+5.0%
1931	37,359,045	+6.0%
1939	38,084,321	+1.9%
1951	41,164,356	+8.1%
1961	43,460,525	+5.6%
1971	46,411,700	+6.8%
1981	46,820,800	+0.9%
1991	47,875,000	+2.3%
2001	49,138,831	+2.6%
2011	53,012,456	+7.9%
2021	56,489,800	+6.6%
Source: Year(s) 1801–2011^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Vital statistics

^[15] This is UK wide information.

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1940		567,710	545,952	21,758	14.1	13.6	0.5
1941(c)		539,205	499,343	39,862	13.9	12.9	1.0
1942		608,373	448,777	159,596	15.6	11.5	4.1
1943		641,064	469,916	171,148	16.2	11.9	4.3
1944		704,748	461,189	243,559	17.7	11.6	6.1
1945		638,422	456,216	182,206	15.9	11.4	4.5
1946		773,153	460,543	312,610	19.2	11.4	7.8
1947		829,863	484,324	345,539	20.5	12.0	8.5
1948		728,131	439,803	288,328	17.9	10.8	7.1
1949		686,181	478,627	207,554	16.8	11.7	5.1
1950		654,321	477,006	177,315	15.5	11.3	4.2
1951(c)	41,164,356	636,259	513,375	122,884	15.5	12.5	3.0
1952		632,347	466,479	165,858	15.3	11.3	4.0
1953		642,844	472,137	170,707	15.5	11.3	4.2
1954		633,395	469,074	164,321	15.2	11.3	3.9
1955		628,935	484,926	144,009	15.0	11.7	3.3
1956		659,420	488,893	170,527	15.7	11.7	4.0
1957		681,736	482,174	199,562	16.1	11.5	4.6
1958		698,255	494,201	204,054	16.4	11.7	4.7
1959		706,239	495,517	210,722	16.5	11.6	4.9
1960		740,858	493,553	247,305	17.1	11.5	5.6
1961(c)	43,460,525	766,358	518,047	248,311	17.6	11.9	5.7
1962		793,354	523,855	269,499	18.0	12.0	6.0
1963		807,017	538,105	268,912	18.2	12.2	6.0
1964		828,470	501,991	326,479	18.5	11.3	7.2
1965		816,433	516,317	300,116	18.1	11.5	6.6
1966		804,957	528,981	275,976	17.7	11.8	5.9
1967		788,458	509,356	279,102	17.2	11.2	6.0
1968		775,065	541,862	233,203	16.9	11.9	5.0
1969		754,456	543,425	211,031	16.4	11.9	4.5
1970		741,999	540,196	201,803	16.0	11.6	4.4
1971(c)	46,411,700	740,099	532,445	207,654	15.9	11.5	4.4
1972	46,572,000	685,485	554,251	131,234	14.7	11.9	2.8
1973	46,686,000	638,356	549,876	88,480	13.7	11.8	1.9
1974	46,682,000	603,153	547,980	55,173	12.9	11.7	1.2
1975	46,674,000	568,900	545,444	23,456	12.2	11.7	0.5
1976	46,659,000	550,383	560,317	-9,934	11.8	12.0	-0.2
1977	46,639,000	536,953	538,652	-1,699	11.5	11.5	-0.0
1978	46,638,000	562,589	547,685	14,904	12.1	11.7	0.4
1979	46,698,000	601,316	554,840	46,476	12.9	11.9	1.0
1980	46,787,000	618,371	544,349	74,022	13.2	11.6	1.6
1981(c)	46,820,800	598,163	541,018	57,145	12.8	11.6	1.2
1982	46,777,000	589,711	544,984	44,727	12.6	11.7	0.9	1.76
1983	46,813,000	593,255	542,509	50,746	12.7	11.6	1.1	1.75
1984	46,912,000	600,573	531,314	69,259	12.8	11.3	1.5	1.75
1985	47,057,000	619,301	553,153	66,148	13.2	11.8	1.4	1.78
1986	47,187,000	623,609	544,545	79,064	13.2	11.5	1.7	1.76
1987	47,300,000	643,330	531,150	112,180	13.6	11.2	2.4	1.80
1988	47,412,000	654,353	535,553	118,800	13.8	11.3	2.5	1.82
1989	47,552,000	649,357	539,804	109,553	13.7	11.4	2.3	1.79
1990	47,699,000	666,920	528,920	138,000	14.0	11.1	3.9	1.83
1991(c)	47,875,000	660,806	533,980	126,826	13.8	11.2	2.6	1.81
1992	47,998,000	651,784	522,660	129,124	13.6	10.9	2.7	1.79
1993	48,102,000	636,473	540,904	95,569	13.2	11.2	2.0	1.76
1994	48,228,000	628,956	516,297	112,659	13.0	10.7	2.3	1.75
1995	48,383,000	613,257	529,038	84,219	12.7	10.9	1.8	1.71
1996	48,519,000	614,184	526,650	87,534	12.7	10.9	1.8	1.73
1997	48,664,000	608,202	521,598	86,604	12.5	10.7	1.8	1.73
1998	48,820,000	602,111	518,089	84,022	12.3	10.6	1.7	1.72
1999	49,032,000	589,468	517,119	72,349	12.0	10.5	1.5	1.69
2000	49,233,000	572,826	503,026	69,800	11.6	10.2	1.4	1.65
2001(c)	49,449,000	563,744	497,878	65,866	11.4	10.1	1.3	1.63
2002	49,679,000	565,709	500,792	64,917	11.4	10.1	1.3	1.64
2003	49,925,000	589,851	504,127	85,724	11.8	10.1	1.7	1.72
2004	50,194,000	607,184	480,717	126,467	12.1	9.6	2.5	1.77
2005	50,606,000	613,028	479,678	133,350	12.1	9.5	2.6	1.77
2006	50,965,000	635,748	470,326	165,422	12.5	9.2	3.3	1.83
2007	51,381,000	655,357	470,721	184,636	12.8	9.2	3.6	1.88
2008	51,815,000	672,809	475,763	197,046	13.0	9.2	3.8	1.92
2009	52,196,000	671,058	459,241	211,817	12.9	8.8	4.1	1.91
2010	52,642,000	687,007	461,017	225,990	13.1	8.8	4.3	1.94
2011(c)	53,107,000	688,120	452,862	235,258	13.0	8.5	4.5	1.93
2012	53,493,000	694,241	466,779	227,462	13.0	8.7	4.3	1.94
2013	53,865,000	664,517	473,552	190,965	12.3	8.8	3.5	1.85
2014	54,316,000	661,496	468,875	192,621	12.2	8.6	3.6	1.83
2015	54,786,000	664,399	495,309	169,090	12.1	9.0	3.1	1.82
2016	55,268,000	663,157	490,454	172,703	12.0	8.9	3.1	1.81
2017	55,619,000	646,794	498,882	147,912	11.6	9.0	2.6	1.76
2018	55,977,000	625,651	505,859	119,792	11.2	9.0	2.2	1.70
2019	56,287,000	610,505	488,952	121,553	10.8	8.7	2.1	1.66
2020	56,550,000	585,195	569,700	15,495	10.3	10.1	0.3	1.59
2021(c)	56,489,800	595,948	549,207	46,741	10.5	9.7	0.8	1.56
2022	57,106,398	577,046	540,333	36,713	10.2	9.5	0.7
2023			544,032

(c) = Census results.

In 2022, the percentage of live births where either one or both parents were born outside of the UK was 36.7%. 31.1% of all live births in England were to mothers born outside of the UK (9.8% born in the EU, 21.3% born outside of the EU).^[16]

Current vital statistics

^[17][18]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - November 2022		490,995
January - November 2023		500,607
Difference		+9,612 (+1.96%)

Historical per cent distribution of the total population by age

^[19]

Ages	1901	1931	1951	1961
0–14 years	32	24	22	23
15–64 years	63	69	67	65
65 years and over	5	7	11	12
Total (%)	100	100	100	100

Country of birth

Country of birth given by respondents in the corresponding UK censuses were as follows:

 

Map showing the percentage of the population born outside England according to the 2011 census.

Country of birth	1971^[20]		1981^[21]		1991^[22]		2001^[23]		2011^[24]		2021^[25]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
United Kingdom	41,951,042	91.3%	42,620,882	93.1%	43,506,411	92.5%	44,588,008	90.74%	45,675,317	86.16%	46,687,017	82.6%
England	40,374,714	87.9%	41,084,399	89.8%	42,003,211	89.3%	42,968,596	87.44%	44,246,592	83.46%	45,388,724	80.3%
Scotland	716,499		731,412		743,856		794,577	1.62%	708,872	1.34%	626,443	1.1%
Wales	632,548		573,014		545,381		609,711	1.24%	506,619	0.96%	478,697
Northern Ireland	227,281		–	–	211,133		215,124	0.44%	206,735	0.39%	190,541
United Kingdom (not otherwise specified)	–	–	232,057		2,830				6,499	0.01%	2,612
Europe (non-UK)	1,217,245	2.7%	1,142,182	2.4%	1,221,759	2.6%	1,154,707	2.3%	2,375,441	4.5%	4,042,538	7.1%
Ireland	647,429		567,021		555,805		459,662	0.94%	395,182	0.75%	314,674	0.6%
Channel Islands & Isle of Man	–	–	–	–	26,804
Total born in all EU Member Countries (excluding Ireland)	569,816^[note 1]	1.2%	340,113	0%	452,092	1%	695,045	1.41%	1,980,259	3.73%	3,236,799	5.7%
EU Member Countries (joined pre 2001) or EEC Members	–	–	340,113		452,092	1%	–	–	894,908	1.69%	1,263,707	2.2%
Germany	–	–	–	–	193,346
France	–	–	–	–	49,947
Italy	–	–	–	–	83,724
Other	–	–	–	–	125,075
Other EU Member Countries (joined post-2001)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,085,351	2.04%	1,973,092	3.5%
Poland	–	–	–	–	68,049	0.1%
Romania	–	–	–	–	3,762	–
Other non-EU Europe	–	–	235,048	0.5%	115,247	0.2%	–	–	–	–	491,065	0.9%
Soviet Union	–	–	–	–	25,235
Other	–	–	–	–	90,012
Africa	148,473	0.3%	278,678	0.6%	456,396	1%	–	–	–	–	1,558,199	2.8%
Middle East and Asia	522,263	1.1%	727,838	1.6%	1,108,529	2.4%	–	–	–	–	3,241,701	5.7%
India	301,862		378,721		395,563
Pakistan	131,826		179,712		221,776
Bangladesh			46,873		101,829
Sri Lanka (also known as Ceylon)	15,366		–	–	–	–
Far East	73,209		122,532		–	–
Turkey	–	–	–	–	26,016
Other	–	–	–	–	363,345
Americas and Caribbean	292,966	0.6%	291,679	0.6%	481,299	1%	–	–	–	–	790,002	1.4%
Canada	–	–	–	–	53,195
United States	–	–	–	–	128,337
Jamaica	–	–	–	–	141,352
Other	–	–	–	–	158,415
Antarctica and Oceania	–	–	–	–	104,141	0.2%					170,023	0.3%
Australia	–	–	–	–	66,279		–	–	–	–	–	–
New Zealand	–	–	–	–	37,862
Other: Old Commonwealth^[note 2]	119,683	0.3%	133,220	0.3%	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Other: New Commonwealth^[note 3]	109,971	0.2%	155,389	0.3%	147,602	0.3%	–	–	–	–	–	–
Other Countries (non Europe or UK for 2001 and 2011)	482,351	1%	421,895	0.9%	3,051	–	3,396,116	6.91%	4,961,698	9.36%	83	–
Total	45,917,667	100%	45,771,763	100%	47,055,204	100%	49,138,831	100.00%	53,012,456	100.00%	56,490,051	100%

Below are the estimates of the largest foreign-born groups in England according to ONS estimates.

Country of birth	2013	2014^[26]	2015	2018^[27]
India	698,000	748,000	751,000	832,000
Poland	561,000	677,000	713,000	832,000
Pakistan	479,000	499,000	478,000	535,000
Republic of Ireland	315,000	317,000	318,000	369,000
Germany	263,000	267,000	253,000	309,000

 

Population pyramid from 2001 to 2020

Age

 

Population pyramid in 2020

The data below is based on the 2011 census.^[28] In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00.

Ages attained (years)	Population	% of total population	% per year of age band
0–4	3,318,449	6.26	1.25
5–9	2,972,632	5.61	1.12
10–14	3,080,929	5.81	1.16
15–19	3,340,265	6.30	1.26
20–24	3,595,321	6.78	1.36
25–29	3,650,881	6.89	1.38
30–34	3,509,221	6.62	1.32
35–39	3,549,116	6.69	1.34
40–44	3,885,934	7.33	1.47
45–49	3,879,815	7.32	1.46
50–54	3,400,095	6.41	1.28
55–59	2,996,992	5.65	1.13
60–64	3,172,277	5.98	1.20
65–69	2,508,154	4.73	0.95
70–74	2,044,129	3.86	0.77
75–79	1,669,345	3.15	0.63
80–84	1,258,773	2.37	0.47
85–89	776,311	1.46	0.29
90+	403,817	0.76	–

• Population pyramids of the regions of England
•  
  South West
•  
  South East
•  
  Greater London
•  
  East of England
•  
  East Midlands
•  
  West Midlands
•  
  Yorkshire and the Humber
•  
  North West
•  
  North East

Ethnicity

 

Ethnic demographics of England from 1981 - 2021

 

Ethnic makeup of England in single year age groups in 2021

Estimations of white and non-white population in England and Wales, 1951-1968^[29]

Ethnic group (reported as 'Area of origin')	1951^[note 4]		1961^[note 4]		1966				mid-1968
					Estimates based solely off of immigrant population^[note 4]		Total estimated (including estimates of those born in the UK)^[note 5]
	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
White: Total	43,683,500	99.83%	45,769,000	99.28%	46,540,500	98.73%	46,211,500	98.04%	–	–
Non-White: Total	74,500	0.17%	336,000	0.72%	595,000	1.27%	924,000	1.96%	1,123,000	–
India	30,800		81,400		163,600		223,000		–	–
Pakistan	5,000		24,900		67,700		199,700		–	–
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)	5,800		9,000		12,900		16,100		–	–
West Indies	15,300		171,800		267,900		–	–	–	–
Jamaica	–	–	–	–	–	–	278,000		–	–
Other Caribbean	–	–	–	–	–	–	180,300		–	–
British West Africa (Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone)	5,600		19,800		36,000		50,700		–	–
Far East (Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore)	12,000		29,600		47,000		60,000		–	–
Total population	43,758,000	100%	46,105,000	100%	47,135,500	100%	47,135,500	100%	–	–

Ethnicity in England, 1981-2021  

Ethnic group	Year
	1981 estimations^[30]		1991^[31]^[note 6]		2001^[32]		2011^[33]		2021^[34]
	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
White: Total	–	95.4%	44,144,339	93.8%	44,679,361	91%	45,281,142	85.4%	45,783,401	81%
White: British	–	–	–	–	42,747,136	87.0%	42,279,236	79.8%	41,540,791	73.5%
White: Irish	–	–	–	–	624,115	1.3%	517,001	1.0%	494,251	0.9%
White: Irish Traveller/White Gypsy	–	–	–	–	–	–	54,895	0.1%	64,218	0.1%
White: Roma	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	99,138	0.2%
White: Other	–	–	–	–	1,308,110	2.7%	2,430,010	4.6%	3,585,003	6.3%
Asian or Asian British: Total	–	2.65%	1,762,262	3.7%	2,468,970	5%	4,143,403	7.8%	5,426,392	9.7%
Asian or Asian British: Indian	–	1.32%	823,821	1.8%	1,028,546	2.1%	1,395,702	2.6%	1,843,248	3.3%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani	–	0.7%	449,646	1.0%	706,539	1.4%	1,112,282	2.1%	1,570,285	2.8%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi	–	0.18%	157,881	0.3%	275,394	0.6%	436,514	0.8%	629,567	1.1%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese^[note 7]	–	0.22%	141,661	0.3%	220,681	0.5%	379,502	0.7%	431,165	0.8%
Asian or Asian British: Asian Other	–	0.23%	189,253	0.4%	237,810	0.5%	819,403	1.6%	952,127	1.7%
Black or Black British: Total	–	1.5%	874,882	1.9%	1,132,508	2.3%	1,846,614	3.5%	2,381,724	4.2%
Black or Black British: Caribbean	–	0.91%	495,682	1.1%	561,246	1.1%	591,016	1.1%	619,419	1.1%
Black or Black British: African	–	0.3%	206,918	0.4%	475,938	1.0%	977,741	1.8%	1,468,474	2.6%
Black or Black British: Other	–	0.3%	172,282	0.4%	95,324	0.2%	277,857	0.5%	293,831	0.5%
British Mixed: Total	–	–	–	–	643,373	1.3%	1,192,879	2.3%	1,669,378	2.9%
Mixed: White and Caribbean	–	–	–	–	231,424	0.5%	415,616	0.8%	499,310	0.9%
Mixed: White and African	–	–	–	–	76,498	0.2%	161,550	0.3%	241,528	0.4%
Mixed: White and Asian	–	–	–	–	184,014	0.4%	332,708	0.6%	474,190	0.8%
Mixed: Other Mixed	–	–	–	–	151,437	0.3%	283,005	0.3%	454,350	0.8%
Other: Total	–	0.44%	273,721	0.6%	214,619	0.4%	548,418	1.0%	1,229,153	2.2%
Other: Arab	–	–	–	–	–	–	220,985	0.4%	320,203	0.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group	–	0.44%	273,721	0.6%	214,619	0.4%	327,433	0.6%	908,950	1.6%
Non-White: Total	–	4.6%	2,910,865	6.2%	4,459,470	9%	7,731,314	14.6%	10,706,647	19%
Total	–	100%	47,055,204	100%	49,138,831	100%	53,012,456	100%	56,490,048	100%

Notes for table above

1. Figure accounts for all of Europe apart from Ireland
2. Used as main option for when no other options are given, for example in 1971. This group contains all for Canada, Australia and New Zealand
3. Used as a conglomerate for New Commonwealth for when there are no other options as for example in 1971. This group contains all for remenents of the British Empire after 1945 (if not already indicated).
4. Estimates taken solely from the immigrant population at the time excluding estimates of those that were white from these areas.
5. Estimates are taken from a combined estimate of the immigrant population (excluding estimates of white people), additional non-white people who may not have been enumerated, and estimates of non-white people born in the UK from parents from shown areas
6. The number of people who answered the census may not equal the estimated population total at the time due to the fact an estimated 1 million people did not answer the form.
7. In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.

Population distribution

• Population distribution of ethnic groups in 2011
•  
  Other White (4.6%)
•  
  Asian/Asian British: Indian (2.6%)
•  
  Asian/Asian British: Pakistani (2.1%)
•  
  Asian/Asian British: Bangladeshi (0.8%)
•  
  Black/Black British: Total (3.5%)
•  
  Other: Arab (0.4%)

• Proportion of births in regions of each broad multi-ethnic group
•  
  White
•  
  Asian
•  
  Black
•  
  Mixed
•  
  All other ethnic groups
•  
  Births which did not state an ethnicity

Ethnicity of school pupils

The ethnicity of school pupils in England has been changing since the figures started to be collected in 2002, White British students proportionally have been in decline compared to other groups who have risen.

Ethnic group	School year^[35]^[36]
	2004		2008		2010		2014		2015/16		2017/18		2019/20		2021/2022
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	5,584,800	82.9%	5,389,340	81.3%	5,243,870	79.9%	5,222,070	76.9%	5,258,582	75.6%	6,027,781	74%	6,048,980	72.8%	6,011,045	71.4%
White: British	5,408,700	80.3%	5,136,610	77.4%	4,963,110	75.6%	4,859,730	71.6%	4,822,332	69.3%	5,454,108	66.9	5,432,991	65.4	5,379,748	63.9%
White: Irish	26,100		23,620	0.4%	22,190	0.3%	21,640	0.3%	21,127	0.3	23,110	0.3	22,443	0.3	21,495	0.3
White: Roma	6,500	0.1%	3,940	0.1%	4,000	0.1%	4,625	0.1%	22,092	0.3	26,653	0.3	28,091	0.3	27,359	0.3
White: Irish Traveller		0.1%	8,770	0.1%	10,990	0.2%	19,030	0.3%	4,975	0.1	6,008	0.1	6,578	0.1	6,903	0.1
White: Other	139,600	2.1%	216,410	3.3%	243,580	3.7%	317,055	4.7%	388,056	5.6	517,902	6.4	558,877	6.7	575,540	6.8
Asian / Asian British: Total	476,900	6.7%	536,420	8.1%	575,670	8.8%	676,920	10.0%	755,817	10.8%	937,983	11.4%	985,795	11.9%	1,040,541	12.3%
Asian / Asian British: Indian	154,400	2.3%	161,150	2.4%	163,780	2.5%	180,995	2.7%	196,351	2.8	247,280	3.0	268,318	3.2	289,179	3.4
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani	180,600	2.7%	214,210	3.2%	231,380	3.5%	273,465	4.0%	293,089	4.2	360,554	4.4	372,699	4.5	380,781	4.5
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi	72,000	1.1%	87,320	1.3%	95,420	1.5%	110,735	1.6%	117,004	1.7	143,379	1.8	148,290	1.8	151,613	1.8
Asian / Asian British: Chinese	23,700	0.4%	24,780	0.4%	24,690	0.4%	26,725	0.4%	28,915	0.4	36,196	0.4	37,732	0.5	48,396	0.6
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians	46,200	0.7%	73,770	1.1%	85,080	1.3%	111,720	1.6%	120,458	1.7	150,574	1.8	158,756	1.9	170,572	2.0
Black / Black British: Total	244,900	3.6%	292,860	4.4%	312,260	4.8%	366,130	5.4%	389,585	5.5%	464,367	5.7%	474,570	5.7%	486,517	5.8%
Black: Caribbean	96,100	1.4%	92,090	1.4%	91,400	1.4%	89,350	1.3%	85,830	1.2	91,429	1.1	86,543	1.0	82,402	1.0
Black: African	120,900	1.8%	167,990	2.5%	184,790	2.8%	232,065	3.4%	253,781	3.6	311,012	3.8	323,874	3.9	338,614	4.0
Black: Other Blacks	27,900	0.4%	32,770	0.5%	36,070	0.5%	44,710	0.7%	49,974	0.7	61,926	0.8	64,153	0.8	65,501	0.8
Mixed / British Mixed	181,500	2.7%	229,650	3.5%	256,980	3.9%	325,140	4.8%	363,730	5.3%	473,305	5.8%	515,061	6.1%	558,184	6.6%
Mixed: White and Caribbean	64,600	1.0%	77,350	1.2%	82,410	1.3%	95,785	1.4%	101,278	1.5	123,873	1.5	128,774	1.5	133,504	1.6
Mixed: White and African	17,000	0.3%	24,110	0.4%	27,860	0.4%	40,245	0.6%	47,472	0.7	63,518	0.8	70,403	0.8	76,262	0.9
Mixed: White and Asian Other	36,300	0.5%	47,510	0.7%	54,610	0.8%	73,555	1.1%	84,133	1.2	111,811	1.4	123,153	1.5	134,821	1.6
Mixed: Other Mixed	63,500	0.9%	80,680	1.2%	92,110	1.4%	115,560	1.7%	130,847	1.9	174,103	2.1	192,731	2.3	213,597	2.5
Other: Total	57,900		78,560	1.2%	86,880	1.3%	106,115	1.6%	119,647	1.7%	154,575	1.9%	168,758	2.0%	185,355	2.2%
Unclassified	190,700	2.8%	81,300	1.2%	64,610	1.0%	67,935	1.0%	67,126	1.0%	94,312	1.2%	119,388	1.4%	136,371	1.6%
Total:	6,736,700	100%	6,632,900	100%	6,564,940	100%	6,791,030	100%	6,954,487	100%	8,152,323	100%	8,312,552	100%	8,418,013	100%

• Ethnicity of school pupils in the school year of 2021/2022
•  
  White: 71.4%
•  
  White British: 63.9%

Languages

The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.^[37]

Rank	Language	Usual residents aged 3+	Proportion
1	English	46,936,780	92.02%
2	Polish	529,173	1.04%
3	Punjabi	271,580	0.53%
4	Hindi/Urdu	266,330	0.52%
5	Bengali (with Sylheti and Chatgaya)	216,196	0.42%
6	Gujarati	212,217	0.42%
7	Arabic	152,490	0.30%
8	French	145,026	0.28%
9	Portuguese	131,002	0.26%
10	Spanish	118,554	0.23%
11	Tamil	99,773	0.20%
12	Turkish	98,083	0.19%
13	Italian	90,547	0.18%
14	Somali	84,387	0.17%
15	Lithuanian	84,327	0.17%
16	German	75,190	0.15%
17	Persian/Farsi	75,179	0.15%
18	Tagalog/Filipino	67,593	0.13%
19	Romanian	66,496	0.13%
20	Russian	66,271	0.13%
–	Welsh	8,248	0.02%
–	Cornish	554	0.00%
–	Other	1,209,614	2.37%
	Population	51,005,610	100.00%

Religion

Main article: Religion in England

 

Religious makeup of England in single year age groups in 2021

Religion in England (2021 census)

  Christianity (46.3%)

  Not religious (36.7%)

  Islam (6.7%)

  Not stated (6.0%)

  Other religions (2.5%)

  Hinduism (1.8%)

Respondents to the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses gave their religions as follows:

Religion	2001^[38]		2011^[39]		2021^[40]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Christian	35,251,244	71.74%	31,479,876	59.38%	26,167,899	46.3
Muslim	1,524,887	3.10%	2,660,116	5.02%	3,801,186	6.7
Hindu	546,982	1.11%	806,199	1.52%	1,032,533	1.8
Sikh	327,343	0.67%	420,196	0.79%	520,092	0.9
Jewish	257,671	0.52%	261,282	0.49%	269,283	0.5
Buddhist	139,046	0.28%	238,626	0.45%	262,433	0.5
Other religion	143,811	0.29%	227,825	0.43%	332,410	0.6
No religion	7,171,332	14.59%	13,114,232	24.74%	20,715,664	36.7
Religion not stated	3,776,515	7.69%	3,804,104	7.18%	3,400,548	6.0
Total population	49,138,831	100.00%	53,012,456	100.00%	56,490,048	100.0

See also

• Demographics of the United Kingdom
• Demography of Scotland
• Demography of Wales
• Demography of Northern Ireland
• Demography of London
• Demography of Birmingham
• Demography of Greater Manchester
• United Kingdom Census 2011
• National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
• Census 2001 Ethnic Codes
• List of English districts by population
• List of urban areas in England by population
• List of towns and cities in England by historical population
• List of major settlements by population in English counties

Notes

References

1. "Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
2. "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". GOV.UK.
3. "Create a custom dataset - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
4. "Population and household estimates, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
5. "Population estimates - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
6. "Custom dataset - Office for National Statistics". Office for National Statistics. 21 March 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
7. "National Statistics Online – Live births". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
8. Pryor, Francis (2004). Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0007126934.
9. S. Broadberry et al (2010), "English Medieval Population: Reconciling Time Series and Cross Sectional Evidence", Table 7 (Preprint, p.22); S. Broadberry et al (2010), "British Economic Growth 1270–1870", Table 18 (Preprint, p. 54); see also S. Broadberry et al (2015), British Economic Growth 1270–1870, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107070783, Chapter 1, and Table 5.06, pg 205
   See also B. Campbell (1990), "People and Land in the Middle Ages, 1066–1500", in Robert A. Dodgshon and Robin A. Butlin (eds), Historical Geography of England and Wales, 2nd edition. Elsevier. ISBN 1483288412, pp. 69–122 for discussion of drivers and trends underlying the numbers.
10. Wrigley and Schofield, "The Population History of England, 1541–1871. A reconstruction.", Harvard University Press, 1981, Table 7.8, pgs. 208-9, [1]
11. At the time of the first census. Census officials estimated that there had been an increase of 77% in the preceding 100 years. In each county women were in the majority. Notes for 1801 taken from Kent 1800–1899 – A Chronicle of the Nineteenth Century Bob Ogley (Froglets Publications 2003) ISBN 1-872337-51-1. Wrigley and Schofield estimate 8,664,000 based on birth and death records.]
12. Vision of Britain a population through time England, Retrieved 9 August 2013
13. 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011 (PDF), ONS, 12 December 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2016, retrieved 9 August 2013
14. "2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
15. "Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
16. "Births by parents' country of birth, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
17. "Provisional births in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
18. "Deaths registered monthly in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
19. A. H. Halsey (1972). Trends in British Society since 1900. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-349-00780-6.
20. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1971 UK wide Census. SAS08 of Country of Birth of England.
21. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1981 UK wide Census. Table 4 of Country of Birth in England.
22. Data taken from 1991 census data query on NOMIS
23. Census 2001 Key Statistics – Local Authorities KS05 Country of birth, Accessed 6 September 2014
24. 2011 Census: KS202EW National identity, local authorities in England and Wales, Accessed 22 December 2012
25. "Demography and migration data, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
26. "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2014 to December 2014". Office for National Statistics. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016. Figures given are the central estimates. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
27. "Population by country of birth and nationality. January 2018 to December 2018". ons.gov.uk.
28. UK Statistics (27 March 2011). "2011 Census: Usual resident population by five-year age group and sex, United Kingdom and constituent countries". UK Statistics. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
29. Rose, E. J. B. (Eliot Joseph Benn); Institute of Race Relations (1969). Colour and citizenship : a report on British race relations. Internet Archive. London; New York : Published for the Institute of Race Relations by Oxford U.P. ISBN 978-0-19-218182-4.
30. Rees, Phil; Butt, Faisal (2004). "Ethnic Change and Diversity in England, 1981-2001". Area. 36 (2): 174–186. doi:10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00213.x. ISSN 0004-0894. JSTOR 20004380.
31. Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England (Table 6)
32. "Key Statistics for local authorities; Ethnic Statistics for England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
33. "Key Statistics for England and Wales: Ethnic statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
34. "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
35. "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic Year 2021/22". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
36. "School and pupil characteristics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
37. "View:England". NOMIS. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
38. "Religion (2001 Census)". data.gov.uk. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
39. "2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
40. "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

External links

• National Statistics
• Populstat population figure site – main source for 1801–1991