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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.[1][2] While precise definitions vary, depending on the institution,[3] such representations are generally considered to violate academic integrity and journalistic ethics as well as social norms of learning, teaching, research, fairness, respect and responsibility in many cultures.[4] It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion from school[5] or work,[6] substantial fines[7][8] and even imprisonment.[9][10]

Plagiarism is typically not in itself a crime, but like counterfeiting, fraud can be punished in a court[11][12] for prejudices caused by copyright infringement,[13][14] violation of moral rights,[15] or torts. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense.[16][17] Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts,[18] and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement, which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated by courts.

Not all countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas. While some, such as India and Poland, consider plagiarism to be a crime liable for imprisonment,[19] in other countries the reiteration of another professional's work can be a sign of respect or flattery.[20] Students who move to the United States and other Western countries from countries where plagiarism is not frowned upon may find the transition difficult.[21]

Etymology and ancient history

In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word "plagiarius" (literally "kidnapper") to denote stealing someone else's creative work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses". Plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty of literary theft.[16][22] The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620.[23] The Latin plagiārius, "kidnapper", and plagium, "kidnapping", have the root plaga ("snare", "net"), based on the Indo-European root *-plak, "to weave" (seen for instance in Greek plekein, Bulgarian "плета" pleta, and Latin plectere, all meaning "to weave").

It is frequently claimed that people in antiquity had no concept of plagiarism, or at least did not condemn it, and it only came to be seen as immoral much later, anywhere from the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century to the Romantic movement in the 18th century. While people in antiquity found detecting plagiarism difficult due to the paucity of literate persons as well as long travel times, there are a considerable number of pre-Enlightenment authors, who accuse others of plagiarism and consider it distasteful and scandalous, including the respected historians Polybius and Pliny the Elder.[24] The 3rd century Greek work Lives of the Eminent Philosophers mentions that Heraclides Ponticus was accused of plagiarizing (κλέψαντα αὐτὸν) a treatise on Heliod and Homer.[25][26] In Vitruvius's 7th book, he acknowledges his debt to earlier writers and attributes them. He also passes a strong condemnation of plagiarism: "Earlier writers deserve our thanks, those, on the contrary, deserve our reproaches, who steal the writings of such men and publish them as their own. Those, who depend in their writings, not on their own ideas, but who enviously do wrong to the works of others and boast of it, deserve not merely to be blamed, but to be sentenced to actual punishment for their wicked course of life."[27] Vitruvius goes on to claim that "such things did not pass without strict chastisement".[27] He recounts a story where the well-read Aristophanes of Byzantium judged a poetry competition. Aristophanes caught most of the contestants plagiarizing others' poems as their own. The king ordered the plagiarizers to confess that they were thieves, and they were condemned to disgrace. While the story may be apocryphal, it shows that Vitruvius personally considered plagiarism reprehensible.[28]

Legal aspects

 
Hannah Glasse's signature at the top of the first chapter of her book, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, 6th Edition, 1758, an attempted defence against rampant plagiarism

Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing, the concept does not exist in a legal sense. although the use of someone else's work in order to gain academic credit may meet some legal definitions of fraud.[29] "Plagiarism" specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either criminal or civil.[30][17] Some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights.[17] In short, people are asked to use the guideline, "if you did not write it yourself; you must give credit".[31]

Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different concepts, and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent. Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist's audience (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher).

Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content (for example, the plagiarist's publisher, employer, or teacher). In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarist's contract, or, if done knowingly, for a civil wrong.

In academia and journalism

Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion. Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. However, plagiarism detection software does not always yield accurate results and there are loopholes in these systems.[32] Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations. The orientation required writing courses, and clearly articulated honor codes.[33] Indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong.[33] Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions' disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork.[33] However, the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software, known as rogeting. Rogetting has rapidly evolved as students and unethical academics seek to stay ahead of detection software.[34][35]

A form of plagiarism known as "contract cheating" involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them.[29] Few parts of the world have legislation that prohibits the operation or the promotion of contract cheating services at this time.[36]

In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment.[37] Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation. While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier.[38]

Predicated upon an expected level of learning and comprehension having been achieved, all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions.[39]

For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity.[40][41] Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, by which students and professors have agreed to be bound.[42] Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted.[43] Library science is developing approaches to address the issue of plagiarism at institutional levels.[44]

Scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard,[45][46][47][48] Susan Blum,[49][50] Tracey Bretag,[51][52][53] and Sarah Elaine Eaton.[3][54][55]

Academia

 
One form of academic plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion.

No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists.[3] However, this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism. It has been called, "The use of ideas, concepts, words, or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is expected."[56]

This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman's definition of plagiarism, which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism.[57] According to Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone:

  • Uses words, ideas, or work products
  • Attributable to another identifiable person or source
  • Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained
  • In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship
  • In order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need not be monetary[57]

Furthermore, plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities:

  • Stanford defines plagiarism as the "use, without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person's original work, whether such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other form".[58]
  • Yale views plagiarism as the "... use of another's work, words, or ideas without attribution", which includes "... using a source's language without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original".[59]
  • Princeton describes plagiarism as the "deliberate" use of "someone else's language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source".[60]
  • Oxford College of Emory University characterizes plagiarism as the use of "a writer's ideas or phraseology without giving due credit".[61]
  • Brown defines plagiarism as "... appropriating another person's ideas or words (spoken or written) without attributing those word or ideas to their true source".[62]
  • The U.S. Naval Academy defines plagiarism as "the use of the words, information, insights, or ideas of another without crediting that person through proper citation".[63]

Forms of academic plagiarism

Different classifications of academic plagiarism forms have been proposed. Many classifications follow a behavioral approach, i.e., they seek to classify the actions undertaken by plagiarists.

For example, a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin,[64] identified 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit:

  • Submitting someone's work as their own.
  • Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations (self-plagiarism).
  • Re-writing someone's work without properly citing sources.
  • Using quotations but not citing the source.
  • Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing.
  • Citing some, but not all, passages that should be cited.
  • Melding together cited and uncited sections of the piece.
  • Providing proper citations, but failing to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough (close paraphrasing).
  • Inaccurately citing a source.
  • Relying too heavily on other people's work, failing to bring original thought into the text.

A 2019 systematic literature review on academic plagiarism detection[65] deductively derived a technically oriented typology of academic plagiarism from the linguistic model of language consisting of lexis, syntax, and semantics extended by a fourth layer to capture the plagiarism of ideas and structures. The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer of the model they affect:

  • Characters-preserving plagiarism
    • Verbatim copying without proper citation
  • Syntax-preserving plagiarism
    • Synonym substitution
    • Technical disguise (e.g. using identically looking glyphs from another alphabet)
  • Semantics-preserving plagiarism
  • Idea-preserving plagiarism
    • Appropriation of ideas or concepts
    • Reusing text structure
  • Ghostwriting

Sanctions for student plagiarism

In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution.[5] The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is. A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work, yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are.[66] The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised.

For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., purchasing an assignment), suspension or expulsion may occur. There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism, and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches.[67]

However, to impose sanctions, plagiarism needs to be detected. Strategies faculty members use to detect plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing, citation errors and providing plagiarism prevention education to students.[68] It has been found that a significant share of (university) teachers do not use detection methods such as using text-matching software.[69] A few more try to detect plagiarism by reading term-papers specifically for plagiarism, while the latter method might be not very effective in detecting plagiarism – especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected.[69] There are checklists of tactics to prevent student plagiarism.[70]

Plagiarism education

Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students, there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to help students avoid committing plagiarism.[71][72][73] This is especially important when students move to a new institution that may have a different view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student.[71] Indeed, given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student's future, the pedagogy of plagiarism education may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline being studied.[71] The need for plagiarism education extends to academic staff, who may not completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct.[74][68][75] Actions to reduce plagiarism include coordinating teaching activities to decrease student load; reducing memorization, increasing individual practical activities; and promoting positive reinforcement over punishment.[76][77][78]

Factors influencing students' decisions to plagiarize

Several studies investigated factors that influence the decision to plagiarize. For example, a panel study with students from German universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within six months followed the measurement of academic procrastination.[79] It has been argued that by plagiarizing, students cope with the negative consequences that result from academic procrastination such as poor grades. Another study found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize.[80] When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable, plagiarism was less likely to occur. Another study found that students resorted to plagiarism in order to cope with heavy workloads imposed by teachers. On the other hand, in that study, some teachers also thought that plagiarism is a consequence of their own failure to propose creative tasks and activities.[76]

Journalism

Since journalism relies on the public trust, a reporter's failure to honestly acknowledge their sources undercuts a newspaper or television news show's integrity and undermines its credibility. Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization.[81]

Self-plagiarism

The reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or citing the original work is sometimes described as "self-plagiarism"; the term "recycling fraud" has also been used to describe this practice.[82] Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or multiple publication. In addition there can be a copyright issue if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity. Self-plagiarism is considered a serious ethical issue in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new material, such as in publishing or factual documentation.[83] It does not apply to public-interest texts, such as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.[84]

In academic fields, self-plagiarism occurs when an author reuses portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications, but without attributing the previous publication.[85][86] Identifying self-plagiarism is often difficult because limited reuse of material is accepted both legally (as fair use) and ethically.[87] Many people (mostly, but not limited to critics of copyright and "intellectual property") do not believe it is possible to plagiarize oneself.[88] Critics of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright may use the idea of self-plagiarism as a reductio ad absurdum argument.

Contested definition

Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self-plagiarism[86][89][90][91] and his definition of self-plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic. However, the term "self-plagiarism" has been challenged as being self-contradictory, an oxymoron,[92] and on other grounds.[93]

For example, Stephanie J. Bird[94] argues that self-plagiarism is a misnomer, since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others' material. Bird identifies the ethical issues of "self-plagiarism" as those of "dual or redundant publication". She also notes that in an educational context, "self-plagiarism" refers to the case of a student who resubmits "the same essay for credit in two different courses." As David B. Resnik clarifies, "Self-plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft."[95]

According to Patrick M. Scanlon,[96] "self-plagiarism" is a term with some specialized currency. Most prominently, it is used in discussions of research and publishing integrity in biomedicine, where heavy publish-or-perish demands have led to a rash of duplicate and "salami-slicing" publication, the reporting of a single study's results in "least publishable units" within multiple articles (Blancett, Flanagin, & Young, 1995; Jefferson, 1998; Kassirer & Angell, 1995; Lowe, 2003; McCarthy, 1993; Schein & Paladugu, 2001; Wheeler, 1989). Roig (2002) offers a useful classification system including four types of self-plagiarism: duplicate publication of an article in more than one journal; partitioning of one study into multiple publications, often called salami-slicing; text recycling; and copyright infringement.

Codes of ethics

Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self-plagiarism. For example, the Journal of International Business Studies.[97] Some professional organizations such as the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) have created policies that deal specifically with self-plagiarism.[98] Other organizations do not make specific reference to self-plagiarism such as the American Political Science Association (APSA). The organization published a code of ethics that describes plagiarism as "...deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one's own." It does not make any reference to self-plagiarism. It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published "in whole or in part", the author is "not ordinarily under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins."[99] The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to: "Ensure that others receive credit for their work and contributions," but it makes no reference to self-plagiarism.[100]

Factors that justify reuse

Pamela Samuelson, in 1994, identified several factors she says excuse reuse of one's previously published work, that make it not self-plagiarism.[87] She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical issue of self-plagiarism, as distinct from the legal issue of fair use of copyright, which she deals with separately. Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the following:

  • The previous work must be restated to lay the groundwork for a new contribution in the second work.
  • Portions of the previous work must be repeated to deal with new evidence or arguments.
  • The audience for each work is so different that publishing the same work in different places is necessary to get the message out.
  • The author thinks they said it so well the first time that it makes no sense to say it differently a second time.

Samuelson states she has relied on the "different audience" rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities. She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities, saying: "there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that can be bodily lifted from one article to the other. And, in truth, I lift them." She refers to her own practice of converting "a technical article into a law review article with relatively few changes—adding footnotes and one substantive section" for a different audience.[87]

Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of self-plagiarism.[87] She also states "Although it seems not to have been raised in any of the self-plagiarism cases, copyrights law's fair use defense would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement against authors who reused portions of their previous works."[87]

Organizational publications

Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people. For example, the American Historical Association's "Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct" (2005) regarding textbooks and reference books states that, since textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars' work, they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may be allowed a greater "extent of dependence" on other works.[101] However, even such a book does not make use of words, phrases, or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text's arrangement and organization, and the authors of such texts are also expected to "acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession."[101]

In the arts

The history of the arts

 
Comparison of a woodblock print by Hiroshige (left) to its copy by Vincent van Gogh

Through all of the history of literature and of the arts in general, works of art are to a large extent repetitions of the tradition; to the entire history of artistic creativity belong plagiarism, literary theft, appropriation, incorporation, retelling, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, reprise, thematic variation, ironic retake, parody, imitation, stylistic theft, pastiches, collages, and deliberate assemblages.[102][103][30][104][105][106] There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery.[102][107][108][109] These appropriation procedures are the main axis of a literate culture, in which the tradition of the canonic past is being constantly rewritten.[106]

Ruth Graham quotes T. S. Eliot—"Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal. Bad poets deface what they take."—she notes that despite the "taboo" of plagiarism, the ill-will and embarrassment it causes in the modern context, readers seem to often forgive the past excesses of historic literary offenders.[110]

Praisings of artistic plagiarism

A passage of Laurence Sterne's 1767 Tristram Shandy condemns plagiarism by resorting to plagiarism.[111] Oliver Goldsmith commented:

Sterne's Writings, in which it is clearly shewn, that he, whose manner and style were so long thought original, was, in fact, the most unhesitating plagiarist who ever cribbed from his predecessors in order to garnish his own pages. It must be owned, at the same time, that Sterne selects the materials of his mosaic work with so much art, places them so well, and polishes them so highly, that in most cases we are disposed to pardon the want of originality, in consideration of the exquisite talent with which the borrowed materials are wrought up into the new form.[112]

In other contexts

On the Internet

Free online tools are becoming available to help identify plagiarism,[113][114] and there are a range of approaches that attempt to limit online copying, such as disabling right clicking and placing warning banners regarding copyrights on web pages. Instances of plagiarism that involve copyright violation may be addressed by the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to the offending site-owner, or to the ISP that is hosting the offending site. The term "content scraping" has arisen to describe the copying and pasting of information from websites[115] and blogs.[116]

Reverse plagiarism

Reverse plagiarism, or attribution without copying,[17] refers to falsely giving authorship credit over a work to a person who did not author it, or falsely claiming a source supports an assertion that the source does not make.[117][118] While both the term and activity are relatively rare, incidents of reverse plagiarism do occur typically in similar contexts as traditional plagiarism.[88]

See also

References

  1. ^ From the 1995 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary:

    use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work

    qtd. in Stepchyshyn, Vera; Nelson, Robert S. (2007). Library plagiarism policies. Assoc. of College & Resrch Libraries. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8389-8416-1.
  2. ^ From the Oxford English Dictionary:

    The action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.

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    Much art has been and is repetitive. The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one, born with Romanticism; classical art was in vast measure serial, and the "modern" avant-garde (at the beginning of this century) challenged the Romantic idea of "creation from nothingness," with its techniques of collage, mustachios on the Mona Lisa, art about art, and so on.

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Works cited

Further reading

  • Lipson, Charles (2008). Doing Honest Work in College: How to Prepare Citations, Avoid Plagiarism, and Achieve Real Academic Success (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226484778. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  • Jude Carroll and Carl-Mikael Zetterling (2009). Guiding students away from plagiarism (in Swedish and English) (1st ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. pp. 86–167. ISBN 978-91-7415-403-0. Retrieved June 10, 2017.

External links

  •   Quotations related to Plagiarism at Wikiquote
  •   Learning materials related to Plagiarism at Wikiversity
  •   Media related to Plagiarism at Wikimedia Commons

plagiarism, other, uses, disambiguation, wikipedia, policies, concerning, plagiarism, wikipedia, wikipedia, copyright, violations, fraudulent, representation, another, person, language, thoughts, ideas, expressions, original, work, while, precise, definitions,. For other uses see Plagiarism disambiguation For Wikipedia policies concerning plagiarism see Wikipedia Plagiarism and Wikipedia Copyright violations Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person s language thoughts ideas or expressions as one s own original work 1 2 While precise definitions vary depending on the institution 3 such representations are generally considered to violate academic integrity and journalistic ethics as well as social norms of learning teaching research fairness respect and responsibility in many cultures 4 It is subject to sanctions such as penalties suspension expulsion from school 5 or work 6 substantial fines 7 8 and even imprisonment 9 10 Plagiarism is typically not in itself a crime but like counterfeiting fraud can be punished in a court 11 12 for prejudices caused by copyright infringement 13 14 violation of moral rights 15 or torts In academia and industry it is a serious ethical offense 16 17 Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent but they are not equivalent concepts 18 and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated by courts Not all countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas While some such as India and Poland consider plagiarism to be a crime liable for imprisonment 19 in other countries the reiteration of another professional s work can be a sign of respect or flattery 20 Students who move to the United States and other Western countries from countries where plagiarism is not frowned upon may find the transition difficult 21 Contents 1 Etymology and ancient history 2 Legal aspects 3 In academia and journalism 3 1 Academia 3 1 1 Forms of academic plagiarism 3 1 2 Sanctions for student plagiarism 3 1 3 Plagiarism education 3 1 4 Factors influencing students decisions to plagiarize 3 2 Journalism 3 3 Self plagiarism 3 3 1 Contested definition 3 3 2 Codes of ethics 3 3 3 Factors that justify reuse 3 4 Organizational publications 4 In the arts 4 1 The history of the arts 4 2 Praisings of artistic plagiarism 5 In other contexts 5 1 On the Internet 5 2 Reverse plagiarism 6 See also 7 References 8 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External linksEtymology and ancient history EditIn the 1st century the use of the Latin word plagiarius literally kidnapper to denote stealing someone else s creative work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial who complained that another poet had kidnapped his verses Plagiary a derivative of plagiarus was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty of literary theft 16 22 The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620 23 The Latin plagiarius kidnapper and plagium kidnapping have the root plaga snare net based on the Indo European root plak to weave seen for instance in Greek plekein Bulgarian pleta pleta and Latin plectere all meaning to weave It is frequently claimed that people in antiquity had no concept of plagiarism or at least did not condemn it and it only came to be seen as immoral much later anywhere from the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century to the Romantic movement in the 18th century While people in antiquity found detecting plagiarism difficult due to the paucity of literate persons as well as long travel times there are a considerable number of pre Enlightenment authors who accuse others of plagiarism and consider it distasteful and scandalous including the respected historians Polybius and Pliny the Elder 24 The 3rd century Greek work Lives of the Eminent Philosophers mentions that Heraclides Ponticus was accused of plagiarizing klepsanta aὐtὸn a treatise on Heliod and Homer 25 26 In Vitruvius s 7th book he acknowledges his debt to earlier writers and attributes them He also passes a strong condemnation of plagiarism Earlier writers deserve our thanks those on the contrary deserve our reproaches who steal the writings of such men and publish them as their own Those who depend in their writings not on their own ideas but who enviously do wrong to the works of others and boast of it deserve not merely to be blamed but to be sentenced to actual punishment for their wicked course of life 27 Vitruvius goes on to claim that such things did not pass without strict chastisement 27 He recounts a story where the well read Aristophanes of Byzantium judged a poetry competition Aristophanes caught most of the contestants plagiarizing others poems as their own The king ordered the plagiarizers to confess that they were thieves and they were condemned to disgrace While the story may be apocryphal it shows that Vitruvius personally considered plagiarism reprehensible 28 Legal aspects Edit Hannah Glasse s signature at the top of the first chapter of her book The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy 6th Edition 1758 an attempted defence against rampant plagiarism Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing the concept does not exist in a legal sense although the use of someone else s work in order to gain academic credit may meet some legal definitions of fraud 29 Plagiarism specifically is not mentioned in any current statute either criminal or civil 30 17 Some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights 17 In short people are asked to use the guideline if you did not write it yourself you must give credit 31 Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement While both terms may apply to a particular act they are different concepts and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent Plagiarism in contrast is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author s reputation or the obtaining of academic credit that is achieved through false claims of authorship Thus plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist s audience for example a reader listener or teacher Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content for example the plagiarist s publisher employer or teacher In such cases acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarist s contract or if done knowingly for a civil wrong In academia and journalism EditWithin academia plagiarism by students professors or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders are subject to academic censure up to and including expulsion Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing However plagiarism detection software does not always yield accurate results and there are loopholes in these systems 32 Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations The orientation required writing courses and clearly articulated honor codes 33 Indeed there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong 33 Nevertheless each year students are brought before their institutions disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork 33 However the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software known as rogeting Rogetting has rapidly evolved as students and unethical academics seek to stay ahead of detection software 34 35 A form of plagiarism known as contract cheating involves students paying someone else such as an essay mill to do their work for them 29 Few parts of the world have legislation that prohibits the operation or the promotion of contract cheating services at this time 36 In journalism plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment 37 Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries old history the development of the Internet where articles appear as electronic text has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier 38 Predicated upon an expected level of learning and comprehension having been achieved all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions 39 For professors and researchers plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity 40 41 Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees by which students and professors have agreed to be bound 42 Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted 43 Library science is developing approaches to address the issue of plagiarism at institutional levels 44 Scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard 45 46 47 48 Susan Blum 49 50 Tracey Bretag 51 52 53 and Sarah Elaine Eaton 3 54 55 Academia Edit One form of academic plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists 3 However this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism It has been called The use of ideas concepts words or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is expected 56 This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman s definition of plagiarism which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism 57 According to Fishman plagiarism occurs when someone Uses words ideas or work products Attributable to another identifiable person or source Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship In order to obtain some benefit credit or gain which need not be monetary 57 Furthermore plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities Stanford defines plagiarism as the use without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source of another person s original work whether such work is made up of code formulas ideas language research strategies writing or other form 58 Yale views plagiarism as the use of another s work words or ideas without attribution which includes using a source s language without quoting using information from a source without attribution and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original 59 Princeton describes plagiarism as the deliberate use of someone else s language ideas or other original not common knowledge material without acknowledging its source 60 Oxford College of Emory University characterizes plagiarism as the use of a writer s ideas or phraseology without giving due credit 61 Brown defines plagiarism as appropriating another person s ideas or words spoken or written without attributing those word or ideas to their true source 62 The U S Naval Academy defines plagiarism as the use of the words information insights or ideas of another without crediting that person through proper citation 63 Forms of academic plagiarism Edit Different classifications of academic plagiarism forms have been proposed Many classifications follow a behavioral approach i e they seek to classify the actions undertaken by plagiarists For example a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin 64 identified 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit Submitting someone s work as their own Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations self plagiarism Re writing someone s work without properly citing sources Using quotations but not citing the source Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing Citing some but not all passages that should be cited Melding together cited and uncited sections of the piece Providing proper citations but failing to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough close paraphrasing Inaccurately citing a source Relying too heavily on other people s work failing to bring original thought into the text A 2019 systematic literature review on academic plagiarism detection 65 deductively derived a technically oriented typology of academic plagiarism from the linguistic model of language consisting of lexis syntax and semantics extended by a fourth layer to capture the plagiarism of ideas and structures The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer of the model they affect Characters preserving plagiarism Verbatim copying without proper citation Syntax preserving plagiarism Synonym substitution Technical disguise e g using identically looking glyphs from another alphabet Semantics preserving plagiarism Translation Paraphrase Idea preserving plagiarism Appropriation of ideas or concepts Reusing text structure Ghostwriting Collusion typically among students Contract cheatingSanctions for student plagiarism Edit In the academic world plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment the entire course or even being expelled from the institution 5 The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are 66 The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised For cases of repeated plagiarism or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism e g purchasing an assignment suspension or expulsion may occur There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches 67 However to impose sanctions plagiarism needs to be detected Strategies faculty members use to detect plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing citation errors and providing plagiarism prevention education to students 68 It has been found that a significant share of university teachers do not use detection methods such as using text matching software 69 A few more try to detect plagiarism by reading term papers specifically for plagiarism while the latter method might be not very effective in detecting plagiarism especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected 69 There are checklists of tactics to prevent student plagiarism 70 Plagiarism education Edit Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to help students avoid committing plagiarism 71 72 73 This is especially important when students move to a new institution that may have a different view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student 71 Indeed given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student s future the pedagogy of plagiarism education may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline being studied 71 The need for plagiarism education extends to academic staff who may not completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct 74 68 75 Actions to reduce plagiarism include coordinating teaching activities to decrease student load reducing memorization increasing individual practical activities and promoting positive reinforcement over punishment 76 77 78 Factors influencing students decisions to plagiarize Edit Several studies investigated factors that influence the decision to plagiarize For example a panel study with students from German universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within six months followed the measurement of academic procrastination 79 It has been argued that by plagiarizing students cope with the negative consequences that result from academic procrastination such as poor grades Another study found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize 80 When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable plagiarism was less likely to occur Another study found that students resorted to plagiarism in order to cope with heavy workloads imposed by teachers On the other hand in that study some teachers also thought that plagiarism is a consequence of their own failure to propose creative tasks and activities 76 Journalism Edit Since journalism relies on the public trust a reporter s failure to honestly acknowledge their sources undercuts a newspaper or television news show s integrity and undermines its credibility Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization 81 Self plagiarism Edit See also Duplicate publication It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Self plagiarism Discuss April 2020 The reuse of significant identical or nearly identical portions of one s own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or citing the original work is sometimes described as self plagiarism the term recycling fraud has also been used to describe this practice 82 Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or multiple publication In addition there can be a copyright issue if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity Self plagiarism is considered a serious ethical issue in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new material such as in publishing or factual documentation 83 It does not apply to public interest texts such as social professional and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines 84 In academic fields self plagiarism occurs when an author reuses portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications but without attributing the previous publication 85 86 Identifying self plagiarism is often difficult because limited reuse of material is accepted both legally as fair use and ethically 87 Many people mostly but not limited to critics of copyright and intellectual property do not believe it is possible to plagiarize oneself 88 Critics of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright may use the idea of self plagiarism as a reductio ad absurdum argument Contested definition Edit Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self plagiarism 86 89 90 91 and his definition of self plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic However the term self plagiarism has been challenged as being self contradictory an oxymoron 92 and on other grounds 93 For example Stephanie J Bird 94 argues that self plagiarism is a misnomer since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others material Bird identifies the ethical issues of self plagiarism as those of dual or redundant publication She also notes that in an educational context self plagiarism refers to the case of a student who resubmits the same essay for credit in two different courses As David B Resnik clarifies Self plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft 95 According to Patrick M Scanlon 96 self plagiarism is a term with some specialized currency Most prominently it is used in discussions of research and publishing integrity in biomedicine where heavy publish or perish demands have led to a rash of duplicate and salami slicing publication the reporting of a single study s results in least publishable units within multiple articles Blancett Flanagin amp Young 1995 Jefferson 1998 Kassirer amp Angell 1995 Lowe 2003 McCarthy 1993 Schein amp Paladugu 2001 Wheeler 1989 Roig 2002 offers a useful classification system including four types of self plagiarism duplicate publication of an article in more than one journal partitioning of one study into multiple publications often called salami slicing text recycling and copyright infringement Codes of ethics Edit Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self plagiarism For example the Journal of International Business Studies 97 Some professional organizations such as the Association for Computing Machinery ACM have created policies that deal specifically with self plagiarism 98 Other organizations do not make specific reference to self plagiarism such as the American Political Science Association APSA The organization published a code of ethics that describes plagiarism as deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one s own It does not make any reference to self plagiarism It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published in whole or in part the author is not ordinarily under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins 99 The American Society for Public Administration ASPA also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to Ensure that others receive credit for their work and contributions but it makes no reference to self plagiarism 100 Factors that justify reuse Edit Pamela Samuelson in 1994 identified several factors she says excuse reuse of one s previously published work that make it not self plagiarism 87 She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical issue of self plagiarism as distinct from the legal issue of fair use of copyright which she deals with separately Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the following The previous work must be restated to lay the groundwork for a new contribution in the second work Portions of the previous work must be repeated to deal with new evidence or arguments The audience for each work is so different that publishing the same work in different places is necessary to get the message out The author thinks they said it so well the first time that it makes no sense to say it differently a second time Samuelson states she has relied on the different audience rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities saying there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that can be bodily lifted from one article to the other And in truth I lift them She refers to her own practice of converting a technical article into a law review article with relatively few changes adding footnotes and one substantive section for a different audience 87 Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of self plagiarism 87 She also states Although it seems not to have been raised in any of the self plagiarism cases copyrights law s fair use defense would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement against authors who reused portions of their previous works 87 Organizational publications Edit Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people For example the American Historical Association s Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct 2005 regarding textbooks and reference books states that since textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars work they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may be allowed a greater extent of dependence on other works 101 However even such a book does not make use of words phrases or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text s arrangement and organization and the authors of such texts are also expected to acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession 101 In the arts EditThe history of the arts Edit Comparison of a woodblock print by Hiroshige left to its copy by Vincent van Gogh Through all of the history of literature and of the arts in general works of art are to a large extent repetitions of the tradition to the entire history of artistic creativity belong plagiarism literary theft appropriation incorporation retelling rewriting recapitulation revision reprise thematic variation ironic retake parody imitation stylistic theft pastiches collages and deliberate assemblages 102 103 30 104 105 106 There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation stylistic plagiarism copy replica and forgery 102 107 108 109 These appropriation procedures are the main axis of a literate culture in which the tradition of the canonic past is being constantly rewritten 106 Ruth Graham quotes T S Eliot Immature poets imitate mature poets steal Bad poets deface what they take she notes that despite the taboo of plagiarism the ill will and embarrassment it causes in the modern context readers seem to often forgive the past excesses of historic literary offenders 110 Praisings of artistic plagiarism Edit A passage of Laurence Sterne s 1767 Tristram Shandy condemns plagiarism by resorting to plagiarism 111 Oliver Goldsmith commented Sterne s Writings in which it is clearly shewn that he whose manner and style were so long thought original was in fact the most unhesitating plagiarist who ever cribbed from his predecessors in order to garnish his own pages It must be owned at the same time that Sterne selects the materials of his mosaic work with so much art places them so well and polishes them so highly that in most cases we are disposed to pardon the want of originality in consideration of the exquisite talent with which the borrowed materials are wrought up into the new form 112 In other contexts EditOn the Internet Edit Free online tools are becoming available to help identify plagiarism 113 114 and there are a range of approaches that attempt to limit online copying such as disabling right clicking and placing warning banners regarding copyrights on web pages Instances of plagiarism that involve copyright violation may be addressed by the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to the offending site owner or to the ISP that is hosting the offending site The term content scraping has arisen to describe the copying and pasting of information from websites 115 and blogs 116 Reverse plagiarism Edit Further information Art forgery Literary forgery and Pseudepigrapha Reverse plagiarism or attribution without copying 17 refers to falsely giving authorship credit over a work to a person who did not author it or falsely claiming a source supports an assertion that the source does not make 117 118 While both the term and activity are relatively rare incidents of reverse plagiarism do occur typically in similar contexts as traditional plagiarism 88 See also EditAppropriation art Article spinning Knock off Credit creative arts Cryptomnesia Detournement Document theft Joke thievery Journalism scandals plagiarism fabrication omission Multiple publication Musical plagiarism Neoism Peer review Plagiarism Plagiarism from Wikipedia Rip off Scientific misconduct Scientific plagiarism in India Scientific plagiarism in the United States Source criticism Swipe comics References Edit From the 1995 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one s own original work qtd in Stepchyshyn Vera Nelson Robert S 2007 Library plagiarism policies Assoc of College amp Resrch Libraries p 65 ISBN 978 0 8389 8416 1 From the Oxford English Dictionary The action or practice of taking someone else s work idea etc and passing it off as one s own literary theft a b c Eaton Sarah Elaine August 2017 Comparative Analysis of Institutional Policy Definitions of Plagiarism A Pan Canadian University Study Interchange 48 3 271 281 doi 10 1007 s10780 017 9300 7 S2CID 152188935 International Center for Academic Integrity ICAI 2021 Fundamental Values of Academic Integrity 3rd ed the state of Delaware ISBN 978 0 9914906 7 7 a b University bosses call for ban on essay writing companies 27 September 2018 Students caught submitting work that is not their own face serious penalties which can include being thrown off their university course Daily News fires editor after Shaun King accused of plagiarism 19 April 2016 Jeff Koons found guilty of plagiarism over multi million pound sculpture 8 November 2018 Archived from the original on 2022 01 11 The court ordered Mr Koons his business and the Pompidou museum which had exhibited the work in 2014 to pay Mr Davidovici a total of 135 000 118 000 in compensation Fashion designer Galliano fined for copying imagery 19 April 2007 Fashion designer John Galliano s company was ordered to pay 200 000 euros 271 800 in damages to renowned U S photographer William Klein Polish professor could face three year sentence for plagiarism 5 December 2012 Archived from the original on 21 December 2018 Retrieved 21 May 2019 Ex VC of DU sent to jail for plagiarism released 26 November 2014 Why Belgium s plagiarism verdict on Luc Tuymans is beyond parody 21 January 2015 Jeff Koons plagiarised French photographer for Naked sculpture 9 March 2017 Osterberg Eric C 2003 Substantial similarity in copyright law Practising Law Institute p 1 1 1 2 ISBN 1 4024 0341 0 With respect to the copying of individual elements a defendant need not copy the entirety of the plaintiff s copyrighted work to infringe and he need not copy verbatim Sheldon v Metro Goldwyn Pictures Corporation Court case Vol 81 F 2d 49 2d Cir 1936 01 17 via Court Listener No plagiarist can excuse the wrong by showing how much of his work he did not pirate Art Rogers Plaintiff Appellee Cross Appellant v Jeff Koons Sonnabend Gallery Inc Defendants Appellants Cross Appellees Court case Vol 960 F 2d 301 Nos 234 388 and 235 2d Cir 1992 04 02 Dockets 91 7396 91 7442 and 91 7540 via Court Listener the copies they produced bettered the price of the copied work by a thousand to one their piracy of a less well known artist s work would escape being sullied by an accusation of plagiarism a b Lynch Jack 2002 The Perfectly Acceptable Practice of Literary Theft Plagiarism Copyright and the Eighteenth Century Colonial Williamsburg Journal 24 4 51 54 Republished as Lynch Jack 2006 The Perfectly Acceptable Practice of Literary Theft Plagiarism Copyright and the Eighteenth Century Writing World com a b c d Green Stuart 1 January 2002 Plagiarism Norms and the Limits of Theft Law Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights Hastings Law Journal 54 1 167 doi 10 2139 SSRN 315562 S2CID 150431905 SSRN 315562 The Difference Between Copyright Infringement and Plagiarism 7 October 2013 Is Plagiarism Illegal www plagiarism org October 27 2017 Retrieved 2019 10 15 Introna Lucas Wood Elspeth January 2003 Cultural attitudes towards plagiarism University of Lancaster a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Liu Xiaojing Liu Shijuan Lee Seung hee Magjuka Richard J 2010 Cultural Differences in Online Learning International Student Perceptions Journal of Educational Technology amp Society 13 3 177 188 JSTOR jeductechsoci 13 3 177 Valpy Francis Edward Jackson 2005 Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language p 345 ISBN 9781402173844 entry for plagium quotation the crime of kidnapping Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved April 24 2011 Ehrman Bart 2012 Forgery and Counterforgery The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics Oxford University Press p 65 67 ISBN 9780199928033 Stemplinger Eduard 1912 Das Plagiat in der griechischen Literatur Plagiarism in Greek literature p 8 Laertius Diogenes Lives of the Eminent Philosophers via Wikisource a b Vitruvius De architectura Book VII via Wikisource Volk Katharina 2010 Literary Theft and Roman Water Rights in Manilius Second Proem Materiali e Discussioni per l Analisi dei Testi Classici 65 65 193 JSTOR 25800980 Retrieved September 5 2021 a b Newton Philip M Lang Christopher 2016 Custom Essay Writers Freelancers and Other Paid Third Parties Handbook of Academic Integrity pp 249 271 doi 10 1007 978 981 287 098 8 38 ISBN 978 981 287 097 1 a b Lands Robert 1999 Plagiarism is no Crime Archived 2011 01 01 at the Wayback Machine published by The Association of Illustrators AOI December 1999 Quotation Plagiarism may be a taboo in academia but in art is almost essential Gabriel Trip 1 August 2010 Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age The New York Times Weber Wulff Debora 2019 03 27 Plagiarism detectors are a crutch and a problem Nature 567 7749 435 Bibcode 2019Natur 567 435W doi 10 1038 d41586 019 00893 5 PMID 30918394 S2CID 85527772 a b c Abigail Lipson amp Sheila M Reindl July August 2003 The Responsible Plagiarist Understanding Students Who Misuse Sources About Campus 8 3 7 14 doi 10 1177 108648220300800304 Grove Jack 7 August 2014 Sinister buttocks Roget would blush at the crafty cheek Middlesex lecturer gets to the bottom of meaningless phrases found while marking essays Times Higher Education Retrieved 15 July 2015 Mario Jarmasz July 2003 ROGET S THESAURUS AS A LEXICAL RESOURCE FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING Thesis Ottawa Canada Draper Michael Lancaster Thomas Dann Sandie Crockett Robin Glendinning Irene 2021 Essay mills and other contract cheating services to buy or not to buy and the consequences of students changing their minds International Journal for Educational Integrity 17 13 1 13 doi 10 1007 s40979 021 00081 x S2CID 235664564 Kroger Manfred May 2010 Editorial Some Thoughts on Plagiarism Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9 3 259 260 doi 10 1111 j 1541 4337 2010 00113 x PMID 33467815 Susan D Blum 2010 My Word Plagiarism and College Culture Cornell University Press ISBN 9780801447631 JSTOR 10 7591 j ctt7v8sf Cully Philip 2013 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Bretag Saadia Carapiet 2007 A Preliminary Study to Identify the Extent of Self Plagiarism in Australian Academic Research Plagiary hdl 2027 spo 5240451 0002 010 Eaton Sarah Elaine Crossman Katherine August 2018 Self Plagiarism Research Literature in the Social Sciences A Scoping Review Interchange 49 3 285 311 doi 10 1007 s10780 018 9333 6 S2CID 149828057 Eaton S E Guglielmin M amp Otoo B 2017 Plagiarism Moving from punitive to pro active approaches In A P Preciado Babb L Yeworiew amp S Sabbaghan Eds Selected Proceedings of the IDEAS Conference 2017 Leading Educational Change Conference pp 28 36 Calgary Canada Werklund School of Education University of Calgary https prism ucalgary ca handle 1880 52096 Gipp Bela 2014 Plagiarism Detection Citation based Plagiarism Detection pp 9 42 doi 10 1007 978 3 658 06394 8 2 ISBN 978 3 658 06393 1 a b Fishman Teddi 30 September 2009 We know it when we see it is not good enough toward a standard definition of plagiarism that transcends theft fraud 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179606 179731 S2CID 38941150 a b Reverse Plagiarism Or Did I Say That 2007 11 26 Roig M 2005 Re Using Text from One s Own Previously Published Papers An Exploratory Study of Potential Self Plagiarism Psychological Reports 97 1 43 49 doi 10 2466 pr0 97 1 43 49 PMID 16279303 S2CID 8894524 Roig M 2015 Created in 2003 Avoiding plagiarism self plagiarism and other questionable writing practices A guide to ethical writing PDF Avoiding Plagiarism Self plagiarism and Other Questionable Writing Practices A Guide to Ethical Writing U S Department of Health amp Human Services Office of Research Integrity Roig M 8 January 2015 On Reusing Our Previously Disseminated Work American Association for the Advancement of Science Broome M November 2004 Self plagiarism Oxymoron fair use or scientific misconduct Nursing Outlook 52 6 273 4 doi 10 1016 j outlook 2004 10 001 PMID 15614263 Andreescu Liviu November 2012 Self Plagiarism in Academic Publishing The Anatomy of a Misnomer Science and Engineering Ethics 19 3 775 797 doi 10 1007 s11948 012 9416 1 PMID 23179068 S2CID 11346908 Bird SJ October 2002 Self plagiarism and dual and redundant publications what is the problem Commentary on Seven ways to plagiarize handling real allegations of research misconduct Science and Engineering Ethics 8 4 543 4 doi 10 1007 s11948 002 0007 4 PMID 12501723 S2CID 26471653 Resnik David B 1998 The Ethics of Science an introduction London Routledge p 177 notes to chapter six note 3 Online via Google Books Scanlon PM 2007 Song from myself an anatomy of self plagiarism Plagiary 2 1 1 11 hdl 2027 spo 5240451 0002 007 Lorraine Eden JIBS Code of Ethics Journal of International Business Studies Archived from the original on 2010 07 23 Retrieved 2010 08 02 ACM Policy and Procedures on Plagiarism June 2010 American Political Science Association 2008 A Guide to Professional Ethics in Political Science Second Edition Section 21 1 ISBN 1 878147 05 6 American Society for Public Administration ASPA s Code of Ethics Archived 2011 01 24 at the Wayback Machine a b Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct American Historical Association 2005 01 06 Retrieved 2009 04 16 a b Derrida 1959 quotation p 40 full citation needed The boundaries between permissible and impermissible imitation stylistic plagiarism copy replica and forgery remain nebulous Eco 1990 p 95 quotation Each of the types of repetition that we have examined is not limited to the mass media but belongs by right to the entire history of artistic creativity plagiarism quotation parody the ironic retake are typical of the entire artistic literary tradition Much art has been and is repetitive The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one born with Romanticism classical art was in vast measure serial and the modern avant garde at the beginning of this century challenged the Romantic idea of creation from nothingness with its techniques of collage mustachios on the Mona Lisa art about art and so on Alfrey Penelope Petrarch s Apes Originality Plagiarism and MIT Communications Forum Genette 1982 note 3 to ch 7 p 433 quotation transposition all the other possible terms rewriting rehandling remake revision refection recasting etc a b Steiner 1998 pp 437 459 quotation p 437 There is between translation proper and transmutation a vast terrain of partial transformation The verbal signs in the original message or statement are modified by one of a multitude of means or by a combination of means These include paraphrase graphic illustration pastiche imitation thematic variation parody citation in a supporting or undermining context false attribution accidental or deliberate plagiarism collage and many others This zone of partial transformation of derivation of alternate restatement determines much of our sensibility and literacy It is quite simply the matrix of culture p 459 We could in some measure at least come closer to a verifiable gradation of the sequence of techniques and aims which leads from literal translation through paraphrases mimesis and pastiche to thematic variation I have suggested that this sequence is the main axis of a literate culture that a culture advances spiralwise via translations of its own canonic past Haywood 1987 p 109 quoting Arnau Eco 1987 p 202 quoting Arnau Arnau 1959 quotation p 40 The boundaries between permissible and impermissible imitation stylistic plagiarism copy replica and forgery remain nebulous Graham Ruth January 7 2014 Word Theft Poetryfoundation org Retrieved 2014 01 09 Mark Ford Love and Theft London Review of Books Vol 26 No 23 2 December 2004 pages 34 35 4103 words Oliver Goldsmith The vicar of Wakefield a tale Volume 5 p xviii Apple accused of copyright wrongs Archived from the original on May 10 2011 Retrieved March 7 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Copyscape Searches For Scraped Content WebProNews Archived from the original on 2007 02 21 Jones Del August 1 2006 Authorship gets lost on Web USA Today Welch Maura May 8 2006 Online plagiarism strikes blog world The Boston Globe Moten Abdul Rashid 30 December 2014 Academic dishonesty and misconduct Curbing plagiarism in the Muslim world Intellectual Discourse 22 2 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 844 4559 ProQuest 1643398785 Wyburn Mary MacPhail John The intersection of copyright and plagiarism and the monitoring of student work by educational institutions PDF Australia amp New Zealand Journal of Law amp Education 11 2 75 94 Works cited EditArnau Frank Translation from the German by Brownjohn J Maxwell 1961 The Art of the Faker Little Brown and Company Derrida Jacques Roudinesco Elisabeth 2001 2004 De Quoi Demain English translation 2004 by Jeff Fort as For what tomorrow a dialogue ch 4 Unforeseeable Freedom Blum Susan D My Word Plagiarism and College Culture 2010 Eco Umberto 1987 Fakes and Forgeries in Versus Issues 46 48 republished in 1990 in The limits of interpretation pp 174 202 Eco Umberto 1990 Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation pp 83 100 excerpt link unavailable Gerard Genette 1982 Palimpsests literature in the second degree Haywood Ian 1987 Faking it Hutcheon Linda 1985 3 The Pragmatic Range of Parody A Theory of Parody The Teachings of Twentieth Century Art Forms New York Methuen ISBN 978 0 252 06938 3 Joachimides Christos M and Rosenthal Norman and Anfam David and Adams Brooks 1993 American art in the 20th century painting and sculpture 1913 1993 Paull Harry Major 1928 Literary ethics a study in the growth of the literary conscience Part II ch X Parody and Burlesque pp 133 40 public domain work author died in 1934 Royal Shakespeare Company 2007 The RSC Shakespeare William Shakespeare Complete Works Introduction to the Comedy of Errors Ruthven K K 2001 Faking Literature Spearing A C 1987 Introduction section to Chaucer s The Franklin s Prologue and Tale Spearing A C 1989 Readings in medieval poetry Steiner George 1998 After Babel ch 6 Topologies of culture 3rd revised editionFurther reading EditLipson Charles 2008 Doing Honest Work in College How to Prepare Citations Avoid Plagiarism and Achieve Real Academic Success 2nd ed Chicago IL University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226484778 Retrieved April 5 2017 Jude Carroll and Carl Mikael Zetterling 2009 Guiding students away from plagiarism in Swedish and English 1st ed Stockholm Sweden KTH Royal Institute of Technology pp 86 167 ISBN 978 91 7415 403 0 Retrieved June 10 2017 External links Edit Quotations related to Plagiarism at Wikiquote Learning materials related to Plagiarism at Wikiversity Media related to Plagiarism at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plagiarism amp oldid 1127547326, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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