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November 2015 Paris attacks

October 14, 2023

For other uses, see Paris attacks.

A series of coordinated terrorist attacks by ISIL extremists[13][14] took place on Friday, 13 November 2015[15][16] in Paris, France, and the city's northern suburb, Saint-Denis. Beginning at 9:15 p.m., three suicide bombers struck outside the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, during an international football match, after failing to gain entry to the stadium. Another group of attackers then fired on crowded cafés and restaurants in Paris, with one of them also detonating an explosive, killing himself in the process. A third group carried out another mass shooting and took hostages at an Eagles of Death Metal concert attended by 1,500 people in the Bataclan theatre, leading to a stand-off with police. The attackers were either shot or detonated suicide vests when police raided the theatre.[17]

November 2015 Paris attacks
Part of terrorism in Europe and the spillover of the Syrian Civil War
Public memorials for the victims, and police near the scenes of some of the attacks
Locations of the attacks—stars denote suicide bombings
LocationParis and Saint-Denis, France
Date21:16, 13 November 2015 (2015-11-13T21:16)  –
00:58, 14 November 2015 (2015-11-14T00:58)  (CET)
Target
  1. Near Stade de France[C 1]
  2. Rues Bichat and Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge; Le Carillon)[C 2]
  3. Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi (Café Bonne Bière; La Casa Nostra)[C 3]
  4. The Bataclan theatre[C 4]
  5. Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)[C 5]
  6. Boulevard Voltaire (Comptoir Voltaire)[C 6]
Attack type
Mass shooting, mass murder, suicide bombing, hostage taking
WeaponsZastava M70 assault rifles,[1][2]TATP suicide belts
Deaths137 (including 7 attackers)[3][4][5]
InjuredAt least 416[6][7][8]
VictimsCivilians
Perpetrators Islamic State (Brussels cell)
No. of participants
9
MotiveIslamic extremism,[9][10] retaliation against French airstrikes on ISIL[11][12]

The attackers killed 130 people,[3] including 90 at the Bataclan theatre.[18][19][20] Another 416 people were injured,[6][21] almost 100 critically.[7][8] Seven of the attackers were also killed.[5] The attacks were the deadliest in metropolitan France since the Paris massacre of 1961,[22] and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings of 2004.[23] The attacks came one day after similar attacks in Beirut, Lebanon. France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks on Charlie Hebdo offices and a Jewish supermarket in Paris that killed 17 people.[24]

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks (as they had done with the Beirut attacks a day prior),[9][10] saying that it was retaliation for French airstrikes on Islamic State targets in Syria and Iraq.[11][12] The president of France, François Hollande, said the attacks were an act of war by Islamic State.[25][26][27] The attacks were planned in Syria and organised by a terrorist cell based in Belgium.[28] Two of the Paris attackers were Iraqis, but most were born in France or Belgium,[29][30] and had fought in Syria.[31] Some of the attackers had returned to Europe among the flow of migrants and refugees from Syria.[32][33]

In response to the attacks, a three-month state of emergency was declared across the country to help fight terrorism, which involved the banning of public demonstrations, and allowing the police to carry out searches without a warrant, put anyone under house arrest without trial, and block websites that encouraged acts of terrorism.[34] On 15 November, France launched the biggest airstrike of Opération Chammal, its part in the bombing campaign against Islamic State.[35] The authorities searched for surviving attackers and accomplices. On 18 November, the suspected lead operative of the attacks, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, was killed in a police raid in Saint-Denis, along with two others.[36]

Background Edit

See also: Terrorism in France and Opération Chammal

France had been on high alert for terrorism since the Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related attacks in January by militants belonging to Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula,[24] and had increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris at the beginning of December, as well as reinstating border checks a week before the attacks.[24]

Throughout 2015, France witnessed smaller attacks: the February stabbing of three soldiers guarding a Jewish community centre in Nice,[37] the June attempt to blow up a factory in Saint-Quentin Fallavier,[38] and the August shooting and stabbing attack on a passenger train.[39]

The Bataclan theatre had been threatened a number of times because of its support for Jewish organizations and Israel.[40] Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joël Laloux,[41][42] owned the Bataclan for more than 40 years before selling it in September 2015.[43] In 2011, a group calling itself Army of Islam told French security services they had planned an attack on the Bataclan because its owners were Jewish.[40][44][45][46]

In the weeks leading up to the Paris attacks, ISIL and its branches had claimed responsibility for several other attacks: the downing of Metrojet Flight 9268 on 31 October[47][48] and the suicide bombings in Beirut on 12 November.[49][50]

Intelligence agencies in Turkey and Iraq had reportedly warned of an imminent attack on France months beforehand, but said they never heard back from the French authorities until after the attacks.[51][52][53] According to The Irish Times, a senior French security official said they receive this kind of correspondence "every day".[51]

This was one of two terrorist cells sent to Europe by the Islamic State in 2015, the other cell consisting of three Syrians was apprehended by German special police in Schleswig-Holstein in mid September 2016.[54]

Attacks Edit

Timeline of attacks

13 November:

  • 21:16[note 1] – First suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[17]
  • 21:19[note 1] – Second suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[17]
  • 21:25 – Shooting at the rue Bichat.[17]
  • 21:32 – Shooting at the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi.[17]
  • 21:36 – Shooting at the rue de Charonne.[17]
  • 21:40 – Suicide bombing on boulevard Voltaire.[17]
  • 21:40 – Three men enter the Bataclan theatre and begin shooting.[17]
  • 21:53 – Third suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[17]
  • 22:00 – Hostages are taken at the Bataclan.[55]

14 November:

  • 00:20 – Security forces enter the Bataclan.[17]
  • 00:58 – French police end the siege on the Bataclan.[55]
All times are CET (UTC+1).

Three groups of men[28][56] launched six distinct attacks:[57] three suicide bombings in one attack, a fourth suicide bombing in another attack, and shootings at four locations.[58][59] The shootings were in the vicinity of the rue Alibert, the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, the rue de Charonne, the Bataclan theatre, and avenue de la République.[60][61] Three explosions occurred near the Stade de France, another on boulevard Voltaire, and two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the standoff.[62] According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wore suicide vests that used acetone peroxide as an explosive.[63] French police reports on cellphones recovered from crime scenes suggested the attacks were being coordinated in real time from Brussels, Belgium, the location of origin of the terrorist cell that the Paris attackers were members of.[64]

Stade de France explosions Edit

 
President François Hollande (pictured in 2013) was at the Stade de France during the attacks

Three explosions occurred near the country's national sports stadium, the Stade de France, in the suburb of Saint-Denis, resulting in four deaths, including the three suicide bombers.[65] The explosions happened at 21:16, 21:19,[note 1] and 21:53.[66] At the time, the stadium was hosting an international friendly football match between France and Germany, which President Hollande was attending.[67][68] The suicide bombers arrived slightly late for the game, and eyewitness reports indicated they did not have tickets, resulting in them being turned away by security guards several times.[64]

The first explosion near the stadium occurred about 20 minutes after the start of the game.[67][68] The first bomber was prevented from entering the stadium after a security guard patted him down and found the explosive vest.[69] A few seconds after being turned away, he detonated the vest outside the security gate, killing himself and a bystander.[64][70] Investigators later surmised that the first bomber had planned to detonate his vest within the stadium, triggering the crowd's panicked exit onto the streets where the two other bombers were lying in wait.[71] Three minutes after the first bombing, the second bomber blew himself up outside another security gate.[note 1][64] Another 23 minutes after that, the third bomber's vest detonated near the stadium. According to some reports, the location of the third explosion was at a McDonald's restaurant, where over 50 people were injured, seven seriously;[64][69][72] others state the bomb detonated some distance away from any discernible target.[73]

Hollande was evacuated from the stadium at half-time, while the German foreign minister, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, remained at the stadium.[74][75] Hollande met with his interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve to co-ordinate a response to the emergency.[76] Two of the explosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of the match;[note 1] both football coaches were informed by French officials of a developing crisis, but players and fans were kept unaware of it until the game had finished.[77] Hollande, concerned that the safety of the crowd outside the stadium could not be assured if the match was immediately cancelled, decided that the game should continue without a public announcement.[71]

Following the game, fans were brought onto the pitch to await evacuation as police monitored all the exits around the venue. Security sources said all three explosions were suicide bombings.[24] The Germany national football team was advised not to return to their hotel, where there had been a bomb threat earlier in the day, and they spent the night in the stadium on mattresses, along with the French team, who stayed with them in a display of camaraderie.[78]

Restaurant shootings and bombing Edit

The first shootings occurred around 21:25 on the rue Bichat and the rue Alibert, near the Canal Saint-Martin in the 10th arrondissement. The three Belgian-Moroccan attackers, including ringleader Abdelhamid Abaaoud, emerged from a rental SEAT León before killing the driver of a car in front of them and then proceeding to shoot at people outside Le Carillon, a café and bar. Next, they crossed the rue Bichat and shot people inside the restaurant Le Petit Cambodge. According to French police, an eyewitness said one of the gunmen shouted "Allahu Akbar".[64][74][79] A total of thirteen people were killed[80] at these locations, and ten others were critically injured.[81] Afterwards, the assailants fled in the SEAT León.[64] Doctors and nurses from the nearby Hôpital Saint-Louis were in Le Carillon when the attacks happened and supplied emergency assistance to the wounded.[82]

At 21:32, the attackers arrived outside Café Bonne Bière,[66] located close to the terrace of the Italian restaurant La Casa Nostra, on the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi.[74] There, they shouted "Allahu Akbar" again and opened fire on revelers.[64] The Paris prosecutor said five people were killed, and eight others were injured.[74] An eyewitness reported seeing a gunman firing short bursts.[83] The assailants then fled again in the SEAT León.[64]

At 21:36, the assailants arrived at the restaurant La Belle Équipe on the rue de Charonne in the 11th arrondissement. There, they fired for several minutes at the outdoor terrace, before returning to the SEAT León and driving away.[64][67][84] Twenty-one people were killed,[85] and seven others were left in critical condition.[84] Many of the deceased victims at the targeted restaurants and cafés had been sitting on the outdoor terraces when they were shot.[64]

At 21:40, one of the gunmen was dropped off at the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement, near the place de la Nation.[24][64] He sat down at the interior terrace of the Comptoir Voltaire café, wearing a hooded jacket over several layers of clothing. After placing an order, he smiled at patrons and apologised for interrupting their dinner. Finally, he detonated his explosive vest, killing himself and injuring fifteen people, one of them seriously.[64][84][86]

Bataclan theatre massacre Edit

 
The Bataclan theatre in 2009

Beginning at around 21:50, a mass shooting and hostage-taking occurred at the Bataclan theatre on the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement. The American rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to an audience of about 1,500 people.[87]

Three dark-clad gunmen armed with Zastava M70 assault rifles[24][88] had been waiting in a black rental car near the venue for more than an hour.[64][87] The terrorists were three French natives of Algerian descent: Foued Mohamed-Aggad, age 23; Ismaël Omar Mostefaï, age 29; and Samy Amimour, age 28. As the band was playing their song "Kiss the Devil", the three men got out of the car and opened fire on people outside the venue, killing three. Then, they burst into the concert hall and opened fire on the crowd.[64][87] Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahu Akbar" as the terrorists opened fire.[24][88][89] Initially, the audience mistook the gunfire for pyrotechnics.[90][91] The band ran offstage and escaped with many of the crew.[87][92]

Rows of people were mown down by gunfire or were forced to drop to the ground to avoid being shot. Survivors described hundreds of people lying beside and on top of each other in pools of blood, screaming in terror and pain. The gunmen also fired up into the balconies, and dead bodies fell down onto the stalls below. For a few minutes, the hall was plunged into darkness, with only the flashes from the assault rifles as the gunmen kept shooting. The terrorists shouted that they were there because of the French airstrikes against Islamic State.[87] Another witness who was inside the Bataclan heard a gunman say, "This is because of all the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over the world."[93]

A radio reporter attending the concert described the terrorists as calm and determined and said they reloaded three or four times.[89] Two gunmen attacked the concert hall; one gunman covered fire while another reloaded, to ensure maximum efficiency.[64] Whenever the gunmen stopped to reload, some of the crowd ran for the emergency exits, scrambling over each other to escape.[87] Some were shot from behind as they fled, and the terrorists laughed as they shot them.[94] Those who reached the emergency exit were shot by the third gunman, who positioned himself there.[64] Other groups of people barricaded themselves in backstage rooms. Some smashed open the ceiling in an upstairs toilet and hid among the rafters under the roof. Those who could not run lay still on the floor pretending to be dead. According to survivors, the terrorists walked among those who were lying down, kicked them, and shot them in the head if there was any sign of life.[87]

An eyewitness reported hearing the gunmen ask amongst themselves where the members of the Eagles of Death Metal were once the gunfire stopped.[64] Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï then went upstairs to the balconies, while Amimour stayed downstairs and fired at people who tried to flee.[64][87] The Brigade of Research and Intervention (BRI) arrived on the scene at 22:15, soon followed by the elite tactical unit, RAID.[95] At 22:15, the first two responding officers entered the building armed with handguns and encountered Amimour, who was standing on the stage. Amimour died after being shot by the officers and detonating his explosive vest. Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï then fired upon the officers, forcing them to withdraw and wait for backup.[64][87]

From this point, Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï took about twenty hostages and herded them into a room at the end of an L-shaped corridor located further in the building. They also seized the hostages' mobile phones and attempted to use them to access the Internet, but they were unable to find a signal. Some of the hostages were forced to look down into the hall and out the windows and tell the terrorists what they saw.[64][87] During this time, Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï fired on police and other first responders arriving at the scene.[96]

At 23:30, an elite police squad entered the building. One unit evacuated survivors from downstairs, while another unit went upstairs. They found Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï, who had begun using hostages as human shields. They shouted out to police the number of a hostage's phone. Over the next 50 minutes, they had four phone exchanges with a police negotiator, during which they threatened to execute hostages unless they received a signed paper promising France's departure from Muslim lands.[64][87] The police assault began at 00:20 and lasted three minutes.[95][97] Police launched the assault because of reports that Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï had started killing hostages.[24][89][98] Police using shields burst open the door to the room and exchanged fire with Mohamed-Aggad and Mostefaï while managing to pull the hostages one-by-one behind their shields. One terrorist detonated his explosive vest, and the other tried to do the same but was shot.[87]

Ninety people were killed, and hundreds of others were wounded.[19][20] Almost all of the deceased victims were killed within the first 20 minutes of the attack.[64] All of the hostages were rescued without injury.[99] Police dog teams from the Brigade Cynophile assisted with body removal because of concerns that there could still be live explosives in the theatre.[100] Identification and removal of the bodies took 10 hours, a process made difficult because some audience members had left their identity papers in the theatre's cloakroom.[101]

Perpetrators Edit

See also: Brussels ISIL terror cell

Three groups, comprising three men each, executed the attacks.[28][56] They wore explosive vests and belts with identical detonators.[102] Seven perpetrators died at the scenes of their attacks.[5][103] The other two were killed five days later during the Saint-Denis police raid.[104]

On 14 November, ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks.[105][106][107][108] François Hollande said ISIL organised the attacks with help from inside France.[27] Claimed motives were an ideological objection to Paris as a capital of abomination and perversion,[109] retaliation for airstrikes on ISIL in Syria and Iraq,[11] and the foreign policy of Hollande in relation to Muslims worldwide.[110] Shortly after the attacks, ISIL's media organ, the Al-Hayat Media Group, launched a website on the dark web extolling the organisation and recommending the encrypted instant messaging service Telegram.[111][112]

Fabien Clain released an audio recording the day before the attacks in which he personally claimed responsibility for the attacks. Clain is known to intelligence services as a veteran jihadist belonging to ISIL, and of French nationality.[113]

Syrian and Egyptian passports were found near the bodies of two of the perpetrators at two attack sites,[114] but Egyptian authorities said the passport belonged to a victim, Aleed Abdel-Razzak, and not one of the perpetrators.[115] By 16 November, the focus of the French and Belgian investigation turned to Abdelhamid Abaaoud, the radical jihadist they believed was the leader of the plot.[116] Abaaoud had escaped to Syria[117][118] after having been suspected in other plots in Belgium and France, including the thwarted 2015 Thalys train attack.[119] Abaaoud had recruited an extensive network of accomplices, including two brothers, Brahim Abdeslam and Salah Abdeslam, to execute terrorist attacks; Abaaoud was killed in the Saint-Denis raid on 18 November.[120][121][122]

Most of the Paris attackers were French and Belgian born citizens of Moroccan and Algerian backgrounds who crossed borders without difficulty, albeit registered as terrorism suspects.[30] Two other attackers were Iraqi.[29] According to the French prime minister, Manuel Valls, several of the perpetrators had exploited Europe's immigration crisis to enter the continent undetected.[32] At least some, including the alleged leader Abdelhamid Abaaoud, had visited Syria and returned radicalised. Jean-Charles Brisard, a French expert on terrorism, called this a change of paradigm, in that returning European citizens were themselves the attackers.[33] The Los Angeles Times reported that more than 3,000 Europeans have travelled to Syria and joined ISIL and other radical groups.[33]

On 30 August 2016, jihadist Abu Mohammad al-Adnani was killed by an American missile and DGSI declared that his death ended the terrorist who had supervised the attacks on Brussels and Paris.[123]

Search for accomplices Edit

Three cars were recovered in Paris after the attacks:

  1. A grey Volkswagen Polo with Belgian licence plates abandoned near the Bataclan was hired by a French citizen living in Belgium and contained a parking ticket from the town of Molenbeek.[124]
  2. A SEAT was found in the Paris suburb of Montreuil on 15 November and contained assault rifles.[125]
  3. A Renault Clio hired by Salah Abdeslam was discovered near Montmartre on 11 November and contained assault rifles.[126][127]

Police described Salah, a 26-year-old Belgian citizen, as dangerous, and warned the public not to approach him.[128] He was arrested on 18 March 2016 during an anti-terrorist raid in the Molenbeek area of Brussels (see below).[129] His brother, Brahim, died in the attacks.[130] Another brother, Mohamed, was detained on 14 November in the Molenbeek area of Brussels and released after several hours of questioning.[131] Mohamed said he did not suspect his siblings of planning anything.[132]

On 14 November, a car was stopped at the Belgium–France border and its three occupants were questioned then released. Three more people were arrested in Molenbeek.[133] Links to the attacks were investigated in an arrest in Germany on 5 November, when police stopped a 51-year-old man from Montenegro and found automatic handguns, hand grenades and explosives in his car.[134]

On 15–16 November, French tactical police units raided over 200 locations in France, arresting 23 people and seizing weapons.[135] Another 104 people were placed under house arrest.[136][137]

On 17 November, police followed a female cousin of the attacker and ringleader, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, to a block of flats in Saint-Denis where they saw Abaaoud with her.[138][139] The next day, police raided a flat in Saint-Denis, and Abaaoud was killed in the ensuing gunfight, which lasted several hours.[120][121][122] Chakib Akrouh, one of the perpetrators of the restaurant shootings, also died during the raid after detonating an explosive vest.[140] Eight suspected militants were arrested at or near the flat.[141]

On 23 November, an explosive belt was found in a litter bin in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. It may have been discarded by Salah Abdeslam, whose phone records showed that he was in Montrouge on the night of the attacks.[142]

On 24 November, five people in Belgium were charged on suspicion of their involvement in the Paris attacks, and Belgian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for Mohamed Abrini, a 30-year-old suspected accomplice of Salah Abdeslam.[143] Abrini was subsequently reported to have been arrested on 8 April 2016.[144] He is also suspected of having been involved in the 2016 Brussels bombings.[144]

On 9 December, two ISIL militants accompanying two of the Paris attackers into Europe, all masquerading as migrants, were arrested in Greece weeks before the attacks.[145][146] In July 2016, a third militant involved was also arrested despite regular activity on Facebook from Belgium.[146][147] The three militants were part of a unit intended to carry out further attacks on 13 November, but their plans were apparently disrupted by the first two arrests.[146]

Fabien Clain was identified as the person reading the ISIL claim of responsibility. Clain was a French national who served 5 years from 2009 to 2014 in a French prison for recruiting fighters to go to Syria for jihad. Clain has been linked to other executed and planned terror attacks and is seen as a leader of known terrorists.[148]

Jawad Bendaoud was arrested 18 November 2015 for "criminal terrorist association for the purpose of committing violent action", as he provided lodging for Abaaoud, Hasna Aït Boulahcen, and a third man. In September 2017, the prosecuting judge filed for Bendaoud's trial for "concealment of terrorist criminals", a charge with a maximum penalty of six years.[149][150]

Analysis of tactics Edit

Michael Leiter, former director of the United States National Counterterrorism Center, said the attacks demonstrated a sophistication not seen in a city attack since the 2008 Mumbai attacks and that it would change how the West regarded the threat.[151] Further comparisons were made between the Paris and Mumbai attacks.[152][153][154] Mumbai Police Joint Commissioner (Law and Order) Deven Bharti pointed out the similarities as having several targets, shooting indiscriminately, and the use of improvised explosive devices.[155][156] According to Bharti, one key difference was that the Mumbai attacks lasted several days, and the Paris attackers killed themselves as soon as capture seemed imminent.[157] Evidence points to the attackers having regularly used unencrypted communications during the planning of the attack.[158]

Casualties Edit

Deaths by citizenship
Citizenship Deaths
  France 106[159]
  Chile 003[160]
  Algeria 002[161][162][163]
  Belgium 002[164]
  Egypt 002[165]
  Portugal 002[166]
  Germany 002[167][168]
  Romania 002[169]
  Tunisia 002[169]
  Italy 001[170][171]
  Mexico 001[160]
  Morocco 001[172]
  Spain 001[173]
  Sweden 001[90]
  United Kingdom 001[160]
  United States 001[172]
  Venezuela 001[169]
Total 130[3]

The attackers killed 130 victims and injured 416,[6][174] with 80 to 99 taken to hospital in serious condition.[7][8] Hours before the attacks, Paris's doctors had practiced a mass shooting emergency response rehearsal.[175] Of the dead, 90 died at the Bataclan theatre,[19][20] 21 at La Belle Équipe,[85] 13 at Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge,[80] five at Café Bonne Bière and La Casa Nostra, and one at Stade de France.[176]

Among those who died at the Bataclan were a music critic of Les Inrockuptibles,[177] an executive of Mercury Records France, and the merchandise manager of Eagles of Death Metal, the band that was performing.[169] Some people suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),[178] including a man who died by suicide two years after the attacks.[179]

Legal proceedings Edit

Main article: Paris attacks trial

On 8 September 2021, the trial of 20 men accused of planning and carrying out the attacks began in Paris in a custom-designed chamber within the Palais de Justice.[180] The trial was expected to hear the testimony of over 300 witnesses and victims, include more than 300 lawyers and was expected to last about nine months.[181] The trial was filmed, however the film will not be released until fifty years after the conclusion of the trial.[182] Of the 20 accused, fourteen were tried in person and six were tried in absentia. The trial concluded on 29 June 2022 with the conviction of all 20 defendants. Salah Abdeslam, the only surviving assailant in the attacks, received a sentence of life without parole.[183][184] Of Abdeslam's 19 co-defendants, who were suspected of offering mostly logistical support or plotting other attacks, 18 were convicted on terrorism related charges, while one was convicted of a lesser fraud charge.[185]

In January 2022, an orthopaedic surgeon at the Georges Pompidou hospital was sued and faces possible misconduct charges after using a survivor's X-ray as a NFT (non-fungible token), without consulting her prior. The image was an X-ray of the survivors forearm with a Kalashnikov bullet near the bone, and was listed as an x-ray of a survivor who had lost her boyfriend in the attack.[186]

Responses Edit

Local Edit

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § Popular reactions

The hashtag #portesouvertes ("open doors") was used by Parisians to offer shelter to those afraid to travel home after the attacks.[187]

 
Civil service in remembrance of the attacks victims at the Place de la République on 15 November 2015

As had been the case in January after the Charlie Hebdo attacks, the Place de la République became a focal point of mourning, memorial, and tributes.[188] An impromptu memorial also developed near the Bataclan theatre.[189] On 15 November, two days after the attacks, a memorial service was held at Notre Dame Cathedral, presided over by the Archbishop of Paris, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, with several political and religious figures in attendance.[190]

Muslim organisations in France, such as the Union of Islamic Organisations of France, strongly condemned the attacks in Paris.[191][192][193] The attacks affected business at high-profile venues and shopping centres in Paris, and many Parisians were concerned the attacks might lead to a marginalisation of Muslims in the city.[194] There was not the same call for solidarity with Islam, as in January, following the attacks.[195] Sales of the French flag, which the French had rarely displayed prior to the attacks, increased dramatically after the attacks.[196]

On 4 December, the Bonne Bière café reopened, adorned by a banner with the defiant slogan "Je suis en terrasse" ("I'm on the Terrace"). A street cleaner told France 24 that the city had removed six truckloads of wilted flowers and several kilograms of candles from memorials placed around this and the other shooting scenes: "We didn't really want to get rid of things, but it feels a bit like a cemetery with all the flowers."[197]

National Edit

Government Edit

President Hollande issued a statement asking the French people to remain strong in the face of the attacks.[198][199] He also visited the Bataclan theatre and vowed to "mercilessly" fight against terrorism.[76] Hollande chaired an emergency meeting of the French Cabinet that night and directed his national security council to meet the next morning.[76] The authorities urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for their own safety and declared a state of emergency.[74][200][201] Hollande cancelled his trip to the 2015 G-20 Antalya summit because of the attacks, instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Finance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives.[202] On 14 November, Hollande announced three days of national mourning.[203] On 16 November, Hollande convened a special Congress of the French Parliament to address the attack and lay out legislative and diplomatic plans he wanted to take in response to them. These proposals included an extension of the state of emergency for three months, changes to the French constitution, one of which would have enabled France to protect itself from dual citizens who might pose a risk, and an increase in military attacks against ISIL.[204]

On 4 December 2015, the French government published a guide in form of a cartoon on how to survive a terrorist attack. The guide is to be posted in public places and be available online.[205][206]

In July 2016, the French government published the report of a commission of inquiry, presided over by Georges Fenech, into possible security failings relating to the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. The report recommended the establishment of a single "national anti-terrorism agency".[207][208]

In August 2016, minister of the interior Bernard Cazeneuve stated that about 20 radicalised mosques and more than 80 hate preachers had been expelled from France since 2012.[209]

Military Edit

On 15 November, the French Air Force launched the biggest airstrike of Opération Chammal, its bombing campaign against ISIL, sending 10 aircraft to drop 20 bombs on Raqqa, the city where ISIL is based.[135] On 16 November, the French Air Force carried out more airstrikes on ISIL targets in Raqqa, including a command centre and a training camp.[210] On 18 November 2015, French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle left its home port of Toulon heading towards the eastern Mediterranean to support bombing operations carried out by the international coalition.[211] This decision was taken before the November attacks but was accelerated by the events.

French authorities regularly gave detailed information to US authorities on the whereabouts of high-ranking IS members in the Syria-Iraq zone to be tracked and killed. This cooperation led to American air strikes being able to kill the planners of 13 November 2015 attacks. United States authorities cooperated as they consider that if terrorist attacks hadn't taken place in France, they would have done so in the US instead.[123]

Public Edit

Applications to join the French Army, which were around 100–150 per day in 2014, rose to 1,500 in the week following the attacks, higher than the rise to 400 after the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January.[196][212]

Domestic politics Edit

All major political parties, including Hollande's governing Socialist Party, Marine Le Pen's National Front, and Nicolas Sarkozy's Republicans temporarily suspended their election campaigns for the upcoming French regional elections.[213] There was a nationwide minute of silence at noon which President Hollande and several ministers observed at a ceremony at the Paris Sorbonne University.[214]

On 18 November, Hollande reaffirmed France's commitment to accept 30,000 Syrian refugees over the next two years.[215] This was despite the doubts that the terror attack had sown in people's minds. His announcement drew a standing ovation from a gathering of French mayors.[216]

However, in the election campaign for the regional elections of France, to begin on 6 December 2015, Marine Le Pen, leader of the far-right Front National party who was vying to be president of the Nord-Pas de Calais area, was recommending hardline security measures. She was getting a great deal of media attention with her strong anti-immigrant stance and may have been helping to sway public opinion across France. "The influx of migrants must be stopped," Le Pen told the CBC in an interview.[217] Le Pen was doing well in opinion polls as of early December 2015. Since the elections would start only weeks after the Paris attacks, she was thought to be getting dividends from the timing, when the fear of terrorism was still very strong.[218]

European Union Edit

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § European Union

Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission, rejected calls to rethink the European Union's policy on migration. Dismissing suggestions that open borders led to the attacks, Juncker said he believed that the attacks should be met with a stronger display of liberal values, including internal open borders.[219][220] European Commission Vice-president Federica Mogherini and EU defence ministers unanimously backed France's request for help in military missions.[221]

The United Kingdom has stated its intent to help France with operations in Syria,[222] while some countries intend to aid France by taking over activities in Africa. Germany announced sending troops to Mali and military trainers to Kurdish forces in Iraq, and on 4 December voted in favour of deploying aircraft and a frigate in an effort to aid the French forces over Syria.[223][224]

The attacks prompted European officials to re-evaluate their stance on EU policy toward migrants, especially in light of the ongoing European migrant crisis.[225][226] Many German officials believed a higher level of scrutiny was needed, and criticised German Chancellor Angela Merkel, while the German Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel defended her.[226]

French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said that he would meet with EU ministers to discuss how to deal with terrorism across the European Union.[227] Meeting reports indicated that Schengen area border controls have been tightened for EU citizens entering or leaving, with passport checks[228] and systematic screening against biometric databases.

Poland's European affairs minister designate Konrad Szymański declared that he saw no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee relocation scheme.[229][230] The new Prime Minister of Poland, Beata Szydło said she would ask the EU to change its decision on refugee quotas.[231][232] Szydło said Poland would honour the commitment made by the previous government to accommodate 9,000 refugees.[233][234]

Hungary's prime minister, Viktor Orbán, rejected the concept of mandatory resettlement quotas.[235]

Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka criticised President Miloš Zeman for supporting anti-Islamic groups and spreading hatred, according to Reuters, whose report added that the Sobotka government had been deporting migrants.[236]

Intelligence review Edit

 
French police gathering evidence at the Bataclan theatre on 14 November

Shortly after the attacks, intelligence staff in multiple countries began to review electronic surveillance recorded before the attacks.[75] Adam Schiff, the ranking Democratic member of the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, said he did not know of any intercepted communications that would have provided warning of the attacks.[237]

One source said the French National Police met with German police and intelligence services a month before the attack to discuss suspicions that terrorists were staking out possible targets in France. The exact targets were not known at that time.[238]

Police in Germany stopped a car on 5 November, arrested its driver, and confiscated weapons that may have been connected to the Paris attacks.[239]

Some of the attackers were known to law enforcement officials prior to the attacks, and at least some of the attackers lived in the Molenbeek area of Brussels, which is noted for its links to extremist activities.[28] A counter-terrorism expert said the fact that the perpetrators were known to authorities suggested that intelligence was "pretty good" but the ability to act on it was lacking. The number of Europeans who have links to Syria makes it difficult for security services to keep track of them all.[240]

On 26 December 2015, "Belgian newspaper De Morgen reported that a police oversight body, known as Committee P," is investigating why prior warnings from a school about the radicalisation of one of the attackers, Bilal Hadfi, were not reported to Belgian law enforcement.[241]

On 8 March 2021, Italian police arrested a 36-year-old Algerian man on suspicion of helping authors of the Paris attacks and for belonging to the Islamic State group. It was reported that he had "guaranteed the availability of forged documents" to the Paris attackers.[242]

Security changes Edit

In France Edit

In response to the attacks, France was put under an état d'urgence (state of emergency) for the first time since the 2005 riots,[26] borders were temporarily closed, and 1,500 soldiers were called in to help the police maintain order in Paris.[24][200][243] The plan blanc (Île de France) and plan rouge (global), two contingency plans for times of emergency, were immediately activated.[244][245][246]

Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport were mostly unaffected.[75] American Airlines delayed flights to Paris until further notice.[247] Many Paris Métro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements were shut down because of the attacks.[200][248] Uber suspended car hails in Paris after the attacks.[249]

All state schools and universities in Paris remained closed the next day.[250][251] Sports events in France for the weekend of 14–15 November were postponed or cancelled.[252][253] Disneyland Paris, which had operated every day since opening in 1992, closed its parks as a mark of respect for those who died in the attacks.[251][254] The Eiffel Tower, a Paris landmark visited by 20,000 people a day, was closed for two days.[251][255] Other venues that were to remain closed included shops and cinemas.[251] Protests were banned until 19 November,[251] while bands such as U2, Foo Fighters, Motörhead, and Coldplay cancelled performances in Paris.[256]

The week after 20 November, Hollande was planning to travel to the US and Russia to discuss greater international co-operation against ISIL.[257]

State of emergency Edit

On 13 November, President Hollande declared the state of emergency.[26]

On 20 November, the Senate in France agreed to extend the current state of emergency by three months; this measure gave police extra powers of detention and arrest intended to increase security, at the expense of some personal liberties.[257] (For effects, see also: 2016 Nice truck attack#Raids and house arrests under state of emergency.) Public demonstrations of environmental activists during COP21, held in Paris from 30 November to 12 December 2015, were prevented from happening under the state of emergency regulations, while others were allowed.[258][259]

A next time, the state of emergency was extended until the end of July 2016.[260] Further extensions followed after the attack in Nice on 14 July 2016.

Belgium Edit

Further information: 2015 Brussels lockdown

Belgium immediately on 13 November tightened security along its border with France and increased security checks for people arriving from France.[74]

Starting on 21 November 2015, the government of Belgium imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the series of coordinated attacks in Paris.[261][262][263][264][265] One of the perpetrators of the attack, Belgian-born French national Salah Abdeslam, was thought to be hiding in the city. As a result of warnings of a serious and imminent threat, the terror alert level was raised to the highest level (four) across the Brussels metropolitan area, and people were advised not to congregate publicly, effectively putting the city under lockdown.[261][262][264][265]

International Edit

Cities in the United States took security precautions, especially at sites where large crowds were expected, as well as sports events, concerts, the French embassy and other French government sites.[266][267] William J. Bratton, the New York City Police Commissioner, said the Paris attacks have changed the way law enforcement deals with security.[268] Singapore raised its national security alert level, stepping up border checks and security across the city-state.[269] Police and military authorities in Manila were placed on full alert in preparation for the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.[270]

International reactions Edit

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks
 
Flower tributes outside the French Embassy in Luxembourg City

Many heads of state and heads of government, as well as the United Nations, offered messages of condolence and solidarity in the wake of the attacks.[271][272][273]

The U.S. House of Representatives has passed a bill that made it more difficult for Syrian and Iraqi refugees to enter the United States.[274] At least 31 governors of U.S. states declared they would refuse to accept Syrian refugees.[275]

Muslim officials Edit

Main article: Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § Responses from Muslim groups

Muslim heads of state, scholars, imams, leaders and groups condemned the attacks, many before ISIL claimed responsibility.[276] These included the imam who heads the university of Al-Azhar in Egypt; the Supreme council of Religious Scholars in Saudi Arabia;[277] Iranian president Hassan Rouhani[278] and the Ahmadiyya caliph Mirza Masroor Ahmad.[279]

Syrian president Bashar al-Assad condemned the attacks, but added that France's support for Syrian rebel groups had contributed to the spread of terrorism.[280] France had been a particularly vocal opponent of Assad during the Syrian civil war.[281]

Ahrar ash-Sham and Jaysh al-Islam, the major mainstream Islamist rebels against the Syrian regime, both condemned the attacks.[282] Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, condemned the attacks, and expressed his solidarity with the French people.[283] Other militant groups also condemned the attacks, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.[284]

The al-Nusra Front, the Syrian branch of Al-Qaeda, praised the attacks, saying that even though they viewed ISIL as "dogs of hellfire", they applauded when "infidels" get attacked by ISIL.[282]

Related incidents Edit

Hanover bombing plot Edit

A few days after the attacks, on 17 November, a football friendly set to be played at HDI-Arena in Hanover between Germany (who had just been present at the Stade de France during the Paris attacks) and the Netherlands was cancelled and thousands of football fans evacuated from the arena following a bomb threat.[285] The match, having been hailed as a "symbol of freedom" after the Paris attacks, was set to be attended in a show of solidarity with France by German chancellor Angela Merkel, vice-chancellor Sigmar Gabriel, several other German government ministers, as well as Dutch defence minister Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert and health and sport minister Edith Schippers.[285]

According to a French intelligence dossier, five bombings had been prepared to be detonated at or around the stadium by a named five-member terror cell in a series of coordinated bomb attacks.[286] German authorities refused to give more details on findings, with Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere claiming that "some of these answers would alarm the public."[286] While police claimed to not have found any explosives, German newspapers published allegations of a cover-up, which claimed that a paramedic had witnessed explosives hidden in an ambulance at the stadium, before being told by special forces at the scene "to not talk about it."[286] Another newspaper claimed it had been a truck bomb disguised as an ambulance.[287][288] Three police officers were disciplined for leaking information about alleged bomb finds.[286]

At the same time also in Hanover, the TUI Arena was evacuated before a concert by the band Söhne Mannheims, and a train station was closed off after a suspicious device was found.[287][288] Later the same evening, two Air France flights headed from the United States to Paris were diverted to Salt Lake City, Utah[289] and Halifax, Nova Scotia because of bomb threats.[290] The events followed the previous day, when a football match set to be played in Brussels between Belgium and Spain had also been cancelled over security concerns.[287][288]

2016 Brussels raids Edit

Main article: 2016 Brussels police raids

On 15 March 2016, Belgian police carried out a raid on a house in the suburb of Forest in Brussels. A police statement said that the raid was related to the Paris attacks.[291][292] Four police officers were wounded in the raid, and a manhunt for escaped suspects followed.[293][294]

On 18 March 2016, there were further raids in the Molenbeek area of Brussels.[295] Two suspects were reportedly injured in one such raid and a third suspect was killed.[citation needed] Five people, one identified as Salah Abdeslam, suspected accomplice in the Paris attacks, were arrested during the raid.[296][297][298]

Media depictions Edit

One of the people who was present in the Bataclan theatre on 13 November 2015 during the terrorist attacks was a French artist who works under the pseudonym Fred Dewilde. In October 2016, he published a graphic novel about his firsthand experience of these tragic events, named Mon Bataclan.[299][300][301]

On 27 April 2016, American rock band Pierce the Veil released a song titled "Circles", inspired by the November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks.[302]

On 6 June 2018, Gédéon and Jules Naudet released the documentary November 13: Attack on Paris.[303]

On 5 October 2022, the French film November was released, directed by Cédric Jimenez and starring Jean Dujardin, that depicts the investigations and the interventions of the police (in particular of the anti-terrorist sub-directorate) during the five days which followed the attacks.

Alice Winocour's 2022 feature film Revoir Paris[304] (Paris Memories) looked at the effects of the aftermath of a group of people trapped in an attached bistro and starred Virginie Efira.

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e The times for the first 2 bombings originally given at a press conference by the prosecutor of Paris François Molins on 14 November 2015 were . However, video recording of the match shows that the gap between the first and the second explosion was around 3 minutes and 10 seconds, the first explosion being heard at 16:24 after the start of the match, and the second at 19:34. These correspond to 21:16 and 21:19 local time, the game having started at 21:00.
  1. ^ Coordinates: 48°55′26″N 2°21′43″E / 48.924°N 2.362°E / 48.924; 2.362 (Stade de France attack)
  2. ^ Coordinates: 48°52′19″N 2°22′04″E / 48.8719°N 2.3679°E / 48.8719; 2.3679 (Le Petit Cambodge & Le Carillon attacks)
  3. ^ Coordinates: 48°52′07″N 2°22′06″E / 48.8687°N 2.3682°E / 48.8687; 2.3682 (Café Bonne Bière & La Casa Nostra attacks)
  4. ^ Coordinates: 48°51′47″N 2°22′15″E / 48.8630°N 2.3707°E / 48.8630; 2.3707 (Bataclan theatre attack)
  5. ^ Coordinates: 48°51′14″N 2°22′56″E / 48.8539°N 2.3822°E / 48.8539; 2.3822 (La Belle Équipe attack)
  6. ^ Coordinates: 48°51′01″N 2°23′35″E / 48.8504°N 2.3931°E / 48.8504; 2.3931 (Boulevard Voltaire attack)

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    October 14, 2023
november, 2015, paris, attacks, other, uses, paris, attacks, series, coordinated, terrorist, attacks, isil, extremists, took, place, friday, november, 2015, paris, france, city, northern, suburb, saint, denis, beginning, three, suicide, bombers, struck, outsid. For other uses see Paris attacks A series of coordinated terrorist attacks by ISIL extremists 13 14 took place on Friday 13 November 2015 15 16 in Paris France and the city s northern suburb Saint Denis Beginning at 9 15 p m three suicide bombers struck outside the Stade de France in Saint Denis during an international football match after failing to gain entry to the stadium Another group of attackers then fired on crowded cafes and restaurants in Paris with one of them also detonating an explosive killing himself in the process A third group carried out another mass shooting and took hostages at an Eagles of Death Metal concert attended by 1 500 people in the Bataclan theatre leading to a stand off with police The attackers were either shot or detonated suicide vests when police raided the theatre 17 November 2015 Paris attacksPart of terrorism in Europe and the spillover of the Syrian Civil WarPublic memorials for the victims and police near the scenes of some of the attacksLocations of the attacks stars denote suicide bombingsLocationParis and Saint Denis FranceDate21 16 13 November 2015 2015 11 13T21 16 00 58 14 November 2015 2015 11 14T00 58 CET TargetNear Stade de France C 1 Rues Bichat and Alibert Le Petit Cambodge Le Carillon C 2 Rue de la Fontaine au Roi Cafe Bonne Biere La Casa Nostra C 3 The Bataclan theatre C 4 Rue de Charonne La Belle Equipe C 5 Boulevard Voltaire Comptoir Voltaire C 6 Attack typeMass shooting mass murder suicide bombing hostage takingWeaponsZastava M70 assault rifles 1 2 TATP suicide beltsDeaths137 including 7 attackers 3 4 5 InjuredAt least 416 6 7 8 VictimsCiviliansPerpetratorsIslamic State Brussels cell No of participants9MotiveIslamic extremism 9 10 retaliation against French airstrikes on ISIL 11 12 The attackers killed 130 people 3 including 90 at the Bataclan theatre 18 19 20 Another 416 people were injured 6 21 almost 100 critically 7 8 Seven of the attackers were also killed 5 The attacks were the deadliest in metropolitan France since the Paris massacre of 1961 22 and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings of 2004 23 The attacks came one day after similar attacks in Beirut Lebanon France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks on Charlie Hebdo offices and a Jewish supermarket in Paris that killed 17 people 24 The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks as they had done with the Beirut attacks a day prior 9 10 saying that it was retaliation for French airstrikes on Islamic State targets in Syria and Iraq 11 12 The president of France Francois Hollande said the attacks were an act of war by Islamic State 25 26 27 The attacks were planned in Syria and organised by a terrorist cell based in Belgium 28 Two of the Paris attackers were Iraqis but most were born in France or Belgium 29 30 and had fought in Syria 31 Some of the attackers had returned to Europe among the flow of migrants and refugees from Syria 32 33 In response to the attacks a three month state of emergency was declared across the country to help fight terrorism which involved the banning of public demonstrations and allowing the police to carry out searches without a warrant put anyone under house arrest without trial and block websites that encouraged acts of terrorism 34 On 15 November France launched the biggest airstrike of Operation Chammal its part in the bombing campaign against Islamic State 35 The authorities searched for surviving attackers and accomplices On 18 November the suspected lead operative of the attacks Abdelhamid Abaaoud was killed in a police raid in Saint Denis along with two others 36 Contents 1 Background 2 Attacks 2 1 Stade de France explosions 2 2 Restaurant shootings and bombing 2 3 Bataclan theatre massacre 3 Perpetrators 3 1 Search for accomplices 3 2 Analysis of tactics 4 Casualties 5 Legal proceedings 6 Responses 6 1 Local 6 2 National 6 2 1 Government 6 2 2 Military 6 2 3 Public 6 2 4 Domestic politics 6 3 European Union 6 4 Intelligence review 7 Security changes 7 1 In France 7 1 1 State of emergency 7 2 Belgium 7 3 International 8 International reactions 8 1 Muslim officials 9 Related incidents 9 1 Hanover bombing plot 9 2 2016 Brussels raids 10 Media depictions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External linksBackground EditSee also Terrorism in France and Operation Chammal France had been on high alert for terrorism since the Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related attacks in January by militants belonging to Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 24 and had increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference scheduled to be held in Paris at the beginning of December as well as reinstating border checks a week before the attacks 24 Throughout 2015 France witnessed smaller attacks the February stabbing of three soldiers guarding a Jewish community centre in Nice 37 the June attempt to blow up a factory in Saint Quentin Fallavier 38 and the August shooting and stabbing attack on a passenger train 39 The Bataclan theatre had been threatened a number of times because of its support for Jewish organizations and Israel 40 Two Jewish brothers Pascal and Joel Laloux 41 42 owned the Bataclan for more than 40 years before selling it in September 2015 43 In 2011 a group calling itself Army of Islam told French security services they had planned an attack on the Bataclan because its owners were Jewish 40 44 45 46 In the weeks leading up to the Paris attacks ISIL and its branches had claimed responsibility for several other attacks the downing of Metrojet Flight 9268 on 31 October 47 48 and the suicide bombings in Beirut on 12 November 49 50 Intelligence agencies in Turkey and Iraq had reportedly warned of an imminent attack on France months beforehand but said they never heard back from the French authorities until after the attacks 51 52 53 According to The Irish Times a senior French security official said they receive this kind of correspondence every day 51 This was one of two terrorist cells sent to Europe by the Islamic State in 2015 the other cell consisting of three Syrians was apprehended by German special police in Schleswig Holstein in mid September 2016 54 Attacks EditTimeline of attacks 13 November 21 16 note 1 First suicide bombing near the Stade de France 17 21 19 note 1 Second suicide bombing near the Stade de France 17 21 25 Shooting at the rue Bichat 17 21 32 Shooting at the rue de la Fontaine au Roi 17 21 36 Shooting at the rue de Charonne 17 21 40 Suicide bombing on boulevard Voltaire 17 21 40 Three men enter the Bataclan theatre and begin shooting 17 21 53 Third suicide bombing near the Stade de France 17 22 00 Hostages are taken at the Bataclan 55 14 November 00 20 Security forces enter the Bataclan 17 00 58 French police end the siege on the Bataclan 55 All times are CET UTC 1 Three groups of men 28 56 launched six distinct attacks 57 three suicide bombings in one attack a fourth suicide bombing in another attack and shootings at four locations 58 59 The shootings were in the vicinity of the rue Alibert the rue de la Fontaine au Roi the rue de Charonne the Bataclan theatre and avenue de la Republique 60 61 Three explosions occurred near the Stade de France another on boulevard Voltaire and two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the standoff 62 According to the Paris prosecutor the attackers wore suicide vests that used acetone peroxide as an explosive 63 French police reports on cellphones recovered from crime scenes suggested the attacks were being coordinated in real time from Brussels Belgium the location of origin of the terrorist cell that the Paris attackers were members of 64 Stade de France explosions Edit nbsp President Francois Hollande pictured in 2013 was at the Stade de France during the attacksThree explosions occurred near the country s national sports stadium the Stade de France in the suburb of Saint Denis resulting in four deaths including the three suicide bombers 65 The explosions happened at 21 16 21 19 note 1 and 21 53 66 At the time the stadium was hosting an international friendly football match between France and Germany which President Hollande was attending 67 68 The suicide bombers arrived slightly late for the game and eyewitness reports indicated they did not have tickets resulting in them being turned away by security guards several times 64 The first explosion near the stadium occurred about 20 minutes after the start of the game 67 68 The first bomber was prevented from entering the stadium after a security guard patted him down and found the explosive vest 69 A few seconds after being turned away he detonated the vest outside the security gate killing himself and a bystander 64 70 Investigators later surmised that the first bomber had planned to detonate his vest within the stadium triggering the crowd s panicked exit onto the streets where the two other bombers were lying in wait 71 Three minutes after the first bombing the second bomber blew himself up outside another security gate note 1 64 Another 23 minutes after that the third bomber s vest detonated near the stadium According to some reports the location of the third explosion was at a McDonald s restaurant where over 50 people were injured seven seriously 64 69 72 others state the bomb detonated some distance away from any discernible target 73 Hollande was evacuated from the stadium at half time while the German foreign minister Frank Walter Steinmeier remained at the stadium 74 75 Hollande met with his interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve to co ordinate a response to the emergency 76 Two of the explosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of the match note 1 both football coaches were informed by French officials of a developing crisis but players and fans were kept unaware of it until the game had finished 77 Hollande concerned that the safety of the crowd outside the stadium could not be assured if the match was immediately cancelled decided that the game should continue without a public announcement 71 Following the game fans were brought onto the pitch to await evacuation as police monitored all the exits around the venue Security sources said all three explosions were suicide bombings 24 The Germany national football team was advised not to return to their hotel where there had been a bomb threat earlier in the day and they spent the night in the stadium on mattresses along with the French team who stayed with them in a display of camaraderie 78 Restaurant shootings and bombing Edit The first shootings occurred around 21 25 on the rue Bichat and the rue Alibert near the Canal Saint Martin in the 10th arrondissement The three Belgian Moroccan attackers including ringleader Abdelhamid Abaaoud emerged from a rental SEAT Leon before killing the driver of a car in front of them and then proceeding to shoot at people outside Le Carillon a cafe and bar Next they crossed the rue Bichat and shot people inside the restaurant Le Petit Cambodge According to French police an eyewitness said one of the gunmen shouted Allahu Akbar 64 74 79 A total of thirteen people were killed 80 at these locations and ten others were critically injured 81 Afterwards the assailants fled in the SEAT Leon 64 Doctors and nurses from the nearby Hopital Saint Louis were in Le Carillon when the attacks happened and supplied emergency assistance to the wounded 82 At 21 32 the attackers arrived outside Cafe Bonne Biere 66 located close to the terrace of the Italian restaurant La Casa Nostra on the rue de la Fontaine au Roi 74 There they shouted Allahu Akbar again and opened fire on revelers 64 The Paris prosecutor said five people were killed and eight others were injured 74 An eyewitness reported seeing a gunman firing short bursts 83 The assailants then fled again in the SEAT Leon 64 At 21 36 the assailants arrived at the restaurant La Belle Equipe on the rue de Charonne in the 11th arrondissement There they fired for several minutes at the outdoor terrace before returning to the SEAT Leon and driving away 64 67 84 Twenty one people were killed 85 and seven others were left in critical condition 84 Many of the deceased victims at the targeted restaurants and cafes had been sitting on the outdoor terraces when they were shot 64 At 21 40 one of the gunmen was dropped off at the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement near the place de la Nation 24 64 He sat down at the interior terrace of the Comptoir Voltaire cafe wearing a hooded jacket over several layers of clothing After placing an order he smiled at patrons and apologised for interrupting their dinner Finally he detonated his explosive vest killing himself and injuring fifteen people one of them seriously 64 84 86 Bataclan theatre massacre Edit nbsp The Bataclan theatre in 2009Beginning at around 21 50 a mass shooting and hostage taking occurred at the Bataclan theatre on the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement The American rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to an audience of about 1 500 people 87 Three dark clad gunmen armed with Zastava M70 assault rifles 24 88 had been waiting in a black rental car near the venue for more than an hour 64 87 The terrorists were three French natives of Algerian descent Foued Mohamed Aggad age 23 Ismael Omar Mostefai age 29 and Samy Amimour age 28 As the band was playing their song Kiss the Devil the three men got out of the car and opened fire on people outside the venue killing three Then they burst into the concert hall and opened fire on the crowd 64 87 Witnesses heard shouts of Allahu Akbar as the terrorists opened fire 24 88 89 Initially the audience mistook the gunfire for pyrotechnics 90 91 The band ran offstage and escaped with many of the crew 87 92 Rows of people were mown down by gunfire or were forced to drop to the ground to avoid being shot Survivors described hundreds of people lying beside and on top of each other in pools of blood screaming in terror and pain The gunmen also fired up into the balconies and dead bodies fell down onto the stalls below For a few minutes the hall was plunged into darkness with only the flashes from the assault rifles as the gunmen kept shooting The terrorists shouted that they were there because of the French airstrikes against Islamic State 87 Another witness who was inside the Bataclan heard a gunman say This is because of all the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over the world 93 A radio reporter attending the concert described the terrorists as calm and determined and said they reloaded three or four times 89 Two gunmen attacked the concert hall one gunman covered fire while another reloaded to ensure maximum efficiency 64 Whenever the gunmen stopped to reload some of the crowd ran for the emergency exits scrambling over each other to escape 87 Some were shot from behind as they fled and the terrorists laughed as they shot them 94 Those who reached the emergency exit were shot by the third gunman who positioned himself there 64 Other groups of people barricaded themselves in backstage rooms Some smashed open the ceiling in an upstairs toilet and hid among the rafters under the roof Those who could not run lay still on the floor pretending to be dead According to survivors the terrorists walked among those who were lying down kicked them and shot them in the head if there was any sign of life 87 An eyewitness reported hearing the gunmen ask amongst themselves where the members of the Eagles of Death Metal were once the gunfire stopped 64 Mohamed Aggad and Mostefai then went upstairs to the balconies while Amimour stayed downstairs and fired at people who tried to flee 64 87 The Brigade of Research and Intervention BRI arrived on the scene at 22 15 soon followed by the elite tactical unit RAID 95 At 22 15 the first two responding officers entered the building armed with handguns and encountered Amimour who was standing on the stage Amimour died after being shot by the officers and detonating his explosive vest Mohamed Aggad and Mostefai then fired upon the officers forcing them to withdraw and wait for backup 64 87 From this point Mohamed Aggad and Mostefai took about twenty hostages and herded them into a room at the end of an L shaped corridor located further in the building They also seized the hostages mobile phones and attempted to use them to access the Internet but they were unable to find a signal Some of the hostages were forced to look down into the hall and out the windows and tell the terrorists what they saw 64 87 During this time Mohamed Aggad and Mostefai fired on police and other first responders arriving at the scene 96 At 23 30 an elite police squad entered the building One unit evacuated survivors from downstairs while another unit went upstairs They found Mohamed Aggad and Mostefai who had begun using hostages as human shields They shouted out to police the number of a hostage s phone Over the next 50 minutes they had four phone exchanges with a police negotiator during which they threatened to execute hostages unless they received a signed paper promising France s departure from Muslim lands 64 87 The police assault began at 00 20 and lasted three minutes 95 97 Police launched the assault because of reports that Mohamed Aggad and Mostefai had started killing hostages 24 89 98 Police using shields burst open the door to the room and exchanged fire with Mohamed Aggad and Mostefai while managing to pull the hostages one by one behind their shields One terrorist detonated his explosive vest and the other tried to do the same but was shot 87 Ninety people were killed and hundreds of others were wounded 19 20 Almost all of the deceased victims were killed within the first 20 minutes of the attack 64 All of the hostages were rescued without injury 99 Police dog teams from the Brigade Cynophile assisted with body removal because of concerns that there could still be live explosives in the theatre 100 Identification and removal of the bodies took 10 hours a process made difficult because some audience members had left their identity papers in the theatre s cloakroom 101 Perpetrators EditSee also Brussels ISIL terror cell Three groups comprising three men each executed the attacks 28 56 They wore explosive vests and belts with identical detonators 102 Seven perpetrators died at the scenes of their attacks 5 103 The other two were killed five days later during the Saint Denis police raid 104 On 14 November ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks 105 106 107 108 Francois Hollande said ISIL organised the attacks with help from inside France 27 Claimed motives were an ideological objection to Paris as a capital of abomination and perversion 109 retaliation for airstrikes on ISIL in Syria and Iraq 11 and the foreign policy of Hollande in relation to Muslims worldwide 110 Shortly after the attacks ISIL s media organ the Al Hayat Media Group launched a website on the dark web extolling the organisation and recommending the encrypted instant messaging service Telegram 111 112 Fabien Clain released an audio recording the day before the attacks in which he personally claimed responsibility for the attacks Clain is known to intelligence services as a veteran jihadist belonging to ISIL and of French nationality 113 Syrian and Egyptian passports were found near the bodies of two of the perpetrators at two attack sites 114 but Egyptian authorities said the passport belonged to a victim Aleed Abdel Razzak and not one of the perpetrators 115 By 16 November the focus of the French and Belgian investigation turned to Abdelhamid Abaaoud the radical jihadist they believed was the leader of the plot 116 Abaaoud had escaped to Syria 117 118 after having been suspected in other plots in Belgium and France including the thwarted 2015 Thalys train attack 119 Abaaoud had recruited an extensive network of accomplices including two brothers Brahim Abdeslam and Salah Abdeslam to execute terrorist attacks Abaaoud was killed in the Saint Denis raid on 18 November 120 121 122 Most of the Paris attackers were French and Belgian born citizens of Moroccan and Algerian backgrounds who crossed borders without difficulty albeit registered as terrorism suspects 30 Two other attackers were Iraqi 29 According to the French prime minister Manuel Valls several of the perpetrators had exploited Europe s immigration crisis to enter the continent undetected 32 At least some including the alleged leader Abdelhamid Abaaoud had visited Syria and returned radicalised Jean Charles Brisard a French expert on terrorism called this a change of paradigm in that returning European citizens were themselves the attackers 33 The Los Angeles Times reported that more than 3 000 Europeans have travelled to Syria and joined ISIL and other radical groups 33 On 30 August 2016 jihadist Abu Mohammad al Adnani was killed by an American missile and DGSI declared that his death ended the terrorist who had supervised the attacks on Brussels and Paris 123 Search for accomplices Edit Three cars were recovered in Paris after the attacks A grey Volkswagen Polo with Belgian licence plates abandoned near the Bataclan was hired by a French citizen living in Belgium and contained a parking ticket from the town of Molenbeek 124 A SEAT was found in the Paris suburb of Montreuil on 15 November and contained assault rifles 125 A Renault Clio hired by Salah Abdeslam was discovered near Montmartre on 11 November and contained assault rifles 126 127 Police described Salah a 26 year old Belgian citizen as dangerous and warned the public not to approach him 128 He was arrested on 18 March 2016 during an anti terrorist raid in the Molenbeek area of Brussels see below 129 His brother Brahim died in the attacks 130 Another brother Mohamed was detained on 14 November in the Molenbeek area of Brussels and released after several hours of questioning 131 Mohamed said he did not suspect his siblings of planning anything 132 On 14 November a car was stopped at the Belgium France border and its three occupants were questioned then released Three more people were arrested in Molenbeek 133 Links to the attacks were investigated in an arrest in Germany on 5 November when police stopped a 51 year old man from Montenegro and found automatic handguns hand grenades and explosives in his car 134 On 15 16 November French tactical police units raided over 200 locations in France arresting 23 people and seizing weapons 135 Another 104 people were placed under house arrest 136 137 On 17 November police followed a female cousin of the attacker and ringleader Abdelhamid Abaaoud to a block of flats in Saint Denis where they saw Abaaoud with her 138 139 The next day police raided a flat in Saint Denis and Abaaoud was killed in the ensuing gunfight which lasted several hours 120 121 122 Chakib Akrouh one of the perpetrators of the restaurant shootings also died during the raid after detonating an explosive vest 140 Eight suspected militants were arrested at or near the flat 141 On 23 November an explosive belt was found in a litter bin in the Paris suburb of Montrouge It may have been discarded by Salah Abdeslam whose phone records showed that he was in Montrouge on the night of the attacks 142 On 24 November five people in Belgium were charged on suspicion of their involvement in the Paris attacks and Belgian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for Mohamed Abrini a 30 year old suspected accomplice of Salah Abdeslam 143 Abrini was subsequently reported to have been arrested on 8 April 2016 144 He is also suspected of having been involved in the 2016 Brussels bombings 144 On 9 December two ISIL militants accompanying two of the Paris attackers into Europe all masquerading as migrants were arrested in Greece weeks before the attacks 145 146 In July 2016 a third militant involved was also arrested despite regular activity on Facebook from Belgium 146 147 The three militants were part of a unit intended to carry out further attacks on 13 November but their plans were apparently disrupted by the first two arrests 146 Fabien Clain was identified as the person reading the ISIL claim of responsibility Clain was a French national who served 5 years from 2009 to 2014 in a French prison for recruiting fighters to go to Syria for jihad Clain has been linked to other executed and planned terror attacks and is seen as a leader of known terrorists 148 Jawad Bendaoud was arrested 18 November 2015 for criminal terrorist association for the purpose of committing violent action as he provided lodging for Abaaoud Hasna Ait Boulahcen and a third man In September 2017 the prosecuting judge filed for Bendaoud s trial for concealment of terrorist criminals a charge with a maximum penalty of six years 149 150 Analysis of tactics Edit Michael Leiter former director of the United States National Counterterrorism Center said the attacks demonstrated a sophistication not seen in a city attack since the 2008 Mumbai attacks and that it would change how the West regarded the threat 151 Further comparisons were made between the Paris and Mumbai attacks 152 153 154 Mumbai Police Joint Commissioner Law and Order Deven Bharti pointed out the similarities as having several targets shooting indiscriminately and the use of improvised explosive devices 155 156 According to Bharti one key difference was that the Mumbai attacks lasted several days and the Paris attackers killed themselves as soon as capture seemed imminent 157 Evidence points to the attackers having regularly used unencrypted communications during the planning of the attack 158 Casualties EditDeaths by citizenship Citizenship Deaths nbsp France 106 159 nbsp Chile 00 3 160 nbsp Algeria 00 2 161 162 163 nbsp Belgium 00 2 164 nbsp Egypt 00 2 165 nbsp Portugal 00 2 166 nbsp Germany 00 2 167 168 nbsp Romania 00 2 169 nbsp Tunisia 00 2 169 nbsp Italy 00 1 170 171 nbsp Mexico 00 1 160 nbsp Morocco 00 1 172 nbsp Spain 00 1 173 nbsp Sweden 00 1 90 nbsp United Kingdom 00 1 160 nbsp United States 00 1 172 nbsp Venezuela 00 1 169 Total 130 3 The attackers killed 130 victims and injured 416 6 174 with 80 to 99 taken to hospital in serious condition 7 8 Hours before the attacks Paris s doctors had practiced a mass shooting emergency response rehearsal 175 Of the dead 90 died at the Bataclan theatre 19 20 21 at La Belle Equipe 85 13 at Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge 80 five at Cafe Bonne Biere and La Casa Nostra and one at Stade de France 176 Among those who died at the Bataclan were a music critic of Les Inrockuptibles 177 an executive of Mercury Records France and the merchandise manager of Eagles of Death Metal the band that was performing 169 Some people suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD 178 including a man who died by suicide two years after the attacks 179 Legal proceedings EditMain article Paris attacks trial On 8 September 2021 the trial of 20 men accused of planning and carrying out the attacks began in Paris in a custom designed chamber within the Palais de Justice 180 The trial was expected to hear the testimony of over 300 witnesses and victims include more than 300 lawyers and was expected to last about nine months 181 The trial was filmed however the film will not be released until fifty years after the conclusion of the trial 182 Of the 20 accused fourteen were tried in person and six were tried in absentia The trial concluded on 29 June 2022 with the conviction of all 20 defendants Salah Abdeslam the only surviving assailant in the attacks received a sentence of life without parole 183 184 Of Abdeslam s 19 co defendants who were suspected of offering mostly logistical support or plotting other attacks 18 were convicted on terrorism related charges while one was convicted of a lesser fraud charge 185 In January 2022 an orthopaedic surgeon at the Georges Pompidou hospital was sued and faces possible misconduct charges after using a survivor s X ray as a NFT non fungible token without consulting her prior The image was an X ray of the survivors forearm with a Kalashnikov bullet near the bone and was listed as an x ray of a survivor who had lost her boyfriend in the attack 186 Responses EditLocal Edit Main article Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks Popular reactions The hashtag portesouvertes open doors was used by Parisians to offer shelter to those afraid to travel home after the attacks 187 nbsp Civil service in remembrance of the attacks victims at the Place de la Republique on 15 November 2015As had been the case in January after the Charlie Hebdo attacks the Place de la Republique became a focal point of mourning memorial and tributes 188 An impromptu memorial also developed near the Bataclan theatre 189 On 15 November two days after the attacks a memorial service was held at Notre Dame Cathedral presided over by the Archbishop of Paris Cardinal Andre Vingt Trois with several political and religious figures in attendance 190 Muslim organisations in France such as the Union of Islamic Organisations of France strongly condemned the attacks in Paris 191 192 193 The attacks affected business at high profile venues and shopping centres in Paris and many Parisians were concerned the attacks might lead to a marginalisation of Muslims in the city 194 There was not the same call for solidarity with Islam as in January following the attacks 195 Sales of the French flag which the French had rarely displayed prior to the attacks increased dramatically after the attacks 196 On 4 December the Bonne Biere cafe reopened adorned by a banner with the defiant slogan Je suis en terrasse I m on the Terrace A street cleaner told France 24 that the city had removed six truckloads of wilted flowers and several kilograms of candles from memorials placed around this and the other shooting scenes We didn t really want to get rid of things but it feels a bit like a cemetery with all the flowers 197 National Edit Government Edit President Hollande issued a statement asking the French people to remain strong in the face of the attacks 198 199 He also visited the Bataclan theatre and vowed to mercilessly fight against terrorism 76 Hollande chaired an emergency meeting of the French Cabinet that night and directed his national security council to meet the next morning 76 The authorities urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for their own safety and declared a state of emergency 74 200 201 Hollande cancelled his trip to the 2015 G 20 Antalya summit because of the attacks instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Finance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives 202 On 14 November Hollande announced three days of national mourning 203 On 16 November Hollande convened a special Congress of the French Parliament to address the attack and lay out legislative and diplomatic plans he wanted to take in response to them These proposals included an extension of the state of emergency for three months changes to the French constitution one of which would have enabled France to protect itself from dual citizens who might pose a risk and an increase in military attacks against ISIL 204 On 4 December 2015 the French government published a guide in form of a cartoon on how to survive a terrorist attack The guide is to be posted in public places and be available online 205 206 In July 2016 the French government published the report of a commission of inquiry presided over by Georges Fenech into possible security failings relating to the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris The report recommended the establishment of a single national anti terrorism agency 207 208 In August 2016 minister of the interior Bernard Cazeneuve stated that about 20 radicalised mosques and more than 80 hate preachers had been expelled from France since 2012 209 Military Edit On 15 November the French Air Force launched the biggest airstrike of Operation Chammal its bombing campaign against ISIL sending 10 aircraft to drop 20 bombs on Raqqa the city where ISIL is based 135 On 16 November the French Air Force carried out more airstrikes on ISIL targets in Raqqa including a command centre and a training camp 210 On 18 November 2015 French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle left its home port of Toulon heading towards the eastern Mediterranean to support bombing operations carried out by the international coalition 211 This decision was taken before the November attacks but was accelerated by the events French authorities regularly gave detailed information to US authorities on the whereabouts of high ranking IS members in the Syria Iraq zone to be tracked and killed This cooperation led to American air strikes being able to kill the planners of 13 November 2015 attacks United States authorities cooperated as they consider that if terrorist attacks hadn t taken place in France they would have done so in the US instead 123 Public Edit Applications to join the French Army which were around 100 150 per day in 2014 rose to 1 500 in the week following the attacks higher than the rise to 400 after the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 196 212 Domestic politics Edit All major political parties including Hollande s governing Socialist Party Marine Le Pen s National Front and Nicolas Sarkozy s Republicans temporarily suspended their election campaigns for the upcoming French regional elections 213 There was a nationwide minute of silence at noon which President Hollande and several ministers observed at a ceremony at the Paris Sorbonne University 214 On 18 November Hollande reaffirmed France s commitment to accept 30 000 Syrian refugees over the next two years 215 This was despite the doubts that the terror attack had sown in people s minds His announcement drew a standing ovation from a gathering of French mayors 216 However in the election campaign for the regional elections of France to begin on 6 December 2015 Marine Le Pen leader of the far right Front National party who was vying to be president of the Nord Pas de Calais area was recommending hardline security measures She was getting a great deal of media attention with her strong anti immigrant stance and may have been helping to sway public opinion across France The influx of migrants must be stopped Le Pen told the CBC in an interview 217 Le Pen was doing well in opinion polls as of early December 2015 Since the elections would start only weeks after the Paris attacks she was thought to be getting dividends from the timing when the fear of terrorism was still very strong 218 European Union Edit Main article Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks European Union Jean Claude Juncker President of the European Commission rejected calls to rethink the European Union s policy on migration Dismissing suggestions that open borders led to the attacks Juncker said he believed that the attacks should be met with a stronger display of liberal values including internal open borders 219 220 European Commission Vice president Federica Mogherini and EU defence ministers unanimously backed France s request for help in military missions 221 The United Kingdom has stated its intent to help France with operations in Syria 222 while some countries intend to aid France by taking over activities in Africa Germany announced sending troops to Mali and military trainers to Kurdish forces in Iraq and on 4 December voted in favour of deploying aircraft and a frigate in an effort to aid the French forces over Syria 223 224 The attacks prompted European officials to re evaluate their stance on EU policy toward migrants especially in light of the ongoing European migrant crisis 225 226 Many German officials believed a higher level of scrutiny was needed and criticised German Chancellor Angela Merkel while the German Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel defended her 226 French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said that he would meet with EU ministers to discuss how to deal with terrorism across the European Union 227 Meeting reports indicated that Schengen area border controls have been tightened for EU citizens entering or leaving with passport checks 228 and systematic screening against biometric databases Poland s European affairs minister designate Konrad Szymanski declared that he saw no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee relocation scheme 229 230 The new Prime Minister of Poland Beata Szydlo said she would ask the EU to change its decision on refugee quotas 231 232 Szydlo said Poland would honour the commitment made by the previous government to accommodate 9 000 refugees 233 234 Hungary s prime minister Viktor Orban rejected the concept of mandatory resettlement quotas 235 Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka criticised President Milos Zeman for supporting anti Islamic groups and spreading hatred according to Reuters whose report added that the Sobotka government had been deporting migrants 236 Intelligence review Edit nbsp French police gathering evidence at the Bataclan theatre on 14 NovemberShortly after the attacks intelligence staff in multiple countries began to review electronic surveillance recorded before the attacks 75 Adam Schiff the ranking Democratic member of the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence said he did not know of any intercepted communications that would have provided warning of the attacks 237 One source said the French National Police met with German police and intelligence services a month before the attack to discuss suspicions that terrorists were staking out possible targets in France The exact targets were not known at that time 238 Police in Germany stopped a car on 5 November arrested its driver and confiscated weapons that may have been connected to the Paris attacks 239 Some of the attackers were known to law enforcement officials prior to the attacks and at least some of the attackers lived in the Molenbeek area of Brussels which is noted for its links to extremist activities 28 A counter terrorism expert said the fact that the perpetrators were known to authorities suggested that intelligence was pretty good but the ability to act on it was lacking The number of Europeans who have links to Syria makes it difficult for security services to keep track of them all 240 On 26 December 2015 Belgian newspaper De Morgen reported that a police oversight body known as Committee P is investigating why prior warnings from a school about the radicalisation of one of the attackers Bilal Hadfi were not reported to Belgian law enforcement 241 On 8 March 2021 Italian police arrested a 36 year old Algerian man on suspicion of helping authors of the Paris attacks and for belonging to the Islamic State group It was reported that he had guaranteed the availability of forged documents to the Paris attackers 242 Security changes EditIn France Edit In response to the attacks France was put under an etat d urgence state of emergency for the first time since the 2005 riots 26 borders were temporarily closed and 1 500 soldiers were called in to help the police maintain order in Paris 24 200 243 The plan blanc Ile de France and plan rouge global two contingency plans for times of emergency were immediately activated 244 245 246 Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport were mostly unaffected 75 American Airlines delayed flights to Paris until further notice 247 Many Paris Metro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements were shut down because of the attacks 200 248 Uber suspended car hails in Paris after the attacks 249 All state schools and universities in Paris remained closed the next day 250 251 Sports events in France for the weekend of 14 15 November were postponed or cancelled 252 253 Disneyland Paris which had operated every day since opening in 1992 closed its parks as a mark of respect for those who died in the attacks 251 254 The Eiffel Tower a Paris landmark visited by 20 000 people a day was closed for two days 251 255 Other venues that were to remain closed included shops and cinemas 251 Protests were banned until 19 November 251 while bands such as U2 Foo Fighters Motorhead and Coldplay cancelled performances in Paris 256 The week after 20 November Hollande was planning to travel to the US and Russia to discuss greater international co operation against ISIL 257 State of emergency Edit On 13 November President Hollande declared the state of emergency 26 On 20 November the Senate in France agreed to extend the current state of emergency by three months this measure gave police extra powers of detention and arrest intended to increase security at the expense of some personal liberties 257 For effects see also 2016 Nice truck attack Raids and house arrests under state of emergency Public demonstrations of environmental activists during COP21 held in Paris from 30 November to 12 December 2015 were prevented from happening under the state of emergency regulations while others were allowed 258 259 A next time the state of emergency was extended until the end of July 2016 260 Further extensions followed after the attack in Nice on 14 July 2016 Belgium Edit Further information 2015 Brussels lockdown Belgium immediately on 13 November tightened security along its border with France and increased security checks for people arriving from France 74 Starting on 21 November 2015 the government of Belgium imposed a security lockdown on Brussels including the closure of shops schools public transportation due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the series of coordinated attacks in Paris 261 262 263 264 265 One of the perpetrators of the attack Belgian born French national Salah Abdeslam was thought to be hiding in the city As a result of warnings of a serious and imminent threat the terror alert level was raised to the highest level four across the Brussels metropolitan area and people were advised not to congregate publicly effectively putting the city under lockdown 261 262 264 265 International Edit Cities in the United States took security precautions especially at sites where large crowds were expected as well as sports events concerts the French embassy and other French government sites 266 267 William J Bratton the New York City Police Commissioner said the Paris attacks have changed the way law enforcement deals with security 268 Singapore raised its national security alert level stepping up border checks and security across the city state 269 Police and military authorities in Manila were placed on full alert in preparation for the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting 270 International reactions EditMain article Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks nbsp Flower tributes outside the French Embassy in Luxembourg CityMany heads of state and heads of government as well as the United Nations offered messages of condolence and solidarity in the wake of the attacks 271 272 273 The U S House of Representatives has passed a bill that made it more difficult for Syrian and Iraqi refugees to enter the United States 274 At least 31 governors of U S states declared they would refuse to accept Syrian refugees 275 Muslim officials Edit Main article Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks Responses from Muslim groups Muslim heads of state scholars imams leaders and groups condemned the attacks many before ISIL claimed responsibility 276 These included the imam who heads the university of Al Azhar in Egypt the Supreme council of Religious Scholars in Saudi Arabia 277 Iranian president Hassan Rouhani 278 and the Ahmadiyya caliph Mirza Masroor Ahmad 279 Syrian president Bashar al Assad condemned the attacks but added that France s support for Syrian rebel groups had contributed to the spread of terrorism 280 France had been a particularly vocal opponent of Assad during the Syrian civil war 281 Ahrar ash Sham and Jaysh al Islam the major mainstream Islamist rebels against the Syrian regime both condemned the attacks 282 Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah the leader of Hezbollah condemned the attacks and expressed his solidarity with the French people 283 Other militant groups also condemned the attacks including Hamas and Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine 284 The al Nusra Front the Syrian branch of Al Qaeda praised the attacks saying that even though they viewed ISIL as dogs of hellfire they applauded when infidels get attacked by ISIL 282 Related incidents EditHanover bombing plot Edit A few days after the attacks on 17 November a football friendly set to be played at HDI Arena in Hanover between Germany who had just been present at the Stade de France during the Paris attacks and the Netherlands was cancelled and thousands of football fans evacuated from the arena following a bomb threat 285 The match having been hailed as a symbol of freedom after the Paris attacks was set to be attended in a show of solidarity with France by German chancellor Angela Merkel vice chancellor Sigmar Gabriel several other German government ministers as well as Dutch defence minister Jeanine Hennis Plasschaert and health and sport minister Edith Schippers 285 According to a French intelligence dossier five bombings had been prepared to be detonated at or around the stadium by a named five member terror cell in a series of coordinated bomb attacks 286 German authorities refused to give more details on findings with Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere claiming that some of these answers would alarm the public 286 While police claimed to not have found any explosives German newspapers published allegations of a cover up which claimed that a paramedic had witnessed explosives hidden in an ambulance at the stadium before being told by special forces at the scene to not talk about it 286 Another newspaper claimed it had been a truck bomb disguised as an ambulance 287 288 Three police officers were disciplined for leaking information about alleged bomb finds 286 At the same time also in Hanover the TUI Arena was evacuated before a concert by the band Sohne Mannheims and a train station was closed off after a suspicious device was found 287 288 Later the same evening two Air France flights headed from the United States to Paris were diverted to Salt Lake City Utah 289 and Halifax Nova Scotia because of bomb threats 290 The events followed the previous day when a football match set to be played in Brussels between Belgium and Spain had also been cancelled over security concerns 287 288 2016 Brussels raids Edit Main article 2016 Brussels police raids On 15 March 2016 Belgian police carried out a raid on a house in the suburb of Forest in Brussels A police statement said that the raid was related to the Paris attacks 291 292 Four police officers were wounded in the raid and a manhunt for escaped suspects followed 293 294 On 18 March 2016 there were further raids in the Molenbeek area of Brussels 295 Two suspects were reportedly injured in one such raid and a third suspect was killed citation needed Five people one identified as Salah Abdeslam suspected accomplice in the Paris attacks were arrested during the raid 296 297 298 Media depictions EditOne of the people who was present in the Bataclan theatre on 13 November 2015 during the terrorist attacks was a French artist who works under the pseudonym Fred Dewilde In October 2016 he published a graphic novel about his firsthand experience of these tragic events named Mon Bataclan 299 300 301 On 27 April 2016 American rock band Pierce the Veil released a song titled Circles inspired by the November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks 302 On 6 June 2018 Gedeon and Jules Naudet released the documentary November 13 Attack on Paris 303 On 5 October 2022 the French film November was released directed by Cedric Jimenez and starring Jean Dujardin that depicts the investigations and the interventions of the police in particular of the anti terrorist sub directorate during the five days which followed the attacks Alice Winocour s 2022 feature film Revoir Paris 304 Paris Memories looked at the effects of the aftermath of a group of people trapped in an attached bistro and starred Virginie Efira See also Edit nbsp France portal2016 Brussels bombings another attack by the Brussels ISIL terror cell Manchester Arena bombing another attack at a music event 2015 in France History of Paris ISIL related terror attacks in France List of hostage crises List of Islamist terrorist attacks List of major terrorist incidents List of marauding terrorist incidents List of terrorist incidents in France List of terrorist incidents in November 2015 2016 Nice truck attack 2018 Strasbourg attackNotes Edit a b c d e The times for the first 2 bombings originally given at a press conference by the prosecutor of Paris Francois Molins on 14 November 2015 were 21 20 and 21 30 However video recording of the match shows that the gap between the first and the second explosion was around 3 minutes and 10 seconds the first explosion being heard at 16 24 after the start of the match and the second at 19 34 These correspond to 21 16 and 21 19 local time the game having started at 21 00 Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMapDownload coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates Coordinates 48 55 26 N 2 21 43 E 48 924 N 2 362 E 48 924 2 362 Stade de France attack Coordinates 48 52 19 N 2 22 04 E 48 8719 N 2 3679 E 48 8719 2 3679 Le Petit Cambodge amp Le Carillon attacks Coordinates 48 52 07 N 2 22 06 E 48 8687 N 2 3682 E 48 8687 2 3682 Cafe Bonne Biere amp La Casa Nostra attacks Coordinates 48 51 47 N 2 22 15 E 48 8630 N 2 3707 E 48 8630 2 3707 Bataclan theatre attack Coordinates 48 51 14 N 2 22 56 E 48 8539 N 2 3822 E 48 8539 2 3822 La Belle Equipe attack Coordinates 48 51 01 N 2 23 35 E 48 8504 N 2 3931 E 48 8504 2 3931 Boulevard Voltaire attack References Edit Following the Path of the Paris Terror Weapons Spiegel de 24 March 2016 Archived from the 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France attack Suicide bomber involved in Stade de France attack Passport found beside dead body of kamikaze bomber carries name of Ahmad Al Mohammad 25 born 10 Sept 1990 from Idlib northwest Syria Tracqui Antoine Deguette Celine Delabarde Tania Delannoy Yann Plu Isabelle Sec Isabelle Hamza Lilia Taccoen Marc Ludes Bertrand 2 November 2020 An overview of forensic operations performed following the terrorist attacks on November 13 2015 in Paris Forensic Sciences Research Taylor amp Francis Online 5 3 202 207 doi 10 1080 20961790 2020 1811487 PMC 7646576 PMID 33209503 Attentats a Paris Le groupe Etat islamique revendique les attaques de vendredi a Paris 20 Minutes in French Archived from the original on 15 November 2015 Retrieved 14 November 2015 L Etat islamique revendique les attentats de vendredi a Paris liberation fr in French Archived from the original on 16 November 2015 Retrieved 14 November 2015 Max Fisher 14 November 2015 Here is ISIS s statement claiming responsibility for the 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