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Serpentinite

March 03, 2024

Serpentinite is a rock composed predominantly of one or more serpentine group minerals formed by near to complete serpentinization of mafic to ultramafic rocks. Its name originated from the similarity of the texture of the rock to that of the skin of a snake.[1] Serpentinite has been called serpentine or serpentine rock, particularly in older geological texts and in wider cultural settings.[2][3][4][5][6]

Serpentinite from the Maurienne valley, Savoie, French Alps
Sample of serpentinite from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, California, United States
Chromitic serpentinite (7.9 cm (3.1 in) across), Styria Province, Austria. Protolith was a Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic upper mantle dunite peridotite that has been multiply metamorphosed during the Devonian, Permian, and Mesozoic.
Tightly folded serpentinite from the Tux Alps, Austria. Closeup view about 30 cm × 20 cm (11.8 in × 7.9 in).

Because most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize acetyl-CoA, essential to basic biochemical pathways of life, take place during serpentinization, serpentinite thermal vents are a candidate for the environment in which life on Earth originated.

Formation and mineralogy edit

Main article: Serpentinization

Serpentinite is formed by near to complete serpentinization of mafic to ultramafic rocks.[7] Serpentinite can be formed wherever ultramafic rock is infiltrated by water poor in carbon dioxide.[8] This occurs at mid-ocean ridges and in the forearc mantle of subduction zones.[9][10]

The final mineral composition of serpentinite is usually dominated by lizardite, chrysotile (two minerals of the serpentine subgroup), and magnetite (Fe3O4). Brucite (Mg(OH)2) and antigorite are less commonly present. Lizardite, chrysotile, and antigorite all have approximately the formula Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 or (Mg2+, Fe2+)3Si2O5(OH)4, but differ in minor components and in form.[9] Accessory minerals, present in small quantities, include awaruite, other native metal minerals, and sulfide minerals.[11]

 
Ophiolite of the Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland. Ophiolites characteristically have a serpentinite component.

Hydrogen production edit

The serpentinization reaction involving the transformation of fayalite (Fe-end member of olivine) by water into magnetite and quartz also produces molecular hydrogen H2 according to the following reaction:

 

This reaction closely resembles the Schikorr reaction also producing hydrogen gas by oxidation of Fe2+ ions into Fe3+ ions by the protons  H+ of water. Two  H+ are then reduced into H2.

 

In the Schikorr reaction, the two  H+ reduced into H2 are these from two OH− anions, then transformed into two oxide anions (O2−) directly incorporated into the magnetite crystal lattice while the water in excess is liberated as a reaction by-product.

Hydrogen produced by the serpentinization reaction is important because it can fuel microbial activity in the deep subsurface environment.[citation needed]

Hydrothermal vents and mud volcanoes edit

Main articles: Hydrothermal vent and Mud volcano
 
A white carbonate spire in the Lost City hydrothermal field

Deep sea hydrothermal vents located on serpentinite close to the axis of mid-ocean ridges generally resemble black smokers located on basalt, but emit complex hydrocarbon molecules. The Rainbow field of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of such hydrothermal vents. Serpentinization alone cannot provide the heat supply for these vents, which must be driven mostly by magmatism. However, the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, located off the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, may be driven solely by heat of serpentinization. Its vents are unlike black smokers, emitting relatively cool fluids (40 to 75 °C (104 to 167 °F)) that are highly alkaline, high in magnesium, and low in hydrogen sulfide. The vents build up very large chimneys, up to 60 meters (200 ft) in height, composed of carbonate minerals and brucite. Lush microbial communities are associated with the vents. Though the vents themselves are not composed of serpentinite, they are hosted in serpentinite estimated to have formed at a temperature of about 200 °C (392 °F).[12] Sepiolite deposits on mid-ocean ridges may have formed through serpentinite-driven hydrothermal activity.[13] However, geologists continue to debate whether serpentinization alone can account for the heat flux from the Lost City field.[12]

The forearc of the Marianas subduction zone hosts large serpentinite mud volcanoes, which erupt serpentinite mud that rises through faults from the underlying serpentinized forearc mantle. Study of these mud volcanoes gives insights into subduction processes, and the high pH fluids emitted at the volcanoes support a microbial community.[14][10] Experimental drilling into the gabbro layer of oceanic crust near mid-ocean ridges has demonstrated the presence of a sparse population of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. These may feed on hydrocarbons produced by serpentinization of the underlying ultramafic rock.[15][16]

Potential 'cradle of life' edit

Serpentinite thermal vents are a candidate for the environment in which life on Earth originated.[14] Most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize acetyl-CoA, essential to basic biochemical pathways of life, take place during serpentinization.[17] The sulfide-metal clusters that activate many enzymes resemble sulfide minerals formed during serpentinization.[18]

Ecology edit

 
Serpentinite ecosystem in the south of New Caledonia
Main article: Serpentine soil

Soil cover over serpentinite bedrock tends to be thin or absent. Soil with serpentine is poor in calcium and other major plant nutrients, but rich in elements toxic to plants such as chromium and nickel.[19] Some species of plants, such as Clarkia franciscana and certain species of manzanita, are adapted to living on serpentinite outcrops. However, because serpentinite outcrops are few and isolated, their plant communities are ecological islands and these distinctive species are often highly endangered.[20] On the other hand, plant communities adapted to living on the serpentine outcrops of New Caledonia resist displacement by introduced species that are poorly adapted to this environment.[21]

Serpentine soils are widely distributed on Earth, in part mirroring the distribution of ophiolites and other serpentine bearing rocks.[22] There are outcroppings of serpentine soils in the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, the island of Cyprus, the Alps, Cuba, and New Caledonia. In North America, serpentine soils also are present in small but widely distributed areas on the eastern slope of the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, and in the Pacific Ranges of Oregon and California.[citation needed]

Occurrences edit

Notable occurrences of serpentinite are found at Thetford Mines, Quebec; Lake Valhalla, New Jersey; Gila County, Arizona; Lizard complex, Lizard Point, Cornwall; and in localities in Greece, Italy, and other parts of Europe.[23] Notable ophiolites containing serpentinite include the Semail Ophiolite of Oman, the Troodos Ophiolite of Cyprus, the Newfoundland ophiolites, and the Main Ophiolite Belt of New Guinea.[24]

Uses edit

 
Drinking cups, examples of serpentinite-turning from Zöblitz in the Erzgebirgskreis
 
College Hall at University of Pennsylvania

Decorative stone in architecture and art edit

Serpentine group minerals have a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3.5, so serpentinite is easily carved.[25] Grades of serpentinite higher in calcite, along with the verd antique (breccia form of serpentinite), have historically been used as decorative stones for their marble-like qualities. College Hall at the University of Pennsylvania, for example, is constructed out of serpentine. Popular sources in Europe before contact with the Americas were the mountainous Piedmont region of Italy and Larissa, Greece.[26] Serpentinites are used in many ways in the arts and crafts. For example, the rock has been turned in Zöblitz in Saxony for several hundred years.[27]

By the Inuit edit

The Inuit and other indigenous people of the Arctic areas and less so of southern areas used the carved bowl shaped serpentinite qulliq or kudlik lamp with wick, to burn oil or fat to heat, make light and cook with. The Inuit made tools and more recently carvings of animals for commerce.[28]

  •  
    Magnetic serpentine walrus
  •  
    Inuit Elder tending the Qulliq, a ceremonial oil lamp made of serpentinite.

As an ovenstone edit

A variety of chlorite talc schist associated with Alpine serpentinite is found in Val d'Anniviers, Switzerland and was used for making "ovenstones" (German: Ofenstein), a carved stone base beneath a cast iron stove.[29]

Neutron shield in nuclear reactors edit

Serpentinite has a significant amount of bound water, hence it contains abundant hydrogen atoms able to slow down neutrons by elastic collision (neutron thermalization process). Because of this, serpentinite can be used as dry filler inside steel jackets in some designs of nuclear reactors. For example, in RBMK series, as at Chernobyl, it was used for top radiation shielding to protect operators from escaping neutrons.[30] Serpentine can also be added as aggregate to special concrete used in nuclear reactor shielding to increase the concrete density (2.6 g/cm3 (0.094 lb/cu in)) and its neutron capture cross section.[31][32]

CO2 sequestration edit

Main article: Carbon sequestration

Because it readily absorbs carbon dioxide, serpentinite may be of use for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide.[33] To speed up the reaction, serpentinite may be reacted with carbon dioxide at elevated temperature in carbonation reactors. Carbon dioxide may also be reacted with alkaline mine waste from serpentine deposits, or carbon dioxide may be injected directly into underground serpentinite formations.[34] Serpentinite may also be used as a source of magnesium in conjunction with electrolytic cells for CO2 scrubbing.[35]

Cultural references edit

It is the state rock of California, USA and the California Legislature specified that serpentine was "the official State Rock and lithologic emblem."[3] In 2010, a bill was introduced which would have removed serpentine's special status as state rock due to it potentially containing chrysotile asbestos.[36] The bill met with resistance from some California geologists, who noted that the chrysotile present is not hazardous unless it is mobilized in the air as dust.[37][needs update]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Schoenherr, Allan A. (11 July 2017). A Natural History of California: Second Edition. Univ of California Press. pp. 35–. ISBN 9780520295117. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  2. ^ "serpentine". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b California Government Code § 425.2; see . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
  4. ^ Oakeshott, G.B. (1968). "Diapiric Structures in Diablo Range, California". AAPG Special Volume M8:Diapirism and Diapirs. 153: 228–243.
  5. ^ Flett, J.S. (1913). "The geology of the lizard". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 24 (3): 118–133. Bibcode:1913PrGA...24..118F. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(13)80008-9.
  6. ^ González-Mancera, G.; Ortega-Gutiérrez, F.; Nava, N.E.; Arriola, H.S. (2003). "Mössbauer Study of Serpentine Minerals in the Ultramafic Body of Tehuitzingo, Southern Mexico". Hyperfine Interactions. 148 (1–4): 61–71. Bibcode:2003HyInt.148...61G. doi:10.1023/B:HYPE.0000003765.32151.3b. S2CID 96761317.
  7. ^ Haldar, Swapan Kumar (27 July 2020). Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology. Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780128205853. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  8. ^ Moody 1976, p. 136.
  9. ^ a b Roberts, B. A.; Proctor, J. (6 December 2012). The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks: A World View. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. ISBN 978-94-011-3722-5.
  10. ^ a b Albers, Elmar; Bach, Wolfgang; Pérez-Gussinyé, Marta; McCammon, Catherine; Frederichs, Thomas (2021). "Serpentinization-Driven H2 Production From Continental Break-Up to Mid-Ocean Ridge Spreading: Unexpected High Rates at the West Iberia Margin". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9: 487. Bibcode:2021FrEaS...9..487A. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.673063. ISSN 2296-6463.
  11. ^ Moody, Judith B. (April 1976). "Serpentinization: a review". Lithos. 9 (2): 125–138. Bibcode:1976Litho...9..125M. doi:10.1016/0024-4937(76)90030-X.
  12. ^ a b Allen, Douglas E.; Seyfried, W.E. (March 2004). "Serpentinization and heat generation: constraints from Lost City and Rainbow hydrothermal systems 1 1Associate editor: J. C. Alt". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 68 (6): 1347–1354. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2003.09.003.
  13. ^ Mével, Catherine (September 2003). "Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at mid-ocean ridges". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 335 (10–11): 825–852. Bibcode:2003CRGeo.335..825M. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2003.08.006.
  14. ^ a b Fryer, Patricia (15 January 2012). "Serpentinite Mud Volcanism: Observations, Processes, and Implications". Annual Review of Marine Science. 4 (1): 345–373. Bibcode:2012ARMS....4..345F. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100922. ISSN 1941-1405. PMID 22457979.
  15. ^ Mason, Olivia U.; Nakagawa, Tatsunori; Rosner, Martin; Van Nostrand, Joy D.; Zhou, Jizhong; Maruyama, Akihiko; Fisk, Martin R.; Giovannoni, Stephen J. (5 November 2010). "First Investigation of the Microbiology of the Deepest Layer of Ocean Crust". PLOS ONE. 5 (11): e15399. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515399M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015399. PMC 2974637. PMID 21079766.
  16. ^ Marshall, Michael (17 November 2010). "Life is found in deepest layer of Earth's crust". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  17. ^ Martin, William; Russell, Michael J (29 October 2007). "On the origin of biochemistry at an alkaline hydrothermal vent". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1486): 1887–1926. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1881. PMC 2442388. PMID 17255002.
  18. ^ McCollom, T. M.; Seewald, J. S. (1 April 2013). "Serpentinites, Hydrogen, and Life". Elements. 9 (2): 129–134. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.852.2089. doi:10.2113/gselements.9.2.129. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  19. ^ "CVO Website - Serpentine and serpentinite" 19 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, USGS/NPS Geology in the Parks Website, September 2001, accessed 27 February 2011.
  20. ^ "Serpentinite". Presidio of San Francisco. National Park Service. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  21. ^ "La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie – Première partie". Futura-sciences.com. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  22. ^ "6 Serpentine Soil Distributions and Environmental Influences". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  23. ^ Sinkankas, John (1964). Mineralogy for amateurs. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 149–480. ISBN 0442276249.
  24. ^ Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 371. ISBN 9780521880060.
  25. ^ Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 9780195106916.
  26. ^ Ashurst, John. Dimes, Francis G. Conservation of building and decorative stone. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990, p. 51.
  27. ^ Eva Maria Hoyer: Sächsischer Serpentin: ein Stein und seine Verwendung. Edition Leipzig, Leipzig 1996, pp. 20–22.
  28. ^ Kerr, A.; Squires, G.C. "Serpentinites and associated rock types near Hopedale, Nunatsiavut: Potential for artisanal carving-stone resources" (PDF). Geological Survey Report. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources. 19 (1): 39–57. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  29. ^ Talcose-schist from Canton Valais. By Thomags Bonney, (Geol. Mag., 1897, N.S., [iv], 4, 110--116) abstract
  30. ^ Lithuanian Energy Institute (28 May 2011). . Ignalina Source Book. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  31. ^ Aminian, A.; Nematollahi, M.R.; Haddad, K.; Mehdizadeh, S. (3–8 June 2007). (PDF). ICENES 2007: International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems. Session 12B: Radiation effects. Istanbul, Turkey. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  32. ^ Abulfaraj, Waleed H.; Salah M. Kamal (1994). "Evaluation of ilmenite serpentine concrete and ordinary concrete as nuclear reactor shielding". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 44 (1–2): 139–148. Bibcode:1994RaPC...44..139A. doi:10.1016/0969-806X(94)90120-1. ISSN 0969-806X.
  33. ^ Farhang, F.; Oliver, T.K.; Rayson, M.S.; Brent, G.F.; Molloy, T.S.; Stockenhuber, M.; Kennedy, E.M. (March 2019). "Dissolution of heat activated serpentine for CO2 sequestration: The effect of silica precipitation at different temperature and pH values". Journal of CO2 Utilization. 30: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2019.01.009. S2CID 104424416.
  34. ^ Power, I. M.; Wilson, S. A.; Dipple, G. M. (1 April 2013). "Serpentinite Carbonation for CO2 Sequestration". Elements. 9 (2): 115–121. doi:10.2113/gselements.9.2.115.
  35. ^ Li, Wenzhi; Li, Wen; Li, Baoqing; Bai, Zongqing (February 2009). "Electrolysis and heat pretreatment methods to promote CO2 sequestration by mineral carbonation". Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 87 (2): 210–215. doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2008.08.001.
  36. ^ Fimrite, Peter (16 July 2010). "Geologists protest bill to remove state rock". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  37. ^ Frazell, Julie; Elkins, Rachel; O'Geen, Anthony; Reynolds, Robert; Meyers, James. "Facts about Serpentine Rock and Soil Containing Asbestos in California" (PDF). ANR Catalog. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 17 April 2018.

External links edit

 
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March 03, 2024
serpentinite, rock, composed, predominantly, more, serpentine, group, minerals, formed, near, complete, serpentinization, mafic, ultramafic, rocks, name, originated, from, similarity, texture, rock, that, skin, snake, been, called, serpentine, serpentine, rock. Serpentinite is a rock composed predominantly of one or more serpentine group minerals formed by near to complete serpentinization of mafic to ultramafic rocks Its name originated from the similarity of the texture of the rock to that of the skin of a snake 1 Serpentinite has been called serpentine or serpentine rock particularly in older geological texts and in wider cultural settings 2 3 4 5 6 Serpentinite from the Maurienne valley Savoie French AlpsSample of serpentinite from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area California United StatesChromitic serpentinite 7 9 cm 3 1 in across Styria Province Austria Protolith was a Proterozoic Early Paleozoic upper mantle dunite peridotite that has been multiply metamorphosed during the Devonian Permian and Mesozoic Tightly folded serpentinite from the Tux Alps Austria Closeup view about 30 cm 20 cm 11 8 in 7 9 in Because most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize acetyl CoA essential to basic biochemical pathways of life take place during serpentinization serpentinite thermal vents are a candidate for the environment in which life on Earth originated Contents 1 Formation and mineralogy 1 1 Hydrogen production 1 2 Hydrothermal vents and mud volcanoes 1 2 1 Potential cradle of life 2 Ecology 3 Occurrences 4 Uses 4 1 Decorative stone in architecture and art 4 2 By the Inuit 4 3 As an ovenstone 4 4 Neutron shield in nuclear reactors 4 5 CO2 sequestration 5 Cultural references 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksFormation and mineralogy editMain article Serpentinization Serpentinite is formed by near to complete serpentinization of mafic to ultramafic rocks 7 Serpentinite can be formed wherever ultramafic rock is infiltrated by water poor in carbon dioxide 8 This occurs at mid ocean ridges and in the forearc mantle of subduction zones 9 10 The final mineral composition of serpentinite is usually dominated by lizardite chrysotile two minerals of the serpentine subgroup and magnetite Fe3O4 Brucite Mg OH 2 and antigorite are less commonly present Lizardite chrysotile and antigorite all have approximately the formula Mg3 Si2O5 OH 4 or Mg2 Fe2 3Si2O5 OH 4 but differ in minor components and in form 9 Accessory minerals present in small quantities include awaruite other native metal minerals and sulfide minerals 11 nbsp Ophiolite of the Gros Morne National Park Newfoundland Ophiolites characteristically have a serpentinite component Hydrogen production edit The serpentinization reaction involving the transformation of fayalite Fe end member of olivine by water into magnetite and quartz also produces molecular hydrogen H2 according to the following reaction 3 Fe 2 SiO 4 2 H 2 O 2 Fe 3 O 4 3 SiO 2 2 H 2 displaystyle ce 3 Fe2SiO4 2 H2O gt 2 Fe3O4 3 SiO2 2 H2 nbsp This reaction closely resembles the Schikorr reaction also producing hydrogen gas by oxidation of Fe2 ions into Fe3 ions by the protons H of water Two H are then reduced into H2 3 Fe OH 2 Fe 3 O 4 2 H 2 O H 2 displaystyle ce 3 Fe OH 2 gt Fe3O4 2 H2O H2 nbsp In the Schikorr reaction the two H reduced into H2 are these from two OH anions then transformed into two oxide anions O2 directly incorporated into the magnetite crystal lattice while the water in excess is liberated as a reaction by product Hydrogen produced by the serpentinization reaction is important because it can fuel microbial activity in the deep subsurface environment citation needed Hydrothermal vents and mud volcanoes edit Main articles Hydrothermal vent and Mud volcano nbsp A white carbonate spire in the Lost City hydrothermal fieldDeep sea hydrothermal vents located on serpentinite close to the axis of mid ocean ridges generally resemble black smokers located on basalt but emit complex hydrocarbon molecules The Rainbow field of the Mid Atlantic Ridge is an example of such hydrothermal vents Serpentinization alone cannot provide the heat supply for these vents which must be driven mostly by magmatism However the Lost City Hydrothermal Field located off the axis of the Mid Atlantic Ridge may be driven solely by heat of serpentinization Its vents are unlike black smokers emitting relatively cool fluids 40 to 75 C 104 to 167 F that are highly alkaline high in magnesium and low in hydrogen sulfide The vents build up very large chimneys up to 60 meters 200 ft in height composed of carbonate minerals and brucite Lush microbial communities are associated with the vents Though the vents themselves are not composed of serpentinite they are hosted in serpentinite estimated to have formed at a temperature of about 200 C 392 F 12 Sepiolite deposits on mid ocean ridges may have formed through serpentinite driven hydrothermal activity 13 However geologists continue to debate whether serpentinization alone can account for the heat flux from the Lost City field 12 The forearc of the Marianas subduction zone hosts large serpentinite mud volcanoes which erupt serpentinite mud that rises through faults from the underlying serpentinized forearc mantle Study of these mud volcanoes gives insights into subduction processes and the high pH fluids emitted at the volcanoes support a microbial community 14 10 Experimental drilling into the gabbro layer of oceanic crust near mid ocean ridges has demonstrated the presence of a sparse population of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria These may feed on hydrocarbons produced by serpentinization of the underlying ultramafic rock 15 16 Potential cradle of life edit Serpentinite thermal vents are a candidate for the environment in which life on Earth originated 14 Most of the chemical reactions necessary to synthesize acetyl CoA essential to basic biochemical pathways of life take place during serpentinization 17 The sulfide metal clusters that activate many enzymes resemble sulfide minerals formed during serpentinization 18 Ecology edit nbsp Serpentinite ecosystem in the south of New CaledoniaMain article Serpentine soil Soil cover over serpentinite bedrock tends to be thin or absent Soil with serpentine is poor in calcium and other major plant nutrients but rich in elements toxic to plants such as chromium and nickel 19 Some species of plants such as Clarkia franciscana and certain species of manzanita are adapted to living on serpentinite outcrops However because serpentinite outcrops are few and isolated their plant communities are ecological islands and these distinctive species are often highly endangered 20 On the other hand plant communities adapted to living on the serpentine outcrops of New Caledonia resist displacement by introduced species that are poorly adapted to this environment 21 Serpentine soils are widely distributed on Earth in part mirroring the distribution of ophiolites and other serpentine bearing rocks 22 There are outcroppings of serpentine soils in the Balkan Peninsula Turkey the island of Cyprus the Alps Cuba and New Caledonia In North America serpentine soils also are present in small but widely distributed areas on the eastern slope of the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States and in the Pacific Ranges of Oregon and California citation needed Occurrences editNotable occurrences of serpentinite are found at Thetford Mines Quebec Lake Valhalla New Jersey Gila County Arizona Lizard complex Lizard Point Cornwall and in localities in Greece Italy and other parts of Europe 23 Notable ophiolites containing serpentinite include the Semail Ophiolite of Oman the Troodos Ophiolite of Cyprus the Newfoundland ophiolites and the Main Ophiolite Belt of New Guinea 24 Uses edit nbsp Drinking cups examples of serpentinite turning from Zoblitz in the Erzgebirgskreis nbsp College Hall at University of PennsylvaniaDecorative stone in architecture and art edit Serpentine group minerals have a Mohs hardness of 2 5 to 3 5 so serpentinite is easily carved 25 Grades of serpentinite higher in calcite along with the verd antique breccia form of serpentinite have historically been used as decorative stones for their marble like qualities College Hall at the University of Pennsylvania for example is constructed out of serpentine Popular sources in Europe before contact with the Americas were the mountainous Piedmont region of Italy and Larissa Greece 26 Serpentinites are used in many ways in the arts and crafts For example the rock has been turned in Zoblitz in Saxony for several hundred years 27 By the Inuit edit The Inuit and other indigenous people of the Arctic areas and less so of southern areas used the carved bowl shaped serpentinite qulliq or kudlik lamp with wick to burn oil or fat to heat make light and cook with The Inuit made tools and more recently carvings of animals for commerce 28 nbsp Magnetic serpentine walrus nbsp Inuit Elder tending the Qulliq a ceremonial oil lamp made of serpentinite As an ovenstone edit A variety of chlorite talc schist associated with Alpine serpentinite is found in Val d Anniviers Switzerland and was used for making ovenstones German Ofenstein a carved stone base beneath a cast iron stove 29 Neutron shield in nuclear reactors edit Serpentinite has a significant amount of bound water hence it contains abundant hydrogen atoms able to slow down neutrons by elastic collision neutron thermalization process Because of this serpentinite can be used as dry filler inside steel jackets in some designs of nuclear reactors For example in RBMK series as at Chernobyl it was used for top radiation shielding to protect operators from escaping neutrons 30 Serpentine can also be added as aggregate to special concrete used in nuclear reactor shielding to increase the concrete density 2 6 g cm3 0 094 lb cu in and its neutron capture cross section 31 32 CO2 sequestration edit Main article Carbon sequestration Because it readily absorbs carbon dioxide serpentinite may be of use for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide 33 To speed up the reaction serpentinite may be reacted with carbon dioxide at elevated temperature in carbonation reactors Carbon dioxide may also be reacted with alkaline mine waste from serpentine deposits or carbon dioxide may be injected directly into underground serpentinite formations 34 Serpentinite may also be used as a source of magnesium in conjunction with electrolytic cells for CO2 scrubbing 35 Cultural references editIt is the state rock of California USA and the California Legislature specified that serpentine was the official State Rock and lithologic emblem 3 In 2010 a bill was introduced which would have removed serpentine s special status as state rock due to it potentially containing chrysotile asbestos 36 The bill met with resistance from some California geologists who noted that the chrysotile present is not hazardous unless it is mobilized in the air as dust 37 needs update See also editHydrogen cycle Hydrogen exchange between the living and non living world Nephrite Variety of jade Soapstone Talc bearing metamorphic rockReferences edit Schoenherr Allan A 11 July 2017 A Natural History of California Second Edition Univ of California Press pp 35 ISBN 9780520295117 Retrieved 6 May 2017 serpentine Merriam Webster com Dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 6 March 2022 a b California Government Code 425 2 see CA Codes Gov 420 429 8 Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 Retrieved 24 December 2009 Oakeshott G B 1968 Diapiric Structures in Diablo Range California AAPG Special Volume M8 Diapirism and Diapirs 153 228 243 Flett J S 1913 The geology of the lizard Proceedings of the Geologists Association 24 3 118 133 Bibcode 1913PrGA 24 118F doi 10 1016 S0016 7878 13 80008 9 Gonzalez Mancera G Ortega Gutierrez F Nava N E Arriola H S 2003 Mossbauer Study of Serpentine Minerals in the Ultramafic Body of Tehuitzingo Southern Mexico Hyperfine Interactions 148 1 4 61 71 Bibcode 2003HyInt 148 61G doi 10 1023 B HYPE 0000003765 32151 3b S2CID 96761317 Haldar Swapan Kumar 27 July 2020 Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology Elsevier Science ISBN 9780128205853 Retrieved 20 November 2022 Moody 1976 p 136 a b Roberts B A Proctor J 6 December 2012 The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks A World View Springer Science amp Business Media p 8 ISBN 978 94 011 3722 5 a b Albers Elmar Bach Wolfgang Perez Gussinye Marta McCammon Catherine Frederichs Thomas 2021 Serpentinization Driven H2 Production From Continental Break Up to Mid Ocean Ridge Spreading Unexpected High Rates at the West Iberia Margin Frontiers in Earth Science 9 487 Bibcode 2021FrEaS 9 487A doi 10 3389 feart 2021 673063 ISSN 2296 6463 Moody Judith B April 1976 Serpentinization a review Lithos 9 2 125 138 Bibcode 1976Litho 9 125M doi 10 1016 0024 4937 76 90030 X a b Allen Douglas E Seyfried W E March 2004 Serpentinization and heat generation constraints from Lost City and Rainbow hydrothermal systems 1 1Associate editor J C Alt Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 6 1347 1354 doi 10 1016 j gca 2003 09 003 Mevel Catherine September 2003 Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at mid ocean ridges Comptes Rendus Geoscience 335 10 11 825 852 Bibcode 2003CRGeo 335 825M doi 10 1016 j crte 2003 08 006 a b Fryer Patricia 15 January 2012 Serpentinite Mud Volcanism Observations Processes and Implications Annual Review of Marine Science 4 1 345 373 Bibcode 2012ARMS 4 345F doi 10 1146 annurev marine 120710 100922 ISSN 1941 1405 PMID 22457979 Mason Olivia U Nakagawa Tatsunori Rosner Martin Van Nostrand Joy D Zhou Jizhong Maruyama Akihiko Fisk Martin R Giovannoni Stephen J 5 November 2010 First Investigation of the Microbiology of the Deepest Layer of Ocean Crust PLOS ONE 5 11 e15399 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 515399M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0015399 PMC 2974637 PMID 21079766 Marshall Michael 17 November 2010 Life is found in deepest layer of Earth s crust New Scientist Retrieved 3 December 2021 Martin William Russell Michael J 29 October 2007 On the origin of biochemistry at an alkaline hydrothermal vent Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 362 1486 1887 1926 doi 10 1098 rstb 2006 1881 PMC 2442388 PMID 17255002 McCollom T M Seewald J S 1 April 2013 Serpentinites Hydrogen and Life Elements 9 2 129 134 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 852 2089 doi 10 2113 gselements 9 2 129 Retrieved 5 September 2021 CVO Website Serpentine and serpentinite Archived 19 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine USGS NPS Geology in the Parks Website September 2001 accessed 27 February 2011 Serpentinite Presidio of San Francisco National Park Service Retrieved 3 September 2021 La flore de Nouvelle Caledonie Premiere partie Futura sciences com 18 August 2004 Retrieved 30 January 2013 6 Serpentine Soil Distributions and Environmental Influences academic oup com Retrieved 20 November 2022 Sinkankas John 1964 Mineralogy for amateurs Princeton N J Van Nostrand pp 149 480 ISBN 0442276249 Philpotts Anthony R Ague Jay J 2009 Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 2nd ed Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 371 ISBN 9780521880060 Nesse William D 2000 Introduction to mineralogy New York Oxford University Press p 239 ISBN 9780195106916 Ashurst John Dimes Francis G Conservation of building and decorative stone Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann 1990 p 51 Eva Maria Hoyer Sachsischer Serpentin ein Stein und seine Verwendung Edition Leipzig Leipzig 1996 pp 20 22 Kerr A Squires G C Serpentinites and associated rock types near Hopedale Nunatsiavut Potential for artisanal carving stone resources PDF Geological Survey Report Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources 19 1 39 57 Retrieved 3 September 2021 Talcose schist from Canton Valais By Thomags Bonney Geol Mag 1897 N S iv 4 110 116 abstract Lithuanian Energy Institute 28 May 2011 Design of structures components equipments and systems Ignalina Source Book Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 Retrieved 28 May 2011 Aminian A Nematollahi M R Haddad K Mehdizadeh S 3 8 June 2007 Determination of shielding parameters for different types of concretes by Monte Carlo methods PDF ICENES 2007 International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems Session 12B Radiation effects Istanbul Turkey p 7 Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 28 May 2011 Abulfaraj Waleed H Salah M Kamal 1994 Evaluation of ilmenite serpentine concrete and ordinary concrete as nuclear reactor shielding Radiation Physics and Chemistry 44 1 2 139 148 Bibcode 1994RaPC 44 139A doi 10 1016 0969 806X 94 90120 1 ISSN 0969 806X Farhang F Oliver T K Rayson M S Brent G F Molloy T S Stockenhuber M Kennedy E M March 2019 Dissolution of heat activated serpentine for CO2 sequestration The effect of silica precipitation at different temperature and pH values Journal of CO2 Utilization 30 123 129 doi 10 1016 j jcou 2019 01 009 S2CID 104424416 Power I M Wilson S A Dipple G M 1 April 2013 Serpentinite Carbonation for CO2 Sequestration Elements 9 2 115 121 doi 10 2113 gselements 9 2 115 Li Wenzhi Li Wen Li Baoqing Bai Zongqing February 2009 Electrolysis and heat pretreatment methods to promote CO2 sequestration by mineral carbonation Chemical Engineering Research and Design 87 2 210 215 doi 10 1016 j cherd 2008 08 001 Fimrite Peter 16 July 2010 Geologists protest bill to remove state rock San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 17 April 2018 Frazell Julie Elkins Rachel O Geen Anthony Reynolds Robert Meyers James Facts about Serpentine Rock and Soil Containing Asbestos in California PDF ANR Catalog University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Retrieved 17 April 2018 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serpentinite 1 The Lost City hydrothermal field Mid Atlantic ridge serpentinization the driving force of the system H2 rich fluids from serpentinization Geochemical and biotic implications Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Serpentinite amp oldid 1211276414, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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