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Composition of the human body

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Human anatomy or Body composition (physical fitness).

Body composition may be analyzed in various ways. This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water, protein, fats (or lipids), hydroxylapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc. In terms of cell type, the body contains hundreds of different types of cells, but notably, the largest number of cells contained in a human body (though not the largest mass of cells) are not human cells, but bacteria residing in the normal human gastrointestinal tract.

Pie charts of typical human body composition by percent of mass, and by percent of atomic composition (atomic percent)

Elements edit

The main elements that comprise the human body (including water) can be summarized as CHNOPS.
  Element Symbol percent
mass 		percent
atoms
Oxygen O 65.0 24.0
Carbon C 18.5 12.0
Hydrogen H 9.5 62.0
Nitrogen N 2.6 1.1
Calcium Ca 1.3 0.22
Phosphorus P 0.6 0.22
Potassium K 0.2 0.03
Sulfur S 0.3 0.038
Sodium Na 0.2 0.037
Chlorine Cl 0.2 0.024
Magnesium Mg 0.1 0.015
All others < 0.1 < 0.3
 
Parts-per-million cube of relative abundance by mass of elements in an average adult human body down to 1 ppm

About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. All 11 are necessary for life. The remaining elements are trace elements, of which more than a dozen are thought on the basis of good evidence to be necessary for life.[1] All of the mass of the trace elements put together (less than 10 grams for a human body) do not add up to the body mass of magnesium, the least common of the 11 non-trace elements.

Other elements edit

Not all elements which are found in the human body in trace quantities play a role in life. Some of these elements are thought to be simple common contaminants without function (examples: caesium, titanium), while many others are thought to be active toxins, depending on amount (cadmium, mercury, lead, radioactives). In humans, arsenic is toxic, and its levels in foods and dietary supplements are closely monitored to reduce or eliminate its intake.[2]

Some elements (silicon, boron, nickel, vanadium) are probably needed by mammals also, but in far smaller doses. Bromine is used by some (though not all) bacteria, fungi, diatoms, and seaweeds, and opportunistically in eosinophils in humans. One study has indicated bromine to be necessary to collagen IV synthesis in humans.[3] Fluorine is used by a number of plants to manufacture toxins but only functions in humans as a local topical hardening agent in tooth enamel.[4]

Elemental composition list edit

Main article: mineral (nutrient)

The average 70 kg (150 lb) adult human body contains approximately 7×1027 atoms and contains at least detectable traces of 60 chemical elements.[5] About 29 of these elements are thought to play an active positive role in life and health in humans.[6]

The relative amounts of each element vary by individual, mainly due to differences in the proportion of fat, muscle and bone in their body. Persons with more fat will have a higher proportion of carbon and a lower proportion of most other elements (the proportion of hydrogen will be about the same). The numbers in the table are averages of different numbers reported by different references.

The adult human body averages ~53% water.[7] This varies substantially by age, sex, and adiposity. In a large sample of adults of all ages and both sexes, the figure for water fraction by weight was found to be 48 ±6% for females and 58 ±8% water for males.[8] Water is ~11% hydrogen by mass but ~67% hydrogen by atomic percent, and these numbers along with the complementary % numbers for oxygen in water, are the largest contributors to overall mass and atomic composition figures. Because of water content, the human body contains more oxygen by mass than any other element, but more hydrogen by atom-fraction than any element.

The elements listed below as "Essential in humans" are those listed by the US Food and Drug Administration as essential nutrients,[9] as well as six additional elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (the fundamental building blocks of life on Earth), sulfur (essential to all cells) and cobalt (a necessary component of vitamin B12). Elements listed as "Possibly" or "Probably" essential are those cited by the US National Research Council as beneficial to human health and possibly or probably essential.[10]

Atomic number Element Fraction of mass
[11][12][13][14][15][16]		 Mass (kg)[17] Atomic percent Essential in humans[18] Negative effects of excess Group
8 Oxygen 0.65 45 24 Yes (e.g. water, electron acceptor)[19] Reactive oxygen species 16
6 Carbon 0.18 13 12 Yes[19] (organic compounds) 14
1 Hydrogen 0.10 7 62 Yes[19] (e.g. water) Acidosis 1
7 Nitrogen 0.02–0.03 1.8 1.1 Yes[19] (e.g. DNA and amino acids) 15
20 Calcium 0.011–0.015 1.0 0.22 Yes[19][20][21] (e.g. Calmodulin and Hydroxylapatite in bones) Hypercalcaemia 2
15 Phosphorus 5–7×10−3 [22] 0.78 0.22 Yes[19][20][21] (e.g. DNA, Phospholipids and Phosphorylation) Hyperphosphatemia 15
19 Potassium 1.5–2×10−3[23] 0.14 0.033 Yes[19][20] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) Hyperkalemia 1
16 Sulfur 2.5×10−3 0.14 0.038 Yes[19] (e.g. Cysteine, Methionine, Biotin, Thiamine) Sulfhemoglobinemia 16
11 Sodium 1.5×10−3 0.10 0.037 Yes[20] (e.g. Na+/K+-ATPase) Hypernatremia 1
17 Chlorine 1.5×10−3 0.095 0.024 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Cl-transporting ATPase) Hyperchloremia 17
12 Magnesium 500×10−6 0.019 0.0070 Yes[20][21] (e.g. binding to ATP and other nucleotides) Hypermagnesemia 2
26 Iron* 60×10−6 0.0042 0.00067 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Hemoglobin, Cytochromes) Iron overload 8
9 Fluorine 37×10−6 0.0026 0.0012 Yes (AUS, NZ),[24] No (US, EU),[25][26] Maybe (WHO)[27] Fluorine: Highly toxic

Fluoride: Toxic in high amounts

17
30 Zinc 32×10−6 0.0023 0.00031 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Zinc finger proteins) Zinc toxicity 12
14 Silicon 20×10−6 0.0010 0.0058 Probably[28] 14
31 Gallium 4.9×10−6 0.0007 0.00093 No Gallium halide poisoning[29] 13
37 Rubidium 4.6×10−6 0.00068 0.000033 No Potassium replacement 1
38 Strontium 4.6×10−6 0.00032 0.000033 No Calcium replacement 2
35 Bromine 2.9×10−6 0.00026 0.000030 Maybe[30] Bromism 17
82 Lead 1.7×10−6 0.00012 0.0000045 No Lead poisoning 14
29 Copper 1×10−6 0.000072 0.0000104 Yes[20][21] (e.g. copper proteins) Copper toxicity 11
13 Aluminium 870×10−9 0.000060 0.000015 No Aluminium poisoning 13
48 Cadmium 720×10−9 0.000050 0.0000045 No Cadmium poisoning 12
58 Cerium 570×10−9 0.000040 No
56 Barium 310×10−9 0.000022 0.0000012 No toxic in higher amounts 2
50 Tin 240×10−9 0.000020 6.0×10−7 Maybe[1] 14
53 Iodine 160×10−9 0.000020 7.5×10−7 Yes[20][21] (e.g. thyroxine, triiodothyronine) Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism 17
22 Titanium 130×10−9 0.000020 No 4
5 Boron 690×10−9 0.000018 0.0000030 Probably[10][31] 13
34 Selenium 190×10−9 0.000015 4.5×10−8 Yes[20][21] (e.g. selenocysteine) Selenium toxicity 16
28 Nickel 140×10−9 0.000015 0.0000015 Maybe[1] Nickel Toxicity 10
24 Chromium 24×10−9 0.000014 8.9×10−8 Maybe[1][20][21] 6
25 Manganese 170×10−9 0.000012 0.0000015 Yes[20][21] (e.g. Mn-SOD) Manganism 7
33 Arsenic 260×10−9 0.000007 8.9×10−8 Maybe[1][2] Arsenic poisoning 15
3 Lithium 31×10−9 0.000007 0.0000015 Possibly (intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes, hormones and vitamins) Lithium toxicity 1
80 Mercury 190×10−9 0.000006 8.9×10−8 No Mercury poisoning 12
55 Caesium 21×10−9 0.000006 1.0×10−7 No 1
42 Molybdenum 130×10−9 0.000005 4.5×10−8 Yes[20][21] (e.g. the molybdenum oxotransferases, Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase) 6
32 Germanium 5×10−6 No 14
27 Cobalt 21×10−9 0.000003 3.0×10−7 Yes (e.g. Cobalamin/Vitamin B12)[32][33] 9
44 Ruthenium 22×10−9 0.000007 No [34] 8
51 Antimony 110×10−9 0.000002 No toxic 15
47 Silver 10×10−9 0.000002 No 11
41 Niobium 1600×10−9 0.0000015 No 5
40 Zirconium 6×10−9 0.000001 3.0×10−7 No 4
57 Lanthanum 1370×10−9 8×10−7 No
52 Tellurium 120×10−9 7×10−7 No 16
39 Yttrium 6×10−7 No 3
83 Bismuth 5×10−7 No 15
81 Thallium 5×10−7 No highly toxic 13
49 Indium 4×10−7 No 13
79 Gold 3×10−9 2×10−7 3.0×10−7 No uncoated nanoparticles possibly genotoxic[35][36][37] 11
21 Scandium 2×10−7 No 3
73 Tantalum 2×10−7 No 5
23 Vanadium 260×10−9 0.000020 1.2×10−8 Possibly[10] (suggested osteo-metabolism (bone) growth factor) 5
90 Thorium 1×10−7 No toxic, radioactive
92 Uranium 1×10−7 3.0×10−9 No toxic, radioactive
62 Samarium 5.0×10−8 No
74 Tungsten 2.0×10−8 No 6
4 Beryllium 3.6×10−8 4.5×10−8 No toxic in higher amounts 2
88 Radium 3×10−14 1×10−17 No toxic, radioactive 2
2 Helium 20.39×10−21 2.4×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18
10 Neon 8.5×10−23 1×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18
18 Argon 4.25×10−23 0.5×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18
36 Krypton 2.125×10−23 0.25×10−14 1×10−17 No noble gas 18

*Iron = ~3 g in males, ~2.3 g in females

Of the 94 naturally occurring chemical elements, 61 are listed in the table above. Of the remaining 33, it is not known how many occur in the human body.

Most of the elements needed for life are relatively common in the Earth's crust. Aluminium, the third most common element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon), serves no function in living cells, but is toxic in large amounts, depending on its physical and chemical forms and magnitude, duration, frequency of exposure, and how it was absorbed by the human body.[38] Transferrins can bind aluminium.[39]

Periodic table edit

Essential elements for higher organisms (eucarya).[40][41][42][30][43]
H   He
Li Be   B C N O F Ne
Na Mg   Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Legend:
  The four basic organic elements
  Quantity elements
  Essential trace elements
  Essentiality or function debated

Composition edit

The composition of the human body can be classified as follows:

The estimated contents of a typical 20-micrometre human cell is as follows:[44]

Compound type Percent of mass Mol. weight (daltons) Compound Percent of molecules
Water 65 18 1.74×1014 98.73
Other inorganics 1.5 N/A 1.31×1012 0.74
Lipids 12 N/A 8.4×1011 0.475
Other organics 0.4 N/A 7.7×1010 0.044
Protein 20 N/A 1.9×1010 0.011
RNA 1.0 N/A 5×107 3×10−5
DNA 0.1 1×1011 46 3×10−11

Tissues edit

The main cellular components of the human body[45][46][47]
  Cell type % mass % cell count
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 4.2 85.0
Muscle cells 28.6 0.001
Adipocytes (fat cells) 18.6 0.2
Other cells 14.3 14.8
Extracellular components 34.3 -

Body composition can also be expressed in terms of various types of material, such as:

Composition by cell type edit

Main article: List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
Main article: Human microbiome § Relative numbers

There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, there are roughly as many microbial as human cells in the human body by number.[45][48][49][50][51] (much less by mass or volume). Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans are called commensal organisms.

See also edit

References edit

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January 01, 1970
composition, human, body, confused, with, human, anatomy, body, composition, physical, fitness, body, composition, analyzed, various, ways, this, done, terms, chemical, elements, present, molecular, structure, water, protein, fats, lipids, hydroxylapatite, bon. Not to be confused with Human anatomy or Body composition physical fitness Body composition may be analyzed in various ways This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present or by molecular structure e g water protein fats or lipids hydroxylapatite in bones carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose and DNA In terms of tissue type the body may be analyzed into water fat connective tissue muscle bone etc In terms of cell type the body contains hundreds of different types of cells but notably the largest number of cells contained in a human body though not the largest mass of cells are not human cells but bacteria residing in the normal human gastrointestinal tract Pie charts of typical human body composition by percent of mass and by percent of atomic composition atomic percent Contents 1 Elements 1 1 Other elements 1 2 Elemental composition list 1 3 Periodic table 2 Composition 3 Tissues 3 1 Composition by cell type 4 See also 5 ReferencesElements editThe main elements that comprise the human body including water can be summarized as CHNOPS nbsp Element Symbol percentmass percentatoms Oxygen O 65 0 24 0 Carbon C 18 5 12 0 Hydrogen H 9 5 62 0 Nitrogen N 2 6 1 1 Calcium Ca 1 3 0 22 Phosphorus P 0 6 0 22 Potassium K 0 2 0 03 Sulfur S 0 3 0 038 Sodium Na 0 2 0 037 Chlorine Cl 0 2 0 024 Magnesium Mg 0 1 0 015 All others lt 0 1 lt 0 3 nbsp Parts per million cube of relative abundance by mass of elements in an average adult human body down to 1 ppm About 99 of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen calcium and phosphorus Only about 0 85 is composed of another five elements potassium sulfur sodium chlorine and magnesium All 11 are necessary for life The remaining elements are trace elements of which more than a dozen are thought on the basis of good evidence to be necessary for life 1 All of the mass of the trace elements put together less than 10 grams for a human body do not add up to the body mass of magnesium the least common of the 11 non trace elements Other elements edit Not all elements which are found in the human body in trace quantities play a role in life Some of these elements are thought to be simple common contaminants without function examples caesium titanium while many others are thought to be active toxins depending on amount cadmium mercury lead radioactives In humans arsenic is toxic and its levels in foods and dietary supplements are closely monitored to reduce or eliminate its intake 2 Some elements silicon boron nickel vanadium are probably needed by mammals also but in far smaller doses Bromine is used by some though not all bacteria fungi diatoms and seaweeds and opportunistically in eosinophils in humans One study has indicated bromine to be necessary to collagen IV synthesis in humans 3 Fluorine is used by a number of plants to manufacture toxins but only functions in humans as a local topical hardening agent in tooth enamel 4 Elemental composition list edit Main article mineral nutrient The average 70 kg 150 lb adult human body contains approximately 7 1027 atoms and contains at least detectable traces of 60 chemical elements 5 About 29 of these elements are thought to play an active positive role in life and health in humans 6 The relative amounts of each element vary by individual mainly due to differences in the proportion of fat muscle and bone in their body Persons with more fat will have a higher proportion of carbon and a lower proportion of most other elements the proportion of hydrogen will be about the same The numbers in the table are averages of different numbers reported by different references The adult human body averages 53 water 7 This varies substantially by age sex and adiposity In a large sample of adults of all ages and both sexes the figure for water fraction by weight was found to be 48 6 for females and 58 8 water for males 8 Water is 11 hydrogen by mass but 67 hydrogen by atomic percent and these numbers along with the complementary numbers for oxygen in water are the largest contributors to overall mass and atomic composition figures Because of water content the human body contains more oxygen by mass than any other element but more hydrogen by atom fraction than any element The elements listed below as Essential in humans are those listed by the US Food and Drug Administration as essential nutrients 9 as well as six additional elements oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen the fundamental building blocks of life on Earth sulfur essential to all cells and cobalt a necessary component of vitamin B12 Elements listed as Possibly or Probably essential are those cited by the US National Research Council as beneficial to human health and possibly or probably essential 10 Atomic number Element Fraction of mass 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mass kg 17 Atomic percent Essential in humans 18 Negative effects of excess Group 8 Oxygen 0 65 45 24 Yes e g water electron acceptor 19 Reactive oxygen species 16 6 Carbon 0 18 13 12 Yes 19 organic compounds 14 1 Hydrogen 0 10 7 62 Yes 19 e g water Acidosis 1 7 Nitrogen 0 02 0 03 1 8 1 1 Yes 19 e g DNA and amino acids 15 20 Calcium 0 011 0 015 1 0 0 22 Yes 19 20 21 e g Calmodulin and Hydroxylapatite in bones Hypercalcaemia 2 15 Phosphorus 5 7 10 3 22 0 78 0 22 Yes 19 20 21 e g DNA Phospholipids and Phosphorylation Hyperphosphatemia 15 19 Potassium 1 5 2 10 3 23 0 14 0 033 Yes 19 20 e g Na K ATPase Hyperkalemia 1 16 Sulfur 2 5 10 3 0 14 0 038 Yes 19 e g Cysteine Methionine Biotin Thiamine Sulfhemoglobinemia 16 11 Sodium 1 5 10 3 0 10 0 037 Yes 20 e g Na K ATPase Hypernatremia 1 17 Chlorine 1 5 10 3 0 095 0 024 Yes 20 21 e g Cl transporting ATPase Hyperchloremia 17 12 Magnesium 500 10 6 0 019 0 0070 Yes 20 21 e g binding to ATP and other nucleotides Hypermagnesemia 2 26 Iron 60 10 6 0 0042 0 00067 Yes 20 21 e g Hemoglobin Cytochromes Iron overload 8 9 Fluorine 37 10 6 0 0026 0 0012 Yes AUS NZ 24 No US EU 25 26 Maybe WHO 27 Fluorine Highly toxic Fluoride Toxic in high amounts 17 30 Zinc 32 10 6 0 0023 0 00031 Yes 20 21 e g Zinc finger proteins Zinc toxicity 12 14 Silicon 20 10 6 0 0010 0 0058 Probably 28 14 31 Gallium 4 9 10 6 0 0007 0 00093 No Gallium halide poisoning 29 13 37 Rubidium 4 6 10 6 0 00068 0 000033 No Potassium replacement 1 38 Strontium 4 6 10 6 0 00032 0 000033 No Calcium replacement 2 35 Bromine 2 9 10 6 0 00026 0 000030 Maybe 30 Bromism 17 82 Lead 1 7 10 6 0 00012 0 0000045 No Lead poisoning 14 29 Copper 1 10 6 0 000072 0 0000104 Yes 20 21 e g copper proteins Copper toxicity 11 13 Aluminium 870 10 9 0 000060 0 000015 No Aluminium poisoning 13 48 Cadmium 720 10 9 0 000050 0 0000045 No Cadmium poisoning 12 58 Cerium 570 10 9 0 000040 No 56 Barium 310 10 9 0 000022 0 0000012 No toxic in higher amounts 2 50 Tin 240 10 9 0 000020 6 0 10 7 Maybe 1 14 53 Iodine 160 10 9 0 000020 7 5 10 7 Yes 20 21 e g thyroxine triiodothyronine Iodine induced hyperthyroidism 17 22 Titanium 130 10 9 0 000020 No 4 5 Boron 690 10 9 0 000018 0 0000030 Probably 10 31 13 34 Selenium 190 10 9 0 000015 4 5 10 8 Yes 20 21 e g selenocysteine Selenium toxicity 16 28 Nickel 140 10 9 0 000015 0 0000015 Maybe 1 Nickel Toxicity 10 24 Chromium 24 10 9 0 000014 8 9 10 8 Maybe 1 20 21 6 25 Manganese 170 10 9 0 000012 0 0000015 Yes 20 21 e g Mn SOD Manganism 7 33 Arsenic 260 10 9 0 000007 8 9 10 8 Maybe 1 2 Arsenic poisoning 15 3 Lithium 31 10 9 0 000007 0 0000015 Possibly intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes hormones and vitamins Lithium toxicity 1 80 Mercury 190 10 9 0 000006 8 9 10 8 No Mercury poisoning 12 55 Caesium 21 10 9 0 000006 1 0 10 7 No 1 42 Molybdenum 130 10 9 0 000005 4 5 10 8 Yes 20 21 e g the molybdenum oxotransferases Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase 6 32 Germanium 5 10 6 No 14 27 Cobalt 21 10 9 0 000003 3 0 10 7 Yes e g Cobalamin Vitamin B12 32 33 9 44 Ruthenium 22 10 9 0 000007 No 34 8 51 Antimony 110 10 9 0 000002 No toxic 15 47 Silver 10 10 9 0 000002 No 11 41 Niobium 1600 10 9 0 0000015 No 5 40 Zirconium 6 10 9 0 000001 3 0 10 7 No 4 57 Lanthanum 1370 10 9 8 10 7 No 52 Tellurium 120 10 9 7 10 7 No 16 39 Yttrium 6 10 7 No 3 83 Bismuth 5 10 7 No 15 81 Thallium 5 10 7 No highly toxic 13 49 Indium 4 10 7 No 13 79 Gold 3 10 9 2 10 7 3 0 10 7 No uncoated nanoparticles possibly genotoxic 35 36 37 11 21 Scandium 2 10 7 No 3 73 Tantalum 2 10 7 No 5 23 Vanadium 260 10 9 0 000020 1 2 10 8 Possibly 10 suggested osteo metabolism bone growth factor 5 90 Thorium 1 10 7 No toxic radioactive 92 Uranium 1 10 7 3 0 10 9 No toxic radioactive 62 Samarium 5 0 10 8 No 74 Tungsten 2 0 10 8 No 6 4 Beryllium 3 6 10 8 4 5 10 8 No toxic in higher amounts 2 88 Radium 3 10 14 1 10 17 No toxic radioactive 2 2 Helium 20 39 10 21 2 4 10 14 1 10 17 No noble gas 18 10 Neon 8 5 10 23 1 10 14 1 10 17 No noble gas 18 18 Argon 4 25 10 23 0 5 10 14 1 10 17 No noble gas 18 36 Krypton 2 125 10 23 0 25 10 14 1 10 17 No noble gas 18 Iron 3 g in males 2 3 g in femalesOf the 94 naturally occurring chemical elements 61 are listed in the table above Of the remaining 33 it is not known how many occur in the human body Most of the elements needed for life are relatively common in the Earth s crust Aluminium the third most common element in the Earth s crust after oxygen and silicon serves no function in living cells but is toxic in large amounts depending on its physical and chemical forms and magnitude duration frequency of exposure and how it was absorbed by the human body 38 Transferrins can bind aluminium 39 Periodic table edit Essential elements for higher organisms eucarya 40 41 42 30 43 vte H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Legend The four basic organic elements Quantity elements Essential trace elements Essentiality or function debatedComposition editThe composition of the human body can be classified as follows Water Proteins Fats or lipids Hydroxyapatite in bones Carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose DNA and RNA Inorganic ions such as sodium potassium chloride bicarbonate phosphate Gases mainly being oxygen carbon dioxide Many cofactors The estimated contents of a typical 20 micrometre human cell is as follows 44 Compound type Percent of mass Mol weight daltons Compound Percent of molecules Water 65 18 1 74 1014 98 73 Other inorganics 1 5 N A 1 31 1012 0 74 Lipids 12 N A 8 4 1011 0 475 Other organics 0 4 N A 7 7 1010 0 044 Protein 20 N A 1 9 1010 0 011 RNA 1 0 N A 5 107 3 10 5 DNA 0 1 1 1011 46 3 10 11Tissues editThe main cellular components of the human body 45 46 47 nbsp Cell type mass cell count Erythrocytes red blood cells 4 2 85 0 Muscle cells 28 6 0 001 Adipocytes fat cells 18 6 0 2 Other cells 14 3 14 8 Extracellular components 34 3 Body composition can also be expressed in terms of various types of material such as Muscle Fat Bone and teeth Nervous tissue brain and nerves Hormones Connective tissue Body fluids blood lymph urine Contents of digestive tract including intestinal gas Air in lungs Epithelium Composition by cell type edit Main article List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Main article Human microbiome Relative numbers There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body In fact there are roughly as many microbial as human cells in the human body by number 45 48 49 50 51 much less by mass or volume Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health Those that neither help nor harm humans are called commensal organisms See also editList of organs of the human body Hydrostatic weighing Dietary element Composition of blood List of human blood components Body composition Abundance of elements in Earth s crust Abundance of the chemical elementsReferences edit a b c d e Zoroddu MA Aaseth J Crisponi G Medici S Peana M Nurchi VM June 2019 The essential metals for humans a brief overview Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 195 120 129 doi 10 1016 j jinorgbio 2019 03 013 PMID 30939379 S2CID 92997696 via Elsevier a b Arsenic in Food and Dietary Supplements US Food and Drug Administration 22 May 2019 Retrieved 20 August 2019 McCall AS Cummings CF Bhave G Vanacore R Page McCaw A Hudson BG 2014 Bromine Is an Essential Trace Element for Assembly of Collagen IV Scaffolds in Tissue Development and Architecture Cell 157 6 1380 92 doi 10 1016 j cell 2014 05 009 PMC 4144415 PMID 24906154 Nelson DL Cox MM 2021 Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 8th ed New York Macmillan ISBN 978 1 319 23090 6 Questions and Answers How many atoms are in the human body education jlab org Retrieved 4 April 2023 Ultratrace minerals Authors Nielsen Forrest H USDA ARS Source Modern nutrition in health and disease editors Maurice E Shils et al Baltimore Williams amp Wilkins c 1999 p 283 303 Issue Date 1999 URI 1 Use WP CALC for the mean of means for males and females since the two groups are of about equal size See table 1 here Guidance for Industry A Food Labeling Guide 14 Appendix F US Food and Drug Administration 1 January 2013 Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 a b c Institute of Medicine 29 September 2006 Dietary Reference Intakes The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements National Academies Press pp 313 19 415 22 ISBN 978 0 309 15742 1 Retrieved 21 June 2016 Chang R 2007 Chemistry Ninth Edition McGraw Hill p 52 ISBN 978 0 07 110595 8 Elemental Composition of the Human Body Archived 2018 12 18 at the Wayback Machine by Ed Uthman MD Retrieved 17 June 2016 Frausto Da Silva JJ Williams RJ 2001 08 16 The Biological Chemistry of the Elements The Inorganic Chemistry of Life OUP Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 850848 9 Zumdahl SS 2000 Chemistry Fifth Edition Houghton Mifflin Company p 894 ISBN 978 0 395 98581 6 Cohn S Vaswani A Zanzi I Aloia J Roginsky M Ellis K January 1976 Changes in body chemical composition with age measured by total body neutron activation Metabolism 25 1 85 96 doi 10 1016 0026 0495 76 90163 3 PMID 1246210 Aloia JF Vaswani A Ma R Flaster E March 1997 Comparison of body composition in black and white premenopausal women Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 129 3 294 299 doi 10 1016 S0022 2143 97 90177 3 PMID 9042814 Emsley J 25 August 2011 Nature s Building Blocks An A Z Guide to the Elements OUP Oxford p 83 ISBN 978 0 19 960563 7 Retrieved 17 June 2016 Nielsen FH Ultratrace minerals Modern nutrition in health and disease editors Maurice E Shils et al Retrieved 4 April 2023 via PubAg a b c d e f g h Salm S Allen D Nester E Anderson D 9 January 2015 Nester s Microbiology A Human Perspective Mcgraw hill Us Higher Ed p 21 ISBN 978 0 07 773093 2 Retrieved 19 June 2016 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances Food and Nutrition Board Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council 1 February 1989 9 10 Recommended Dietary Allowances 10th Edition National Academies Press ISBN 978 0 309 04633 6 Retrieved 18 June 2016 a b c d e f g h i j k l Federal Register Request Access unblock federalregister gov Retrieved 4 April 2023 Arunabh S Feuerman M Ma R Aloia JF February 2002 Total body phosphorus in healthy women and ethnic variations Metabolism 51 2 180 183 doi 10 1053 meta 2002 29984 PMID 11833045 Shypailo RJ Wong WW 2020 Fat and fat free mass index references in children and young adults assessments along racial and ethnic lines The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112 3 566 575 doi 10 1093 ajcn nqaa128 PMID 32469402 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council NHMRC and New Zealand Ministry of Health MoH Fluoride in Drinking Water A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride PDF EFSA Journal 11 8 3332 2013 doi 10 2903 j efsa 2013 3332 ISSN 1831 4732 WHO SDE WSH 03 04 96 Fluoride in Drinking water PDF Retrieved 4 April 2023 Muhammad Ansar Farooq Karl Josef Dietz 2015 Silicon as Versatile Player in Plant and Human Biology Overlooked and Poorly Understood Front Plant Sci 6 994 994 doi 10 3389 fpls 2015 00994 PMC 4641902 PMID 26617630 Ivanoff CS Ivanoff AE Hottel TL February 2012 Gallium poisoning a rare case report Food Chem Toxicol 50 2 212 5 doi 10 1016 j fct 2011 10 041 PMID 22024274 a b McCall AS Cummings CF Bhave G Vanacore R Page McCaw A Hudson BG June 2014 Bromine is an essential trace element for assembly of collagen IV scaffolds in tissue development and architecture Cell 157 6 1380 92 doi 10 1016 j cell 2014 05 009 PMC 4144415 PMID 24906154 Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Mineral 2003 boron p 164 71 nickel p 225 31 EVM Food Standards Agency UK ISBN 1 904026 11 7 Yamada K 2013 Cobalt Its Role in Health and Disease Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases Metal Ions in Life Sciences Vol 13 pp 295 320 doi 10 1007 978 94 007 7500 8 9 ISBN 978 94 007 7499 5 ISSN 1559 0836 PMID 24470095 Banci L 18 April 2013 Metallomics and the Cell Springer Science amp Business Media pp 333 368 ISBN 978 94 007 5561 1 Retrieved 19 June 2016 Toeniskoetter S 2020 Ruthenium Biochemical Periodic Table Fratoddi I Venditti I Cametti C Russo MV 2015 How toxic are gold nanoparticles The state of the art Nano Research 8 6 1771 1799 doi 10 1007 s12274 014 0697 3 hdl 11573 780610 ISSN 1998 0124 S2CID 84837060 Scientific Opinion on the re evaluation of gold E 175 as a food additive EFSA Journal 14 1 4362 2016 doi 10 2903 j efsa 2016 4362 ISSN 1831 4732 Hillyer JF Albrecht RM 2001 Gastrointestinal persorption and tissue distribution of differently sized colloidal gold nanoparticles Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 90 12 1927 1936 doi 10 1002 jps 1143 ISSN 0022 3549 PMID 11745751 Willhite CC Karyakina NA Yokel RA Yenugadhati N Wisniewski TM Arnold IM et al 2014 09 18 Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum aluminum oxides aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts Critical Reviews in Toxicology 44 sup4 1 80 doi 10 3109 10408444 2014 934439 ISSN 1040 8444 PMC 4997813 PMID 25233067 Mizutani K Mikami B Aibara S Hirose M 2005 Structure of aluminium bound ovotransferrin at 2 15 A resolution Acta Crystallographica Section D 61 12 1636 42 doi 10 1107 S090744490503266X PMID 16301797 Ultratrace minerals Authors Nielsen Forrest H USDA ARS Source Modern nutrition in health and disease editors Maurice E Shils et al Baltimore Williams amp Wilkins c1999 p 283 303 Issue Date 1999 URI 2 Szklarska D Rzymski P May 2019 Is Lithium a Micronutrient From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification Biol Trace Elem Res 189 1 18 27 doi 10 1007 s12011 018 1455 2 PMC 6443601 PMID 30066063 Enderle J Klink U di Giuseppe R Koch M Seidel U Weber K et al August 2020 Plasma Lithium Levels in a General Population A Cross Sectional Analysis of Metabolic and Dietary Correlates Nutrients 12 8 2489 doi 10 3390 nu12082489 PMC 7468710 PMID 32824874 Zoroddu MA Aaseth J Crisponi G Medici S Peana M Nurchi VM 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American Academy of Microbiology FAQ Human Microbiome Archived 31 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine January 2014 Judah L Rosner for Microbe Magazine February 2014 Ten Times More Microbial Cells than Body Cells in Humans Gilbert J Blaser MJ Caporaso JG Jansson J Lynch SV Knight R 2018 04 10 Current understanding of the human microbiome Nature Medicine 24 4 392 400 doi 10 1038 nm 4517 ISSN 1078 8956 PMC 7043356 PMID 29634682 Sender R Fuchs S Milo R January 2016 Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans Cell 164 3 337 40 doi 10 1016 j cell 2016 01 013 PMID 26824647 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Composition of the human body amp oldid 1215789783, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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