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Reference ranges for blood tests

April 21, 2023

Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.[1]

Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).[2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.[citation needed]

Plasma or whole blood

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:[3]

  • All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
  • All values in Hematology – white blood cells
  • Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

Arterial or venous

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.[citation needed]

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[6] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[6]

Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.[7][8][9]

Variability

Further information: Reference range

References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,[10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity.[11] Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.[12]

Sorted by concentration

By mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.

 
Reference ranges for blood tests, sorted logarithmically by mass above the scale and by molarity below. (A separate printable image is available for mass and molarity)

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:

  • Numerically:
 
  • Measured directly in distance on the scales:
 ,

where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,[13] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left. Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By units

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

 

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

 

White blood cells

 

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metal and Metals in medicine

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit* Comments
Sodium (Na) 135,[14] 137[5][15] 145,[5][15] 147[14] mmol/L or mEq/L[14] See hyponatremia or hypernatremia
310,[16] 320[16] 330,[16] 340[16] mg/dL
Potassium (K) 3.5,[5][14] 3.6[15] 5.0,[5][14][15] 5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[14] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
14[17] 20[17] mg/dL
Chloride (Cl) 95,[14] 98,[18] 100[5] 105,[14] 106,[18] 110[5] mmol/L or mEq/L[14] See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia
340[19] 370[19] mg/dL
Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03,[20] 1.10[5] 1.23,[20] 1.30[5] mmol/L See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
4.1,[21] 4.4[21] 4.9,[21] 5.2[21] mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca) 2.1,[14][22] 2.2[5] 2.5,[5][22] 2.6,[22] 2.8[14] mmol/L
8.4,[14] 8.5[23] 10.2,[14] 10.5[23] mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) – male 65,[24] 76[15] 176,[24] 198[15] µg/dL See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia
11.6,[25][26] 13.6[26] 30,[25] 32,[26] 35[26] μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female 26,[15] 50[24] 170[15][24] µg/dL
4.6,[26] 8.9[25] 30.4[25] μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns 100[24] 250[24] µg/dL
18[26] 45[26] µmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – children 50[24] 120[24] µg/dL
9[26] 21[26] µmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240,[24] 262[15] 450,[24] 474[15] μg/dL
43,[26] 47[26] 81,[26] 85[26] µmol/L
Transferrin 190,[27] 194,[5] 204[15] 326,[5] 330,[27] 360[15] mg/dL
25[28] 45[28] μmol/L
Transferrin saturation 20[24] 50[24] %
Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females 12[29] 300[29][30] ng/mL or µg/L
27[31] 670[31] pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females 12[29] 150[29] – 200[30] ng/mL or µg/L
27[31] 330[31] – 440[31] pmol/L
Ammonia 10,[32] 20[33] 35,[32] 65[33] μmol/L See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia
17,[34] 34[34] 60,[34] 110[34] μg/dL
Copper (Cu) 70[23] 150[23] µg/dL See hypocupremia or hypercupremia
11[35][36] 24[35] μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin 15[23] 60[23] mg/dL
1[37] 4[37] μmol/L
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5[38] mmol/L See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[14] 1.5[14] mmol/L
3.0[14] 4.5[14] mg/dL
Zinc (Zn) 60,[39] 72[40] 110,[40] 130[39] μg/dL See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning
9.2,[41] 11[5] 17,[5] 20[41] µmol/L
Magnesium 1.5,[23] 1.7[42] 2.0,[23] 2.3[42] mEq/L or mg/dL See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia
0.6,[43] 0.7[5] 0.82,[43] 0.95[5] mmol/L
  • Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.

Acid–base and blood gases

Further information: Acid–base homeostasis
Further information: Arterial blood gas

If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.

Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.[6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[44]

Test Arterial/Venous Lower limit Upper limit Unit
pH Arterial 7.34,[15] 7.35[14] 7.44,[15] 7.45[14]
Venous 7.31[45] 7.41[45]
[H+] Arterial 36[14] 44[14] nmol/L
3.6[46] 4.4[46] ng/dL
Base excess Arterial & venous[45] −3[45] +3[45] mEq/L
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2) Arterial pO2 10,[14] 11[47] 13,[47] 14[14] kPa
75,[14][15] 83[23] 100,[15] 105[14] mmHg or torr
Venous 4.0[47] 5.3[47] kPa
30[45] 40[45] mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation Arterial 94,[45] 95,[18] 96[23] 100[18][23] %
Venous Approximately 75[18]
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) Arterial PaCO2 4.4,[14] 4.7[47] 5.9,[14] 6.0[47] kPa
33,[14] 35[15] 44,[14] 45[15] mmHg or torr
Venous 5.5,[47] 6.8[47] kPa
41[45] 51[45] mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2) Arterial 23[45] 30[45] mmol/L
100[48] 132[48] mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) Arterial & venous 18[23] 23[23] mmol/L
110[49] 140[49] mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) Arterial & venous 21, 22[14] 27, 28[14] mmol/L or mEq/L[14]
134[49] 170[49] mg/dL

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Total protein (TotPro) 60,[14] 63[15] 78,[14] 82,[15] 84[23] g/L See serum total protein Interpretation
Albumin 35[14][50] 48,[15] 55[14] g/L See hypoalbuminemia
3.5[15] 4.8,[15] 5.5[14] U/L
540[51] 740[51] μmol/L
Globulins 23[14] 35[14] g/L
Total bilirubin 1.7,[52] 2,[14] 3.4,[52] 5[5] 17,[14][52] 22,[52] 25[5] μmol/L
0.1,[14] 0.2,[15] 0.29[53] 1.0,[14][23] 1.3,[15] 1.4[53] mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin 0.0[14] or N/A[5] 5,[14] 7[5][52] μmol/L
0[14][15] 0.3,[14][15] 0.4[23] mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[5]) 5,[54] 7,[15] 8[14] 20,[14] 21,[18] 56[15] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Female 0.15[5] 0.75[5] µkat/L
Male 0.15[5] 1.1[5]
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[5]) Female 6[55] 34[55] IU/L Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
0.25[5] 0.60[5] µkat/L
Male 8[55] 40[55] IU/L
0.25[5] 0.75[5] µkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 0.6[5] 1.8[5] µkat/L
Female 42[54] 98[54] U/L
Male 53[54] 128[54]
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 5,[54] 8[15] 40,[54] 78[15] U/L
Female 0.63[56] µkat/L
Male 0.92[56] µkat/L

Cardiac tests

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) Male 24,[57] 38,[15] 60[54] 174,[23] 320[54] U/L or ng/mL
0.42[58] 1.5[58] µkat/L
Female 24,[57] 38,[15] 96[23] 140,[23] 200[54] U/L or ng/mL
0.17[58] 1.17[58] µkat/L
CK-MB 0 3,[15] 3.8,[5] 5[54] ng/mL or μg/L[5]
Myoglobin Female 1[59] 66[59] ng/mL or µg/L
Male 17[59] 106[59]
Cardiac troponin T (low sensitive) 0.1[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin I

(high sensitive)

0.03[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive) Male 0.022[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
Female 0.014[7] ng/mL 99th percentile cutoff
newborn/infants not established more than adults [60][61]
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
-more detailed ranges in BNP article
Interpretation Range / Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely < 100 pg/mL[8][9]
"Gray zone" 100–500 pg/mL[8][9]
Congestive heart failure likely > 500 pg/mL[8][9]
NT-proBNP
-more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article
Interpretation Age Cutoff
Congestive heart failure likely < 75 years > 125 pg/mL[62]
> 75 years > 450pg/mL[62]

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Therapeutic target
Triglycerides 10–39 years 54[23] 110[23] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[63]
or 1.1 mmol/L[63]
0.61[64] 1.2[64] mmol/L
40–59 years 70[23] 150[23] mg/dL
0.77[64] 1.7[64] mmol/L
> 60 years 80[23] 150[23] mg/dL
0.9[64] 1.7[64] mmol/L
Total cholesterol 3.0,[65] 3.6[14][65] 5.0,[5][66] 6.5[14] mmol/L < 3.9 mmol/L[63]
120,[15] 140[14] 200,[15] 250[14] mg/dL < 150 mg/dL[63]
HDL cholesterol Female 1.0,[67] 1.2,[5] 1.3[65] 2.2[67] mmol/L > 1.0[67] or 1.6[65] mmol/L
40[68] or 60[69] mg/dL
40,[68] 50[70] 86[68] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol Male 0.9[5][67] 2.0[67] mmol/L
35[68] 80[68] mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		 2.0,[67] 2.4[66] 3.0,[5][66] 3.4[67] mmol/L < 2.5 mmol/L[67]
80,[68] 94[68] 120,[68] 130[68] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[68]
LDL/HDL quotient n/a 5[5] (unitless)

Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers
Test Patient type Cutoff Unit Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 44[15] ng/mL or µg/L Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) In males and non-pregnant females 5[15] IU/L or mU/mL choriocarcinoma
CA19-9 40[15] U/mL Pancreatic cancer
CA-125 30,[71] 35[72] kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Non-smokers, 50 years 3.4,[5] 3.6[73] μg/L
Non-smokers, 70 years 4.1[73]
Smokers 5[74]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) 40–49 years 1.2–2.9[75] μg/L[5][15] or ng/mL[23] More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels
70–79 years, non-African-American 4.0–9.0[75]
70–79 years, African-American 7.7–13[75]
PAP 3[23] units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin 5,[76] 15[76] ng/L or pg/mL Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[76]
More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Further information: Thyroid function tests
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)		 Adults –
standard range		 0.3,[5] 0.4,[15] 0.5,[23] 0.6[77] 4.0,[5] 4.5,[15] 6.0[23] mIU/L or μIU/mL
Adults –
optimal range		 0.3,[78] 0.5[79] 2.0,[79] 3.0[78]
Infants 1.3[80] 19[80]
Free thyroxine (FT4)
-more detailed ranges in
Thyroid function tests article
 Normal adult 0.7,[81] 0.8[15] 1.4,[81] 1.5,[15] 1.8[82] ng/dL
9,[5][83] 10,[84] 12[85] 18,[5][83] 23[85] pmol/L
Child/Adolescent
31 d – 18 y		 0.8[81] 2.0[81] ng/dL
10[83] 26[83] pmol/L
Pregnant 0.5[81] 1.0[81] ng/dL
6.5[83] 13[83] pmol/L
Total thyroxine 4,[84] 5.5[15] 11,[84] 12.3[15] μg/dL
60[84][85] 140,[84] 160[85] nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[84] 0.5[84] ng/dL
3.1[86] 7.7[86] pmol/L
Children 2-16 y 0.1[87] 0.6[87] ng/dL
1.5[86] 9.2[86] pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine 60,[15] 75[84] 175,[84] 181[15] ng/dL
0.9,[5] 1.1[84] 2.5,[5] 2.7[84] nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 12[15] 30[15] mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg) 1.5[84] 30[84] pmol/L
1[84] 20[84] μg/L

Sex hormones

Further information: Sex steroid

The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.

 
Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.[88]
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Dihydrotestosterone adult male 30 85 ng/dL
Testosterone Male, overall 8,[89] 10[90] 27,[89] 35[90] nmol/L
230,[91] 300[92] 780–1000[91][92] ng/dL
Male < 50 years 10[5] 45[5] nmol/L
290[91] 1300[91] ng/dL
Male > 50 years 6.2[5] 26[5] nmol/L
180[91] 740[91] ng/dL
Female 0.7[90] 2.8–3.0[90][5] nmol/L
20[92] 80–85[92][91] ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[23] 3.0[23] mg/L
0.18[93] 9.1[93] µmol/L
Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[23] 1.0[23] mg/L
0.6[93] 3.0[93] µmol/L
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges in separate diagram
 Prepubertal <1[94] 3[94] IU/L
Adult male 1[94] 8[94]
Adult female (follicular
and luteal phase)		 1[94] 11[94]
Adult female (Ovulation) 6[94]
95% PI (standard)		 26[94]
95% PI)
5[95]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 15[95]
(90% PI)
Post-menopausal female 30[94] 118[94]
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-more detailed menstrual cycle
ranges in separate diagram
 Female, peak 20[95]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 75[95]
(90% PI)		 IU/L
Female, post-menopausal 15[96] 60[96]
Male aged 18+ 2[97] 9[97]
Estradiol
(an estrogen)
-more detailed ranges in
estradiol article
 Adult male 50[98] 200[98] pmol/L
14[99] 55[99] pg/mL
Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase,
and luteal phase)		 70[98] 500,[98] 600[98] pmol/L
19[99] 140,[99] 160[99] pg/mL
Adult female – free (not protein bound) 0.5[100] 9[100] pg/mL
1.7[100] 33[100] pmol/L
Post-menopausal female N/A[98] < 130[98] pmol/L
N/A[99] < 35[99] pg/mL
Progesterone
-more detailed ranges
in Progesterone article
 Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23) 17,[95] 35[101] 92[101] nmol/L
6,[95] 11[102] 29[102] ng/mL
Androstenedione Adult male and female 60[96] 270[96] ng/dL
Post-menopausal female < 180[96]
Prepubertal < 60[96]
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
-more detailed ranges
in DHEA-S article
 Adult male and female 30[103] 400[103] µg/dL
SHBG
-more detailed ranges
in SHBG article
 Adult female 40[104] 120[104] nmol/L
Adult male 20[104] 60[104]
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
-more detailed ranges in
AMH article
 13–45 years 0.7[105] 20[105] ng/mL
5[106] 140[106] pmol/L

Other hormones

Further information: Hormones
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2.2[107] 13.3[107] pmol/L
20[15] 100[15] pg/mL
Cortisol 09:00 am 140[108] 700[108] nmol/L
5[109] 25[109] μg/dL
Midnight 80[108] 350[108] nmol/L
2.9[109] 13[109] μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[14] ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[14] n/a ng/mL
IGF-1
-more detailed ranges in
IGF-1 article
 Female, 20 yrs 110[110] 420[110] ng/mL
Female, 75 yrs 55[110] 220[110]
Male, 20 yrs 160[110] 390[110]
Male, 75 yrs 48[110] 200[110]
Prolactin
-more detailed ranges in
Prolactin article
 Female 71,[111] 105[111] 348,[111] 548[111] mIU/L
3.4,[111] 3.9[111] 16.4,[111] 20.3[111] µg/L
Male 58,[111] 89[111] 277,[111] 365[111] mIU/L
2.7,[111] 3.3[111] 13.0,[111] 13.5[111] µg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 10,[112] 17[113] 65,[112] 70[113] pg/mL
1.1,[5] 1.8[114] 6.9,[5] 7.5[114] pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
– Standard reference range		 8,[23][115] 9[115] 40,[115] 80[23] ng/mL
20,[116] 23[117] 95,[117] 150[116] nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
– Therapeutic target range		 30,[118] 40[119] 65,[119] 100[118] ng/mL
85,[63] 100[119] 120,[63] 160[119] nmol/L
Plasma renin activity 0.29,[120] 1.9[121] 3.7[120][121] ng/(mL·h)
3.3,[122] 21[123] 41[122][123] mcU/mL
Aldosterone
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone article
 Adult 19,[122] 34.0[122] ng/dL
530,[124] 940[124] pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
-more detailed ranges in
Aldosterone/renin ratio article
 Adult 13.1,[125] 35.0[125] ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
360,[125] 970[125] pmol/liter per µg/(L·h)

Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B12)-related amino acid homocysteine.

Test Patient type Standard range Optimal range Unit
Lower limit Upper limit Lower limit Upper limit
Vitamin A 30[23] 65[23] µg/dL
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Serum		 Age > 1 year 3.0[126] 16[126] 5[127] ng/mL or μg/L
6.8[128] 36[128] 11[128] nmol/L
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells		 200[126] 600[126] ng/mL or μg/L
450[128] 1400[128] nmol/L
Pregnant 400[126] ng/mL or μg/L
900[126] nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 130,[129] 160[130] 700,[129] 950[130] ng/L
100,[131] 120[5] 520,[131] 700[5] pmol/L
Homocysteine
-more detailed ranges in
Homocysteine article
 3.3,[132] 5.9[132] 7.2,[132] 15.3[132] 6.3[63] μmol/L
45,[133] 80[133] 100,[133] 210[133] 85[63] μg/dL
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 0.4[23] 1.5[23] 0.9[63] mg/dL
23[134] 85[134] 50[63] μmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) 8,[23][115] 9[115] 40,[115] 80[23] 30,[118] 40[119] 65,[119] 100[118] ng/mL
20,[116] 23[117] 95,[117] 150[116] 85,[63] 100[119] 120,[63] 160[119] nmol/L
Vitamin E 28[63] μmol/L
1.2[63] mg/dL

Toxins

Test Limit type Limit Unit
Lead Optimal health range < 20[18] or 40[23] µg/dL
Blood ethanol content Limit for drunk driving 0,[135] 0.2,[135] 0.8[135] ‰ or g/L
17.4[136] mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb) Male 2.0,[137] 2.1[14][138] 2.5,[137] 2.7[14][138] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
130,[5] 132,[15] 135[14] 162,[15] 170,[5] 175[14] g/L
Female 1.8,[137] 1.9[14][138] 2.3,[137] 2.5[14][137][138] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
120[5][14][15] 150,[5] 152,[15] 160[14][23] g/L
Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin") Male 8.0,[139] 8.4[139] 10.0,[139] 10.8[139] mmol/L 4 per hemoglobin molecule
Female 7.2,[139] 7.6[139] 9.2,[139] 10.0[139]
Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[14] 0.62[14] μmol/L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1 4 mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 50 years 3.6[5] 5.0[5] % of Hb
> 50 years 3.9[5] 5.3[5]
Haptoglobin < 50 years 0.35[5] 1.9[5] g/L
> 50 years 0.47[5] 2.1[5]
Hematocrit (Hct) Male 0.39,[5] 0.4,[15] 0.41,[14] 0.45[23] 0.50,[5] 0.52,[15] 0.53,[14] 0.62[23] L/L
Female 0.35,[5] 0.36,[14] 0.37[15][23] 0.46,[5][14][15] 0.48[23] L/L
Child 0.31[15] 0.43[15] L/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Male 76,[23] 82[15] 100,[23] 102[15] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[15] 101[15] fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5[15] 14.5[15] %
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[14] 0.54[14] fmol/cell
25,[14] 27[5][23] 32,[23] 33,[5] 35[14] pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 4.8,[140] 5.0[140] 5.4,[140] 5.6[140] mmol/L
31,[15] 32[5][23] 35,[15] 36[5][23] g/dL or %[note 1]
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) Male 4.2,[23] 4.3[5][14][15] 5.7,[5] 5.9,[14] 6.2,[15] 6.9[23] x1012/L
or
million/mm3
Female 3.5,[14] 3.8,[15] 3.9[5] 5.1,[5] 5.5[14][15]
Infant/Child 3.8[15] 5.5[15]
Reticulocytes Adult 26[5] 130[5] x109/L
0.5[14][15] 1.5[14][15] % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[15] 4.5[15] % of RBC
Infant 0.5[15] 3.1[15] % of RBC
Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) Adult 1.6[141] 12.1[141] % of reticulocytes
Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent Adult 30.0[141] 37.6[141] %
24.1[142] 35.8[142] pg
Immature platelet fraction (IPF) Adult 0.8[141] 5.6[141] %

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Adult 3.5,[5] 3.9,[143] 4.1,[15] 4.5[14] 9.0,[5] 10.0,[143] 10.9,[15] 11[14]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
Newborn 9[144] 30[144]
1 year old 6[144] 18[144]
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		 Adult 1.3,[5] 1.8,[143] 2[144] 5.4,[5] 7,[143] 8[144] x109/L
45–54[14] 62,[14] 74 % of WBC
Newborn 6[144] 26[144] x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms Adult 0.7[144] x109/L
3[14] 5[14] % of WBC
Lymphocytes Adult 0.7,[5] 1.0[143][144] 3.5,[143] 3.9,[5] 4.8[144] x109/L
16–25[14] 33,[14] 45 % of WBC
Newborn 2[144] 11[144] x109/L
Monocytes Adult 0.1,[5] 0.2[145][146] 0.8[5][144][146] x109/L
3,[14] 4.0 7,[14] 10 % of WBC
Newborn 0.4[144] 3.1[144] x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		 Adult 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35 % of WBC
CD4+ T cells Adult 0.4,[15] 0.5[18] 1.5,[18] 1.8[15] x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.0,[5] 0.04[146] 0.44,[146] 0.45,[144] 0.5[5] x109/L
1[14] 3,[14] 7 % of WBC
Newborn 0.02[144] 0.85[144] x109/L
Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[143] 100,[5][146] 200,[144] 900[143] x106/L
0.0 0.75,[14] 2 % of WBC
Newborn 0.64[144] x109/L

Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) 140,[15] 150[5][14] 350,[5][23] 400,[14] 450[15] x109/L or
x1000/µL
Mean platelet volume (MPV) 7.2,[147] 7.4,[148] 7.5[149] 10.4,[148] 11.5,[149] 11.7[147] fL
Prothrombin time (PT) 10,[18] 11,[14][150] 12[15] 13,[18] 13.5,[150] 14,[15] 15[14] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR 0.9[5] 1.2[5] The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18,[15] 30[5][18] 28,[15] 42,[5] 45[18] s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7,[15] 2.0[5] 3.6,[5] 4.2[15] g/L
Antithrombin 0.80[5] 1.2[5] kIU/L
0.15,[151] 0.17[152] 0.2,[151] 0.39[152] mg/mL
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes
Viscosity 1.5[153] 1.72[153] cP

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[154] mm/h ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[155]
Female (Age+10)÷2[154]
C-reactive protein (CRP) 5,[5][156] 6[157] mg/L
200,[158] 240[158] nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20,[159] 22[160] 38,[160] 53[159] μmol/L
89,[161] 97[5] 170,[5] 230[161] mg/dL
Procalcitonin 0.15[162] ng/mL or μg/L

Isotypes of antibodies

Further information: Antibody
Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit
IgA Adult 70,[5] 110[163] 360,[5] 560[163] mg/dL
IgD 0.5[163] 3.0[163]
IgE 0.01[163] 0.04[163]
IgG 800[163] 1800[163]
IgM 54[163] 220[163]

Autoantibodies

For clinical associations, see Autoantibody.

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

Test Negative Equivocal Positive Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro) < 1.0[164] n/a ≥ 1.0[164] Units (U)
anti-SS-B (La) < 1.0[165] n/a ≥ 1.0[165]
Anti ds-DNA < 30.0[166] 30.0–75.0[166] > 75.0[166] International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
Anti ss-DNA < 8[167] 8–10[167] > 10[167] Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Anti-histone antibodies < 25[167] n/a[167] > 25[167]
Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)		 < 20[167] 21–30[167] > 30[167]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)		 < 5[167] n/a > 5[167]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) < 0.1[168] 0.1-0.9[168] ≥ 1.0[168] Units (U)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) < 20 20–30 > 30[15] Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in
preschoolers		 > 100
ASOT at school age > 250[15]
ASOT in adults > 125[15]
Test Negative Low/weak positive Moderate positive High/strong positive Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG < 20[167] 20–30[167] 31–50[167] > 51[167] GPLU/mL[167]
Anti-phospholipid IgM < 1.5[167] 1.5–2.5[167] 2–9.9[167] > 10[167] MPL /mL[167]
Anti-phospholipid IgA < 10[167] 10–20[167] 21–30[167] > 31[167] arb U/mL[167]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies < 20[167] 20–39[167] 40–59[167] > 60[167] EU[167]

Other immunology

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio 0.26[169] 1.65[169] (unitless)

Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Serum total protein 60,[14] 63[15] 78,[14] 82,[15] 84[23] g/L
Further information: Serum total protein § Interpretation
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50[23] 150[23] U/L
0.4[54] 1.7[54] μmol/L
1.8[5] 3.4[5] µkat/L < 70 years old[5]
Amylase 25,[14] 30,[15] 53[23] 110,[15] 120,[170] 123,[23] 125,[14] 190[54] U/L
0.15[5] 1.1[5] µkat/L
200[158] 240[158] nmol/L
D-dimer
-more detailed ranges in D-dimer article
 n/a 500[171] ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[172]
0.5[5] mg/L
Lipase 7,[15] 10,[23] 23[54] 60,[15] 150,[23] 208[54] U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 23[54] 57[54] U/L
Acid phosphatase 3.0[54] ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) 2.3[5] 16[5] µg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Osmolality 275,[14] 280,[23] 281[5] 295,[14] 296,[23] 297[5] mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/L Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea 3.0[173] 7.0[173] mmol/L BUN – blood urea nitrogen
7[14] 18,[14] 21[15] mg/dL
* Uric acid[15] 0.18[14] 0.48[14] mmol/L
Female 2.0[23] 7.0[23] mg/dL
Male 2.1[23] 8.5[23] mg/dL
Creatinine Male 60,[5] 68[174] 90,[5] 118[174] μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.7,[175] 0.8[175] 1.0,[175] 1.3[175] mg/dL
Female 50,[5] 68[174] 90,[5] 98[174] μmol/L
0.6,[175] 0.8[175] 1.0,[175] 1.1[175] mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[23] 35[23] –
Plasma glucose (fasting) 3.8,[14] 4.0[5] 6.0,[5] 6.1[176] mmol/L See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65,[15] 70,[14] 72[177] 100,[176] 110[23] mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting) 3.3[5] 5.6[5] mmol/L
60[177] 100[177] mg/dL
Random glucose 3.9[178] 7.8[178] mmol/L
70[179] 140[179] mg/dL
Lactate (Venous) 4.5[23] 19.8[23] mg/dL
0.5[180] 2.2[180] mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[23] 14.4[23] mg/dL
0.5[180] 1.6[180] mmol/L
Pyruvate 300[23] 900[23] μg/dL
34[181] 102[181] μmol/L
Ketones 1[182] mg/dL
0.1[182] mmol/L

Medication

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Digoxin 0.5[183] 2.0[183] ng/mL Narrow therapeutic window
0.6[183] 2.6[183] nmol/L
Lithium 0.4,[184] 0.5,[185][186] 0.8[187] 1.3[185][186] mmol/L Narrow therapeutic window
Paracetamol 30[188] mg/L Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels
200[188] µmol/L

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.

References

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  22. ^ a b c Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
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  35. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
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  41. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
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  43. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
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  49. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
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  78. ^ a b 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
  79. ^ a b The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
  80. ^ a b Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). Retrieved 2007-04-13. – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
  81. ^ a b c d e f Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free 2010-12-22 at the Wayback Machine UNC Health Care System
  82. ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  83. ^ a b c d e f Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays 2011-07-01 at the Wayback Machine – Thyroid Disease Manager
  85. ^ a b c d van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P (July 2008). "Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (7): 1239–41. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428. PMID 18593963.
  86. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
  87. ^ a b Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, et al. (2001). "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 14 (9): 1635–39. doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635. PMID 11795654. S2CID 34910563. INIST:13391788.
  88. ^ Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.001.
  89. ^ a b "Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis".
  90. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  91. ^ a b c d e f g Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  92. ^ a b c d MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
  93. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h i j reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  95. ^ a b c d e f Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 44 (7): 883–87. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638. S2CID 524952.
  96. ^ a b c d e f New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges[permanent dead link] Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  97. ^ a b Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum 2016-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 2012
  98. ^ a b c d e f g GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  99. ^ a b c d e f g Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
  100. ^ a b c d Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.
  101. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
  102. ^ a b Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52
  103. ^ a b Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum 2018-03-14 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
  104. ^ a b c d Unit Code 91215 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
  105. ^ a b Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum 2013-07-29 at the Wayback Machine from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
  106. ^ a b Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
    • Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T (2011). "Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve". Physiological Research. 60 (2): 217–23. doi:10.33549/physiolres.932076. PMID 21114374.
  107. ^ a b Nieman, Lynnette K (29 September 2019). "Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides". www.uptodate.com. UpToDate. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  108. ^ a b c d Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  109. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
  110. ^ a b c d e f g h Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, et al. (June 2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 18 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005. PMID 17997337.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008). "Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199.
  112. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  113. ^ a b Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006). "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract. 12 (2): 137–44. doi:10.4158/ep.12.2.137. PMC 1482827. PMID 16690460.
  114. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  115. ^ a b c d e f Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
  116. ^ a b c d Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
  117. ^ a b c d Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. (September 2004). "Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (3): 752–58. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752. PMID 15321818.
  118. ^ a b c d Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–07. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h Vasquez A, Cannell J (July 2005). "Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy". BMJ. 331 (7508): 108–09, author reply 109. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. PMC 558659. PMID 16002891.
  120. ^ a b Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
    • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of
    Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  121. ^ a b Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ (March 1988). "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (7): 3137–41. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69046-5. PMID 2893797.
  122. ^ a b c d New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  123. ^ a b Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
    • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of
    Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
  124. ^ a b Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
  125. ^ a b c d Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, et al. (January 2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (1): 72–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.117.5182. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077.
  126. ^ a b c d e f Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  127. ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  128. ^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
  129. ^ a b GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  130. ^ a b Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  131. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  132. ^ a b c d "Homocysteine". www.thedoctorsdoctor.com.
  133. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
  134. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
  135. ^ a b c For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
  136. ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
  137. ^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–19. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.
  138. ^ a b c d Normal Lab Values 2014-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
  139. ^ a b c d e f g h molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM (February 2010). "Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected". Annals of Hematology. 89 (2): 209. doi:10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x. PMID 19609525. S2CID 3091357.
  140. ^ a b c d Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–19. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
  141. ^ a b c d e f Morkis IV, Farias MG, Scotti L (2016). "Determination of reference ranges for immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 38 (4): 310–313. doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.07.001. PMC 5119661. PMID 27863758.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  142. ^ a b Brugnara C, Schiller B, Moran J (2006). "Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret He) and assessment of iron-deficient states". Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 28 (5): 303–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00812.x. PMC 1618805. PMID 16999719.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  143. ^ a b c d e f g h lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  144. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u McClatchey, Kenneth D. (November 28, 2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780683307511 – via Google Books.
  145. ^ "Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population" Central European Journal of Immunology (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1–2): 1–5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
  146. ^ a b c d e gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  147. ^ a b Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA (2011). "Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study". Thromb. Res. 128 (4): 358–60. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007. PMID 21620440.
  148. ^ a b Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
  149. ^ a b Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A (1998). "[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population]". Med Clin (Barc) (in Spanish). 110 (20): 774–77. PMID 9666418.
  150. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: 003652
  151. ^ a b Antithrombin III at eMedicine
  152. ^ a b Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:
    • Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.
  153. ^ a b "Home". pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  154. ^ a b Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". British Medical Journal. 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMC 1546487. PMID 6402065.
  155. ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J. 2 (5544): 85–87. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMC 1841240. PMID 6020854.
  156. ^ "C-reactive protein". GPnotebook.
  157. ^ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
  158. ^ a b c d Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
  159. ^ a b Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 25 (3): 274–75. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252.
  160. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  161. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  162. ^ "Procalcitonin, Serum". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
  163. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
  164. ^ a b "SSA – Clinical: SS-A/Ro Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  165. ^ a b "SSB – Clinical: SS-B/La Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  166. ^ a b c "ADNA – Clinical: DNA Double-Stranded Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  167. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010
  168. ^ a b c "AMA – Clinical: Mitochondrial Antibodies (M2), Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  169. ^ a b Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. (August 2005). "Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood. 106 (3): 812–17. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038. PMC 1895159. PMID 15855274.
  170. ^ "Reference range (amylase)". GPnotebook.
  171. ^ Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, et al. (2002). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (22): 2589–93. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589. hdl:2434/51239. PMID 12456231.
  172. ^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical Chemistry. 51 (5): 825–29. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641.
  173. ^ a b Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 33 (4): 380–85. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMC 1146084. PMID 7400337.
  174. ^ a b c d Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 37 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. S2CID 35866310.
  175. ^ a b c d e f g h Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
  176. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Glucose tolerance test
  177. ^ a b c Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  178. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  179. ^ a b "Diabetes – Prevention". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2016-06-23. Last revised 1/15/2013
  180. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
  181. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
  182. ^ a b Ketones at eMedicine
  183. ^ a b c d Page 700 in:
    Richard C. Dart (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004. ISBN 9780781728454.
  184. ^ The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
  185. ^ a b Amdisen A. (1978). "Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication". J. Anal. Toxicol. 2 (5): 193–202. doi:10.1093/jat/2.5.193.
  186. ^ a b R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
  187. ^ One study (Solomon, D.; Ristow, W.; Keller, M.; Kane, J.; Gelenberg, A.; Rosenbaum, J.; Warshaw, M. (1996). "Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (10): 1301–07. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301. PMID 8831438.) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Perlis, R.; Sachs, G.; Lafer, B.; Otto, M.; Faraone, S.; Kane, J.; Rosenbaum, J. (2002). "Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (7): 1155–59. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155. PMID 12091193. S2CID 12103424.) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels[improper synthesis?]
  188. ^ a b John Marx; Ron Walls; Robert Hockberger (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455749874.

External links

  • Descriptions at amarillomed.com
  • Values at lymphomation.org

Further reading

  • Rappoport, n.; Paik, P.; Oskotsky, B.; Tor, R.; Ziv, E.; Zaitlen, N.; Butte, A. (4 November 2017). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data". bioRxiv 10.1101/213892.

April 21, 2023
reference, ranges, blood, tests, reference, ranges, reference, intervals, blood, tests, sets, values, used, health, professional, interpret, medical, test, results, from, blood, samples, studied, within, field, clinical, chemistry, also, known, clinical, bioch. Reference ranges reference intervals for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry also known as clinical biochemistry chemical pathology or pure blood chemistry the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test 1 Contents 1 Interpretation 1 1 Plasma or whole blood 1 2 Units 1 3 Arterial or venous 1 4 Usual or optimal 1 5 Variability 2 Sorted by concentration 2 1 By mass and molarity 2 2 By units 2 3 By enzyme activity 2 4 White blood cells 3 Sorted by category 3 1 Ions and trace metals 3 2 Acid base and blood gases 3 3 Liver function 3 4 Cardiac tests 3 5 Lipids 3 6 Tumour markers 3 7 Endocrinology 3 7 1 Thyroid hormones 3 7 2 Sex hormones 3 7 3 Other hormones 3 8 Vitamins 3 9 Toxins 3 10 Hematology 3 10 1 Red blood cells 3 10 2 White blood cells 3 10 3 Coagulation 3 11 Immunology 3 11 1 Acute phase proteins 3 11 2 Isotypes of antibodies 3 11 3 Autoantibodies 3 11 4 Other immunology 3 12 Other enzymes and proteins 3 13 Other electrolytes and metabolites 4 Medication 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links 9 Further readingInterpretation EditA reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within that is 95 prediction interval 2 It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests citation needed Plasma or whole blood Edit In this article all values except the ones listed below denote blood plasma concentration which is approximately 60 100 larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells RBCs is negligible The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration and in this article they are 3 All values in Hematology red blood cells except hemoglobin in plasma All values in Hematology white blood cells Platelet count Plt A few values are for inside red blood cells only Vitamin B9 folic acid folate in red blood cells Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC Units Edit Mass concentration g dL or g L is the most common measurement unit in the United States Is usually given with dL decilitres as the denominator in the United States and usually with L litres in for example Sweden Molar concentration mol L is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand 4 International units IU are based on measured biological activity or effect or for some substances a specified equivalent mass Enzyme activity kat is commonly used for e g liver function tests like AST ALT LD and g GT in Sweden 5 Percentages and time dependent units mol s are used for calculated derived parameters e g for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid s secretory capacity Arterial or venous Edit If not otherwise specified a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture An exception is for acid base and blood gases which are generally given for arterial blood citation needed Still the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances with the exception of acid base blood gases and drugs used in therapeutic drug monitoring TDM assays 6 Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues 6 Usual or optimal Edit Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual or normal values found in the population more specifically the prediction interval that 95 of the population fall into This may also be called standard range In contrast optimal health range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases For most substances presented the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well More specifically optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population However usual and optimal levels may differ substantially most notably among vitamins and blood lipids so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal or target ranges In addition some values including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure respectively for the aforementioned substances 7 8 9 Variability Edit Further information Reference range References range may vary with age sex race pregnancy 10 diet use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used for reasons such as inaccuracy lack of standardisation lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity 11 Also reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small 12 Sorted by concentration EditBy mass and molarity Edit Smaller narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard usual reference range Reference ranges for blood tests sorted logarithmically by mass above the scale and by molarity below A separate printable image is available for mass and molarity Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale shown with a red at ng L or pmol L being in very low concentration There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part mg L or nmol L becoming sparser in the green part mg L or mmol L However there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part g L or mmol L The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows Numerically molar concentration molar mass mass concentration displaystyle text molar concentration times text molar mass text mass concentration Measured directly in distance on the scales log 10 molar mass 1000 distance to right decades displaystyle log 10 frac text molar mass 1000 text distance to right decades where distance is the direct not logarithmic distance in number of decades or octaves to the right the mass concentration is found To translate from mass to molar concentration the dividend molar mass and the divisor 1000 in the division change places or alternatively distance to right is changed to distance to left Substances with a molar mass around 1000g mol e g thyroxine are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images Adrenocorticotropic hormone on the other hand with a molar mass of 4540 13 is 0 7 decades to the right in the mass image Substances with molar mass below 1000g mol e g electrolytes and metabolites would have negative distance that is masses deviating to the left Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven t been added to the article The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration not only the normal or optimal ones from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another representing the molar mass for that substance and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit For example on a certain monitor the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol L and pg mL may be 7 cm with the mass concentration to the right A molar concentration of for example 5 pmol L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram that is approximately 45 pg mL By units Edit Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass A few substances are below this main interval e g thyroid stimulating hormone being measured in mU L or above like rheumatoid factor and CA19 9 being measured in U mL By enzyme activity Edit White blood cells Edit Sorted by category Edit Ions and trace metals Edit Further information Trace metal and Metals in medicine Included here are also related binding proteins like ferritin and transferrin for iron and ceruloplasmin for copper Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsSodium Na 135 14 137 5 15 145 5 15 147 14 mmol L or mEq L 14 See hyponatremia or hypernatremia310 16 320 16 330 16 340 16 mg dLPotassium K 3 5 5 14 3 6 15 5 0 5 14 15 5 1 mmol L or mEq L 14 See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia14 17 20 17 mg dLChloride Cl 95 14 98 18 100 5 105 14 106 18 110 5 mmol L or mEq L 14 See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia340 19 370 19 mg dLIonized calcium Ca 1 03 20 1 10 5 1 23 20 1 30 5 mmol L See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia4 1 21 4 4 21 4 9 21 5 2 21 mg dLTotal calcium Ca 2 1 14 22 2 2 5 2 5 5 22 2 6 22 2 8 14 mmol L8 4 14 8 5 23 10 2 14 10 5 23 mg dLTotal serum iron TSI male 65 24 76 15 176 24 198 15 µg dL See hypoferremia or the following iron overload hemochromatosis iron poisoning siderosis hemosiderosis hyperferremia11 6 25 26 13 6 26 30 25 32 26 35 26 mmol LTotal serum iron TSI female 26 15 50 24 170 15 24 µg dL4 6 26 8 9 25 30 4 25 mmol LTotal serum iron TSI newborns 100 24 250 24 µg dL18 26 45 26 µmol LTotal serum iron TSI children 50 24 120 24 µg dL9 26 21 26 µmol LTotal iron binding capacity TIBC 240 24 262 15 450 24 474 15 mg dL43 26 47 26 81 26 85 26 µmol LTransferrin 190 27 194 5 204 15 326 5 330 27 360 15 mg dL25 28 45 28 mmol LTransferrin saturation 20 24 50 24 Ferritin Males and postmenopausal females 12 29 300 29 30 ng mL or µg L27 31 670 31 pmol LFerritin premenopausal females 12 29 150 29 200 30 ng mL or µg L27 31 330 31 440 31 pmol LAmmonia 10 32 20 33 35 32 65 33 mmol L See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia17 34 34 34 60 34 110 34 mg dLCopper Cu 70 23 150 23 µg dL See hypocupremia or hypercupremia11 35 36 24 35 mmol LCeruloplasmin 15 23 60 23 mg dL1 37 4 37 mmol LPhosphate HPO42 0 8 1 5 38 mmol L See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemiaInorganic phosphorus serum 1 0 14 1 5 14 mmol L3 0 14 4 5 14 mg dLZinc Zn 60 39 72 40 110 40 130 39 mg dL See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning9 2 41 11 5 17 5 20 41 µmol LMagnesium 1 5 23 1 7 42 2 0 23 2 3 42 mEq L or mg dL See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia0 6 43 0 7 5 0 82 43 0 95 5 mmol LNote Although mEq for mass and mEq L are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant Acid base and blood gases Edit Further information Acid base homeostasis Further information Arterial blood gas If arterial venous is not specified for an acid base or blood gas value then it generally refers to arterial and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests Acid base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values 6 Still pH bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter method reliability between arterial and venous tests so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these 44 Test Arterial Venous Lower limit Upper limit UnitpH Arterial 7 34 15 7 35 14 7 44 15 7 45 14 Venous 7 31 45 7 41 45 H Arterial 36 14 44 14 nmol L3 6 46 4 4 46 ng dLBase excess Arterial amp venous 45 3 45 3 45 mEq LOxygen partial pressure pO2 Arterial pO2 10 14 11 47 13 47 14 14 kPa75 14 15 83 23 100 15 105 14 mmHg or torrVenous 4 0 47 5 3 47 kPa30 45 40 45 mmHg or torrOxygen saturation Arterial 94 45 95 18 96 23 100 18 23 Venous Approximately 75 18 Carbon dioxide partial pressure pCO2 Arterial PaCO2 4 4 14 4 7 47 5 9 14 6 0 47 kPa33 14 35 15 44 14 45 15 mmHg or torrVenous 5 5 47 6 8 47 kPa41 45 51 45 mmHg or torrAbsolute content of carbon dioxide CO2 Arterial 23 45 30 45 mmol L100 48 132 48 mg dLBicarbonate HCO3 Arterial amp venous 18 23 23 23 mmol L110 49 140 49 mg dLStandard bicarbonate SBCe Arterial amp venous 21 22 14 27 28 14 mmol L or mEq L 14 134 49 170 49 mg dLLiver function Edit Further information Liver function tests Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsTotal protein TotPro 60 14 63 15 78 14 82 15 84 23 g L See serum total protein InterpretationAlbumin 35 14 50 48 15 55 14 g L See hypoalbuminemia3 5 15 4 8 15 5 5 14 U L540 51 740 51 mmol LGlobulins 23 14 35 14 g LTotal bilirubin 1 7 52 2 14 3 4 52 5 5 17 14 52 22 52 25 5 mmol L0 1 14 0 2 15 0 29 53 1 0 14 23 1 3 15 1 4 53 mg dLDirect conjugated bilirubin 0 0 14 or N A 5 5 14 7 5 52 mmol L0 14 15 0 3 14 15 0 4 23 mg dLAlanine transaminase ALT ALAT 5 5 54 7 15 8 14 20 14 21 18 56 15 U L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase SGPT Female 0 15 5 0 75 5 µkat LMale 0 15 5 1 1 5 Aspartate transaminase AST ASAT 5 Female 6 55 34 55 IU L Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase SGOT 0 25 5 0 60 5 µkat LMale 8 55 40 55 IU L0 25 5 0 75 5 µkat LAlkaline phosphatase ALP 0 6 5 1 8 5 µkat LFemale 42 54 98 54 U LMale 53 54 128 54 Gamma glutamyl transferase GGT 5 54 8 15 40 54 78 15 U LFemale 0 63 56 µkat LMale 0 92 56 µkat LCardiac tests Edit Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsCreatine kinase CK Male 24 57 38 15 60 54 174 23 320 54 U L or ng mL0 42 58 1 5 58 µkat LFemale 24 57 38 15 96 23 140 23 200 54 U L or ng mL0 17 58 1 17 58 µkat LCK MB 0 3 15 3 8 5 5 54 ng mL or mg L 5 Myoglobin Female 1 59 66 59 ng mL or µg LMale 17 59 106 59 Cardiac troponin T low sensitive 0 1 7 ng mL 99th percentile cutoffCardiac troponin I high sensitive 0 03 7 ng mL 99th percentile cutoffCardiac troponin T high sensitive Male 0 022 7 ng mL 99th percentile cutoffFemale 0 014 7 ng mL 99th percentile cutoffnewborn infants not established more than adults 60 61 Brain natriuretic peptide BNP more detailed ranges in BNP articleInterpretation Range CutoffCongestive heart failure unlikely lt 100 pg mL 8 9 Gray zone 100 500 pg mL 8 9 Congestive heart failure likely gt 500 pg mL 8 9 NT proBNP more detailed ranges in NT proBNP articleInterpretation Age CutoffCongestive heart failure likely lt 75 years gt 125 pg mL 62 gt 75 years gt 450pg mL 62 Lipids Edit Further information Blood lipids Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Therapeutic targetTriglycerides 10 39 years 54 23 110 23 mg dL lt 100 mg dL 63 or 1 1 mmol L 63 0 61 64 1 2 64 mmol L40 59 years 70 23 150 23 mg dL0 77 64 1 7 64 mmol L gt 60 years 80 23 150 23 mg dL0 9 64 1 7 64 mmol LTotal cholesterol 3 0 65 3 6 14 65 5 0 5 66 6 5 14 mmol L lt 3 9 mmol L 63 120 15 140 14 200 15 250 14 mg dL lt 150 mg dL 63 HDL cholesterol Female 1 0 67 1 2 5 1 3 65 2 2 67 mmol L gt 1 0 67 or 1 6 65 mmol L 40 68 or 60 69 mg dL40 68 50 70 86 68 mg dLHDL cholesterol Male 0 9 5 67 2 0 67 mmol L35 68 80 68 mg dLLDL cholesterol Not valid when triglycerides gt 5 0 mmol L 2 0 67 2 4 66 3 0 5 66 3 4 67 mmol L lt 2 5 mmol L 67 80 68 94 68 120 68 130 68 mg dL lt 100 mg dL 68 LDL HDL quotient n a 5 5 unitless Tumour markers Edit Further information Tumour markers Test Patient type Cutoff Unit CommentsAlpha fetoprotein AFP 44 15 ng mL or µg L Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancerBeta human chorionic gonadotrophin b hCG In males and non pregnant females 5 15 IU L or mU mL choriocarcinomaCA19 9 40 15 U mL Pancreatic cancerCA 125 30 71 35 72 kU L or U mLCarcinoembryonic antigen CEA Non smokers 50 years 3 4 5 3 6 73 mg LNon smokers 70 years 4 1 73 Smokers 5 74 Prostate specific antigen PSA 40 49 years 1 2 2 9 75 mg L 5 15 or ng mL 23 More detailed cutoffs in PSA Serum levels70 79 years non African American 4 0 9 0 75 70 79 years African American 7 7 13 75 PAP 3 23 units dL Bodansky units Calcitonin 5 76 15 76 ng L or pg mL Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer 76 More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin articleEndocrinology Edit Thyroid hormones Edit Further information Thyroid function tests Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit UnitThyroid stimulating hormone TSH or thyrotropin Adults standard range 0 3 5 0 4 15 0 5 23 0 6 77 4 0 5 4 5 15 6 0 23 mIU L or mIU mLAdults optimal range 0 3 78 0 5 79 2 0 79 3 0 78 Infants 1 3 80 19 80 Free thyroxine FT4 more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article Normal adult 0 7 81 0 8 15 1 4 81 1 5 15 1 8 82 ng dL9 5 83 10 84 12 85 18 5 83 23 85 pmol LChild Adolescent 31 d 18 y 0 8 81 2 0 81 ng dL10 83 26 83 pmol LPregnant 0 5 81 1 0 81 ng dL6 5 83 13 83 pmol LTotal thyroxine 4 84 5 5 15 11 84 12 3 15 mg dL60 84 85 140 84 160 85 nmol LFree triiodothyronine FT3 Normal adult 0 2 84 0 5 84 ng dL3 1 86 7 7 86 pmol LChildren 2 16 y 0 1 87 0 6 87 ng dL1 5 86 9 2 86 pmol LTotal triiodothyronine 60 15 75 84 175 84 181 15 ng dL0 9 5 1 1 84 2 5 5 2 7 84 nmol LThyroxine binding globulin TBG 12 15 30 15 mg LThyroglobulin Tg 1 5 84 30 84 pmol L1 84 20 84 mg LSex hormones Edit Further information Sex steroid The diagrams below take inter cycle and inter woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol progesterone FSH and LH Levels of estradiol the main estrogen progesterone luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle 88 Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit UnitDihydrotestosterone adult male 30 85 ng dLTestosterone Male overall 8 89 10 90 27 89 35 90 nmol L230 91 300 92 780 1000 91 92 ng dLMale lt 50 years 10 5 45 5 nmol L290 91 1300 91 ng dLMale gt 50 years 6 2 5 26 5 nmol L180 91 740 91 ng dLFemale 0 7 90 2 8 3 0 90 5 nmol L20 92 80 85 92 91 ng dL17a Hydroxyprogesterone male 0 06 23 3 0 23 mg L0 18 93 9 1 93 µmol LFemale Follicular phase 0 2 23 1 0 23 mg L0 6 93 3 0 93 µmol LFollicle stimulating hormone FSH more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram Prepubertal lt 1 94 3 94 IU LAdult male 1 94 8 94 Adult female follicular and luteal phase 1 94 11 94 Adult female Ovulation 6 94 95 PI standard 26 94 95 PI 5 95 90 PI used in diagram 15 95 90 PI Post menopausal female 30 94 118 94 Luteinizing hormone LH more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram Female peak 20 95 90 PI used in diagram 75 95 90 PI IU LFemale post menopausal 15 96 60 96 Male aged 18 2 97 9 97 Estradiol an estrogen more detailed ranges in estradiol article Adult male 50 98 200 98 pmol L14 99 55 99 pg mLAdult female day 5 of follicular phase and luteal phase 70 98 500 98 600 98 pmol L19 99 140 99 160 99 pg mLAdult female free not protein bound 0 5 100 9 100 pg mL1 7 100 33 100 pmol LPost menopausal female N A 98 lt 130 98 pmol LN A 99 lt 35 99 pg mLProgesterone more detailed ranges in Progesterone article Female in mid luteal phase day 21 23 17 95 35 101 92 101 nmol L6 95 11 102 29 102 ng mLAndrostenedione Adult male and female 60 96 270 96 ng dLPost menopausal female lt 180 96 Prepubertal lt 60 96 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate more detailed ranges in DHEA S article Adult male and female 30 103 400 103 µg dLSHBG more detailed ranges in SHBG article Adult female 40 104 120 104 nmol LAdult male 20 104 60 104 Anti Mullerian hormone AMH more detailed ranges in AMH article 13 45 years 0 7 105 20 105 ng mL5 106 140 106 pmol LOther hormones Edit Further information Hormones Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit UnitAdrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 2 2 107 13 3 107 pmol L20 15 100 15 pg mLCortisol 09 00 am 140 108 700 108 nmol L5 109 25 109 mg dLMidnight 80 108 350 108 nmol L2 9 109 13 109 mg dLGrowth hormone fasting 0 5 14 ng mLGrowth hormone arginine stimulation 7 14 n a ng mLIGF 1 more detailed ranges in IGF 1 article Female 20 yrs 110 110 420 110 ng mLFemale 75 yrs 55 110 220 110 Male 20 yrs 160 110 390 110 Male 75 yrs 48 110 200 110 Prolactin more detailed ranges in Prolactin article Female 71 111 105 111 348 111 548 111 mIU L3 4 111 3 9 111 16 4 111 20 3 111 µg LMale 58 111 89 111 277 111 365 111 mIU L2 7 111 3 3 111 13 0 111 13 5 111 µg LParathyroid hormone PTH 10 112 17 113 65 112 70 113 pg mL1 1 5 1 8 114 6 9 5 7 5 114 pmol L25 hydroxycholecalciferol a vitamin D Standard reference range 8 23 115 9 115 40 115 80 23 ng mL20 116 23 117 95 117 150 116 nmol L25 hydroxycholecalciferol Therapeutic target range 30 118 40 119 65 119 100 118 ng mL85 63 100 119 120 63 160 119 nmol LPlasma renin activity 0 29 120 1 9 121 3 7 120 121 ng mL h 3 3 122 21 123 41 122 123 mcU mLAldosterone more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article Adult 19 122 34 0 122 ng dL530 124 940 124 pmol LAldosterone to renin ratio more detailed ranges in Aldosterone renin ratio article Adult 13 1 125 35 0 125 ng dL per ng mL h 360 125 970 125 pmol liter per µg L h Vitamins Edit Also including the vitamin B12 related amino acid homocysteine Test Patient type Standard range Optimal range UnitLower limit Upper limit Lower limit Upper limitVitamin A 30 23 65 23 µg dLVitamin B9 Folic acid Folate Serum Age gt 1 year 3 0 126 16 126 5 127 ng mL or mg L6 8 128 36 128 11 128 nmol LVitamin B9 Folic acid Folate Red blood cells 200 126 600 126 ng mL or mg L450 128 1400 128 nmol LPregnant 400 126 ng mL or mg L900 126 nmol LVitamin B12 Cobalamin 130 129 160 130 700 129 950 130 ng L100 131 120 5 520 131 700 5 pmol LHomocysteine more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article 3 3 132 5 9 132 7 2 132 15 3 132 6 3 63 mmol L45 133 80 133 100 133 210 133 85 63 mg dLVitamin C Ascorbic acid 0 4 23 1 5 23 0 9 63 mg dL23 134 85 134 50 63 mmol L25 hydroxycholecalciferol a vitamin D 8 23 115 9 115 40 115 80 23 30 118 40 119 65 119 100 118 ng mL20 116 23 117 95 117 150 116 85 63 100 119 120 63 160 119 nmol LVitamin E 28 63 mmol L1 2 63 mg dLToxins Edit Test Limit type Limit UnitLead Optimal health range lt 20 18 or 40 23 µg dLBlood ethanol content Limit for drunk driving 0 135 0 2 135 0 8 135 or g L17 4 136 mmol LHematology Edit Red blood cells Edit These values except Hemoglobin in plasma are for total blood and not only blood plasma Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsHemoglobin Hb Male 2 0 137 2 1 14 138 2 5 137 2 7 14 138 mmol L Higher in neonates lower in children 130 5 132 15 135 14 162 15 170 5 175 14 g LFemale 1 8 137 1 9 14 138 2 3 137 2 5 14 137 138 mmol L Sex difference negligible until adulthood 120 5 14 15 150 5 152 15 160 14 23 g LHemoglobin subunits sometimes displayed simply as Hemoglobin Male 8 0 139 8 4 139 10 0 139 10 8 139 mmol L 4 per hemoglobin moleculeFemale 7 2 139 7 6 139 9 2 139 10 0 139 Hemoglobin in plasma 0 16 14 0 62 14 mmol L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells1 4 mg dLGlycated hemoglobin HbA1c lt 50 years 3 6 5 5 0 5 of Hb gt 50 years 3 9 5 5 3 5 Haptoglobin lt 50 years 0 35 5 1 9 5 g L gt 50 years 0 47 5 2 1 5 Hematocrit Hct Male 0 39 5 0 4 15 0 41 14 0 45 23 0 50 5 0 52 15 0 53 14 0 62 23 L LFemale 0 35 5 0 36 14 0 37 15 23 0 46 5 14 15 0 48 23 L LChild 0 31 15 0 43 15 L LMean corpuscular volume MCV Male 76 23 82 15 100 23 102 15 fL Cells are larger in neonates though smaller in other children Female 78 15 101 15 fLRed blood cell distribution width RDW 11 5 15 14 5 15 Mean cell hemoglobin MCH 0 39 14 0 54 14 fmol cell25 14 27 5 23 32 23 33 5 35 14 pg cellMean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC 4 8 140 5 0 140 5 4 140 5 6 140 mmol L31 15 32 5 23 35 15 36 5 23 g dL or note 1 Erythrocytes Red blood cells RBC Male 4 2 23 4 3 5 14 15 5 7 5 5 9 14 6 2 15 6 9 23 x1012 Lormillion mm3Female 3 5 14 3 8 15 3 9 5 5 1 5 5 5 14 15 Infant Child 3 8 15 5 5 15 Reticulocytes Adult 26 5 130 5 x109 L0 5 14 15 1 5 14 15 of RBCNewborn 1 1 15 4 5 15 of RBCInfant 0 5 15 3 1 15 of RBCImmature reticulocyte fraction IRF Adult 1 6 141 12 1 141 of reticulocytesReticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent Adult 30 0 141 37 6 141 24 1 142 35 8 142 pgImmature platelet fraction IPF Adult 0 8 141 5 6 141 White blood cells Edit These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit UnitWhite Blood Cell Count WBC Adult 3 5 5 3 9 143 4 1 15 4 5 14 9 0 5 10 0 143 10 9 15 11 14 x109 L x103 mm3 or x103 mLNewborn 9 144 30 144 1 year old 6 144 18 144 Neutrophil granulocytes A K A grans polys PMNs or segs Adult 1 3 5 1 8 143 2 144 5 4 5 7 143 8 144 x109 L45 54 14 62 14 74 of WBCNewborn 6 144 26 144 x109 LNeutrophilic band forms Adult 0 7 144 x109 L3 14 5 14 of WBCLymphocytes Adult 0 7 5 1 0 143 144 3 5 143 3 9 5 4 8 144 x109 L16 25 14 33 14 45 of WBCNewborn 2 144 11 144 x109 LMonocytes Adult 0 1 5 0 2 145 146 0 8 5 144 146 x109 L3 14 4 0 7 14 10 of WBCNewborn 0 4 144 3 1 144 x109 LMononuclear leukocytes Lymphocytes monocytes Adult 1 5 5 x109 L20 35 of WBCCD4 T cells Adult 0 4 15 0 5 18 1 5 18 1 8 15 x109 LEosinophil granulocytes Adult 0 0 5 0 04 146 0 44 146 0 45 144 0 5 5 x109 L1 14 3 14 7 of WBCNewborn 0 02 144 0 85 144 x109 LBasophil granulocytes Adult 40 143 100 5 146 200 144 900 143 x106 L0 0 0 75 14 2 of WBCNewborn 0 64 144 x109 LCoagulation Edit Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsThrombocyte Platelet count Plt 140 15 150 5 14 350 5 23 400 14 450 15 x109 L or x1000 µLMean platelet volume MPV 7 2 147 7 4 148 7 5 149 10 4 148 11 5 149 11 7 147 fLProthrombin time PT 10 18 11 14 150 12 15 13 18 13 5 150 14 15 15 14 s PT reference varies between laboratory kits INR is standardisedINR 0 9 5 1 2 5 The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient s PT to normalActivated partial thromboplastin time APTT 18 15 30 5 18 28 15 42 5 45 18 sThrombin clotting time TCT 11 18 sFibrinogen 1 7 15 2 0 5 3 6 5 4 2 15 g LAntithrombin 0 80 5 1 2 5 kIU L0 15 151 0 17 152 0 2 151 0 39 152 mg mLBleeding time 2 9 minutesViscosity 1 5 153 1 72 153 cPImmunology Edit Acute phase proteins Edit Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsErythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR Male 0 Age 2 154 mm h ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females 155 Female Age 10 2 154 C reactive protein CRP 5 5 156 6 157 mg L200 158 240 158 nmol LAlpha 1 antitrypsin AAT 20 159 22 160 38 160 53 159 mmol L89 161 97 5 170 5 230 161 mg dLProcalcitonin 0 15 162 ng mL or mg LIsotypes of antibodies Edit Further information Antibody Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit UnitIgA Adult 70 5 110 163 360 5 560 163 mg dLIgD 0 5 163 3 0 163 IgE 0 01 163 0 04 163 IgG 800 163 1800 163 IgM 54 163 220 163 Autoantibodies Edit For clinical associations see Autoantibody Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low so instead of being given in standard reference ranges the values usually denote where they are said to be present or whether the test is a positive test There may also be an equivocal interval where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level Test Negative Equivocal Positive Unitanti SS A Ro lt 1 0 164 n a 1 0 164 Units U anti SS B La lt 1 0 165 n a 1 0 165 Anti ds DNA lt 30 0 166 30 0 75 0 166 gt 75 0 166 International Units per millilitre IU mL Anti ss DNA lt 8 167 8 10 167 gt 10 167 Units per millilitre U mL Anti histone antibodies lt 25 167 n a 167 gt 25 167 Cytoplasmic anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies c ANCA lt 20 167 21 30 167 gt 30 167 Perinuclear anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies p ANCA lt 5 167 n a gt 5 167 Anti mitochondrial antibodies AMA lt 0 1 168 0 1 0 9 168 1 0 168 Units U Rheumatoid factor RF lt 20 20 30 gt 30 15 Units per millilitre U mL Antistreptolysin O titre ASOT in preschoolers gt 100ASOT at school age gt 250 15 ASOT in adults gt 125 15 Test Negative Low weak positive Moderate positive High strong positive UnitAnti phospholipid IgG lt 20 167 20 30 167 31 50 167 gt 51 167 GPLU mL 167 Anti phospholipid IgM lt 1 5 167 1 5 2 5 167 2 9 9 167 gt 10 167 MPL mL 167 Anti phospholipid IgA lt 10 167 10 20 167 21 30 167 gt 31 167 arb U mL 167 Anti citrullinated protein antibodies lt 20 167 20 39 167 40 59 167 gt 60 167 EU 167 Other immunology Edit Test Lower limit Upper limit UnitSerum free light chains FLC kappa lambda ratio 0 26 169 1 65 169 unitless Other enzymes and proteins Edit Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsSerum total protein 60 14 63 15 78 14 82 15 84 23 g L Further information Serum total protein InterpretationLactate dehydrogenase LDH 50 23 150 23 U L0 4 54 1 7 54 mmol L1 8 5 3 4 5 µkat L lt 70 years old 5 Amylase 25 14 30 15 53 23 110 15 120 170 123 23 125 14 190 54 U L0 15 5 1 1 5 µkat L200 158 240 158 nmol LD dimer more detailed ranges in D dimer article n a 500 171 ng mL Higher in pregnant women 172 0 5 5 mg LLipase 7 15 10 23 23 54 60 15 150 23 208 54 U LAngiotensin converting enzyme ACE 23 54 57 54 U LAcid phosphatase 3 0 54 ng mLEosinophil cationic protein ECP 2 3 5 16 5 µg LOther electrolytes and metabolites Edit Electrolytes and metabolites For iron and copper some related proteins are also included Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsOsmolality 275 14 280 23 281 5 295 14 296 23 297 5 mOsm kg Plasma weight excludes solutesOsmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm L Plasma volume includes solutesUrea 3 0 173 7 0 173 mmol L BUN blood urea nitrogen7 14 18 14 21 15 mg dL Uric acid 15 0 18 14 0 48 14 mmol LFemale 2 0 23 7 0 23 mg dLMale 2 1 23 8 5 23 mg dLCreatinine Male 60 5 68 174 90 5 118 174 mmol L May be complemented with creatinine clearance0 7 175 0 8 175 1 0 175 1 3 175 mg dLFemale 50 5 68 174 90 5 98 174 mmol L0 6 175 0 8 175 1 0 175 1 1 175 mg dLBUN Creatinine Ratio 5 23 35 23 Plasma glucose fasting 3 8 14 4 0 5 6 0 5 6 1 176 mmol L See also glycated hemoglobin in hematology 65 15 70 14 72 177 100 176 110 23 mg dLFull blood glucose fasting 3 3 5 5 6 5 mmol L60 177 100 177 mg dLRandom glucose 3 9 178 7 8 178 mmol L70 179 140 179 mg dLLactate Venous 4 5 23 19 8 23 mg dL0 5 180 2 2 180 mmol LLactate Arterial 4 5 23 14 4 23 mg dL0 5 180 1 6 180 mmol LPyruvate 300 23 900 23 mg dL34 181 102 181 mmol LKetones 1 182 mg dL0 1 182 mmol LMedication Edit Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit CommentsDigoxin 0 5 183 2 0 183 ng mL Narrow therapeutic window0 6 183 2 6 183 nmol LLithium 0 4 184 0 5 185 186 0 8 187 1 3 185 186 mmol L Narrow therapeutic windowParacetamol 30 188 mg L Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels200 188 µmol LSee also Edit Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures Comprehensive metabolic panel Medical technologist Reference rangeNotes Edit The MCHC in g dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in are numerically identical in practice assuming a RBC density of 1g mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma References Edit Reference Ranges and What They Mean Lab Tests Online USA Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 Retrieved 22 June 2013 Page 19 in Stephen K Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath William J Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol Marshall William Leonard 2008 Clinical biochemistry metabolic and clinical aspects Philadelphia Churchill Livingstone Elsevier ISBN 978 0 443 10186 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bransky A Larsson A Aardal E Ben Yosef Y Christenson RH 2021 A Novel Approach to Hematology Testing at the Point of Care J Appl Lab Med 6 2 532 542 doi 10 1093 jalm jfaa186 PMC 7798949 PMID 33274357 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Units of measurement in Medical toxicology Richard C Dart Edition 3 illustrated Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 2004 p 34 ISBN 978 0 7817 2845 4 1914 pages a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital Laborationslista Artnr 40284 Sj74a Issued on April 22 2008 a b c Arterial versus venous reference ranges Medical Laboratory Observer April 2000 by D Robert Dufour a b c d e Ashvarya Mangla Troponins medscape Retrieved 2017 07 24 Updated Jan 14 2015 a b c d Brenden CK Hollander JE Guss D et al May 2006 Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial REDHOT multicenter study American Heart Journal 151 5 1006 11 doi 10 1016 j ahj 2005 10 017 PMID 16644322 a b c d Strunk A Bhalla V Clopton P et al January 2006 Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study The American Journal of Medicine 119 1 69 e1 11 doi 10 1016 j amjmed 2005 04 029 PMID 16431187 Abbassi Ghanavati M Greer L G Cunningham F G 2009 Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies Obstetrics amp Gynecology 114 6 1326 31 doi 10 1097 AOG 0b013e3181c2bde8 PMID 19935037 S2CID 24249021 Armbruster David Miller August 2007 The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine JCTLM A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results The Clinical Biochemist Reviews 28 3 105 14 PMC 1994110 PMID 17909615 William Q Meeker amp Gerald J Hahn 1982 Sample Sizes for Prediction Intervals Journal of Quality Technology 4 doi 10 1080 00224065 1982 11978821 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN NCBI gt POMC Retrieved on September 28 2009 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd Last page of Deepak A Rao Le Tao Bhushan Vikas 2007 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 First Aid for the Usmle Step 1 McGraw Hill Medical ISBN 978 0 07 149868 5 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db Normal Reference Range Table Archived 2011 12 25 at the Wayback Machine from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22 99 g mol 1 a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39 10 g mol 1 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Merck Manuals gt Common Medical Tests gt Blood Tests Last full review revision February 2003 a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35 45 g mol 1 a b Larsson L Ohman S November 1978 Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism Clin Chem 24 11 1962 65 doi 10 1093 clinchem 24 11 1962 PMID 709830 a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40 08 g mol 1 a b c Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40 08 g mol 1 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz Blood Test Results Normal Ranges Archived 2012 11 02 at the Wayback Machine Bloodbook Com a b c d e f g h i j k l Slon S 2006 09 22 Serum Iron University of Illinois Medical Center Archived from the original on 2006 10 28 Retrieved 2006 07 06 a b c d Diagnostic Chemicals Limited gt Serum Iron SL Assay Archived 2009 01 06 at the Wayback Machine July 15 2005 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55 85 g mol 1 a b Table 1 Page 133 Clinical Chemistry 45 No 1 1999 stating 1 9 3 3 g L a b Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass a b c d Ferritin by Mark Levin MD Hematologist and Oncologist Newark NJ Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network a b Andrea Duchini Hemochromatosis Workup Medscape Retrieved 2016 07 14 Updated Jan 02 2016 a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450 000 g mol 1 a b Mitchell ML Filippone MD Wozniak TF August 2001 Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype Arch Pathol Lab Med 125 8 1084 87 doi 10 5858 2001 125 1084 MCCAHH PMID 11473464 a b Diaz J Tornel PL Martinez P July 1995 Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects determined by microdiffusion Clin Chem 41 7 1048 doi 10 1093 clinchem 41 7 1048a PMID 7600690 a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17 03 g mol a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63 55 g mol 1 Reference range for copper GPnotebook a b Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa Walter F Boron 2005 Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch Elsevier Saunders p 849 ISBN 978 1 4160 2328 9 a b Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2010 03 07 Retrieved 2010 01 17 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65 38 g mol a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65 38 g mol a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24 31 g mol a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24 31 g mol Middleton P Kelly AM Brown J Robertson M August 2006 Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH bicarbonate base excess and lactate Emerg Med J 23 8 622 24 doi 10 1136 emj 2006 035915 PMC 2564165 PMID 16858095 a b c d e f g h i j k l The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates gt ABG Arterial Blood Gas Retrieved on Dec 6 2009 a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1 01 g mol 1 a b c d e f g h Derived from mmHg values using 0 133322 kPa mmHg a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44 010 g mol a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g mol Reference range albumin GPnotebook a b Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g mol a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g mol a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Fachworterbuch Kompakt Medizin E D D E Author Fritz Jurgen Nohring Edition 2 Publisher Elsevier Urban amp FischerVerlag 2004 ISBN 978 3 437 15120 0 Length 1288 pages a b c d GPnotebook gt reference range AST Archived 2017 01 07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on Dec 7 2009 a b Gamma GT Leistungsverzeichnis Medizinisch Diagnostische Institute Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 20 November 2011 a b Creatine kinase GPnotebook a b c d Page 585 in Lee Mary Ann 2009 Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data Amer Soc of Health System ISBN 978 1 58528 180 0 a b c d Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab Inc gt Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22 2010 Caselli C Cangemi G Masotti S Ragusa R Gennai I Del Ry S Prontera C Clerico A 2016 07 01 Plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy neonates children and adolescents measured with a high sensitive immunoassay method High sensitive troponin I in pediatric age Clinica Chimica Acta 458 68 71 doi 10 1016 j cca 2016 04 029 ISSN 0009 8981 PMID 27118089 Baum Hannsjorg Hinze Anika Bartels Peter Neumeier Dieter 2004 12 01 Reference values for cardiac troponins T and I in healthy neonates Clinical Biochemistry 37 12 1079 82 doi 10 1016 j clinbiochem 2004 08 003 ISSN 0009 9120 PMID 15589813 a b Page 220 in Lee Mary Ann 2009 Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data Amer Soc of Health System ISBN 978 1 58528 180 0 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adeeva Nutritionals Canada gt Optimal blood test values Archived 2009 05 29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 9 2009 a b c d e f Derived from values in mg dL to mmol L by dividing by 89 according to faqs org What are mg dL and mmol L How to convert Glucose Cholesterol Last Update July 21 2009 Retrieved on July 21 2009 a b c d Derived from values in mg dL to mmol L using molar mass of 386 65 g mol a b c Reference range cholesterol GPnotebook a b c d e f g h Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Cholesterol HDL and LDL plasma or serum Last Updated Monday 6 August 2007 a b c d e f g h i j Derived from values in mmol L using molar mass of 386 65 g mol What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean American Heart Association Retrieved on September 12 2009 HDL Cholesterol The Test September 3 2001 Archived from the original on 2001 09 03 GP Notebook gt range reference ca 125 Retrieved on Jan 5 2009 ClinLab Navigator gt Test Interpretations gt CA 125 Retrieved on March 8 2011 a b Bjerner J Hogetveit A Wold Akselberg K et al June 2008 Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen CEA CA125 MUC1 Alfa foeto protein AFP neuron specific enolase NSE and CA19 9 from the NORIP study Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 68 8 703 13 doi 10 1080 00365510802126836 PMID 18609108 S2CID 12545738 Carcinoembryonic Antigen CEA at MedicineNet a b c Luboldt Hans Joachim Schindler Joachim F Rubben Herbert 2007 Age Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer EAU EBU Update Series 5 1 38 48 doi 10 1016 j eeus 2006 10 003 ISSN 1871 2592 a b c Basuyau JP Mallet E Leroy M Brunelle P October 2004 Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men women and children Clinical Chemistry 50 10 1828 30 doi 10 1373 clinchem 2003 026963 PMID 15388660 The TSH Reference Range Wars What s Normal Who is Wrong Who is Right By Mary Shomon About com Updated June 19 2006 About com Health s Disease and Condition a b 2006 Press releases Thyroid Imbalance Target Your Numbers Archived 2008 03 03 at the Wayback Machine Contacts Bryan Campbell American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists a b The TSH Reference Range Wars What s Normal Who is Wrong Who is Right By Mary Shomon About com Updated June 19 2006 a b Demers Laurence M Carole A Spencer 2002 LMPG Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry USA Retrieved 2007 04 13 see Section 2 Pre analytic factors a b c d e f Free T4 Thyroxine Free T4 Free Archived 2010 12 22 at the Wayback Machine UNC Health Care System Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776 87 g mol a b c d e f Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776 87 g mol a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Table 4 Typical reference ranges for serum assays Archived 2011 07 01 at the Wayback Machine Thyroid Disease Manager a b c d van der Watt G Haarburger D Berman P July 2008 Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine Clinical Chemistry 54 7 1239 41 doi 10 1373 clinchem 2007 101428 PMID 18593963 a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650 98 g mol a b Cioffi M Gazzerro P Vietri MT et al 2001 Serum concentration of free T3 free T4 and TSH in healthy children Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology amp Metabolism 14 9 1635 39 doi 10 1515 jpem 2001 14 9 1635 PMID 11795654 S2CID 34910563 INIST 13391788 Haggstrom Mikael 2014 Reference ranges for estradiol progesterone luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle WikiJournal of Medicine 1 1 doi 10 15347 wjm 2014 001 a b Andrology Australia Your Health gt Low Testosterone gt Diagnosis a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288 42g mol a b c d e f g Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288 42g mol a b c d MedlinePlus gt Testosterone Update Date 3 18 2008 Updated by Elizabeth H Holt MD PhD Yale University Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network Also reviewed by David Zieve MD MHA Medical Director a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330 46g mol a b c d e f g h i j reference range FSH GPnotebook Retrieved on September 27 2009 a b c d e f Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in Stricker R Eberhart R Chevailler MC Quinn FA Bischof P Stricker R 2006 Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone follicle stimulating hormone estradiol and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 44 7 883 87 doi 10 1515 CCLM 2006 160 PMID 16776638 S2CID 524952 a b c d e f New York Hospital Queens gt Services and Facilities gt Patient Testing gt Pathology gt New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories gt Test Directory gt Reference Ranges permanent dead link Retrieved on Nov 8 2009 a b Mayo Medical Laboratories gt Test ID LH Luteinizing Hormone LH Serum Archived 2016 09 25 at the Wayback Machine retrieved December 2012 a b c d e f g GPNotebook reference range oestradiol Archived 2012 06 09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on September 27 2009 a b c d e f g Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272 38g mol a b c d Total amount multiplied by 0 022 according to 2 2 presented in Wu CH Motohashi T Abdel Rahman HA Flickinger GL Mikhail G August 1976 Free and protein bound plasma estradiol 17 beta during the menstrual cycle J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43 2 436 45 doi 10 1210 jcem 43 2 436 PMID 950372 a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314 46 g mol a b Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan July August 2005 Mid luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol 55 No 4 July August 2005 pp 350 52 a b Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate DHEA S Serum Archived 2018 03 14 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research Retrieved July 2012 a b c d Unit Code 91215 Archived 2011 07 20 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories Retrieved April 2011 a b Antimullerian Hormone AMH Serum Archived 2013 07 29 at the Wayback Machine from Mayo Medical Laboratories Retrieved April 2012 a b Derived from mass values using 140 000 g mol as given in Hampl R Snajderova M Mardesic T 2011 Antimullerian hormone AMH not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve Physiological Research 60 2 217 23 doi 10 33549 physiolres 932076 PMID 21114374 a b Nieman Lynnette K 29 September 2019 Measurement of ACTH CRH and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides www uptodate com UpToDate Retrieved 25 June 2021 a b c d Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8 2009 a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g mol a b c d e f g h Friedrich N Alte D Volzke H et al June 2008 Reference ranges of serum IGF 1 and IGFBP 3 levels in a general adult population results of the Study of Health in Pomerania SHIP Growth Hormone amp IGF Research 18 3 228 37 doi 10 1016 j ghir 2007 09 005 PMID 17997337 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate respectively from Table 2 in Beltran L Fahie Wilson MN McKenna TJ Kavanagh L Smith TP October 2008 Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms Clinical Chemistry 54 10 1673 81 doi 10 1373 clinchem 2008 105312 PMID 18719199 a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9 4 kDa a b Table 2 in Aloia JF Feuerman M Yeh JK 2006 Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone Endocr Pract 12 2 137 44 doi 10 4158 ep 12 2 137 PMC 1482827 PMID 16690460 a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9 4 kDa a b c d e f Derived from molar values using molar mass 400 6 g mol a b c d Bender David A 2003 Vitamin D Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 80388 5 Retrieved December 10 2008 through Google Book Search a b c d Bischoff Ferrari HA Dietrich T Orav EJ et al September 2004 Higher 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged gt or 60 y The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 3 752 58 doi 10 1093 ajcn 80 3 752 PMID 15321818 a b c d Reusch J Ackermann H Badenhoop K May 2009 Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation 5 year analysis of a German 50 degrees N population Horm Metab Res 41 5 402 07 doi 10 1055 s 0028 1128131 PMID 19241329 a b c d e f g h Vasquez A Cannell J July 2005 Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures data are not sufficient to show inefficacy BMJ 331 7508 108 09 author reply 109 doi 10 1136 bmj 331 7508 108 b PMC 558659 PMID 16002891 a b Converted from values in mcU mL by dividing with a factor of 11 2 mcU mL per ng mL hour as given in New Assays for Aldosterone Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011 10 27 at the Wayback Machine University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine Retrieved Mars 2011 a b Pratt RE Flynn JA Hobart PM Paul M Dzau VJ March 1988 Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene The Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 7 3137 41 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 18 69046 5 PMID 2893797 a b c d New Assays for Aldosterone Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011 10 27 at the Wayback Machine University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine Retrieved Mars 2011 a b Converted from values in ng mL hour by multiplying with a factor of 11 2 mcU mL per ng mL hour as given in New Assays for Aldosterone Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011 10 27 at the Wayback Machine University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine Retrieved Mars 2011 a b Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360 44 g mol a b c d Tiu SC Choi CH Shek CC et al January 2005 The use of aldosterone renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 1 72 78 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 117 5182 doi 10 1210 jc 2004 1149 PMID 15483077 a b c d e f Central Manchester University Hospitals gt Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9 2009 University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center gt Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28 2009 a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol 1 a b GPnotebook gt B12 Retrieved on April 28 2009 a b Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g mol a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g mol a b c d Homocysteine www thedoctorsdoctor com a b c d Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g mol a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol a b c For Driving under the influence by country see Drunk driving law by country Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g mol a b c d e Derived from mass values using 64 500 g mol This molar mass was taken from Van Beekvelt MC Colier WN Wevers RA Van Engelen BG 2001 Performance of near infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol 90 2 511 19 doi 10 1152 jappl 2001 90 2 511 PMID 11160049 S2CID 15468862 a b c d Normal Lab Values Archived 2014 12 16 at the Wayback Machine at Marshall University Joan C Edwards School of Medicine Retrieved July 2013 a b c d e f g h molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above but multiplied by 4 according to Lodemann P Schorer G Frey BM February 2010 Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values a longstanding error that should be corrected Annals of Hematology 89 2 209 doi 10 1007 s00277 009 0791 x PMID 19609525 S2CID 3091357 a b c d Derived from mass concentration using molar mass of 64 458 g mol This molar mass was taken from Van Beekvelt MC Colier WN Wevers RA Van Engelen BG 2001 Performance of near infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol 90 2 511 19 doi 10 1152 jappl 2001 90 2 511 PMID 11160049 S2CID 15468862 Subsequently 1 g dL 0 1551 mmol L a b c d e f Morkis IV Farias MG Scotti L 2016 Determination of reference ranges for immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 38 4 310 313 doi 10 1016 j bjhh 2016 07 001 PMC 5119661 PMID 27863758 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Brugnara C Schiller B Moran J 2006 Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent Ret He and assessment of iron deficient states Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 28 5 303 8 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2257 2006 00812 x PMC 1618805 PMID 16999719 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c d e f g h lymphomation org gt Tests amp Imaging gt Labs gt Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14 2009 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u McClatchey Kenneth D November 28 2002 Clinical Laboratory Medicine Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins ISBN 9780683307511 via Google Books Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population Central European Journal of Immunology Centr Eur J Immunol 2006 31 1 2 1 5 authors Elzbieta Gorska Urszula Demkow Roman Pinkowski Barbara Jakubczak Dorota Matuszewicz Jolanta Gaweda Wioletta Rzeszotarska Maria Wasik a b c d e gpnotebook co uk gt blood constituents reference range Retrieved on May 14 2009 a b Demirin H Ozhan H Ucgun T Celer A Bulur S Cil H Gunes C Yildirim HA 2011 Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects Insight from a large epidemiologic study Thromb Res 128 4 358 60 doi 10 1016 j thromres 2011 05 007 PMID 21620440 a b Normal Values RBC Hgb Hct Indices RDW Platelets and MPV Conventional Units Archived 2011 07 27 at the Wayback Machine From labcareplus Retrieved 4 nov 2010 a b Lozano M Narvaez J Faundez A Mazzara R Cid J Jou JM Marin JL Ordinas A 1998 Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population Med Clin Barc in Spanish 110 20 774 77 PMID 9666418 a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652 a b Antithrombin III at eMedicine a b Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital In turn citing Elizabeth M Van Cott M D and Michael Laposata M D Ph D Coagulation In Jacobs DS et al ed The Laboratory Test Handbook 5th Edition Lexi Comp Cleveland 2001 327 58 a b Home pathology bsuh nhs uk Retrieved November 20 2009 a b Miller A Green M Robinson D January 1983 Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate British Medical Journal 286 6361 266 doi 10 1136 bmj 286 6361 266 PMC 1546487 PMID 6402065 Bottiger LE Svedberg CA 1967 Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age Br Med J 2 5544 85 87 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 5544 85 PMC 1841240 PMID 6020854 C reactive protein GPnotebook 2730 Serum C Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease Archived 2008 12 20 at the Wayback Machine A R Choudhury and S Rahman Birdem Diabetic Association of Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladesh the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges a b c d Derived from mass using molar mass of 25 106 g mol a b Sipahi T Kara C Tavil B Inci A Oksal A March 2003 Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology 25 3 274 75 doi 10 1097 00043426 200303000 00019 PMID 12621252 a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324 5 g mol a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324 5 g mol Procalcitonin Serum Mayo Clinic Retrieved 2015 03 01 a b c d e f g h i j The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science gt Chemistry Tests gt Immunoglobulins Archived 2009 10 15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on Nov 26 2009 a b SSA Clinical SS A Ro Antibodies IgG Serum www mayocliniclabs com Mayo Clinic Laboratories Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b SSB Clinical SS B La Antibodies IgG Serum www mayocliniclabs com Mayo Clinic Laboratories Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b c ADNA Clinical DNA Double Stranded Antibodies IgG Serum www mayocliniclabs com Mayo Clinic Laboratories Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae chronolab com gt Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases gt Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29 2010 a b c AMA Clinical Mitochondrial Antibodies M2 Serum www mayocliniclabs com Mayo Clinic Laboratories Retrieved 2 July 2020 a b Rajkumar SV Kyle RA Therneau TM et al August 2005 Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance Blood 106 3 812 17 doi 10 1182 blood 2005 03 1038 PMC 1895159 PMID 15855274 Reference range amylase GPnotebook Ageno W Finazzi S Steidl L et al 2002 Plasma measurement of D dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes Archives of Internal Medicine 162 22 2589 93 doi 10 1001 archinte 162 22 2589 hdl 2434 51239 PMID 12456231 Kline JA Williams GW Hernandez Nino J May 2005 D dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy new diagnostic thresholds are needed Clinical Chemistry 51 5 825 29 doi 10 1373 clinchem 2004 044883 PMID 15764641 a b Gardner MD Scott R April 1980 Age and sex related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town Journal of Clinical Pathology 33 4 380 85 doi 10 1136 jcp 33 4 380 PMC 1146084 PMID 7400337 a b c d Finney H Newman DJ Price CP January 2000 Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 37 1 49 59 doi 10 1258 0004563001901524 PMID 10672373 S2CID 35866310 a b c d e f g h Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113 118 g mol and divided by 10 000 to adapt from mg L to mg dL a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test a b c Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g mol a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g mol a b Diabetes Prevention Cleveland Clinic Retrieved 2016 06 23 Last revised 1 15 2013 a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90 08 g mol a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88 06 g mol a b Ketones at eMedicine a b c d Page 700 in Richard C Dart 2004 Medical Toxicology Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins year 2004 ISBN 9780781728454 The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0 4 0 8 mmol L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Revision 2 December 2010 Retrieved 5 May 2011 a b Amdisen A 1978 Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication J Anal Toxicol 2 5 193 202 doi 10 1093 jat 2 5 193 a b R Baselt Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 8th edition Biomedical Publications Foster City CA 2008 pp 851 54 One study Solomon D Ristow W Keller M Kane J Gelenberg A Rosenbaum J Warshaw M 1996 Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder The American Journal of Psychiatry 153 10 1301 07 doi 10 1176 ajp 153 10 1301 PMID 8831438 concluded a low dose of 0 4 0 6 mmol L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects but a higher rate of relapse than a standard dose of 0 8 1 0 mmol L However a reanalysis of the same experimental data Perlis R Sachs G Lafer B Otto M Faraone S Kane J Rosenbaum J 2002 Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium A reanalysis of double blind lithium maintenance data The American Journal of Psychiatry 159 7 1155 59 doi 10 1176 appi ajp 159 7 1155 PMID 12091193 S2CID 12103424 concluded the higher rate of relapse for the low dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels improper synthesis a b John Marx Ron Walls Robert Hockberger 2013 Rosen s Emergency Medicine Concepts and Clinical Practice Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 9781455749874 External links Edit Descriptions at amarillomed com Values at lymphomation orgFurther reading Edit Rappoport n Paik P Oskotsky B Tor R Ziv E Zaitlen N Butte A 4 November 2017 Creating ethnicity specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data bioRxiv 10 1101 213892 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Reference ranges for blood tests amp oldid 1146876308, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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